柯达胶片
Kodak Ektachrome 100D彩色反转胶片5294 7294技术数据说明书
KODAK EKTACHROME 100DCOLOR REVERSAL FILM 5294 / 7294TECHNICAL DATA / COLOR REVERSAL FILM MARCH 2022H-1-5294 KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5294 /7294 is a 100-speed, color reversal motion picture camerafilm intended for photography under daylight illumination(5500K). It offers a moderately enhanced color saturationperformance while maintaining a neutral gray scale andaccurate flesh reproduction. 5294 / 7294 Film hasexceptional sharpness that is unsurpassed by any other100-speed reversal film, and its grain performance isexcellent. This film also offers very strong reciprocityuniformity and keeping stability.5294 / 7294 Film offers outstanding results in outdoor andstudio applications where moderate color saturation isdesired. It is excellent for advertising, naturecinematography, documentaries, music videos, and isespecially good for telecine transfers and television filming.BaseKODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5294 /7294 has a n acetate safety base.StorageStore unexposed film at 13 C (55 F) or lower. For extendedstorage, store at -18 C (0 F) or lower. Process exposed filmpromptly.Store processed film according to the recommendations inISO 18911:2010, Imaging Materials - Processed SafetyPhotographic Films - Storage Practices.Short Term (less than 6 months)Long Term (more than 6 months)Unexposed film in original, sealedpackage13 C (55 F)RH below 60%-18 C(0 F)RH below 50%Exposed film, unprocessed-18 C(0 F)RH below 20%Not recommended.Process filmpromptly.Process film21 C (70 F)RH 20 to 50%2 C (36 F)RH 20 to 30%This relates to optimized film handling rather than preservation; static, dust-attraction and curl-related problems are generally minimized at the higher relative humidity. After usage, the film should be returned to the appropriate medium- or long-term storage conditions as soon as possible. Warm-up TimesTo prevent film telescoping, moisture condensation, and spotting, allow your film to warm to room temperature (21C/70F) before use:Film PackageRecommended Warm-up Time (Hours)8 C (15 F) Rise 39 C (70 F) Rise8 mm 1 1 ½16 mm 1 1 ½35 mm 3 5For more information about film storage and handling, see ANSI/PIMA ISO-18911, SMPTE RP131-2002, andKODAK Publication No. H-845, The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers, available online at/go/referenceguide.Darkroom RecommendationsDo not use a safelight. Handle unprocessed film in total darkness.ExposureExposure IndexesDaylight (5500K) – 100Tungsten (3200K) – 25 (with 80A filter)Use these indexes with incident or reflected light exposure meters and cameras marked for ISO or ASA speeds or exposure indexes. These indexes apply for meter readings of average subjects made from the camera position or for readings made from a gray card of 18 percent reflectance held close to and in front of the subject. For unusually light or dark colored subjects, decrease or increase the exposure i ndicated by the meter accordingly.Color BalanceThese films are balanced for exposure with daylight illumination (5500K). You can also expose them with tungsten lamps with the appropriate correction filters.1Daylight (5500 K)None 100 Metal HalideNone 100 H.M.I.None 100 KINO FLO KF55 None100 Tungsten (3000 K) WRATTEN2 Optical No.80A 25 Tungsten (3200 K) WRATTEN2 Optical No.80A 25 KINO FLO KF29 WRATTEN2 Optical No.80A 25 KINO FLO KF32 WRATTEN2 Optical No.80A 25 Fluorescent, WarmWhite WRATTEN2 CC40B& C C05C 40 Fluorescent, CoolWhiteWRATTEN2 CC20M801These are approximate corrections only.Note: Consult the manufacturer of high-intensity ultravioletlamps for safety information on ultraviolet radiation and ozone generation.Exposure Table-Daylight IlluminationAt 24 frames per second (fps), 170-degree shutter opening.Lens Aperture f/1.4 f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 Footcandles Required25501002004008001600Based on 24 frames per second (fps), 170-degree shutter opening. At 18 frames per second (fps), use 3/4 of the footcandles (fc) shown.Reciprocity CharacteristicsYou do not need to make any filter corrections or exposure adjustments for exposure times from 1/10,000 to 1 second.ProcessingProcess this film in E-6 Chemicals, cine machine only.Note: KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5294 /7294 contains special sensitizing and filter dyes that improve color reproduction. Because these dyes are designed to rinse out of the film during processing, they will change the color of the firstdeveloper, the reversal bath, the final wash, and the final rinse. This solution discoloration is only cosmetic. It will not affectsensitometry or the quality of any Process E-6 film or control material. However, the solutions will cause splicing tape andprocessing equipment (rollers, racks, etc.) to have a pinkish color. The pink dye residue can easily be washed off processing equipment by following the normal maintenance procedures.DuplicationMaking DuplicatesTo make color positive duplicates, scan the film images and output them KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383.IdentificationAfter processing, the product code numbers 5294 (35mm) or 7294 (16mm), emulsion and roll number information, KEYKODE numbers, and internal product symbol (EA) are visible along the length of the film, but when processed in a reversal process, the KEYKODE barcode will not read in barcode reading equipment. If the film is cross-processed in an ECN process, the KEYKODE barcodes should read properly.Image StructureFor more information on image-structure characteristics, see KODAK Publication No. H-845, The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers available online at /go/referenceguide .Modulation Transfer FunctionThe “perceived” sharpness of any film depends on various components of the motion picture production system. The camera and projector lenses and film printers, amongother factors, all play a role. But the specific sharpness of a film can be measured and charted in the Modulation Transfer Curve.This graph shows a measure of the visual sharpness of this film. The x-axis, “Spatial Frequency,” refers to the number of sine waves per millimeter that can be resolved. The y-axis, “Response,”corresponds to film sharpness. The longer and flatter the line, the more sine waves per millimeter that can be resolved with a high degree of sharpness — and the sharper the film.Note: These photographic modulation-transfer values were determined by using a method similar to the one described in ANSI Standard PH2.39-1977(R1992). The film was exposed with the specified illuminant to spatially varying sinusoidal test patterns having an aerial image modulation of a nominal 60 percent at the image plane, with processing as indicated. In most cases, the photographic modulation- transfer values are influenced by development-adjacency effects and are not equivalent to the true optical modulation-transfer curve of the emulsion layer in the photographic product.rms GranularityThe “perception” of the graininess of any film is highly dependent on scene content, complexity, color, and density. Other factors, such as film age, processing, exposure conditions, and telecine transfer may also have significant effects.Read with a microdensitometer, using a 48-micrometre aperture.To find the rms Granularity value for a given density, find the density on the left vertical scale and follow horizontally to the characteristic curve and then go vertically (up or down) to the granularity curve. At that point, follow horizontally to the Granularity Sigma D scale on the right. Read the number and multiply by 1000 for the rms value. Note: This curve represents granularity based on modified measuring techniques. Sensitometric and Diffuse RMS Granularity curves are produced on different equipment. A slight variation in curve shape may be noticed.The modulation-transfer curves, and the diffuse rms granularity data were generated from samples of 5294 / 7294 Film exposed with tungsten light filtered to 5500K and processed as recommended in Process E-6 chemicals. SensitometryThe curves describe this film's response to red, green, and blue light. Sensitometric curves determine the change in density on the film for a given change in log exposure.“0” on the x-axis represents normal exposure of an 18-percent gray card in the red, green, and blue layers of this film. A white card is 2 ⅓ stops higher than normal exposure.A 3-percent black card is 2 ⅔ stops below normal exposure.Spectral SensitivityThese curves depict the sensitivity of this film to the spectrum of light. They are useful for determining, modifying, and optimizing exposure for blue- and green-screen special-effects work.Spectral Dye-Density CurvesThese curves depict the spectral absorption of the dyes formed when the film is processed. They are useful for adjusting or optimizing any device that scans or prints the film.Note: Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow Dye Curves are peak-normalized.Note: The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product tested under the conditions of exposure and processing specified. They are representative of production coatings, and therefore do not apply directly to a particular box or roll of photographic material. They do not represent standards or specifications that must be met by Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.Available Roll Lengths and FormatsSee Kodak Motion Picture Products Catalog at /go/mpcatalog To order film in the United States and Canada, call 1- 800-356-3259, prompt 3.Worldwide customers can find the nearest sales office at /go/salesofficesKODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5294 / 7294KODAK Publication No. H-1-5294 Kodak, Ektachrome, and Wratten and the Kodak logo are trademarks.Revised 3-22。
kodak
kodak柯达（Kodak）是全球最著名的相机和胶卷生产商之一。
公司成立于1888年，总部位于美国纽约州罗彻斯特市。
多年来，柯达一直是摄影领域的领导者，为数百万人提供了拍摄和保存珍贵瞬间的工具。
柯达的创始人是乔治·伊斯曼（George Eastman），他发明了一种名为柯达的胶卷，并于1884年申请了相关专利。
该胶卷比当时常用的玻璃板底片更加方便，让摄影成为了更加普遍的活动。
柯达公司于1888年正式成立，开始商业化生产和销售胶卷、相机和其他摄影设备。
在20世纪的大部分时间里，柯达几乎垄断了全球的胶卷市场。
无论是专业摄影师还是普通消费者，几乎人人都知道“柯达瞬间（Kodak Moment）”这个词，意为“值得拍摄的特别时刻”。
鲜艳的色彩和清晰的图像成为柯达产品的特征，并赢得了广大用户的喜爱。
然而，在21世纪初期，柯达面临了前所未有的挑战。
随着数码相机的普及和智能手机的发展，传统的胶卷市场逐渐萎缩。
柯达没有及时转型，错失了数码摄影的巨大商机。
2004年，柯达宣布停止销售传统的胶片相机，并专注于数码产品和打印服务。
尽管柯达在数字摄影和打印市场上进行了努力，但公司的业绩逐渐下滑。
在2012年，柯达申请了破产保护，以寻求重组和改革。
公司退出了数码相机和打印机市场，并专注于商业打印和图像传感器等领域。
近年来，柯达开始重振旗鼓，寻找新的增长点。
公司推出了一系列创新产品，如可穿戴设备、即时相机和无人机。
柯达还与其他科技公司合作，开发人工智能技术，用于图像识别和处理。
尽管目前柯达公司的规模已经较之前有所缩小，但它仍然保持着在摄影行业的一席之地。
柯达的品牌价值和知名度依然强大，许多人仍然对柯达的产品和技术保持兴趣。
而柯达也在不断努力创新，寻找未来的发展机会。
总之，柯达是一个摄影行业的传奇品牌，它的影响力和贡献是不可忽视的。
尽管面临了许多挑战和困境，柯达仍然在努力适应时代的变化，并为用户提供更好的摄影体验。
柯达黑白胶片HC-110冲洗工艺
9.5 L (2.5 gal) 16.6 L (17.5 gal)
18.9 L (5 gal) 33.3 L (8 gal 3 qt)
22.7 L (6 gal) 39.8 L (10.5 gal)
37.9 L (10 gal) 66.3 L (17.5 gal)
PREPARING WORKING SOLUTIONS FROM CONCENTRATE*
To Mix Working Solution
Dilution A
B
C D E F
Amount
300 mL 500 mL
1 qt 1L 5L 7.6 L (2 gal) 13.3 L (3.5 gal)
300 mL 500 mL
473 mL (16 fl oz) 828 mL (28 fl oz)
473 mL (16 fl oz) 828 mL (28 fl oz)
473 mL (16 fl oz) 828 mL (28 fl oz)
473 mL (16 fl oz) 828 mL (28 fl oz)
To This Amount of
Take care when measuring the concentrate, because of its viscosity. Follow these recommendations for handling.
• Pour the concentrate slowly to avoid air bubbles. If air bubbles form, wait for them to dissipate before measuring the concentrate.
柯达工业X射线胶片M100说明书
December 2006 • TI-2434TECHNICAL DATA / NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTINGKODAK INDUSTREX M100 FilmFEATURES / CUSTOMER PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS•For critical radiography, especially with high voltage x-rays and gamma rays •Can be used with direct x-rays or with lead foil screens •For manual or machine processing•Medium speed, very high contrast, high definition (excellent sensitivity)•Very fine grainTHICKNESSCLASSIFICATIONEXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 8 mm Copper Filtration, HVL 3.5 mm Copper (220 kV), Lead screens.AVAILABLE PACKAGING FORMATSSheet FilmNon-Interleaved (NIF) (M100-1): This form of packaging is generally supplied in packs of 100 sheets, and is for use when film is to be loaded into metal or plastic cassettes, or exposure holders, with or without lead screens.Pb Contactpak (M100-7): In INDUSTREX Pb Contactpak packaging, industrial X-ray films are placed between two lead screens, which absorb the undesirable longerwavelengths of scattered radiation. The lead screens also intensify the image by emitting secondary electrons caused by the radiographic exposure. Lead screens are made up of a thin lead layer of 27-microns (1-mil)Base / Support 0.18 mm (7.0 mils)Emulsion 25 microns (1.0 mil); 12.5 microns each side Overcoat 10 microns (0.4 mil); 5 microns each side T otal0.22 mm (8.4 mils)KODAK INDUSTREX 43IC ProcessorKODAK INDUSTREX Single Part Developer Replenisher,8 minutes at 79°F (26°C)EN-584-1C2ASTM 1815-96Class I ISO 11699-1T1comprising a low percentage of antimony and tin,laminated on a paper sheet. The lead foil features a protective overcoat which prevents human contact with the lead, protects the film from potential "lead smudge" artifacts, and also provides static protection as the film and screens are separated.Lead Screens*Thickness not drawn to scale.The film type is identified on the package as well as embossed on the film itself. The package is laser-scored for easy opening, and has a butt edge which is invaluable for accurate positioning in difficult situations where the image needs to fall right up to the edge of the pack. The sandwich of lead screens and film is vacuum sealed in a lighttight, water and oil resistant, ready-to-expose flexible package, providing superb film/screen contact for optimum image quality.READY-PACK II Film (M100-2): These films areindividually vacuum sealed in lighttight, water-resistant, flexible packages. The package is laser-scored for easy opening. The film type is identified on the package as well as embossed on the film itself. The package has a butt edge which is invaluable for accurate positioning in difficult situations where the image needs to fall right up to the edge of the pack.Roll FilmREADY-PACK (M100-381): The film is supplied in a long, lighttight roll sandwiched between two yellow-black paper polyethylene layers. The rolls are of 60- or 100-metre lengths in a variety of widths. The film is provided in a dispenser box and is cut to length by the user in a darkroom.NIF bulk roll (M100-359): The film is supplied on acardboard core in rolls 150 metres long in three widths: 60 mm, 70 mm and 100 mm. The film must be loaded into a cassette in a darkroom.LayerApproximate Thicknessprotective overcoat1.5 micron lead *27.5 micronspaper *70 micronsSAFELIGHT RECOMMENDATIONSUse a KODAK LED Safelight (660 nm red) or a red safelight filter (i.e. KODAK 1, 1A, or 2 Safelight Filter) in a suitable safelight lamp equipped with a 15-watt bulb. Keep the film at least 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the safelight.Note: Other safelight filters (i.e. KODAK 8 and GBX-2 Safelight Filter) which block radiation at 550nm and shorter wavelengths are also suitable for use.STORAGE AND HANDLINGHandle film carefully to avoid physical strains such as pressure, creasing, or buckling.It is important to realize that meeting the chemical and physical requirements does not by itself ensure thatrecords will not deteriorate. It is essential to provide proper storage conditions. ASTM E 1254 gives details of storage conditions. ISO 18911 and ISO 18902 give, for processed films, recommended storage conditions and specifications for the respective enclosure materials.Unexposed50 to 70°F (10 to 21°C), 30 to 50% RH. Properly shield from x-rays, gamma rays, or other penetrating radiation.ExposedKeep cool, dry, and properly shielded from penetrating radiation. Process as soon as possible after exposure.Processed60 to 80°F (15 to 27°C), 30 to 50% RH.RELATIVE EXPOSUREKODAK INDUSTREX Films for Various Processing ConditionsEXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 8 mm Copper Filtration, HVL 3.5 mm Copper (220 kV), Lead screens* M100 Film in 8 min 79°F (26°C) cycle is assigned a relative exposure of 1.KODAKINDUSTREX FilmsKODAK INDUSTREX Processor KODAK INDUSTREX Chemicals8 min 79°F (26°C)DR50 1.6M100* 1.0MX1250.6T2000.4AA 4000.3HS8000.15RELATIVE EXPOSURE FOR VARIOUS ENERGY LEVELSFor each exposure condition, M100 Film is assigned a relative exposure of 1.00.KODAK INDUSTREX Processor, 8 minute 79°F (26°C) cycle.* In accordance with ISO 7004 standard. Without lead screens † In accordance with ISO 7004 standard - EN 584-1 Lead screens ‡ 8 mm Copper filtration. 100/200 microns lead screens § 100/200 microns lead screensAUTOMATIC PROCESSINGNotice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.See Kodak publication TI-2621, Processing KODAKINDUSTREX Films , for additional information on automatic processing.EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 200/220 kV, ISO/ANSI/EN Conditions, KODAK INDUSTREX ChemicalsFilm Characteristics (Sensitometric)* Contrast calculated between net densities of 1.5 and 3.5.Recommended Replenishment RatesThe consistency of the radiographic quality is related to the accurate adjustment of the replenishment rate.Replenishment should maintain the chemical equilibrium, replacing the components used by the film.* For optimum archivability, a 10% increase in fixer replenishment rate may bedesirable.INDUSTREXFilms ISO 120kV *EN 220kV †Iridium ‡Cobalt §DR50 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.6M100 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0MX1250.70.60.60.6T2000.40.40.40.3AA4000.30.30.20.2HS800—0.15——KODAK INDUSTREX Processor / Cycle Base + Fog Contrast *M43IC, 8 min 79°F (26°C)0.19 5.4M43IC, 5 min 86°F (30°C)0.19 5.25M35, 10.5 min 86°F (30°C)0.194.8Solution Replenishment Volumeper 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 inch) sheetper m 2Developer 100 mL 665 mL Fixer180 mL *1200 mLWashing and DryingWashing: Follow the processor manufacturer'srecommendation for wash flow rate, or adjust flow to achieve the equivalent of the wash tank capacity every five minutes, or twelve tank volumes per hour. Insufficient wash flow can adversely affect the life expectancy of processed radiographs. Wash flow rate should be increased if chemical spot tests or other analyticalmethods reveal a high level of retained chemicals in the processed film. For best results, the wash tank should be drained daily and left empty when not in use.Drying: Follow the processor manufacturer'srecommendation for dryer settings. In general, the dryer should be set to a temperature slightly above (3°C/5°F) the lowest temperature required to eliminate any signs of tackiness in films exiting the dryer.MANUAL PROCESSINGNotice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.See Kodak publication TI-2643, Guide to Manual Processing of NDT Films , for additional information on manual processing.Film Characteristics (Sensitometric)* Contrast calculated between net densities of 1.5 and 3.5.Development ConditionsBase + Fog Contrast *5 min 68° (20°C)0.19 5.03 min 75° (24°C)0.195.3DevelopmentDevelop with rack and tank, using properly replenished solutions.•Remove film and hanger 5 seconds before end of development. DO NOT ALLOW EXCESS DEVELOPER TO DRAIN BACK INTO THE TANK. Normally this will carry out the proper amount of solution to permit correct replenishment.•Use floating covers on developer tanks to reduce oxidation and evaporation; store developer replenisher in a closed container. •Fill the developer and fixer tank to its original level each morning with developer or fixer replenisher solution (topping off).•Discard solution after adding two tank volumes of replenisher to tank, or at least once a month, and refill with fresh solution.Stop, Fix, Wash and Dry StepsStop baths check development, prevent most spots or streaks, and prolong the life of the fixing bath.Immerse the film in fixer for 3 to 6 minutes , agitating for 5 seconds every 30 seconds . Film should remain in fixer for twice the time it takes to "clear" it (when the milky look disappears). Never fix film for less than 3 minutes.KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent may be used following the fixer to reduce washing time and conserve water. First rinse films in running water for 30 seconds, the use Hypo Clearing Agent for 1 to 2 minutes, followed by a final running water wash for 5 minutes.T emperature RecommendedT ime(Minutes)Agitation KODAK INDUSTREX Single Part Developer Replenisher68°F (20°C)72°F (22°C)75°F (24°C)79°F (26°C)5432Intermittent (5 seconds every 30 seconds)T emperatureRecommendedT ime Agitation KODAK Indicator Stop Bath, or acetic acid (diluted to 3.5%) solution 60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C30 to 60 secondsContinuous, ModerateKODAK Rapid Fixer, KODAK INDUSTREX Manual Fixer, or KODAKINDUSTREX LO Fixer and Replenisher 60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C3 to 6 minutes, or twice the clearing timeVigorous for 15 seconds, then intermittent (5 sec every 30 sec)Running water wash(8 volumechanges per hour)60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C 10 to 30MinutesKODAK INDUSTREX M100 FilmAerial and Industrial MarketsEASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505Revised 12-06Printed in U.S.A.KODAK INDUSTREX M100 Film KODAK Publication No. TI-2434NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do notrepresent standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.To minimize water spots and drying marks, use KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution after washing.Dry in a dust-free area at room temperature or in a suitable drying cabinet. Temperature not to exceed 120°F (50°C).Recommended Replenishment RatesMaintain chemical activity and solution level in the developer tank by adding 100 mL (3.38 fluid ounces) of replenisher according to instructions for each 14 x 17-inch (35 x 43 cm) film processed. Stir vigorously after each addition. Replenish the fixer tank at the rate of 180 mL (6 fluid ounces) per 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 in) sheet of film processed.CURVESCharacteristic Curves, Manual ProcessingCharacteristic Curves, Machine ProcessingKodak, Industrex, Ready-Pack, and Photo-flo are trademarks.。
柯达航空摄影用泛光负片胶片说明书
4. Aerial photographs can be used to locate
'l.X TORK on sensitized materials and equip\' \' men t for aerial photography was started at the Eastman Kodak Company before vVorld \Var 1. During that war, improvements in the sensitivity of photographic materials were made so that, at the time of the Armistice, orthochromatic and panchromatic films, 9t inches by 75 feet, were bei ng man ufactured (1). The most sensitive of these films, Eastman Panchromatic Aero Film, Hypersensitized, could be exposed at about 1/100 second, f/S.6, through a Kodak Wratten Filter No. 25. The K-1 camera was also designed at that time to use this film and is the granddaddy of the large-format automatic aerial cameras of today (2).
柯达胶片
200 英尺 400 英尺
— 500 英尺
700 英尺 1,000 英尺 2,000 英尺
125 英尺 250 英尺 250 英尺 350 英尺
500 英尺 700 英尺 1,400 英尺
— 150 英尺
— 200 英尺
300 英尺 400 英尺 800 英尺
Charac柯te达ris航tic空so胶fK片OD的A特K 性AerialFilms
胶片
工厂
编号1
感光度
说明和应用
库存
2402
中速、高尺寸稳定性底片，适用于航空测绘和侦察
√
全色 （具有大红色）
3404
中速、特细颗粒、中高空勘测胶片
2405
适用于测绘和制图的中高速常用胶片。高尺寸稳定性片
√
2412
中速、特细颗粒、中高空测绘和侦察胶片。适用于小规格负片
也不应当与用于图像摄影的传统胶片速度混淆。（本图表给出的所有速度值通过将计算得出的值四舍五入为最接近的档位） 3 2 （相当于 1/3 档光圈）而得出的。 4. 黑白相机获取胶片的图像结构特性基于柯达 Versamat 胶片冲洗机（型号 11）的冲洗。 5. 本栏中以粗体字显示的柯达 Versamat 冲洗药液和工序用于确定所有胶片的图像结构特性和航空胶片速度。 6. 使用柯达 Wratten 滤镜 12 号或同等滤光片。 7. 视海拔高度和雾气状况，可能需要使用雾霭滤色片，例如，柯达 HF-3 消雾滤光片或 HF-3/HF-4 与 HF-3/HF-5 的组合滤光片。 8. 工序 AN-6 包括从 EA-5 选择的冲洗药液和 AN-6 的冲洗药液。 9. 显影温度为 92°F，冲洗时间为 3 分钟 45 秒。
柯达专业EKTAR 100胶卷技术数据说明书
February 2016 • E-4046TECHNICAL DATA / COLOR NEGATIVE FILMKODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100 FilmKODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100 Film is the world's finest grain color negative film. With ISO 100 speed, high saturation and ultra-vivid color, this film offers the finest, smoothest grain of any color negative film available today. An ideal choice for commercial photographers andadvanced amateurs, KODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100 Film is recommended for applications such as nature, travel and outdoor photography, as well as for fashion and product photography.SIZES AVAILABLEAvailability may differ from country to country. See your dealer who supplies KODAK PROFESSIONAL Products.TECHNOLOGYBENEFIT•Incorporates EntertainmentImaging’s KODAK VISION Film technology•Micro-Structure Optimized KODAK T-GRAIN Emulsions•KODAK Proprietary Advanced Development Accelerators •World's finest-grained color negative film •Ideal for scanning •Extraordinary enlargement capability from a 35mmnegative •Optimized Emulsion Spectral Sensitivity and Image Modifier Chemistry•Ultra-vivid color•KODAK Advanced Cubic Emulsions •KODAK Proprietary DI R Couplers•Optimized sharpness •Distinct edges, fine detail •Unified Emulsion Technology•Printing compatible with other KODAK FilmsSize/FormatCode Base13551100.13 mm (0.005 inch)acetate 12061100.10 mm (0.004 inch)acetate Sheets0.19 mm (0.007 inch) KODAK ESTAR Thick BaseSTORAGE AND HANDLINGStore unexposed film at 21°C (70°F) or lower in the original sealed package. For extended periods, store film at 13°C (55°F) to preserve consistency.To avoid moisture condensation on film that has been refrigerated, allow the film to warm up to roomtemperature before opening the package. Typical warm-up times are given in the table below.Load and unload roll-film cameras in subdued light. Total darkness is required when you load and unload sheet film holders.Process film as soon as possible after exposure. Protect negatives from strong light, and store them in a cool, dry place. For long-term storage, keep negatives at atemperature between 2°C (35°F) and 13°C (55°F) and at a relative humidity between 30 and 35percent.DARKROOM RECOMMENDATIONSDo not use a safelight. Handle unprocessed film in total darkness.EXPOSUREFilm SpeedUse the speed numbers in the tables below with cameras or meters marked for ISO, ASA, or DIN speeds or exposure indexes (EIs). Do not change the film-speed setting when metering through a filter. Metering through filters may affect light meter accuracy; see your meter or camera manual for specific information. For critical work, make a series of test exposures.* For best results without special printing.SizeWarm-Up Times (Hours) to Reach Room T emperature of 21°C (70°F) From a StorageT emperature of:-18°C (0°F)2°C (35°F)13°C (55°F)135 magazine 11⁄211⁄4112013⁄41⁄210-sheet box11⁄211Light Source KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin FilterISO Speed Daylight or Electronic FlashNone 100Photolamp (3400 K)No. 80B 32Tungsten (3200 K)No. 80A25DaylightUse the exposures in the table below for average frontlit subjects from 2hours after sunrise to 2hours before sunset.* Use f/5.6 for backlit close-up subjects.† Use f/8 for backlit close-up subjects.‡ Subject shaded from the sun but lighted by a large area of sky.Adjustments for Long and Short ExposuresNo filter correction or exposure compensation is required for exposures from 1⁄10,000second to 1 second. Forcritical applications with longer exposure times, make tests under your conditions.Electronic FlashUse the appropriate guide number in the table below as starting-point recommendations for your equipment. Select the unit output closest to the number given by your flash manufacturer. Then find the guide number for feet or metres. T o determine the lens opening, divide the guide number by the flash-to-subject distance. If negatives are consistently too dense (overexposed), use a higher guide number; if they are too thin (underexposed), use a lower number.* BCPS = beam candlepower secondsLighting ConditionsShutter Speed (second)and Lens OpeningBright or Hazy Sun on Light Sand or Snow1/125f /16Bright or Hazy Sun (Distinct Shadows)1/125f /11*Weak, Hazy Sun (Soft Shadows)1/125f /8Cloudy Bright (No Shadows)1/125f /5.6Heavy Overcast or Open Shade ‡1/125f /4Unit Output (BCPS)*Guide NumberDistances in Feet/Metres35040/1250050/1570060/18100070/21140085/262000100/302800120/364000140/425600170/508000200/60Fluorescent and High-Intensity Discharge LampsUse the color-compensating filters and exposure adjustments in the tables below as starting points to expose KODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100Film under fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamps. For critical applications, make a series of test exposures under your actual conditions.To avoid the brightness and color variations that occur during a single alternating-current cycle, use exposure times of 1⁄60second or longer with fluorescent lamps; with high-intensity discharge lamps, use exposure times of 1⁄125second or longer.PROCESSINGProcess EKTAR 100 Film in KODAK FLEXICOLORChemicals for Process C-41 using the replenishment and wash rates in the tables below. Note that the developer replenishment rates are starting-point recommendations only and may vary due to the amount of exposure to the film, scene content, and the presence/absence of sprocket holes.Replenishment and Wash Rates* Rates are for first wash and a two-stage countercurrent final wash. Doublethese rates for a single stage final wash.Type of Fluorescent Lamp KODAK Color Compensating Filter(s)Exposure Adjustment Daylight 20R + 5M +1 stop White 40B + 5C +1 2/3 stop Warm White 40B + 40C +2 stops Warm White Deluxe 40B + 50C +2 stops Cool White 30B +1 stop Cool White Deluxe40C + 10M +1 stopHigh-Intensity DischargeLamp (CCT)KODAK Color Compensating Filter(s)Exposure Adjustment High-Pressure Sodium Vapor 50B + 70C +2 2/3 stops Metal Halide 5C + 10M +2/3 stop Mercury Vapor with Phosphor30B + 5C +1 stop Mercury Vapor without Phosphor80R+1 2/3 stopFilm SizeKODAK FLEXICOLOR Developer Replenisher KODAK FLEXICOLOR Developer Replenisher LORR KODAK FLEXICOLOR Bleach III, Fixer, and Stabilizer Wash Water *1351012 mL/m 294 mL/ft 2506 mL/m 247 mL/ft 2861 mL/m 280 mL/ft 231 L/m 22.9 L/ft 21201012 mL/m 294 mL/ft 2506 mL/m 247 mL/ft 21023 mL/m 2107 mL/ft 231 L/m 22.9 L/ft 24 x 51012 mL/m 294 mL/ft 2506 mL/m 247 mL/ft 21023 mL/m 2107 mL/ft 231 L/m 22.9 L/ft 28 x 101012 mL/m 294 mL/ft 2506 mL/m 247 mL/ft 21023 mL/m 2107 mL/ft 231 L/m 22.9 L/ft 2JUDGING NEGATIVE EXPOSURESYou can check the exposure level with a suitable electronic densitometer equipped with a filter such as a KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filter No.92 or the red filter forStatus M densitometry. Depending on the subject and the light source used for exposure, a normally exposed and processed color negative measured through the red filter should have the approximate densities listed below.Because of the extreme range in skin color, use these red density values for a normally lit forehead only as a guide. For best results, use a KODAK Gray Card (gray side).RETOUCHINGYou can retouch the 120 and sheet sizes on both the base side and the emulsion side. Retouch only the emulsion side of 135size film.PRINTING NEGATIVESThis film is optimized for printing to —KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Premier Paper KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Premier Canvas PaperKODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Premier Metallic PaperKODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Transparency Display MaterialKODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Clear Display MaterialSCANNING NEGATIVESYou can easily scan EKTAR 100 Film negatives with avariety of linear-array-CCD, area-array-CCD, and PMT film scanners. You can scan negatives on desktop scanners as well as high-end drum scanners.Area MeasuredDensity Reading KODAK Gray Card (gray side) receiving same illumination as subject0.77 to 0.87Lightest step (darkest in the negative) of a KODAK Paper Gray Scale receiving same illumination as subject1.13 to 1.23Highest diffuse density on normally lighted forehead—light complexion —dark complexion1.08 to 1.180.93 to 1.03IMAGE STRUCTUREPrint Grain IndexThe Print Grain Index number refers to a method of defining graininess in a print made with diffuse-printing illumination. It replaces rms granularity and has a different scale which cannot be compared to rms granularity.•The method uses a uniform perceptual scale, with a change of four units equaling a just noticeable difference in graininess to 90percent of observers.• A Print Grain Index rating of 25 on the scale represents the approximate visual threshold for graininess. A higher number indicates an increase in the amount of graininess observed.•The standardized inspection (print-to-viewer) distance for all print sizes is 14inches, the typical viewing distance for a 4x 6-inch print.•In practice, larger prints will likely be viewed from distances greater than 14inches, which reduces apparent graininess.•Print Grain Index numbers may not represent graininess observed from more specular printing illuminants, such as condenser enlargers.Negative Size: 24 x 36 mm (135)* 25 is the visual threshold for perception of grain.Negative Size: 6 x 6 cm (120)Negative Size: 4 x 5 Inches (Sheets)Negative Size: 8 x 10 Inches (Sheets)Print Size in inches 4x68x1016x20Magnification 4.4X 8.8X 17.8X Print Grain Indexless than 25*3866Print Size in inches 4x68x1016x20Magnification 2.6X 4.4X 8.8X Print Grain Indexless than 25less than 2538Print Size in inches 4x68x1016x20Magnification 1.2X 4X 8X Print Grain Indexless than 25less than 25less than 25Print Size in inches 4x68x1016x20Magnification 0.6X 1X 2X Print Grain Indexless than 25less than 25less than 25KODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100 FilmRevised 2/16KODAK PROFESSIONAL EKTAR 100 FilmKODAK Publication No. E-4046KODAK ALARIS • ROCHESTER, NY 14615CURVESCharacteristic CurvesSpectral-Sensitivity CurvesSpectral-Dye-Density CurvesModulation Transfer Function© 2016 Kodak Alaris Inc.TM: Endura, Flexicolor and PortraThe Kodak, Kodak Professional, Ektar, Estar, T-Grain, Vision, and Wratten trademarksare used under license from Eastman Kodak Company.。
柯达胶片
√
7（0.18 毫米）
7.35
0.054
着色明胶
—
160
63
12
超精细纹理胶片，适用于一步复制高清晰度的航空底片或正片
√
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.2
0.030
快干
—
500
200
6
颗粒极其精细，具有超高分辨率，用于复制极细颗粒的航空胶片
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.26
5
表I 具有 ESTAR 片基的黑白胶片
三种不同厚度的 ESTAR 片基 （2.5 密耳、3.9 密耳、7 密耳）导致卷在标准航空胶片卷筒上的胶片长度也各不相 同。下面的部件列表说明了每种类型的胶片提供的标准长度。
胶片 规格 编号
4922 4932 4942 5332 536
5272 514 5282 530 5352
50 英尺 100 英尺 200 英尺 500 英尺 500 英尺
40 英尺 75 英尺 150 英尺 350 英尺 350 英尺
—
— 100 英尺 200 英尺 200 英尺
70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米
1,000 英尺 1,000 英尺 2,000 英尺 2,000 英尺
931 991 883 8973
884 8983 886 8993
949 952 9814 955
957 961 960
胶片 宽度
胶片长度 （ 无 导 片 或 拖 片）
ESTAR 薄 片基
（ 2.5 密 耳）
ESTAR 片基 （ 3.9 密 耳）
ESTAR 厚 片基
（7 密 耳）
70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米
柯达医用胶片的技术特色及优点
柯达MIN-REV的技术特色及优点 MIN-R EV胶片采用不对称乳剂技术，其特点是双乳剂层，正面乳剂层具有高对比度特征；背面乳剂层具有低对比度特征，仍然采用单面增感屏从正面曝光。
这种独特而先进的技术在保证清晰度的同时，获得了更宽的影像信息记灵能力，使乳房每一部分组织的可视性最大化增强； MIN-R EV胶片的乳剂采用更细微的卤化银颗粒技术，更细的乳剂颗粒可获得更高的黑化度及更高的对比度并带有敏锐的趾部（胶片特性曲线趾部）； MIN-R EV胶片的乳剂颗粒技术提供了更低的色污染，更低的噪声及更优良的影像色调。
简单归纳：MIN-R EV系统（比MIN－R2000系统）的主要优点： MIN-R EV系统具有高对比度（G大于4.5）及高最大密度（Dmax大于4.5）能显示更多的影像信息； MIN-R EV系统曝光宽容度更大； MIN-R EV胶片更细的乳剂颗粒使得胶片的感光曲线既陡，趾部又长，既可以在高密度区域（富含脂肪的组织和乳房边缘）保持高对比度；又能表达更多的细微信息（获得更丰富的低密度腺组织影像）； MIN-R EV胶片的冲洗加工的适应性更好，不会像MIN-R2000胶片那样，冲洗条件稍差，就会产生小白点伪影。
柯达MXG感绿胶片的显著特点 出色的感光性能：产品采用了最新的T颗粒技术后，感光度较高，宽容度较大，灰雾度小，对比度好，信息含量丰富，在相当的影像质量情况下MXG S/F体系的投照量大约只需感蓝S/F体系的1／2－1／4，极大地降低了射线的危害. 清晰的影像质量，产品采用兰聚酯片基及最新的T颗粒技术后，使影像的锐利度高，细节分辨率好，层次更加丰富，改进了影像的实用对比度及实用清晰度. 优良的加工性能，产品适用于常温手工冲洗及高温速度机器冲洗，适用于国内各种冲洗药液的加工，冲洗宽容度更大，药液的消耗较少，对疲劳药液的适应性较强. MXG胶片适用于各种X射线机（包括自动点片机）及人体个部位的拍摄. MXG胶片在操作不当时，不会产生白色伪影（压力渐感）可提高医生的诊断质量．柯达XBT感蓝胶片的显著特点 柯达XBT感蓝胶片是一种采用先进的T颗粒技术制作的感蓝S/F体系胶片，跟以前的XK胶片相比，它不但具有XK的一些特点而且更具有以下的一些优势： 采用扁平颗粒技术，颗粒排列整齐，具有更大的表面积，使颗粒获得了对蓝紫光有更灵敏的感光度和对比度，能有效的减少投照剂量，降低X球管的损耗．是目前业界感光度最高的感蓝胶片； 扁平T颗粒具有更大的投影面积，提高颗粒的吸收效率，早提高了胶片的实用感光度的同时，有效地降低＂荧光交迭效应＂，极大地改善了影像的清晰度，使细节分辩率好，层次更加丰富； 扁平T颗粒的应用使XBT胶片在使用中不易白色伪影，更加有利于医生的诊断； XBT胶片适应于各种药水的需要，更适应于高温快速冲洗加工，冲洗药水消耗也相应减少，对疲劳药水的适应性能更好； XBT胶片采用更偏蓝色聚脂片基为支持体，使影像高密度区呈冷黑色调，低密度区呈冷蓝色调，增强了影响的微光视觉效应，使影像更清晰，对比度更好．胶片灰雾的原因及防止·暗室漏光—需作防光检测，堵绝漏光；·安全灯不安全—（光谱、亮度、时间、距离）需重新进行测试，减少在红灯下的时间；·受X射线的照射—变换保存场所；·包装储运不良—运输、搬运过程中不要野蛮装卸，压破片盒；·曝光过度—调整曝光量；·曝光不足，显影过度—调整曝光量跟显影时间；·显影过度—调整药液的温度和时间；·手洗时显影温度低，显影时间过长—调整显影温度；·显影温度过高—调整显影温度；·显影、定影药液陈旧、老化—及时更换药液；·显影、定影药液交叉污染—防止药液的污染；·水洗不充分—要求水洗充分；·胶片贮存条件差—避免高温、高湿及有害气体的侵入；·使用滤线器—高千伏拍摄时，X散射线消除不充分；·较厚部位投照未用滤线器—使用滤线器栅或遮光窗；·胶片有效期已过—按照有效期的先后出库，使用；·冲洗套药与胶片不匹配—选择匹配的冲洗套药；·冲洗套药质量低劣—选择质量好的冲洗套药。
DVB+
柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像胶片 DVB+柯达 D RY V IEW DVB+ 激光成像胶片可以在更低噪音下记录更好的图像，更好的密度均一性，以及提高细节的可见度，帮助您大幅度提高诊断可靠性。
目前，柯达 D RY V IEW DVB+ 胶片有多种的胶片尺寸可供选择。
使用柯达 Daylight 胶片暗盒，装载变得快捷、简单，装载只需不足 10秒钟的时间。
帮助您快速提高诊断可靠性出色的诊断图像由于乳剂的噪音降到最低并且密度均一性得到改善，所以图像信息可更易识别。
使用柯达 D RY V IEW 8900 激光成像仪可以使胶片的最大密度达到最高 (3.3)。
一种胶片可用于所有柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像仪由于这种胶片是被设计成用于所有柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像仪的，所有这个胶片排除了双重存货管理。
柯达 D RY V IEW DVB+ 胶片是一种高分辨率，红外线敏感的激光干式胶片，不需要胶片洗片机。
只需10 秒轻松完成暗盒装载胶片暗盒装载只需10 秒钟 — 不需要剪掉或者处理袋子。
在装载新胶片暗盒时也不需要进行手动调整。
暗盒识别技术使得柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像仪可以识别胶片的类型、尺寸、批号，以及剩余的张数。
彻底解放您的双手柯达 D RY V IEW DVB+ 胶片与柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像仪相匹配，使得自动图像质量控制 (AIQC) 成为可能。
AIQC 可以校准系统使质量最优化，也可以帮助保证对比度和密度与使用者事先调整的参数保持一致。
质量控制无需操作者干预，提高了医生的工作效率。
从下面五种规格胶片尺寸中选择适合您柯达 D RY V IEW 激光成像仪和图像应用的胶片：14 x 17 - in ，(35 x 43 - cm)14 x 14 - in ，(35 x 35 - cm)11 x 14 - in ，(28 x 35 - cm)10 x 12 - in ，(25 x 30 - cm) 8 x 10 - in ，(20 x 25 - cm)用于乳腺摄影的特殊的柯达 D RY V IEW DVM 成像胶片拥有更高的最大密度，因此提供了更广的动态范围和终生存档性。
柯达h15222黑白电影胶片资料
Replenishment Rate Time mL per 30.5 metres (min:sec) (mL per 100 ft)
8 12 15 21 23a 25 29 96*
3
R a c k - a n d - Ta n k E q u i p m e n t This can be horizontal with the film wound into a flat rack or spiral reel; or vertical with the film wound on racks to fit deep tanks. Solutions and processing steps are given below. Agitate the rack continuously for the first 5 seconds when it is initially immersed. At 1-minute intervals thereafter, lift the rack completely out of the solution, drain for a few seconds, and reimmerse. With spiral reel-type equipment, use a combination of vertical movement and rotation. R e e l - a n d - Tro u g h E q u i p m e n t This carries the film on a reel or drum which dips into a trough or tray of solution and is rotated continuously during processing. Processing solution/steps are given below. For agitation, rotate the reel rapidly enough to effect good agitation, but not so rapidly as to splash solution out of the trough. Reverse the direction of rotation periodically during development. R ew i n d E q u i p m e n t The film is wound back and forth between two reels immersed in the solution. Processing solution/steps are below. Agitate by winding the film back and forth continuously at a rate which will pass 100 feet of film from one reel to the other in approximately 60 seconds. Because of the large amount of time that the film is tightly wound as compared to the time it is in free contact with the solution, the times required in the various steps will depend on the length of the roll. During the wash, the water should be changed after each two windings of the film.
柯达胶片
从这个意义上来讲，柯达更像是微软：让足够多的消费者使用其平台，同时吸引各种各样的伙伴到这个平台上来提供增值服务。
上文提到的“梅特卡夫定律”，事实上也不真正成立，对柯达的这个网络来说，节点之间的连接还不够完善，整个网络的高速数据流动和资源共享还没有实现。柯达也看到了这一点，因此才有了与网通的合作。目前，网通已用宽带将柯达在杭州的所有店铺连接起来。在杭州这块试验田上，柯达正谋划着网上冲印服务铺满全国的理想。
重新分区之后，一区覆盖２７个一线城市，总人口约３亿，二区人口约１０亿。这一下，目标明确了，中国大陆相当于被切割成了各自独立的两个市场，每个市场都将拥有更专注的团队投入和更快的发展。
问题的解决办法乍看之下似乎很简单，但是对柯达来说，这却是一次自我摸索之旅的开端。下一步该怎么办？在中国市场上，柯达没有任何经验可循。在美国本土，柯达的销售是通过大卖场和药店进行的。同样铺设彩印店网络的，只有香港和台湾市场。但香港地域狭小，柯达（香港）公司就足以完成对店家的供货、质量控制、支援服务。台湾略大，由经销商负责供货（即胶卷、相纸和药水），由柯达员工对店家进行质量控制并提供支援服务。
８３００——这是截至２００２年底柯达彩印店在中国的数量，是肯德基中国店的１０倍，麦当劳中国店的１８倍。并且，这个数字仍在以每年１０００家的速度递增，即将超过日本７－１１便利店而成为全球单一地区最大的零售网络。
柯达是一个善于营销的全球品牌？不，它的竞争对手更愿意相信柯达是一家擅长政府公关的美国公司，因为在１９９８年与中国政府达成的“全行业合资计划”（俗称“９８协议”）中，柯达被授权为２００１年底之前惟一可以在中国独资或合资生产胶卷的外国企业。
陈耀荣说得不够准确。事实上，那个开放的系统是微软的，并非ＩＢＭ的，而更广泛的用户——ＩＢＭＰＣ兼容机遍地开花的结果——也完全是微软促成的。让软硬件垂直捆绑的苹果电脑遭到惨败的，不是Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ本身，而是Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ浩浩荡荡的合作伙伴队伍，以及这些合作伙伴在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ平台上提供的多如牛毛的应用程序。
关于柯达胶卷的定位分析
• 定位分析： • 此时的柯达产品逐步成熟，市场稳定，柯达开始关注市场和 品质的细分。经过市场细分，向不同的市场部分推出了不同 品牌、质量和价格的胶卷：“Royal Gold”(贵族金胶卷)，专门 供应某些特别重大的场合和活动，质高价高；“Cold Plus”(超 级金胶卷)，是一种日常使用的普通胶卷，质价中等；“Fun Time”(快乐时刻)，是一种低价胶卷，定位于对价格较敏感， 爱讨价还价的消费者，另外每种胶卷根据质量不同还分为100 度、200度和400度。柯达胶卷按消费者的需求和满足程度对 胶卷进行划分，既发挥了企业的优势，又发掘了潜在市场， 取得了较好收益。更加重视客户对质量的要求，拍摄的胶卷， 柯达的相纸，经营的‘柯达快速 彩色’店提供的技术、品质 控制、货品陈设、市场营销和培训等各方面的支持，都要使 消费者满意。
• 第二阶段为成长期，也称增长期，是指产品开始被 市场接受大量上市阶段，1901年—1966年属于柯达 胶卷的成长期。20世纪初，柯达的产品已打入南美 洲和亚洲，直至1908年，柯达公司的全球雇员已经 超过了五千人，1930年，柯达占世界摄影器材市场 75％的份额，利润占这一市场的90％。1935年，柯 达开发出彩色胶片柯达克罗姆（kodakchrome）胶 片，这是全球第一款取得商业成功的彩色胶片，也 是柯达最成功的产品之一。从1935年开始上市，克 罗姆胶片共生产了74年。无数幅世界级的经典照片 诞生在克罗姆上感光呈现。
这是全球第一款取得商业成功的彩色胶片，也是 柯达最成功的产品之一。从1935年开始上市，克 罗姆胶片共生产了74年，“柯达”也几乎成为摄 影的代名词。但是随着数码技术的崛起，2009年， 诞生已有74年的柯达克罗姆胶卷（彩色胶卷）宣 布停产，这消息引发了摄影界的感慨。作为胶片 时代的辉煌见证，克罗姆的停产也意味着柯达胶 片摄影渐渐走出了时代的聚光灯。为此，我们简 单作了一个关于柯达胶卷74年沉浮历史的产品分 析和各个时期柯达胶卷定位策略的分析。
KODAK VISION3 数字分离胶片 2237 产品说明说明书
KODAK VISION3 Digital Separation Film 2237 TECHNICAL DATA / DIGITAL SEPARATION FILMKODAK VISION3 Digital Separation Film 2237 is designed for the digital postproduction suite and results inblack-and-white separation elements that offer centuries of image stability. This black-and-white recorder film is intended for making archival separations from color digital masters. This film offers exceptional image quality: fine detail, tight grain, optimal resolution, and excellent flare characteristics.By optimizing the spectral sensitivity for exposure on modern digital recorders, 2237 Film providesimproved image structure (sharpness and grain), extended latitude and excellent linear tone scale. Improvements in latent image keeping allows for more consistent results in recorder applications. This film is offered on ESTAR Base, offering premier physical performance and long-term stability.FEATURES BENEFITSImproved spectral sensitivity •Optimized for all modern digital recordersExceptional grain •Vs. KODAK Panchromatic SeparationFilm 2238 in both D-96 and D-97processes•Better image qualityProcessing versatility •Can be processed in either D-96or D-97processes•Ease of use—customers can chooseprocess based onImproved process sensitivity •Less sensitive to process variability vs. 2238 FilmOutstanding sharpness •High quality images that replicate original image characteristicsImproved latent image keeping •Improved product consistency •Less rework due to mismatch frombeginning to end of rollSilver images on ESTAR Base support •Excellent image permanence •Stable physical performanceDARKROOM RECOMMENDATIONSIt is always best to handle photographic film in total darkness. If general darkroom illumination is needed, you can use Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with 590nm peak wavelength. Safelights should have a maximum intensity of 0.02 Lux and be kept at a minimum of four feet away from the film plane. 590nm LEDs are also appropriate for track lighting where needed.MARCH 2022 • H-1-2237 STORAGE AND HANDLING Unprocessed FilmUnexposed film is not adversely affected by short-term storage at room temperature (less than 25°C (77°F). Store unexposed film at 13°C (55°F) or lower when storage exceeds one month. If refrigerated, allow the sealed can or foil bag to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to avoid condensation. Rebag unused raw stock and seal it in film cans before returning it to refrigeration. Process exposed film promptly. This film exhibits excellent latent image keeping. When exposed film must be kept several days before processing, the tone scale of KODAK VISION3 Digital Separation Film shows little change. You can slow changes in latent image by storing exposed film at lower temperatures. For critical applications, such as sensitometric exposures used for process control, keep exposed film strips at 0°C (32°F) or lower.Processed FilmStore processed film according to the recommendations in ISO 18911:2010, Imaging Materials - Processed Safety Photographic Films - Storage Practices.For short-term “active” storage, store at room temperature of 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F) at 50 to 60 percent relative humidity. Avoid prolonged unconditioned storage at high temperatures or excessive humidity. For medium-term storage, store at 10°C (50°F) or lower, at a relative humidity of 20 to 30 percent. For extended term storage (for preservation of material having permanent value), store at 2°C (36°F) or lower, at a relative humidity of 20 to 30 percent. Molecular Sieves1 in a sealed can will provide additional benefit. All three separations should be kept under the same conditions. After usage, the film should be returned to the appropriate medium- or extended-term storage condition as soon as possible. For more information on long-term storage, see KODAK Publication No. H-845, The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers, available online at:/go/referenceguideRECORDER CALIBRATIONAs the 2237 Film is green sensitized, the green light source of the recorder should be used to expose the film. The recorder setup and "aim" should have a linear code value to density relationship as follows (densities are measured above D-min): Input Code Value Visual StM Density0 01023 2.046If there isn't a need to optically recombine the resulting black-and-white separations for final viewing, it is recommended that the same recorder calibration be utilized for all three color records of the image data, essentially giving all three color channels the same density aim. Otherwise, utilize your protocol for creating separations for optical recombination. PROCESSINGThis film can be processed in either KODAK D-96 or D-97 Developer. For details on the processes, see KODAK Publication H-24, Manual for Processing KODAK Motion Picture Films, Module 15. For reference, also see the developer time series D-Log H curves provided in this document.The recommended process time to achieve a gamma of1.0 is 8 minutes in D-96 Developer and 3 minutes in D-97 Developer. However, processing time can be adjusted to achieve desired gamma and/or density range.If the processed film is to be used for extended-term storage, adequate washing must be provided to reduce the retained thiosulfate level. Testing for retained thiosulfate should be performed in accordance with and adhering to the limits specified in ANSI/PIMA IT9.1-1996. IDENTIFICATIONAfter processing, the product code numbers 2237; emulsion and roll number identification; KEYKODE numbers; and internal product symbol YP are visible along the length of the film.LATENT-IMAGE KEEPINGThe new film offers extremely stable latent image keeping, ensuring that photographic characteristics such as speed, contrast, and fog levels do not change. SPLICINGKODAK VISION3 Digital Separation Film 2237 is manufactured on ESTAR Base. Since ESTAR Base is impervious to most solvents, solvent-based “cement” splicing CANNOT be used. Thermal-weld ultrasonic splicers may be used on both raw stock and processed film. After cutting, the two pieces of film are overlapped slightly and brought into contact with a horn that focuses acoustic energy from an ultrasonic transducer to the film overlap. A pressure roller brings the film into intimate contact with the horn, causing a localized heating and fusion of the polyester support, creating a strong weld and reliable splice. Key splicing parameters are the acoustic frequency and power output, roller pressure, and roller transit time. Although the emulsion and back-side layers become part of the polyester weld, there is usually no need to scrape them off prior to ultrasonic splicing.Adhesive tape splicing is often used in splicing rolls of exposed raw stock prior to processing. Current splicing procedures using high-quality splicing tapes will work equally well on 2237 Film.IMAGE STRUCTUREFor more information on image-structure characteristics, see KODAK Publication No. H-845, The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers available online at/go/referenceguideSharpnessThe "perceived" sharpness of any film depends on various components of the motion picture production system. The recorder and scanner optics, among other factors, all play a role. But the specific sharpness of a film can be measured and is charted in the Modulation Transfer Function Curve.This graph shows a measure of the visual sharpness of this film. The x-axis, "Spatial Frequency," refers to the number of sine waves per millimeter that can be resolved. The y-axis, "Response," corresponds to film sharpness.The longer and flatter the line, the more sine waves per millimeter that can be resolved with a high degree of sharpness, resulting in a sharper filmSensitometryThe curves describe this film's response to green ARRILASER[1] exposure. Sensitometric curves determine the change in density on the film for a given change in log exposure.[1] ARRI is a registered trademark of Arnold & Richter Cine Technik GmbH & Co.Spectral SensitivityThese curves depict the sensitivity of this film to the spectrum of light.NOTICE: While the data presented are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards that must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.Available Roll Lengths and FormatsSee Kodak Motion Picture Products Catalog at /go/mpcatalog To order film in the United States and Canada, call 1- 800-356-3259, prompt 3.Worldwide customers can find the nearest sales office at /go/salesofficesKODAK VISION3 Digital Separation Film 2237KODAK Publication No. H-1-2237 Kodak, Vision, and Estar and the Kodak logo are trademarks.Revised 3-22© 2022 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY。
柯达彩色反转胶片技术数据说明书
TECHNICAL DATA / COLOR REVERSAL FILMJanuary 1998• E-88Month 1996KODACHROME 25, 64, 200 FilmsDESCRIPTIONKODACHROME 25,64,and 200Films are color slide films designed for processing in Process K-14 chemicals. These films are intended for exposure with daylight or electronic flash. You can also expose them with tungsten illumination (3200 K) using filters.KODACHROME 25and 64Films feature extremely fine grain and extremely high sharpness. They are excellent choices for a wide variety of applications.KODACHROME 200 Film features fine grain and extremely high sharpness.With its faster speed,the film is ideal for low-light situations and photo shoots requiring increased depth of e these films to produce color transparencies forprojection or viewing with 5000 K illumination. Duplicate transparencies can be made by direct printing.To make color prints,you can print transparencies onto color reversal paper.Or make internegatives for printing onto color negative paper. You can also scan transparencies for digital printing and for graphic arts and Photo CD applications.KODACHROME 25, 64, and 200 Films are members of the “Select Series”of Kodak films.The Select Series offers serious snapshooters and photo enthusiasts the widest selection of high-performance films. Choose fromKODACHROME or KODAK ELITE Chrome Films for slides, or KODAK ROYAL GOLD Films for prints.KODACHROME 25 Film / KMKODACHROME 64 Film / KRKODACHROME 200 Film / KL•Exceptional results in close-up and still-life applications in bright light or using electronic flash •Extremely sharp •Extremely fine grain•Reproduces subtle color naturally•Archival dark keeping (KODACHROME Films are the most archival transparency films)•Excellent for general use—outdoor, travel, and nature applications •Extremely sharp •Extremely fine grain•Reproduces subtle color naturally •Archival dark keeping •Well suited for fast action and low-light applications •Natural colors•200speed for stopping action and for use with telephoto lenses•Extremely high sharpness and fine grain •Archival dark keepingSIZES AVAILABLESizes and catalogs numbers may differ from country to country. See your dealer who supplies Kodak products.Note:Use the catalog numbers in the tables only for orders placed in the United States and Canada.KODACHROME 25 Film / KMKODACHROME 64 Film / KRKODACHROME 200 Film / KLSTORAGE AND HANDLINGLoad and unload film in subdued light.Store unexposed film at 21˚C (70˚F) or lower in theoriginal sealed package .To avoid moisture condensation on film that has been refrigerated,allow the film to warm up to room temperature before opening the package.Process film as soon as possible after exposure.Protect transparencies from strong light,and store them in a cool, dry place. For more information, see KODAK Publication No. E-30,Storage and Care of KODAK Photographic Materials—Before and After Processing.EXPOSUREExposure Index NumbersUse the exposure index numbers below with cameras or light meters marked for ISO or ASA speeds or exposure indexes.Do not change the film-speed setting when metering through a filter.Metering through filters may affect meter accuracy;see your meter or camera manual for specific information.For critical work, make a series of test exposures.Rolls Base CAT No.135-24 5.3-mil acetate 145 8454135-365.3-mil acetate156 0309Rolls Base CAT No.135-24 5.3-mil acetate 190 5959135-24 (carded)5.3-mil acetate 114 0896135-36 5.3-mil acetate 156 0028135-36 (carded)5.3-mil acetate131 4228Rolls Base CAT No.135-24 5.3-mil acetate 158 7559135-24 (carded)5.3-mil acetate 190 7559135-36 5.3-mil acetate 197 3809135-36 (carded)5.3-mil acetate155 0060Light Source KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin FilterExposure Index KM KR KL Daylight orElectronic Flash None 2564200Tungsten (3200 K)No. 80A61650DaylightUse the exposures in the table below for average frontlit subjects from 2 hours after sunrise to 2 hours before sunset.KODACHROME 25 Film / KMLighting Conditions Shutter Speed (second)Lens Opening Bright/Hazy Sun on Sand or Snow1/125ƒ/11Bright/Hazy Sun, Distinct Shadows1/125ƒ/8*Weak, Hazy Sun, Soft Shadows1/125ƒ/5.6Cloudy Bright, No Shadows 1/125ƒ/4Heavy Overcast or Open Shade†1/60ƒ/4* Use ƒ/4 for backlit close-up subjects.† Subjects shaded from sun but lit by large area of clear sky.KODACHROME 64 Film / KRLighting Conditions Shutter Speed (second)Lens Opening Bright/Hazy Sun on Sand or Snow1/125ƒ/16Bright/Hazy Sun, Distinct Shadows1/125ƒ/11*Weak, Hazy Sun, Soft Shadows1/125ƒ/8Cloudy Bright, No Shadows 1/125ƒ/5.6Heavy Overcast or Open Shade†1/125ƒ/4* Use ƒ/5.6 for backlit close-up subjects.† Subjects shaded from sun but lit by large area of clear sky.KODACHROME 200 Film / KLLighting Conditions Shutter Speed (second)Lens Opening Bright/Hazy Sun on Sand or Snow1/250ƒ/22Bright/Hazy Sun, Distinct Shadows1/250ƒ/16*Weak, Hazy Sun, Soft Shadows1/250ƒ/11Cloudy Bright, No Shadows 1/250ƒ/8Heavy Overcast or Open Shade†1/250ƒ/5.6* Use ƒ/8 for backlit close-up subjects.† Subjects shaded from sun but lit by large area of clear sky.Electronic FlashUse the appropriate guide number in the following table as a starting point for your equipment.First select the unit output closest to the number given by your flash manufacturer.Then find the guide number for feet or metres.To determine the lens opening, divide the guide number by the flash-to-subject distance. If transparencies are consistently too thin (overexposed), use a higher guide number; if they are too dense (underexposed), use a lower number.Fluorescent and High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Use the color-compensating filters and exposureadjustments in the following charts as starting points to expose these films under fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamps. For critical applications, make a series of test exposures under your actual conditions.To avoid the brightness and color variations that occur during a single alternating-current cycle,use exposure times of 1/60 second or longer with fluorescent lamps; with high-intensity discharge lamps, use 1/125 second or longer.Unit Output (BCPS*)Guide Number (Distance in Feet/Metres)KM KR KL 35020/632/1060/1850024/740/1270/2170030/945/1485/26100035/1155/17100/30140040/1265/20120/36200050/1580/24140/42280060/1895/29170/50400070/21110/33200/60560085/26130/40240/708000100/30160/50280/85*BCPS=beam candlepower seconds.Type of FluorescentLamp KODAK Color Compensating FiltersExposure Adjustment KODACHROME 25 FilmDaylight 50R +1 stop White 40M +2⁄3 stop Warm White 20C + 40M +1 stop Warm White Deluxe 30B + 30C +11⁄3 stops Cool White 40M + 10Y +1 stop Cool White Deluxe 20C + 10M +2⁄3 stop Unknown Fluorescent30M+2⁄3 stopNote:Consult the manufacturer of high-intensity lamps for ozone ventilation requirements and safety information on ultraviolet radiation.Some primary color filters were used in the previous tables to reduce the number of filters and keep the exposure adjustment to a minimum. Red filters were substituted for equivalent filtration in magenta and yellow.Blue filters were substituted for equivalent filtration in cyan and magenta.KODACHROME 64 FilmDaylight 50R + 10M +11⁄3 stops White 05C + 40M +1 stop Warm White 20B + 20M +1 stop Warm White Deluxe 40B + 05C +11⁄3 stops Cool White 40M + 10Y +1 stop Cool White Deluxe 05B + 10M +2⁄3 stop Unknown Fluorescent05C + 30M+1 stop KODACHROME 200 FilmDaylight 30R +2⁄3 stop White 10B + 05M +2⁄3 stop Warm White 40B + 05C +11⁄3 stops Warm White Deluxe 10B + 50C +11⁄3 stops Cool White 20M +1⁄3 stop Cool White Deluxe 05B + 20C +2⁄3 stop Unknown Fluorescent10B + 05C+2⁄3 stopHigh-Intensity DischargeLampKODAK Color CompensatingFiltersExposure AdjustmentKODACHROME 25 FilmGeneral Electric Lucalox**A high-pressure sodium-vapor lamp.The information here may not apply to other manufacturers’sodium-vapor lamps because of differences in spectral characteristics.80B + 20C +21⁄3 stops General Electric Multi-Vapor 20R + 20M +2⁄3 stop Deluxe White Mercury 30R + 30M+11⁄3 stops Clear Mercury70R+11⁄3 stopsKODACHROME 64 FilmGeneral Electric Lucalox 70B + 30C +22⁄3 stops General Electric Multi-Vapor 30R + 10M +1 stop Deluxe White Mercury 30R + 30M +11⁄3 stops Clear Mercury120R + 20M+ 3 stops KODACHROME 200 FilmGeneral Electric Lucalox 50B + 70C +22⁄3 stops General Electric Multi-Vapor 20R + 10M +2⁄3 stop Deluxe White Mercury 10R + 30M +1 stop Clear Mercury110R + 10M+22⁄3 stops Type of FluorescentLamp KODAK Color Compensating Filters Exposure AdjustmentAdjustments for Long ExposuresUse the adjustments in the following table when working with long exposure times.Note:This information applies only when exposing the films to daylight. The data are based on average emulsions rounded to the nearest 1⁄3 or 1⁄2 stop and assume normal,recommended e the data only as a guide.For critical applications, make tests under your conditions.PROCESSINGHave these films processed in Process K-14 chemicals.KODACHROME 200Film can be push-processed to gain film speed or compensate for underexposure. The film can be exposed at EI 500 and pushed 11⁄3 stops. It can also be exposed at EI 800and pushed 2stops.Be sure to mark your film container with the EI number used and inform the lab that you want the appropriate push processing.When the film is push processed, the color balance will shift in the magenta-red direction,compensating for some of the greenish artificial illumination present in most stadiums and other large facilities.We do not recommend push processing of KODACHROME 25 or 64 Films.Film CodeCalculated Exposure Time (Sec).Exposure increases include adjustment requiredfor KODAK Color Compensating Filters 1/10,000to 1/1001/10110KM None +1⁄2 stop No filterNotrecommendedKR None+1⁄3 stop CC05R Not recommended KLNone+1⁄2 stop CC10YNotrecommendedPRINTING TRANSPARENCIESDuplicate Color TransparenciesFor direct printing, use—KODAK EKTACHROME Duplicating FilmsKODAK EKTACHROME RADIANCE Overhead Material Or make internegatives on KODAK Commercial Internegative Film, and print them on—KODAK VERICOLOR Print Film KODAK VERICOLOR Slide FilmKODAK DURATRANS ® RA Display Material KODAK DURACLEAR ™ RA Display MaterialColor PrintsFor direct printing, use—KODAK EKTACHROME RADIANCE PapersKODAK EKTACHROME RADIANCE SELECT Material Or make internegatives on KODAK Commercial Internegative Film, and print them on—KODAK EKTACOLOR PORTRA III Papers KODAK EKTACOLOR SUPRA II Paper KODAK EKTACOLOR ULTRA II Paper KODAK DURAFLEX ® RA Print MaterialSCANNING TRANSPARENCIESThe KODACHROME Film family is characterized by sets of image dyes which perform very similarly when scanned.The scanner operator can set up one basic tone scale and color-correction channel for KODACHROME Films, and then optimize the tone scale and gray balance for the requirements of individual images.Read at a gross diffuse visual density of 1.0, using a 48-micrometre aperture, 12X magnification.CHARACTERISTIC CURVESSPECTRAL-SENSITIVITY CURVESF002_0486ACBGR Status AK-141/25 second Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure: 2.01.00.04.03.02.01.0D E N S I T Y1.00.02.0LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)F002_0487AC LayerForming Cyan-LayerForming Magenta-LayerForming Yellow-Density:1.001.4 seconds Process:Densitometry:K-14E.N.D.Effective Exposure:2.01.0*1.00.02.0L O G S E N S I T I V I T Y 2WAVELENGTH (nm)to produce specified density*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required250300350400450500550600650750700SPECTRAL-DYE-DENSITY CURVESDiffuse visualK-14Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure:F002_0485AC507020307352110R E S P O N S E (%)SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)60020050201054321100F002_0488ACilluminant of 3200 K.density of 1.0 for a viewing Normalized dyes to form a visual Visual NeutralCyanMagentaYellow7000.51.0D I F F U SE S P E C T R A L D E N S I T Y600WAVELENGTH (nm)4000.0500Read at a gross diffuse visual density of 1.0, using a 48-micrometre aperture, 12X magnification.CHARACTERISTIC CURVESSPECTRAL-SENSITIVITY CURVESF002_0490AC3.0BGR Status AK-141/50 second Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure: 1.00.04.03.02.01.0D E N S I T Y1.00.02.0LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)F002_0491AC LayerForming Cyan-LayerForming Magenta-LayerForming Yellow-Density:1.001.4 seconds Process:Densitometry:K-14E.N.D.Effective Exposure:2.01.0*1.00.02.0L O G S E N S I T I V I T Y 2WAVELENGTH (nm)to produce specified density*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required250300350400450500550600650750700SPECTRAL-DYE-DENSITY CURVESF002_0489ACDiffuse visualK-14Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure:507020307352110R E S P O N S E (%)SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)60020050201054321100F002_0492ACilluminant of 3200 K.density of 1.0 for a viewing Normalized dyes to form a visual Visual NeutralCyanMagentaYellow7000.51.0D I F F U SE S P E C T R A L D E N S I T Y600WAVELENGTH (nm)4000.0500Read at a gross diffuse visual density of 1.0, using a 48-micrometre aperture, 12X magnification.CHARACTERISTIC CURVESSPECTRAL-SENSITIVITY CURVESF002_0494ACa 0.20 N.D filter 3.0BGR Status AK-141/100 second with Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure: 1.00.04.03.02.01.0D E N S I T Y1.00.02.0LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)F002_0495AC LayerForming Cyan-Layer Forming Magenta-LayerForming Yellow-Density:1.001.4 seconds Process:Densitometry:K-14E.N.D.Effective Exposure:2.01.0*1.00.02.0L O G S E N S I T I V I T Y 2WAVELENGTH (nm)to produce specified density*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (erg/cm ) required250300350400450500550600650750700SPECTRAL-DYE-DENSITY CURVESF002_0493ACDiffuse visualK-14Daylight Densitometry:Process:Exposure:507020307352110R E S P O N S E (%)SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)60020050201054321100F002_0496ACilluminant of 3200 K.density of 1.0 for a viewing Normalized dyes to form a visual Visual NeutralCyanMagentaYellow7000.51.0D I F F U SE S P E C T R A L D E N S I T Y600WAVELENGTH (nm)4000.0500met by Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right to change and under the conditions of exposure and processing specified. They are representative of production coatings, and therefore do not apply directly to a particular box or roll of photographic material. They do not represent standards or specifications that must be improve product characteristics at any time.NOTICE:The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product testedKODACHROME 25, 64, and 200 Films KODAK Publication No. E-88CAT 183 9869New 1-98KODACHROME 25, 64, 200 FilmsConsumer ImagingEASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650MORE INFORMATIONKodak has many publications to assist you with information on Kodak products,equipment,and materials.The following publications are available from dealers who sell Kodak products,or you can order them directly from Kodak through the order form in KODAK Publication No. L-1,KODAK Index to Photographic Information .To obtain a copy of L-1,send your request with $1 to Eastman Kodak Company,Department 412-L, Rochester, New York 14650-0532.E-6KODAK Color Films: The Differences BetweenProfessional Films and General Picture-Taking Films E-30Storage and Care of KODAK Photographic Materials—Before and After ProcessingE-31Reciprocity and Special Filter Data for KODAK FilmsKodak Information Center’sFaxback System—Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week —Many technical support publications for Kodak products can be sent to your fax machine from the Kodak Information Center. Call:1-800-242-2424, Ext. 33If you have questions about Kodak products, call Kodak.In the U.S.A.1-800-242-2424, Ext. 25, Monday–Friday9 a.m.–7 p.m. (Eastern time)In Canada:1-800-465-6325, Monday–Friday 8 a.m.–5 p.m. (Eastern time)Or contact Kodak on-line at:AT-A-GLANCE FILM SELECTORKODAK Select Series FilmFilm SpeedExposureLighting Conditions GrainProcessFor Color SlidesKODACHROME 25EI 25Daylight or Electronic Flash Bright or hazy sun Enlargements Extremely fine K-14KODACHROME 64EI 64Daylight or Electronic Flash Multi-purpose useExtremely fineK-14KODACHROME 200EI 200Daylight or Electronic FlashLow light Fast actionFineK-14Kodak, Kodachrome, Duraclear, Duraflex, Duratrans, Ektachrome,Elite, Portra, Radiance, Royal Gold, Supra, Ultra, Vericolor,。
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√
7（0.18 毫米）
7.35
0.054
着色明胶
—
160
63
12
超精细纹理胶片，适用于一步复制高清晰度的航空底片或正片
√
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.2
0.030
快干
—
500
200
6
颗粒极其精细，具有超高分辨率，用于复制极细颗粒的航空胶片
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.26
0.032
快干
—
800
250
<5
5 英寸. 5 英寸. 5 英寸. 5 英寸.
1,000 英尺 1,000 英尺 2,000 英尺 2,000 英尺
700 英尺 700 英尺 1,400 英尺 1,400 英尺
400 英尺 400 英尺 800 英尺 800 英尺
91⁄2 英寸. 91⁄2 英寸. 91⁄2 英寸. 91⁄2 英寸.
1 A = 黑色珐琅铝；S = 黑色钢板。 2 II 型穿孔，符合 ISO 14546 标准。 3 柯达标准双边穿孔。 4 粘合的胶卷槽。 5 Vinten 片轴。
ISO 14546 卷筒编号
— 2 3 4 4
5 5 6 6 __
— 8 — —
— — — —
— — — 18
— 20 22
柯达 卷筒 编号
AEROCOLOR III Negative AEROCHROME III MS
复制胶片
AEROGRAPHIC RA Duplicating Aerial RA Duplicating AEROGRAPHIC RA Duplicating AEROGRAPHIC Direct Duplicating High Resolution Aerial Duplicating High Resolution Aerial Duplicating
91⁄2 英寸. 91⁄2 英寸. 91⁄2 英寸.
200 英尺 400 英尺
— 500 英尺
700 英尺 1,000 英尺 2,000 英尺
125 英尺 250 英尺 250 英尺 350 英尺
500 英尺 700 英尺 1,400 英尺
— 150 英尺
— 200 英尺
300 英尺 400 英尺 800 英尺
ISO
14546 卷筒编号
4.45
2.5（0.06 毫米）
2.95
2.5（0.06 毫米）
2.99
重量 (lb/ft2)
0.035 0.022 0.035 0.032 0.021 0.022
防光晕层
着色明胶 着色明胶 着色明胶 着色明胶 着色明胶 着色明胶
航空 胶片 速度3
(1S0 A)
分辨能力 （线/毫米）
T.O.C. T.O.C. 1000:14 1.6:14
— 400 英尺
125 英尺 200 英尺 200 英尺 300 英尺
957
91⁄2 英寸
600 英尺
961
91⁄2 英寸
800 英尺
990
91⁄2 英寸
1,600 英尺
1 A = 黑色珐琅铝；S = 黑色钢板。 2 II 型穿孔，符合 ISO 14546 标准。 3 柯达标准双边穿孔。
400 英尺 600 英尺 1,200 英尺
也不应当与用于图像摄影的传统胶片速度混淆。（本图表给出的所有速度值通过将计算得出的值四舍五入为最接近的档位） 3 2 （相当于 1/3 档光圈）而得出的。 4. 黑白相机获取胶片的图像结构特性基于柯达 Versamat 胶片冲洗机（型号 11）的冲洗。 5. 本栏中以粗体字显示的柯达 Versamat 冲洗药液和工序用于确定所有胶片的图像结构特性和航空胶片速度。 6. 使用柯达 Wratten 滤镜 12 号或同等滤光片。 7. 视海拔高度和雾气状况，可能需要使用雾霭滤色片，例如，柯达 HF-3 消雾滤光片或 HF-3/HF-4 与 HF-3/HF-5 的组合滤光片。 8. 工序 AN-6 包括从 EA-5 选择的冲洗药液和 AN-6 的冲洗药液。 9. 显影温度为 92°F，冲洗时间为 3 分钟 45 秒。
蓝色
纹理极其精细的复制胶片，是专为复制中等微粒航拍负片而度身定做的。 具有高尺寸稳定性和适于快速冲洗的特点
与 2416 胶片类似，薄片基具备最大的卷轴能力和最小存储空间
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.2
0.032
快干
—
160
63
12
2.5（0.06 毫米）
2.85
0.0 2416 胶片类似，厚片基具备最大的尺寸稳定性（航空透明正片）
类似于 SO-192 胶片，厚片基具备最大的尺寸稳定性（航空透明正片）
7（0.18 毫米）
7.26
0.054
快干
—
800
250
<5
1 （红色） 1 （红色） 1 （红色） 1 （红色） 1 （红色） 1 （红色）
885; 641; RA2000 885; 641; RA2000 885; 641; RA2000 885; 641 885 885
Charac柯te达ris航tic空so胶fK片OD的A特K 性AerialFilms
胶片
工厂
编号1
感光度
说明和应用
库存
2402
中速、高尺寸稳定性底片，适用于航空测绘和侦察
√
全色 （具有大红色）
3404
中速、特细颗粒、中高空勘测胶片
2405
适用于测绘和制图的中高速常用胶片。高尺寸稳定性片
√
2412
中速、特细颗粒、中高空测绘和侦察胶片。适用于小规格负片
胶片
类型
柯达胶片
PLUS-X AEROGRAPHIC PLUS-X AERECON II DOUBLE-X AEROGRAPHIC PANATOMIC-X AEROGRAPHIC II PANATOMIC-X AERECON II AERECON High Altitude
相机获取胶片
AEROCHROME III Infrared
2444
适用于测绘和勘测的中速彩色负片
2427
彩色反转胶片，适用于低、中海拔高度的测绘和勘测
√
3.9（0.10 毫米）
5.2
0.040
明胶
125
125
80
13
√
3.9（0.10 毫米）
5.44
0.038
明胶
327
100
80
13
全黑
AN-68/C-41
AS-116
全黑
AR-5
AS-2569
2416 SO-416 4416 2422 SO-192 SO-187
50 英尺 100 英尺 200 英尺 500 英尺 500 英尺
40 英尺 75 英尺 150 英尺 350 英尺 350 英尺
—
— 100 英尺 200 英尺 200 英尺
70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米 70 毫米
1,000 英尺 1,000 英尺 2,000 英尺 2,000 英尺
具有 ESTAR 片基的彩色胶片
通常，柯达彩色胶片感光乳剂要比黑白胶片的浓度略高。基于该原因，标准卷筒上的彩色胶片长度可能会比黑白胶片的 长度略短。下面的部件列表说明了每种类型的胶片提供的标准长度。
胶片 规格编号
胶片 宽
胶片长度 （ 无 导 片 或 拖 片）
ESTAR 薄 片基
（ 2.5 密 耳）
ESTAR 片基 （ 3.9 密 耳）
√
3412
与 2412 胶片类似；采用薄片基来增大片轴容量。适用于在中或高海拔的
侦察
3409
具有薄片基、慢速、高精度的胶片，适用于高海拔侦察
额定 片基 厚度 （密耳）
额定 总计 厚度 （密耳）
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.4
2.5（0.06 毫米）
2.9
3.9（0.10 毫米）
4.50
3.9（0.10 毫米）
23/4 33/4 515/16 515/16
75/8 75/8 101/2 101/2
4 53/16 53/16 515/16
65/8 75/8 101/2
卷筒 材 料1
A A A A A
S S S S S
S S A A
A A A A
S S S S
S S S
AERIAL IMAGING
柯达 航空胶片的规格号 表 II
885; 641
885; 641
885
柯达 文献 参考
AS-45
AS-202 AS-75
AS-112
AS-112
AS-210
彩色 IR
1443
高维稳定性假彩色反转胶片，适用于植被调查、农业和水文
√
3.9（0.10 毫米）
5.11
0.039
明胶
406
100
63
23
全黑
AR-5/C-419
AS-77
彩色
21/8 21/8
21/8 21/8 21/8 21/8 13/32
11/4 11/4 21/8 21/8
21/8 21/8 21/8 21/8
21/8 21/8 21/8 21/8
21/8 21/8 21/8
边缘 直径 （ 英 寸）
21/8 25/8 33/4 515/16 515/16
75/8 75/8 101/2 101/2 __
200
130
55
200
130
55
400
125
50
40
400