经济管理类毕业论文外文文献.doc
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
经济类外文文献
外文文献原文Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas Farmers in China's vast population,has some large-scale production of the farmers,but also survival-oriented farmers,huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance inter mediation makes complex,together with agriculture itself is the profit low,natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics,resulting in the cost of r ural financial transactions is far higher than the city,also decided to organize the rural financi al system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics.20years of financial refor,financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achieveme-nts, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the weakest link.Insufficient supply of rural finance,competition is not sufficient,farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loa ns and other issues is alsovery prominent,backward rural financial system can no longer effec tively support the development of modern agriculture or the transformation of traditional agri culture and the building of new socialist countryside,which to improve the rural financial supe rvision new topic.China's rural financial regulatory problems(A)the formation of China's financial regulatory system had"a line three commission" (People's Bank,the Securities Regulatory Commission,Insurance Regulatory Commissio n and the Banking Regulatory Commission)financial regulatory structure.Bank These stringent requirements,different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role,but it also had some negative effects.First,inefficient supervision,supervisi on of internal consumption of high costs,limited financial industry business development and innovation space.Second,the regulatory agencies,regulatory bodies and the information asym metry between central banks,banking,securities,and insurance mechanisms of coordination b etween regulatory bodies are not rmation between central banks and regulatory ag encies is difficult to share,is difficult to create effective monitoring forc.Basically between th e various regulators in their respective state regulators,regulatory policies and measures to ove rlapping or conflicting phenomena have occurred,unable to cope with China's current rural fin ancial market complexity and diversity and so on.Third,financial institutions have liquidity ris k or out of the market and so on,may be excessive because the central bank assistance,financi al institutions and financial institutions led to the person in charge"capacity risk"and"moralhazard",or for financial institutions regulatory arbitrage possibilities;addition,since the lack of recourse,may adversely affect the financial stability.(B)rural financial ecological environment is not in-depthThe current financial environment in rural county building still remains in the letter the use rvillage,township,community development credit level,"government-led,human-propelled,de partmental interaction"and create a mechanism for financial ecological environment in rural a reas lack.Local governments and authorities the importance of financial knowledge of the eco logical environment is not deep,implementation and functions of individual local protectionis m and heavy,there is interference with the financial sector credit and other daily business situa tion.Rural credit system lag,lack of bad credit punishment mechanism,rural businesses and re sidents in the overall credit awareness is not high,rural finance development and expansion of social services and social protection of the environment has not yet formed.(C)China's existing legal system of financial supervision and a number of shortcomings, can not guarantee that financial regulation is reasonable,effective,standardized implem entation.First,regulatory lag,supporting regulations are incomplete,the content is too rough,too simpl e,the banking,securities and insurance supervision laws and regulations more old,a general lac k of quantitative science.Supervisory regulations and standards,regulatory methods and techn ical means not meet regulatory requirements in the market.Staff in the actual implementation, not easy to grasp the scale,may of operation.Second,the Chinese regulators and the regulate d objects exist some interest,and the existing regulations,lack of supervision and regulatory enforcement are to ensure that financial regulation can not be just and reasonable.Finally,Chi na's financial supervision is still difficult to shake off the inertia of the executive-style regulat ory impact.(D)of the Rural Financing drifting outside the existing financial regulatoryAccording to IFAD study,Chinese farmers from the informal financial institutions,loans fr om official credit institutions about4times.For farmers,the importance of informal financial markets over the formal financial market.China's mainly rural folk form of finance rural credi t cooperatives,Cooperation,private lending,private banks,private funds,microfinance,etc., of which only rural credit cooperatives and microfinance in China's financial supervision und er the rest of the financial forms the lack of appropriate supervision.The general lack of ruralfinancial organizations of civil norms,there is a big risk,China's existing laws and regulations on private financial institutions in rural areas is one of"isolation"policy,making a lot of mon ey from the dark into the rural financial market and greater regulation of financial difficulty,o n rural financial security is a potential threat.learn from the developed countries(A)improve coordination of rural finance mechanisms for external supervision1.The United States"multiple composite"of the coordination mechanism.U.S.financial c ooperation system in rural areas by the federal mid-term credit banks,cooperative banks,fede ral land banks and federal land bank system composed of three Cooperatives,the Farm Credit Administration(NCUA)leadership,and with the Council under the leadership of the private banks in rural commercial credit,National Rural Credit Bank policy of the United States shar ed the task of rural financial intermediation.The organizational model is a typical multi-mode hybrid system,three systems have an independent management system,with clear terms of re ference.To ensure the healthy development of rural financial institutions,commercial banks i n the United States adopted a different regulatory models,specifically setting up a relatively s ound financial regulatory system in rural areas,including regulators,industry self-regulation a ssociations,financial intermediation and mutual insurance group clearing center,the four kind of independent agencies and their subsidiary bodies,the functions of different,but share the s ame objectives as a common rural cooperative financial institutions to serve the regulatory sys tem.2.Germany's"comprehensive regulatory model"of coordination mechanisms.Low concen tration of the German banking system,in the very important parts of the bank,the representati ve of the financial mixed monwealth Bank and the Federal Financial Supervis ory Authority the power to regulate the two main regulators of the banking sector there is a cl ear division of labor,but also close monwealth Bank in Germany,nine state s have branch offices,using their own network advantages to the Federal Financial Supervisor y Authority is responsible for daily transmission of data banks focus for the Federal Financial Authority to provide a better basis for the exercise of regulatory functions,but it is not directl y involved in the regulation work,nor has the administrative punishment.The Federal Financi al Supervisory Authority did not have branches in the states,it is difficult to carry out regular supervision,need to cooperate with the Commonwealth Bank to perform its regulatory functions.Germany's main central banks and industry rely on the federal audit of the regulatory syst em and risk prevention and protection system to ensure rural finance in the specification on the basis of continuous development.3.Japan's"complement each other-type"coordination mechanism.In Japan,the dual super vision of the implementation of rural finance:first,the Office of Government financial regulat ion,supervision on the implementation of various financial institutions,to achieve the overall risk control;Second,national and local Forestry and Fisheries Department with the Office of Financial Regulation on the implementation of rural financial institutions supervision,includi ng the Ministry of Agriculture consists of the branch on Norinchukin supervision,Forestry an d Fisheries set up in six major areas of agricultural area in County Council on joint supervisio n of the letter,and all,Road House,County Farmer of the Ministry of Agriculture within its ju risdiction Association for Cooperative Finance Supervision Department(B)the establishment of deposit insurance and emergency rescue system to form a three-tier safety netDeveloped financial system generally established strict internal management system,depos it insurance system and the system of three emergency safety net.As a second-class safety net of deposit insurance system has been very satisfactory.The federal government on rural finan ce unified compulsory deposit insurance,the specific business operation by the Federal Depos it Insurance Corporation's SavingsAssociation Insurance Fund,and to assume supervision of t he insured financial institutions;the German government on the implementation of the volunt ary deposit of credit co-insurance,not mandatory insurance,its insurance sector is the industr y organization;Japan's credit co-national compulsory deposit insurance,the insurance agency is a joint venture between Government and the people,by the Government,Norinchukin Bank ,Japan Bank,Credit Union and a coalition of agricultural water fishery credit cooperatives In dustry Insurance Agency.As a third-class safety net for emergency rescue system,specific me asures for implementation in different countries,bank deposits for the brink of bankruptcy,in some countries directly by the central bank to offer special low-interest loans(such as the U.S .and Italy),in some countries by the bank regulatory authorities and other Commercial Bank for the establishment of special institutions to finance the rescue(such as France and Belgium ),a number of countries came forward by the deposit insurance agency to provide funds(such as Japan),more by one or a few large banks in support of official support.(C)rural finance within the industry associations to play a regulatory role1.U.S.Rural Cooperative Finance Association of self-management.In the United States,v arious credit associations or co-finance up to several dozen,including a long history,nationall y renowned for the National Association of Credit(CUNA),a specialized credit services for t he Federal Register Association(NAFCU),there are also special school credit for community service credit unions and associations(CCUC),etc..While the states also have their own Cre dit Union Association.The trade association is one of the major work to develop a code of co nduct,self-regulation management.2.German credit cooperation and other cooperative system of industry self-regulation of m utual integration.German cooperation in the National Credit Union(BVR)is a cooperative ba nk industry self-regulatory organizations,grass-roots local cooperative banks,cooperative ban ks and district central cooperative banks,as well as professional co-finance companies,coope rative credit union is a member.Germany11contributions from the various types of cooperati ves set up jointly organized a regional cooperative audit association,responsible for annual au dit of the specialized agencies of the various types of cooperatives,which are also common ty pes of cooperatives at the district level,the industry watchdog,plays an important industry su pervisory role.3.Set supervision and service in one of the Japanese Agricultural Association.Japanese go vernment in1947promulgated the"Agricultural Cooperative Law,"agricultural association p rovides services for members of cooperative organizations,its not for profit,adhere to the rura l communities and members for the service centers,institutional system based on grass-roots l evel according to facilitate farmers,established the principle manageable.The main source of funding is to absorb the rural deposits,in principle,limited to serving as a member of the far mers and agricultural groups.To ensure financial security cooperation,and healthy run,set up a rural credit insurance,temporary transfers of funds mutual aid system and credit cooperativ e organizations,and government co-funded deposit insurance system,agricultural disaster co mpensation system and the agricultural credit guarantee system for the insurance system meas ures.improve the financial supervision of the concept of rural China(A)improve and perfect the legal system of rural financial regulation,supervision accor ding to lawFinance as the core of the economy,the continued growth of rural finance is more in need o f legal regulation and a sound legal environment,accelerate the development of rural finance l aws,no legal basis to change the situation,has become the strong demand of rural financial d evelopment.Since the reform and opening up,no one for rural finance,rural financial regulati on can serve as a basis for law.To achieve effective supervision,the need for additional profe ssional laws,regulations,and specific regulatory measures,regulations and implementation d etails,so as to achieve from the general administrative supervision to improve the legal syste m,efforts to establish changed the credit system,and ultimately control law.While in strength ening the legal system,adopt effective measures to strengthen the integrity of the whole com munity education and step up publicity to raise awareness of the general financial and legal re sidents,to actively support the work of the national collective finance;education of the popul ation according to lending,and actively with the illegal lending practices fight,really create a sound legal basis,that the law according to the credit environment and legal environment. (B)give full play to grassroots government,professional regulatory function Actively co operate with local governments at all levels and support the financial To actively coordinate local government and non-basic level target consistency,to avoid th e expense of national interests and local interests of the occurrence.The Chinese government should establish a tax system is different from commercial banks,a low tax or tax-free policy, by policy banks to provide low-interest or interest-free loans of rural finance,rural finance to increase subsidies and assistance.Those relatively large amount of private credit,shall be app roved by local authorities just to strengthen the audit checks to the legitimate rights and intere sts protected.China's rural economy,small and dispersed operations,has not been large-scale establishment of agricultural insurance,in case of force majeure,the rural financial system w ill face great risk.Chinese financial institutions in the internal governance structure and risk management system has been initially established,the basic external financial regulation in pl ace of the case,should refer to the experience of developed countries,commercial banks in th e country to establish a mandatory deposit insurance system and the emergency rescue system ,the formation of three protection network.(C)strictly rural financial institutions,"access and"to improve the professional standar ds of financial supervisionFinancial regulators should be a good loan companies,postal savings banks,rural credit union funds,village banks and other new-type rural financial institutions,market access,ensure t hat the new-type rural financial institutions in corporate governance,capital adequacy ratio to meet the requirements.Kind in the country selected the new rural financial institutions,better internal control system,modified to add a representative of management to form the template to help set up rural financial institutions,covering credit,billing,savings,cash,security and ot her risk point of internal control system.Establish small rural banks and other financial instit utions,guidance system,the financial regulators to conduct the transition of its guidance,to pr omote rural financial institutions to a sound system of internal control as soon as possible,im prove management,risk control and management mechanisms work well.(D)to play the role of industry self-regulatory associations,to promote the vitality and fo rce the formation of the banking sectorWorking Committee,the current to China Banking Regulatory Commission and the provinc ial government regulatory framework based on an industry self-regulatory organization more. Promoting the Development,promoting and developing self-regulatory functions of trade ass ociations,for building a healthy banking system in China is significant.Association to play a functional role to guide the establishment of liaison mechanisms and management of daily wo rk,and improving the industry conventions and regulations,regulators should not control thos e,which were needed in the work of regulatory bodies,as far as possible by the association re sponsible for promoting the formation of the energy and banking efforts to achieve self-mana gement and trade association national regulatory authorities to monitor the combination syste m of regulation.ConclusionIn short,improving financial supervision in terms of its breadth,should be an include gover nment regulation,industry self-regulation,financial institutions,internal control,four levels o f social supervision system;its depth,it should be involved in risk prevention,effective access ,legal norms,the operation simple and efficient aspects of a systems engineering.Only by stri ving to improve the new concept of financial supervision,the introduction of new methods of financial supervision in order to receive financial regulation expected results.Only in this wa y can be established consistent with China's national conditions,but also to adapt to modern r equirements of international financial regulatory system in rural China.外文文献译文发展中国农村金融监管的思考农民在中国人口众多,有一些大型生产的农民,但也自给自足的农民,巨大的金融需求之间的差异使农村金融需求很是复杂,连同农业本身是利润低、自然和市场风险高的风险决策农业产业特性,软弱的农村金融交易的成本远高于城市,也决定组织农村金融体系的运行或市场有其自身的特点。
关于经济的外文文献
关于经济的外文文献1."Capital in the Twenty-First Century" by Thomas Piketty（《21世纪的资本》 - 托马斯·皮凯蒂）2."Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything" by Steven D.Levitt and Stephen J.Dubner （《怪诞经济学：一个叛逆经济学家揭示一切的隐藏面》 - 史蒂文·D·列维特和斯蒂芬·J·邓纳）3."The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith（《国富论》 - 亚当·斯密）4."Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness" by Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein （《推动力：关于健康、财富和幸福的决策改进》 - 理查德·H·塞勒和卡斯·R·桑斯坦）5."Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman（《思考，快与慢》 - 丹尼尔·卡尼曼）6."The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time" by Karl Polanyi（《伟大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》 - 卡尔·波兰尼）7."The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle" by Joseph A.Schumpeter（《经济发展理论：对利润、资本、信用、利息和商业周期的探究》 - 约瑟夫·A·熊彼特）8."The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time" by Jeffrey D.Sachs（《贫困的终结：我们时代的经济可能性》 - 杰弗里·D·萨克斯）9."Development as Freedom" by Amartya Sen（《自由发展》 - 阿马蒂亚·森）。
经济学相关的英文论文
经济学相关的英文论文Economic Growth and Income InequalityIncome inequality has been a topic of great interest and concern among economists and policymakers for many years. The relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been the subject of much debate and research, with many different theories and viewpoints on the issue.One theory posits that economic growth leads to increased income inequality, as the benefits of growth are disproportionately enjoyed by the wealthy while the poor see little improvement in their economic situation. This theory suggests that as the economy grows, the gap between the rich and the poor widens, leading to greater income inequality.On the other hand, some economists argue that economic growth can actually reduce income inequality. They argue that as the economy grows, more opportunities are created for people to improve their economic situation, leading to greater upward mobility and a reduction in income inequality.Empirical evidence on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is mixed, with some studies finding a positive relationship between the two and others finding no significant relationship. This suggests that the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is complex and influenced by many different factors.Policies aimed at reducing income inequality often focus onredistributive measures, such as progressive taxation and social welfare programs. However, the effectiveness of these policies in reducing income inequality is also a topic of debate among economists.In conclusion, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is complex and multifaceted. While some theories suggest that economic growth exacerbates income inequality, others argue that it can actually reduce it. The effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing income inequality isalso a topic of debate. More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between economic growth and income inequality and to develop effective policies to address this issue.另一种看待经济增长和收入不平等之间关系的观点是，收入不平等可能对经济增长产生负面影响。
经管类经典英文文献
经管类经典英文文献There are many classic English literature works in the field of economics and management. Some of the most well-known and influential ones include:1. "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith - This book, published in 1776, is considered the foundation of modern economics. It explores the basics of free markets, division of labor, and the invisible hand theory.2. "Principles of Economics" by Alfred Marshall - First published in 1890, this book introduced the concepts of supply and demand, marginal utility, and elasticity. It became the standard textbook for many years.3. "The Theory of Economic Development" by Joseph Schumpeter - Published in 1911, this book introduced the idea of entrepreneurship and innovation as the driving force behind economic development.4. "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" by John Maynard Keynes - Published in 1936, this book revolutionized macroeconomic theory by advocating for government intervention during economic downturns.5. "The Practice of Management" by Peter Drucker - First published in 1954, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the principles and practices of effective management.6. "Competitive Strategy" by Michael Porter - Published in 1980, this book is a seminal work in the field of strategic management. It introduced the concept of competitive advantage and the five forces framework.7. "The Innovator's Dilemma" by Clayton M. Christensen - Published in 1997, this book explores how successful companies can fail if they don't adapt to disruptive technologies. It has greatly influenced the field of innovation and entrepreneurship.These are just a few examples of classic English literature in the field of economics and management. There are many other important and influential works out there that have shaped the discipline.。
经济管理类英文文章1000字
经济管理类英文文章1000字Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries.Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior.Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout thedeveloped world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist .One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980.Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models werequestionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong.The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis.The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.• Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.• Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthygovernment investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.• Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time.• New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.• Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest.• Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics.• New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be"out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuouslyre-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium.。
经济学相关论文英文
经济学相关论文英文Over the past few decades, the global economy has undergone substantial changes driven by technological advancements and globalization. These changes have led to both benefits and challenges for economies around the world. In this paper, we will examine some of the key economic trends shaping the global economy today.One of the most significant trends in the global economy is the rise of the digital economy. The proliferation of digital technologies has transformed the way businesses operate, creating new opportunities for growth and innovation. E-commerce, digital payments, and online platforms have become increasingly important drivers of economic activity, providing new channels for businesses to reach customers and increasing efficiency in various economic sectors.Another key trend in the global economy is the increasing importance of services as a driver of economic growth. In many advanced economies, services have overtaken manufacturing as the primary source of economic activity. This shift has been driven by changes in consumer preferences, technological advancements, and the rise of the knowledge-based economy. Services such as finance, healthcare, and technology have become critical drivers of economic growth and productivity.Globalization has also played a significant role in shaping the global economy. The increased interconnectedness of economies around the world has led to greater trade, investment, and mobility of goods, services, and capital. While globalization has broughtmany benefits, such as increased economic growth and job creation, it has also created challenges, including rising income inequality, job displacement, and environmental degradation.In conclusion, the global economy is undergoing significant changes driven by technological advancements, globalization, and shifting consumer preferences. These trends have reshaped the economic landscape, creating new opportunities and challenges for economies worldwide. Policymakers, businesses, and individuals must adapt to these changes to ensure sustainable and inclusive economic growth in the years to come.。
英文写的经济学论文
英文写的经济学论文In recent years, the global economy has experienced significant challenges with regard to trade, investment, and economic growth. One of the major issues facing the global economy is the rise of protectionist policies and trade barriers imposed by various countries. Such policies have led to increased tensions and disruptions in international trade, leading to concerns about the future of the global economy.Protectionist policies, such as tariffs and quotas, are often implemented by countries in an attempt to protect domestic industries and jobs. However, these policies can have detrimental effects on the global economy by reducing trade and investment opportunities, increasing consumer prices, and hindering economic growth. Furthermore, protectionism can lead to retaliatory measures from other countries, further exacerbating tensions and uncertainties in the global economy.Another significant challenge facing the global economy is the issue of inequality. Economic inequality has been on the rise in many countries, leading to social unrest and political instability. In addition, inequality can have negative repercussions for economic growth, as it can limit opportunities for human capital development and lead to a less efficient allocation of resources.The global economy also faces challenges related to technological advancement and automation. While technological advancements have the potential to boost productivity and economic growth, they also pose risks of job displacement and income inequality. As automation continues to advance, many workers may findthemselves without the skills necessary to secure well-paying jobs, leading to further economic disparities.In order to address these challenges, it is essential for policymakers to work together to promote free and fair trade, reduce economic inequality, and support workers in adapting to technological changes. Additionally, there is a need for increased cooperation and coordination among countries to address the underlying causes of these economic challenges and to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.In conclusion, the global economy is facing significant challenges with regard to trade, inequality, and technological advancement. These challenges require coordinated efforts from policymakers and international organizations to promote economic stability and inclusive growth. By addressing these issues, the global economy can overcome the current challenges and pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future.In response to the challenges facing the global economy, various strategies can be implemented to promote economic stability and inclusivity. First and foremost, efforts to reduce trade barriers and promote fair trade practices are crucial. This can be achieved through bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that aim to lower tariffs, eliminate non-tariff barriers, and establish transparent and predictable trading rules. Additionally, international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), can play a significant role in mediating trade disputes and promoting a rules-based global trading system. Addressing economic inequality is another critical aspect of fostering a sustainable global economy. Governments andinternational organizations can consider implementing policies aimed at redistributing wealth, such as progressive taxation, social safety nets, and investments in education and healthcare. Additionally, promoting inclusive economic policies that provide opportunities for marginalized groups, such as women and minority communities, can contribute to a more equitable distribution of economic benefits.Furthermore, addressing the potential job displacements resulting from technological advancements is essential. Governments and businesses can invest in retraining and upskilling programs to equip workers with the necessary skills for the evolving job market. Additionally, fostering entrepreneurship and innovation can create new economic opportunities and mitigate the adverse effects of automation on the labor force.Another crucial aspect of addressing global economic challenges is enhancing international cooperation and coordination. Countries can work together to address common concerns, such as climate change, sustainable development, and the regulation of global financial systems. Additionally, collaborative efforts to address geopolitical tensions and conflicts can contribute to a more stable and predictable global economic environment.In conclusion, the challenges facing the global economy require a comprehensive and coordinated approach involving trade policy reforms, measures to address economic inequality, strategies to adapt to technological changes, and enhanced international cooperation. By working together to address these challenges, theglobal economy can move towards a more sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous future.。
经济 工商管理 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 现代企业人力资源管理
Modern Human Resources Management1. The general situation of human resource managementModern human resources management of enterprise roughly can divide into three levels, tactics plan, and carry out plan. Three levels represent human resources management advance, can embody the transition from traditional personnel management to modern human resources management. We will welcome E era in the 21st century. In the face of the brand-new challenge, enterprises to obtain the competition advantage, human resources development and management can't be ignored. Through adapt to E era violent change and new challenge can promote enterprises’ organiz ation system development, procedure recombination and management transformation. To promote latent energy of human resources become enterprise human resources management department’s chief duty.Among the course of enterprise management developing, it is not difficult to find that enterprise management have gone through production period and market period ,then enter the human resources leading period. We can say, at E era human resources will become direction of enterprises management. As we know, production period have kept quite a long stage, then we paid attention to products. Ford Motor was a vivid case of that period: Do you need the automobile which other colors? We only produce the black.Market leading is the trend of recent ten years domestic enterprises also pay attention to it. Its character is to pay attention to market trend, market require, and customer satisfaction. Products quality and service are the foundation of customer satisfaction. Product quality and service promoted, enterprise could keep the occupation rate of market.Enterprise will adopt human resources to E era main characters globalization, world net and knowledge. Enterprises must know the function of human resources in the development.First of all, knowledge and technology have ch anged the measure of enterprise’s wealth and competition rule. Knowledge is strategic assets of enterprise, enterprise is the organization which can combine, create, transmit and use knowledge. So whether enterprises have innovative knowledge, or heterogeneity technology be not coded, will promote enterprises to boost productivity in succession, promote and create the advantage in competition. As knowledge and technology’s medium (human resources) on behalf of special knowledge, technology and ability. Though science and technology and knowledge of enterprise invisible, knowledge, technology and ability’s medium (human resources) is realistic, and can manage, train and develop. So, human resources of enterprises become the key factor of enterprise’s market value. For instance speaking, the market value of Microsoft goes beyond GE.In era of knowledge-driven economy, the fundamental change takes place in enterprises’ competition. E-era is knowledge-driven economy era, the competition based on key ability of enterprise. According to McKinsey advisory company’s view so-called keyability me an organization’s a series of complementary technical ability and knowledge, it have made one or many aspects of business reach competition field first-class level. The cultivation of enterprise’s key ability will be based on information management. As to abroad position CEO, CIO, CKO (Chief Knowledge Officer), Chinese should be called chief knowledge officer or knowledge inspector. The responsibility is to promote staff knowledge and technical ability constantly, to guarantee organization’s competitiveness at high level.Secondly, networked development change traditional space-time conception, create one no demarcation and global working environment and vision. So, the development at full speed of the new technology, not only improved production efficiency, reduced the trade expenses greatly, but also made an impact to enterprise’s management. For example, application of computer and network technology, redistribute the power of enterprises. The development of communication means and network technology enable customer and staff getting more relevant information, improving reaction speed and flexibility. The development of technology will redefine working time and working model constantly. The development of information technology, make enterprises realize the important function of technology creator. More and more enterprises will improve the human resources management to quite important extent.Moreover, globalization has already changed the border of the competition. Enterprises will face unprecedented challenge. Global economy integration under trade liberalization will make multinational enterprises become important strength in international market competition. To obtain competition advantage under globalization background, enterprises’ administrators and human resources department must take human resources to program. They will set up new mode and procedure, train global sensitive sense and key ability. A lot of trans-corporation adhere “thinking globalization, take action locality” principle. It is the challenge that globalization bring to enterprises. The promotion of international competition must promote enterprises to dispose resources in the whole world, including human resources disposition in world wide. Management including problems as follows: the difficulty training, conflict of different culture and managing cross-culturally will become important problems of enterprise’s human resources management.2. E era: Deep change of human resources managementE era, knowledge and technology, network and globalization are the main character. New market, new product and new concept contain new thinking of enterprise’s key ability and management style. Human resources management in enterprise will take deep change: In the face of knowledge economy society, it demanding knowledge and information shared. Network make institutional framework do away with hierarchical system. On one hand, network tissue group replace regular working office or position. Inside enterprises, the group and the other group are independent and complementary, the comprehensive result of the sum greater than the part wholly. In this case, group depends on members’ability (not post) and tusk. Performance of group is the standard to get reward. On the otherhand, network made middle management information sharing loser. So, high positions reducing in the enterprise, it made the traditional promotion way reduce. In adapt to the development of enterprise human resources system. The work is not a position but a task and the task changing constantly.In future, the steady, machinery, repeated work will be replaced by the machine. There only left mental work, creative work. The “knowledge worker”will utilize his knowledge and innovation ability, offer products and additional value of service. People no longer regard pursuing the senior managerial position as the main goal of job development. What they need are bigger autonomy and working elasticity, in order to give play to their higher production capacity. Thus, as the administrator, must be good at communicating and building the relaxed working atmosphere. With engineering level developing constantly, staff will be more and more important among enterprise. To meet staff working and life requests become E era one key goal of human resources management. The staff need get the fair and reasonable pay, get development self chance and condition. He need job security. In other words, enterprises will realize what the staff need is not work, but the vocation.As to above-mentioned changes, organization system redesigned should on background of human resources management of E era. E era, organization system will change produce, market, sale and research, development and financial departments. But implement a hierarchical system and network framework. In traditional pyramid institutional framework, it was ordering and control that emphasized, emphasis describing the staff’s task clearly, so the expectation to the staff of the organization is clear. To promote staff vertical means increase, improvement and high remuneration of status and responsibility. All information of human resources management concentrated on the supreme administration and supervision authorities. By contrast, in flat institutional framework, emphasize the mandate of the staff, and make up work group on commission. The organization enc ourages the staff to expand one’s own working content, improve the staff's common ability and flexibility. Train system and remuneration system support the promotion of competence. In networked organization, company will make up various kinds of work groups according to special ability to finish the specific task. The work group usually includes expert. In networked organization, emphasize the management of staff participation, construct the border of organization again. Over the past 5-10 years, industrial economy era occupy specializing in ordering with control decision and resource allocation to arrange status concentrate on management that make way for flexible organization system already. GE’s CEO Jack Welch said, “Guarantee and organize successful, the key is to let suitable persons to solve the most important business question. Whether he enterprises which grade and which position in organization.”It is the vivid portrayal of this mechanism. In practice, the most important thing is to let the staff step functional departments and work together, and guarantee they have the power of decision and information needed. Look from trend, human resources management emphasize staff individual and work group’s responsibility. Achievement of work group become the core, to encourage staff individual will become history.As the wide application of Internet technology, the competition and development will under the background “E-Business”times. It is obvious, management reconstruction and procedure recombination will become important means to break traditional rule and to obtain new competitive power. The rule of industrial economy can’t adapt to the growth and development of E-era. Human Resource Department is layman or servant of technology no longer, information technology will be got application in human resources management widely. The manpower resources management of enterprises will set up on enterprise’s network framework, and break through the limitation of the enterprise border. Research, exchange and communication inside and outside enterprises will be swifter. In human resources, employee’s relation,job vacancy, expert searches, employees training and support, and study remote will use Internet effectively.Internet technology can help enterprises organize and realize fictitiously management. Internet technology will help enterprises to set up the administrative system of knowledge, set up studying type organization, help enterprises to win competitiveness of long-term development. One organization must have ability on “how to study”, study ability will become competition advantage than rival.3. E era: Existence of the human resources managerIn E era competitive environment changing fast, it makes the managers face the change of human resources management field, play a role in transformation. More and more enterprises realize that set up competition advantage, the key is to make human resources management effective. The administrator on the senior level of enterprises places much hope on this. Enterprise’s human resources manager would meet the challenge of E era.First of all, enterprise's human resources administrator's duty will be liberated from homework, administrative affairs gradually, will engage in strategic human resources management more. So, enterprise manpower resources by the original non-mainstream functional department gradually become administrative department and strategic partner of business management. Among the 1994, American human resources management association meeting, council chairman Gale Parker point out, “Enterprise rebuild, structure recombination, scale simply require human resources managers to become CEO's strategic partners, help to plan, implement the organization transformation. The human resources managers participate in enterprise’s plan to organize the operational activity more and more. They lead enterprises improvement, set up competition advantage, propagate function technology and act as the role propagator and promoter, and will responsible for staff's performance and productivity etc.. Many foreign enterprises’ human resources directed by a vice president. It can improve human resources strategic value.As we know that traditional human resources management of enterprise can roughly be divided into two respects, one from homework, another strategic. So-called homework project mean attendance, personnel file administration, performance check and rate, wage and welfare administration and general affairs. And strategic project include manpower resources formulation, execution of policy, help on the middle and senior level selection ofexecutive, education, training, career of staff plan, organization development plan and retain staff for business development. Some non-central, traditional personnel management would be put out. It can promote competitiveness, because of the added value of homework is very low, and human resources manager divert his attention and be deviated from the important strategic affairs. Staff affairs should be managed by other “affairs department”. So, Enter prise’s human resources manager will be from that kind of administration of the past gradually. Role of general affairs and welfare committee would be changed. And become learning type organization, training pusher, senior advisor agent, strategic business partner, administration’s expert and improvement advocator.Secondly, manpower resources manager need to possess the corresponding global human resources management skill, he can understand and grasp the suitable professional knowledge. He required speak the same “language”to the business segments. Human resources administration is very important in the chain of enterprises day by day. It includes not only outside customer but also departments of enterprise. Human resource department should move towards “the service cent er” from the status“power center”. Human resources manager must possess a brand-new mode of thinking. And know customer’s need and how to offer these services.Finally, human resources manager should locate a new role. Michigan University Reich professor said, as helper of enterprise to get competitiveness, human resources management should pay attention to output of work. According to strategic policy, administration’s efficiency, the staff’s contribution and changing, these four kinds outputs of human resources management, Reich sum up 4 basic roles of human resources management. They are strategic human resources, mechanism structure, of staff management contribution, management transition and change.In order to realize the above-mentioned roles, enterpri se’s human resources manager need master four major key technical skills.First, they should master the business procedure.Human resources employee becomes a part of core managing and management. They participate in the basic operational activity, have strategic business directions.Second, they grasp the manpower resources.It means that human resources management should guarantee basic managements and coordinate each other, and should bear the responsibility the executive function.Third, personal reputationIt means that human resources employee should possess good interpersonal influence, conquest ability and innovation ability.Fourth, grasp transformationIt requires human resources manager to understand how to lead enterprises’improvement and recombination.现代企业人力资源管理一、现代企业人力资源管理概况现代企业的人力资源管理大致可分为三个层次，及策略规划、制度规划和作业执行。
经济学毕业论文英文文献及翻译1
The green barrier to free tradeC. P. ChandrasekharJayati GhoshAs the March 31 deadline for completing the "modalities" stage of the proposed new round of negotiations on global agricultural trade nears, hopes of an agreement are increasingly waning. In this edition of Macroscan, C. P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh examine the factors and the players constraining the realisation of such an agreement.AT THE END of the latest round of meetings of the agricultural negotiations committee of the WTO, the optimism that negotiators would meet the March 31 deadline for working out numerical targets, formulas and other "modalities" through which countries can frame their liberalisation commitments in a new full-fledged round of trade negotiations has almost disappeared. That target was important for two reasons.First, it is now becoming clear, that even more than was true during the Uruguay Round, forging an agreement in the agricultural area is bound to prove extremely difficult.Progress in the agricultural negotiations was key to persuading the unconvinced that a new `Doha Round' of trade negotiations is useful and feasible.Second, the Doha declaration made agricultural negotiations one part of a `single undertaking' to be completed by January 1, 2005. That is, in a take `all-or-nothing' scheme, countries had to arrive at, and be bound by, agreements in all areas in which negotiations were to be initiated in the new round. This means that if agreement is not worked out with regard to agriculture, there would be no change in the multilateral trade regime governing industry, services or related areas and no progress in new areas, such as competition policy, foreign investment and public procurement, all of which are crucial to the economic agenda of the developed countries.The factors making agriculture the sticking point on this occasion are numerous. As in the last Round, there is little agreement among the developed countries themselves on the appropriate shape of the global agricultural trade regime.There are substantial differences in the agenda of the US, the EU and the developed countries within the Cairns group of agricultural exporters. When the rich and the powerful disagree, a global consensus is not easy to come by.But that is not all. Even if an agreement is stitched up between the rich nations, through manoeuvres such as the Blair House accord, getting the rest of the world to go along would be more difficult this time.This is because the outcomes in the agricultural trade area since the implementation of the Uruguay Round (UR) Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) began have fallen far short of expectations. In the course of Round, advocates of the UR regime had promised global production adjustments that would increase the value of world agricultural trade and an increase in developing country share of such trade.As Chart 1 shows, global production volumes continued to rise after 1994 when the implementation of the Uruguay Round began, with signs of tapering off only in 2000 and 2001. As is widely known, this increase in production occurred in the developed countries as well.Not surprisingly, therefore, the volume of world trade continued to rise as well after 1994 (Chart 2). The real shift occurred in agricultural prices which, after some buoyancy between 1993and 1995, have declined thereafter, and particularly sharply after 1997. It is this decline in unit values that resulted in a situation where the value of world trade stagnated and then declined after 1995, when the implementation of the Uruguay Round began.As Table 1 shows, there was a sharp fall in the rate of growth of global agricultural trade between the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s, with the decline in growth in the 1990s being due to the particularly poor performance during the 1998 to 2001 period.Price declines and stagnation in agricultural trade values in the wake of the UR Agreement on Agriculture were accompanied and partly influenced by the persisting regionalisation of world agricultural trade.The foci of such regionalisation were Western Europe and Asia, with 32 and 11 per cent of global agricultural trade being intra-Western European and intra-Asian trade respectively (Chart 3). What is noteworthy, however, is that agricultural exports accounted for a much higher share of both merchandise and primary products trade in North America and Western Europe (besides Latin America and Africa) than it did for Asia.Thus, despite being the developed regions of the world, agricultural production and exports were important influences on the economic performance of North America and Western Europe.It is, therefore, not surprising that Europe is keen on maintaining its agricultural sector through protection, while the US is keen on expanding its role in world agricultural markets by subsidising its own farmers and forcing other countries to open up their markets. The problem is that the US has been more successful in prising open developing country markets than the large EU market.Thus, out of $104 billion worth of exports from North America in 2001, $34 billion went to Asia and $15 billion to Latin America, whereas exports to Europe amounted to $14 billion.The Cairns group of exporting countries (Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay), for some of whom at least agricultural exports are extremely important, want world market to be freed of protection as well as the surpluses that result from huge domestic support in the US and the EC.We must note that $35 billion of the $63 billion of exports from Latin America went to the US and the EU. More open markets and less domestic support in those destinations is, therefore, crucial for the region.The fact that Europe has been successful in its effort at retaining its agricultural space with the help of a Common Agricultural Policy that both supports and subsidises its agricultural producers is clear from Chart 4, which shows that intra-EC trade which accounted for 74 per cent of EU exports in 1990, continued to account for 73 per cent of total EU exports in 1995 and 2001.But North America, with far fewer countries in its fold, has also been quite insular. Close to a third of North American exports are inter-regional. Little has changed since the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.It is widely accepted that three sets of actors account for this failure of the AoA:First, in order to push through an agreement when there were signs that the Uruguay Round was faltering, the liberalisation of agricultural trade in the developed countries was not pushed far enough;Second, is the ability to use "loopholes", especially those in the form of inadequately well-defined Green and Blue Box measures, in the AoA, to continue to support and protect farmers on the grounds that such support was non-trade distorting; andFinally, there are violations of even the lax UR rules in the course of implementation, which have been aided by the failure of the agreement to ensure transparency in implementation.Not surprisingly, some countries, especially the Cairns group of exporting countries, have proposed an ambitious agenda of liberalisation in the agricultural area.Tariffs are to be reduced sharply, using the "Swiss formula", which would ensure that the proportionate reduction in the tariffs imposed by a country would be larger, the higher is the prevailing bound or applied tariff in that country.中文翻译：题目：自由贸易中的绿色壁垒作者：C. P. Chandrasekhar 、Jayati Ghosh在A完自由化的承诺在其最新一轮会议的农业谈判委员会，世界贸易组织，乐观地认为，谈判的框架将在3月31日最后期限为制定数字指标，公式和其他“方式，哪些国家可以”通过新的全面谈判回合贸易几乎已经消失。
经济管理学毕业论文参考文献
经济管理学毕业论文参考文献经济管理学：对行为主体基本倾向的抽象化认识形成经济学与管理学中的人性假设。
经济学与管理学有不一样的派别，在经济学与管理学各自内部不一样派别之间的对人性假设的认识也不一致，但这种不一致辞只是大同小异，而两门学科之间却有很大的区别。
下面我们来看看经济管理学毕业论文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
经济管理学毕业论文参考文献1[1] 雷蒙德，A"诺伊，约翰.霍伦拜克，拜雷·格哈特，帕特雷克·莱特.人力资源管理赢得竞争优势[M].第三版.北京:中国人民大学出版社，2001: 136-200.[2] 加里，得斯勒.人力资源管理(人力资源管理论文)[M].第七版.北京:中国人民大学出版社，1999: 200一400.[3] K.韦恩，蒙迪，罗伯特.诺埃.人力资源管理[M].第一版.北京:经济科学出版社，1998: 331一343.[4] 劳埃德 .拜厄斯，莱斯利，鲁.人力资源管理[M].第六版.北京:华夏出版社，2002: 213一264.[5] 麦克纳，比奇.人力资源管理[M].第一版。
北京:中信出版社，1998: 170 -211.[6] 亚瑟小舍曼，乔治，勃兰德，斯科特.斯奈尔.人力资源管理[M].第二版.大连:东北财经大学出版社，2001: 233-343.[7] 王琪延.企业人力资源管理[M].第一版.北京:中国物价出版社，2002: 222-245.[8] 关淑润.人力资源管理[M].第一版.北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社，2001: 186一204.[9] 冯虹.现代企业人力资源管理[M].第一版。
北京:经济管理出版社，1999: 181一184[10] 中国企业国际化管理课题组.企业人力资源国际化管理制度[M].第一版.北京:中国财政经济出版社，2002: 139.[11] 刘扬.上海浦东发展银行战略人力资源管理变革研究[D].天津大学专业硕士论文2009: 13-50.[12] 毛国英.基于平衡计分卡的招商银行战略管理体系研究[D].天津大学硕士学位2009: 11-30.[13] 李艳丽.A银行员工离职原因分析及对策研究[D].兰州大学MBA学位论文.2010:16-30.[14] 时肠.农业银行培训机制与队伍建设研究[J}.中国农业银行武汉培训学院学报.2011. 35:66.[15] 张淑红.中小餐厅企业，你知道如何招聘吗?[J].中国食品.2007. 6: 46-47.[16] 雷虹.关于饭店员工流失问题的探讨[J].温州职业技术学院学报.2005. 6: 16-17.[17] 邹韬.银行金融激励机制存在的问题及对策.商业时代[J] . 2008. 11:23.[18] 倪凤明.我国商业银行激励约束机制探析.河北金融[J] . 2008. : 45.[19] 习邹韬.商业银行的激励约束机制:博弈论视角.统计与决策[J] . 2006.11:26.[20] 张建国.健全和完善我国商业银行的激励约束机制.新金融[J] . 2006. 5.[21] 李志辉，郭军辉.论激励约束机制与商业银行竞争力之关系.现代则经[J].2006. 5:34.[22] 韩翠峰.A商业银行绩效考核指标体系设计.甘肃大学硕士毕业论文[D] .2009:12-23.[24] 赵宇.基于EVA的辽宁工行二级分行绩效评价研究.大连理工大学硕士毕业论文[D].2008:10.[25] 吴哗.国有大型商业银行人力资源薪酬系统的设计与实现，厦门大学硕士毕业论文[D].2009:1-34.[26] 中国工商银行镇江市分行课题组。
经管短篇英文文献阅读
经管短篇英文文献阅读Title: The Impact of Digitalization on Economic Management.Abstract:The current era of rapid digitalization hassignificantly transformed the landscape of economic management. This paper explores the impact ofdigitalization on economic management, discussing both the opportunities and challenges it presents. It highlights the need for businesses and organizations to adapt their management strategies to capitalize on the benefits of digitalization while mitigating its potential risks.Introduction:The advent of digitalization has revolutionized the way businesses and organizations operate, manage, and make decisions. The rise of digital technologies such asartificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, cloud computing, and blockchain has provided unprecedented opportunities for economic management. These technologies have enabled more efficient, accurate, and data-driven decision-making, while also facilitating seamless collaboration and communication across organizational boundaries.Opportunities of Digitalization:1. Data-Driven Decision-Making: Digitalization allows for the collection, analysis, and utilization of vast amounts of data. This data can provide valuable insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and operational efficiencies, enabling businesses to make more informed and strategic decisions.2. Enhanced Collaboration and Communication: Digital tools and platforms have made it easier for teams to collaborate and communicate in real-time, regardless of their geographical location. This enhanced collaboration can lead to more innovative ideas, faster decision-making,and improved operational efficiencies.3. Automation and Optimization: Digital technologies such as AI and robotics can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for more strategic and innovative work. This automation can lead to cost savings, increased productivity, and fewer errors.Challenges of Digitalization:1. Security and Privacy Concerns: As digitalization increases, so do the risks of cyberattacks and data breaches. Businesses must ensure that their digital systems are secure and that they have robust privacy policies to protect sensitive information.2. Skills Gap: The rise of digital technologies has created a demand for skilled workers who can effectively utilize these tools. However, many businesses struggle to find employees with the necessary skills and expertise. This skills gap can hinder the effective implementation of digitalization strategies.3. Regulatory and Compliance Issues: The increasing complexity of digital systems and data flows has led to a growing number of regulations and compliance requirements. Businesses must ensure that they comply with these requirements to avoid legal and financial risks.Conclusion:Digitalization presents both opportunities and challenges for economic management. To capitalize on its benefits, businesses and organizations must adapt their management strategies to embrace digital technologies. However, they must also be mindful of the potential risks and take steps to mitigate them. By doing so, businesses can harness the power of digitalization to improve their decision-making, collaboration, and efficiency, while staying ahead of the competition in this rapidly changing landscape.。
经济学英文文献
China’s Foreign Trade:PerspectivesFrom the Past 150YearsWolfgang Keller 1,Ben Li 2and Carol H.Shiue 11Department of Economics,Princeton University,Princeton,NJ and Department of Economics,University of Colorado at Boulder,CO and 2Department of Economics,Boston College,Chestnut Hill,MA1.INTRODUCTIONI N the year 2007,China’s imports accounted for 31per cent of its GDP,lar-ger than for similarly developed India (25per cent)and about twice the size of imports for either Japan (16per cent)or the United States (17per cent).Recently,China has also become the world’s largest exporter.Today,business delegations from all over the world come to China,often accompanied by their political leaders,to ensure they are not left out of the China trade.The lure of China’s big market is nothing new.The British Plenipotentiary Sir Henry Pottinger announced after Britain’s victory over China in the First Opium War (1840–42)that China’s potential for trade was so vast ‘that all the mills of Lancashire could not make stocking stuff sufficient for one of its provinces’(Chinese Maritime Customs (CMC)1933,p.39).In hindsight,Pottinger was overly optimistic:it took some 150years more until China would deliver on its promise for world trade.The trade history of China is important for how it has affected global production and earnings in poor and rich countries alike.Many contemporary analysts view China’s recent pre-eminence primarily as the result of the post-1978reforms,per-haps contradicting the idea that sustained economic growth requires simultaneous political reform.1Present-day discussions on Chinese development have moved to a focus on China’s currency interventions that keep the Renminbi from appreciat-ing or on China’s entry into the WTO in the year 2001.2We contend that 1See Rawski (1999),Woo (1999),and Sachs and Woo (2000).The rule of the Communist Party in China (CPC)began in the year 1949,and starting with the year 1978market-oriented reforms were implemented.2See Krugman (2010)and Cline (2010)on China’s currency;contrarian views are Wei (2007)and Reisen (2010).On the trade effects of China’s entry into the WTO,see Lardy (2002)and Whalley (2006).The World Economy (2011)doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01358.xÓ2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,9600Garsington Road,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK and 350Main Street,Malden,MA 02148,USA.853The World Economy854W.KELLER,B.LI AND C.H.SHIUEunderstanding the fundamental forces behind China’s increasingly dominant posi-tion in world trade require going further back than1978.Reaching to the nineteenth century and earlier,we are in a better position to identify what is(and was)China’s ‘normal’level of foreign trade,and how these levels changed under different trade regimes,from1840to the present.The legacy of the forced opening of China by Western powers,however,is controversial.While some say it slowed down her growth,others hold that China would have actually benefited from the increase in trade–had it not arrived through gunboats.Yet another view is that foreign trade at the time was too trivial in size to matter for China.In this paper,we take thefirst steps to addressing the impact of the opening of China on trade and economic growth by adopting the long-run view of China’s foreign trade.Our approach is also much more quantitative in focus compared to previous research.Based on information from the CMC service,the organisation set up and run by the West to govern China’s foreign trade,ourfirst contribution is to present new evidence on China’s foreign trade during the treaty port era(1842–1948).China,it must be remembered,was a failing state in the nineteenth century, in the sense that the ruling Qing government(1644–1911)was by then increas-ingly unable to project effective rule over every part of the ws which prohibited opium imports(in place since1729),were for the most part disregarded by smugglers and officials alike.Although a customs apparatus was present,corruption also meant that the state did not or could not collect significant amounts of revenues to fund public goods because local power competed with officially stated goals.The CMC revolutionised the system of foreign trade in China by introducing a consistent set of rules.In the process, the CMC collected detailed information on trade not only for China as a whole but also for individual ports of trade within China.To the extent that uncertainty reduces economic activity,this transfer of a Wes-tern institution may increase trade and welfare,and the evidence presented below supports that notion.Our analysis of China’s foreign trade during the treaty port era yields a number offindings important for current research in international trade.First,although the volume of trade after liberalisation was not large in the beginning,there was a very notable expansion in the diversity of product catego-ries and new goods that were imported into China,a point that previous authors have overlooked.Wefind that the number of new goods imported by China grew by about6per cent per year between the1860s and1940s,which is about50per cent faster than what thatfigure was in the United States between1970and2000. This shows that product variety gains are not limited to highly developed coun-tries;in fact,they may be more important for poorer countries.Second,the expansion of ports did more than increase geographical diver-sity.It also helped to increase the volume of goods imported.An important intermediary in this process was Hong Kong,which functioned as an entrepoˆt.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE855 The importance of Hong Kong also suggests highfixed learning costs to trade during this period.We show that larger countries conducted less of their trade with China through Hong Kong than smaller countries.In addition,subsequent to every change in the trade regime(e.g.right after the opening of new CMC treaty ports),Hong Kong’s trade intermediation becomes less important over time.Furthermore,China’s recent position in world trade appears less exceptional in the light of its long-run history.While other factors no doubt play a role,a large part of China’s recent growth in trade is attributable to two factors.First, it is a reversion from the depressed levels of the pre-1978period and is attrib-uted to lifting of trade restrictions imposed during that period.As we show below,China’s share of world trade at the turn of the twenty-first century was similar to that of the year1925.Second,China’s current footprint in world trade is mainly that of a very large country rapidly industrialising.We are not thefirst to study the opening of China for trade in the nineteenth century.This subject has been looked at by a number of authors(Morse,1926; Fairbank,1978),and the question parallels more recent papers by Bernhofen and Brown(2004,2005)on Japan’s opening of trade.Work on this period is inextricably linked to the fact that this trade came about through a quasi-colonial set-up imposed by Western powers,reflecting China’s diminished posi-tion in the world during this period.In certain earlier writings,the foreign intrusion is seen in an overwhelmingly negative light,and by implication,the foreign trade it generated was detrimental to Chinese interests.These authors refer not only to opium addiction,but also to more general effects of foreign trade in destroying domestic industry.3A counterargument is that the foreign trade was small and the extent of foreign penetration was very limited,cer-tainly insufficient to effectively counter the forces of China’s traditional culture and society,as well as government,to lead to a higher rate of economic devel-opment.4The implication of the argument being that foreign trade would have carried benefits to China,but did not because foreign influence was ultimately very minor.In either case,these authors rarely provide conclusive evidence on trade that supports these claims.5By relying on the detailed information on for-eign trade in the CMC archives,our analysis extends the largely descriptive accounts in Morse(1926)and Fairbank(1978).3For example,Hou(1965)argues that foreign trade(and investment)ruined the domestic handi-craft industries,disrupted agriculture,and foreignfirms did not compete on a level playingfield with Chinesefirms(p.1).According to this view,foreign imperialism in trade slowed down China’s economic development.4Dernberger(1975)provides a summary of these views.5More generally,the quantitative information that studies on historic trade of China present tends to be limited(e.g.the classic study by Remer,1926)and from the summaries by Yang and Hou (1931)and Hsiao(1974).Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.856W.KELLER,B.LI AND C.H.SHIUEPrevious authors have examined the information collected by the CMC ser-vice,although thus far most of this analysis has been undertaken by historians who have written in detail about many institutional aspects of the CMC(Brun-ero,2004,Van de Ven,2004;Bickers,2008).6In terms of economic analysis, Rawski(1970)has shown that even though treaty ports were opened to foreign merchants,Western traders continued to rely heavily on Chinese middlemen (so-called compradors)to conduct their business in China.More recently, Mitchener and Yan(2010)have studied the role of foreign trade for China’s wages in the early twentieth century,arguing that a surge in trade around the First World War caused a decline in the relative skilled wage in China.7Our work differs,first,in that we cover a longer time period,from pre-1850until today,which allows us to place the CMC era into the broader context of eco-nomic development in China and elsewhere.In addition,we contribute to a bet-ter understanding of the economics of trade intermediation and the role of new goods for the welfare gains of international trade by focusing also on the regio-nal and commodity dimensions of China’s foreign trade.8New goods are known to be important in driving overall trade growth (Hummels and Klenow,2005).Our analysis of the range of goods that is traded,or the extensive margin,is related to Feenstra(1994)and Broda and Weinstein(2006).The latter authors show that a large fraction of welfare gains from trade for the United States in the late twentieth century can be attributed to the availability of goods that could not be had before.9Little is known,how-ever,about the trade effects of new goods during historical periods.10To our knowledge,there has been no analysis of new goods and the ensuing welfare effects for China in this period.A number of studies have recently analysed other key aspects of China’s for-eign trade regime since1978,highlighting the factors that are driving it as well 6Many of these works are related to a project at Bristol and Cambridge(/ history/customs/),which has also started to make information on trade during the CMC period available on the Internet.Moreover,CMC information has helped to better understand how trade shaped the history of economies such as Taiwan(Ho,1978;Mizoguchi and Umemura,1988),as well as China’s role in the greater Asian context during the early twentieth century(Kose,1994, 2005).7While mostly relying on information on prices from Hsiao(1974),Brandt(1989)also employs CMC data on trade volumes in his analysis of the integration of Chinese regions with the South Asian rice market from1870–1936.8Antra`s and Costinot(2010),Blum et al.(2009),Ahn et al.(2010),as well as Feenstra and Hanson (2004)are recent analyses of intermediation in international trade.9The arrival of a new good through trade reduces its price from infinity to somethingfinite,and the welfare gains from this depend on whether close substitutes were already available or not.10Hersh and Voth(2009)estimate the combined gains from increases in tea,sugar,and tobacco consumption in England at more than10per cent between the years1600and1850.They employ information on foreign trade to estimate new good consumption,which is used together with other data to back out preference parameters.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE857 as its impact on other economies(Branstetter and Lardy,2008;Amiti and Freund,2010;Brambilla et al.,2010;Hanson and Robertson,2010;Wang and Wei,2010).Because the focus in these studies is on a relatively short period, they place less emphasis than we do on natural advantages and disadvantages across regions and the gradual rise and decline of countries in the world.11 Exceptions to this are Maddison(2007)and Chow and Shen(2005).12Our work differs from theirs in that although the era we examine is far earlier in time,we are actually able to provide an even more disaggregated picture of foreign trade of China by exploiting the primary CMC sources.The remainder of the paper is as follows.The next section sets the stage by summarising what is known facts about China’s early foreign trade as well as the events that led to the opening in the1840s.In Section3of the paper,we first describe the organisation of foreign trade in China before presenting key findings on the arrival and diffusion of new goods and trade intermediation in China during the treaty port era.A synthesis of China’s foreign trade in the post-1949era is provided in Section4,which emphasises putting China’s very recent trade growth into historical perspective.A summary as well as a discus-sion of China’s extraordinarily high level of trade openness today is provided in the concluding Section5.2.CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE BEFORE1842China has been engaging in foreign trade since ancient times.Overland trade in luxury goods such as silk,slaves and spices took place with the Mediterranean along the famed Silk Road since around1,000BC.In the fourth-andfifth-century CE,Chinese junks appeared in Siam(Thailand), Ceylon(Sri Lanka)and India,and by the eighth century Canton(Guangzhou) had established itself as the centre of seagoing trade with the Arab merchants from the Persian Gulf.The majority of China’s early trade by the eleventh century was with relatively proximate countries,mostly in Asia.13Trade routes with Japan and Korea,as well as the Philippine Islands,were estab-lished by the twelfth century,and by the early1400s a Ming dynasty(1344–1644)admiral commandeered expeditions from China going west to as far as 11By showing that the relatively rich regions of China in the late twentieth century were already relatively advanced in the early eighteenth century,Keller and Shiue(2007)argue that the effect of the post-1978reforms can be easily overestimated due to natural advantages such as access to water transport.12See also Lardy(1994,p.2)who discusses China’s contribution to world trade for most of the twentieth century.13Interregional tradeflows over land and sea connected China with South and Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Islamic world around the eleventh century AD,according to Curtin(1984). See also Findlay and O’Rourke(2007).Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.858W.KELLER,B.LI AND C.H.SHIUEWest Africa.Much of China’s substantial trade with Asian countries was ini-tiated by China and conducted well into the nineteenth century with seagoing Chinese junks.When trade costs along the Silk Road increased because of the disintegration of the Mongol empire as well as the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (1453)and Alexandria(1517),this provided one more reason for European countries to explore the sea route to the East:to trade in silk,pepper,ginger and other goods.In the year1517,the Portuguese were thefirst to reach China, and in1557they were allowed to settle in Macao.Other European countries with trade interests soon followed–the Spanish reached China in1575,the Dutch in1604and the British in1637.14The latter two nations established a lasting interest,with the Dutch gaining a hold on Taiwan and British traders operating out of Zhousan(in Zhejiang),Xiamen(in Fujian)and Guangzhou(in Guangdong).The extent of international trade was not only affected by the state of tech-nology(ships,navigation,etc.),but also by the policies towards trade from the respective governments.The East India Company,for example,held a monop-oly for British trade with China since the year1600.Arguably this restricted British trade with China.15For its part,while China’s policy towards foreign trade seesawed back and forth between being more or less open over the centu-ries,on average it was fairly restrictive,often allowing only limited exchange between specific domestic and foreign traders in specific areas.Foreign trade–when legal–occurred generally under a tributary system,under which foreign-ers received the right to trade in China for limited periods of time.China’s official policy to limit trade with the West has been at times expressed very clearly.16Yet foreign trade in China was confined to a single port as of the end of the eighteenth century not because the government was blind to potential gains of trade,but because it seemed the most expedient way to manage trade.The court considered the potential benefits of foreign trade to be small relative to the difficulties of managing the discord between foreigners and native populations in China.The overriding concern was that the foreign traders,who were not always engaged in peaceful trading activities,would threaten domestic stability by inciting unrest,disorder and promoting piracy. Considering the fates of many under-defended populations and territories during of this period of European empire building overseas,this was not a 14Spain acquired the Philippines in1565and annexed Portugal in1580,both of which spurred Spanish activity towards China.15A deregulation act was passed in1694,but no effective new competition emerged from it.16For example,in turning down a request to extend foreign trade privileges for the British beyond the city of Canton,the Qianlong emperor wrote in1793to the British King George III that‘strange and costly things do not interest me...I[.]have no use for your country’s manufactures’.The full letter can be found at /core9/phalsall/texts/qianlong.html.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE859 completely irrational decision.Trade restrictions in China were thus employed to achieve domestic policy goals.17Was there evidence for strong demand for foreign goods in China?James Matheson,a partner in Jardine Matheson&Co.,one of the top tradingfirms in Asia,remarked in1819after a public auction sale of Lancashire cotton piece goods that although it was well attended by numerous dealers,the shirtings were impossible to sell because they appeared to be inferior imitations of a local substitute.As late as the1830s,Matheson traders reported that the Chinese native nankeen cotton cloth was superior in quality and cost compared to Manchester cotton goods.18Without a suitable commodity for export to China,silver(which had to be mined in the Americas)was used to purchase Chinese silk,porcelain and tea. In an increasingly mercantilist Europe,this gave cause for concern,and the Chinese demand for opium as a recreational drug slowed this drain of specie. Opium was mostly exported from British India and smuggled into China since the Chinese government outlawed the import of opium.Although enforcement was weak and smuggling was rampant,the ban on the opium trade also epito-mised the sentiment of Western traders that China restricted the entry of for-eign goods.19When in1839,a newly appointed Chinese commissioner acted relatively forcefully in destroying an illegal opium shipment into China,Britain resorted to military action,beginning the First Opium War(1840–42).The course of defeat was swift.British military forces took Canton,moved up the coast and along the Yangtze River,captured Shanghai and eventually reached the Grand Canal,on which provisions were sent to the capital,and thus in effect threatening Beijing itself.The Treaty of Nanjing(1842),which China was forced to sign,stipulated that an indemnity had to be paid as compensation;in addition,Hong Kong was ceded to Britain.Moreover,foreign nationals had the right to residence and to own property in treaty ports,and while living in China they also were subject to jurisdiction according to their own nationality and not to Chinese laws.In foreign trade,the treaty abolished the traditional tributary system,liberalised the highly regulated Co-Hong trading system at Guangzhou and opened addi-tional ports(initially only four)to foreign trade.Trade duties were limited to5 per cent or less on all goods.Opium was not mentioned in the treaty,implying that its trade was now legal in China.Soon after,the United States and France concluded similar treaties with China,the Treaty of Wanghia and Treaty of Whampoa,respectively.17For example,in the1660s the Qing prohibited merchant junks to go abroad and evacuated all populations living near the coast of Southern China to subdue a rebellion on Taiwan.18Greenberg(1951,p.2).19The abolition of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China in1834exacerbated the situation,because it led to more Western entry in the China trade.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.860W.KELLER,B.LI AND C.H.SHIUE3.TRADE UNDER THE TREATY PORT SYSTEM(1842–1949)a.The Emerging Institutions and OrganisationWhile the Treaty of Nanjing did away with central elements of China’s for-eign trade system–in particular the notion that trade was part of the tributary system and that Canton was the only port open to trade–initially,the Chinese Customs authority remained in charge of processing foreign trade.However, with a relatively weak central government whose authority was eroded after the Opium War even as it was preoccupied with suppressing domestic uprisings(in particular the Taiping Rebellion,1844–60),foreign trade revenue collection fell primarily in the hands of provincial and local authorities.These local officials were ill-equipped to handle the larger volume of trade coming in,and foreign trade was not subject to a consistent set of rules.On the contrary,payment of trade taxes was a matter of bargaining power,and rife with corruption.20 The creation of the CMC Service emerged out of this vacuum of power.21The CMC was founded in1854by the foreign consuls in Shanghai to collect maritime trade taxes that were going unpaid because of the inability of Chinese officials to collect them during the Taiping Rebellion.Although the CMC was nominally under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government’s Foreign Office(Zongli yamen), in practice it operated under the management of foreign powers,and its upper level staff came from abroad.Initially,staff were mostly British,although other Western countries later joined.The top CMC position and director of its operations,was called the Inspector-General(IG),who worked side by side with his Chinese coun-terpart,called the Superintendent of Customs,who oversaw the collection of trade taxes from the so-called native trade,that is,from Chinese-owned junks.Early on,opposition to the CMC came,first of all,from foreign consuls who feared that the Inspectors were usurping some of their powers.Moreover, foreign merchants initially were opposed to the CMC because now they had to deal with customs formalities that before were left in their entirety to(Chinese) middlemen and clerks.Within only a couple of years,however,foreign busi-nessmen had come to prefer the consistent and predictable customs treatment by the new CMC system,and over time the frictions between consuls and CMC officials became less severe.2220Tax collection was poor even in major ports such as Shanghai.The British Consul of Shanghai estimated in one year that the loss of tariff revenue in Shanghai was at least25per cent,and complained that‘two or three sleepy menials at$5or$6a month’were the sole means existing for the collection of duty,with which he was bound by the Treaty of Nanjing to cooperate;(CMC 1933,p.81).21The Service was called Imperial Maritime Customs Service until1912.22For example,in1857the British Consul reported that‘the feeling of the foreign merchant is generally in favour of the foreign inspectorship system,for it places all on an equality’(CMC1933, p.81).Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.CHINA’S FOREIGN TRADE861 The Chinese central government naturally resented the loss of sovereignty that came with the Treaty of Nanjing,but the introduction of the CMC also substantially increased the net tariff revenues it received.23Local Chinese government officials probably sustained a net decline in benefits as the CMC reduced their ability to withhold revenues from the central government and strike deals.Moreover,smugglers,pirates and adventurers saw their prospects of gain diminished with the arrival of the CMC,especially because over time the CMC extended its responsibilities to include anti-smuggling operations. Later,the CMC also expanded its involvement into postal administration, coastal police,harbour and waterway management,and weather reporting.From the point of view of Western powers,the establishment of the CMC not only broadened their political influence in China but also ensured that China would have the means to pay the indemnities imposed on it after the First and Second(1856–60)Opium Wars.The information derived from this system was so credible that China was even able to put the tariff revenue down as collateral against which it could borrow from abroad.24Another motive, arguably the most important,was that the West wanted to support the expan-sion of commercial exchange between China and their own countries and that meant a more open and consistent Chinese system.The CMC was responsible for the examination of cargo,prevention of smug-gling,the assessment of treaty tariffs on exports,imports and coastal trade, with the ultimate goal of calculating tax revenues that were due.The nominal tariff wasfixed to yield a rate of approximately5per cent ad valorem;how-ever,over time the effective rate was often lower,around3per cent,because of price increases.The CMC jurisdiction extended to‘foreign-type’vessels,in particular steam ships,whether owned by foreigners or by Chinese,and to junks chartered by foreigners.While junks owned by Chinese were hence covered by the native Customs,on which there is almost no information,the success of steam ships over sailboats in the second part of the nineteenth cen-tury meant that the CMC was responsible not only for virtually all of the direct trade with foreign countries but also the large majority of coastal and river trade within China.There werefive Chinese ports open for foreign trade in1842per the Treaty of Nanjing,eleven more were added after China was defeated in the Second Opium War(1856–60)through the Treaty of Tientsin,and more were added over time(mostly before the turn of the century).The CMC did not establish 23The long-term CMC director Robert Hart estimated that while under the native system the costs of tariff collection were rather above than below100per cent,under the CMC at Shanghai costs were only around2per cent of the revenues(CMC1933,p.81).24While China collected without doubt higher tariff revenues due to the introduction of the CMC, it is not entirely clear whether net of paying for the war indemnities any of that additional revenue was left.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.862W.KELLER,B.LI AND C.H.SHIUEcustoms stations in all ports,but focused on the ports that were important for foreign trade.25The geographical proliferation of CMC ports over time yields an interesting port margin of foreign trade that will be analysed below.Gener-ally,the more important ports are opened relatively early,which means that even in the1860s the CMC covered80to90per cent of all foreign trade.With the opening of the CMC customs station in Kowloon in the year1886,virtually all of China’s foreign trade was covered.26Information collected by CMC customs officials includes both the value and the quantity of imports and exports at the commodity level for each port.This includes trade within China,for example the number of cotton shirtings that werefirst imported by Shanghai and then re-exported to other Chinese regions or to other countries.The CMC also collected data on the tonnage of foreign ships,because this was needed to assess tonnage dues.The CMC data collection system underwent a number of changes,in part owing to changing international practice,and in part owing to structural change of the economy.27This is to be expected over a long period of close to 90years–1859to1948.The quality of the data collected by the CMC is gen-erally considered to be high.The data are internally consistent and generally matches up well with the corresponding trade data for the sameflow from other countries.This may not be surprising given that the typical foreign CMC employee was highly skilled,being a graduate from a renowned university, such as Cambridge,Harvard,Oxford or Yale.b.China’s Overall Foreign TradeWe begin by summarising China’s overall foreign trade,which provides a useful benchmark for the more disaggregated analysis below.All data come from directly from the annual CMC reports.Figure1shows the evolution of China’s aggregate foreign commodity trade.28Two things are apparent.One, for the period shown China was more likely to have a trade deficit than a trade 25For example,by the year1915there were92treaty ports but only48of these maintained a CMC customs station.In addition to ports opened by international treaties,there were ports opened by the Chinese government unilaterally but where foreigners could not reside,as well as‘ports of call’where foreign steamers could dock.26Kowloon was important for trade with Hong Kong,being located opposite to Hong Kong Island. 27As an example of the former,in1904the CMC switched from reporting trade in market values to cost,insurance,and freight(cif)values for imports and free on board(fob)value for exports. Structural change triggered several changes in the goods classifications,both nationally as well as at the level of the individual port.28Reported are nominal values of Haekwan Taels,the currency adopted by CMC organisation.No adjustments have been made for territorial changes,for example Manchuria,which became part of Japan in1931.The reports present also international exchange rates to the world’s major currencies, as well as quantities.Shown in the graph are total imports;a fraction between1and5per cent of these were re-exported from China to other countries.Ó2011Blackwell Publishing Ltd.。
经济管理毕业论文参考文献.doc
经济管理毕业论文参考文献的引用是否科学合理和充分，是判断一篇学术论文学术水平的重要指标，下面是的经济管理参考文献，欢送阅读查看。
[1]林勇，叶青，龙飞.我国土地城镇化对经济效率的影响[J].城市问题.xx(05)[2]李子联.人口城镇化滞后于土地城镇化之谜--中国省际面板数据的解释[J].口.资源与环境.xx(11)[3]王元京.新型城镇化业绩的后评价[J].中国科技投资.xx(27)[4]王雪雁.强化产业支撑筑牢城镇化根底[J].新长征.xx(09)[5]陈宗岚，刘习平.资源约束下县域产业集聚对经济增长的影响[J].统计与决策.xx(16)[6](丹麦)扬·盖尔(JanGehl)着，何人可译.交往与空间[M].中国建筑工业出版社，xx[7]苏东水主编.产业经济学[M].高等教育出版社，2000[8]魏权龄着.数据包络分析[M].科学出版社，xx[9](丹麦)扬·盖尔(JanGehl)着，何人可译.交往与空间[M].中国建筑工业出版社，xx[10]苏东水主编.产业经济学[M].高等教育出版社，2000[11]刘传江着.中国城市化的制度安排与创新[M].武汉大学出版社，1999[12](法)H.孟德拉斯(HenriMendras)着，李培林译.农民的终结[M].中国社会科学出版社，1991[13](美)赫希(Hirsch,W.Z.)着，刘世庆等译.城市经济学[M].中国社会科学出版社，1990[14](美)库兹涅茨(Kuzs,S.)着，常勋等译.各国的经济增长[M].商务印书馆，1985[15](美)赫茨勒，J.O.着，何新译.世界人口的危机[M].商务印书馆，1963[16]刘传江着.中国城市化的制度安排与创新[M].武汉大学出版社，1999[17](法)H.孟德拉斯(HenriMendras)着，李培林译.农民的终结[M].中国社会科学出版社，1991[18](美)赫希(Hirsch,W.Z.)着，刘世庆等译.城市经济学[M].中国社会科学出版社，1990[19]刘习平，宋德勇.城市产业集聚对城市环境的影响[J].城市问题.xx(03)[20]于兴业，张雪薇，贾利.农民工市民化与农村土地制度创新[J].东北农业大学学报(社会科学版).xx(04)[21]岳立，曾鑫.基于DEA-Malmquist指数方法的西部11省城市化效率评价[J].湖南财政经济学院学报.xx(03)[22]蔡卫红.福建省土地城镇化快于人口城镇化的现状及成因分析[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版).xx(07)[23]颜昌宙.关于中国特色新型城镇化建立的几点建议[J].中国开展.xx(03)[1]文贯中.城市化从外生型到内生型的转变[J].新产经.xx(01)[2]尹宏玲，徐腾.我国城市人口城镇化与土地城镇化失调特征及差异研究[J].城市规划学刊.xx(02)[3]钱丽，陈忠卫，肖仁桥.中国区域工业化、城镇化与农业现代化耦合协调度及其影响因素研究[J].经济问题探索.xx(11)[4]王永齐.产业集聚机制：一个文献综述[J].产业经济评论.xx(01)[5]杨眉.城镇化的开展规律、原那么及路径[J].城市问题.xx(08)[6]陈凤桂，张虹鸥，吴旗韬，陈伟莲.我国人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调开展研究[J].人文地理.xx(05)[7]豆建民，汪增洋.经济集聚、产业结构与城市土地产出率--基于我国234个地级城市1999-xx年面板数据的实证研究[J].财经研究.xx(10)[8]王家庭，赵亮.我国区域城市化效率的动态评价[J].软科学.xx(07)[9]刘洁泓.城市化内涵综述[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版).xx(04)[10]袁志刚，解栋栋.统筹城乡开展：人力资本与土地资本的协调再配置[J].经济学家.xx(08)[11]陆根尧，盛龙.产业集聚与城市化互动开展机制研究：理论与实证[J].开展研究.xx(10)[12]王晓伟，邓峰，魏佳.各地区城市化效率动态分析--基于DEA-Malmquist指数方法[J].特区经济.xx(09)[13]汪海波.我国现阶段城镇化的主要任务及其重大意义[J].经济学动态.xx(09)[14]曹文莉，张小林，潘义勇，张春梅.兴旺地区人口、土地与经济城镇化协调开展度研究[J].口.资源与环境.xx(02)[15]戴永安.中国城市效率差异及其影响因素--基于地级及以上城市面板数据的研究[J].上海经济研究.xx(12)[16]潘文卿，刘庆.中国制造业产业集聚与地区经济增长--基于中国工业企业数据的研究[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版).xx(01)[17]陈虎刚，袁惊柱.基于DEA方法的城市化效率评价：以四川省为例[J].云南财经大学学报(社会科学版).xx(06)[18]姚士谋，陆大道，王聪，段进军，武清华.中国城镇化需要综合性的科学思维--探索适应中国国情的城镇化方式[J].地理研究.xx(11)[19]蔡秀玲.中国城镇化历程、成就与开展趋势[J].经济研究参考.xx(63)[20]彭荣胜.农村劳动力转移对欠兴旺地区城镇化的影响[J].学术交流.xx(10)[21]王红伟.论产业转移背景下产业集聚区对就业的带动效应[J].商业时代.xx(19)[1]刘习平.我国城市化进程中的道路选择[J].党政干部学刊.xx(06)[2]陶然，曹广忠.“空间城镇化”、“人口城镇化”的不匹配与政策组合应对[J].改革.xx(10)[3]佟德龙，蔡建峰，尹丽，曾晓妹，左文进.土地利用的生产要素对经济增长奉献测算--以湖南省常德市为例[J].国土资源科技管理.xx(04)[4]王承宽.21世纪我国人口和方案生育管理问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学xx[5]赖作莲，王征兵.陕西城镇化开展对劳动力转移的效应分析[J].商业研究.xx(08)[6]陆大道，姚士谋，李国平，刘慧，高晓路.基于我国国情的城镇化过程综合分析[J].经济地理.xx(06)[7]陶然，袁飞，曹广忠.区域竞争、土地出让与地方财政效应：基于1999~xx年中国地级城市面板数据的分析[J].世界经济.xx(10)[8]刘习平.中国土地城镇化、人口城镇化及产业集聚协调开展研究[D].华中科技大学xx[9]刘岱宁.传统农区人口流动与城镇化模式研究[D].河南大学xx[10]易艳春.外商直接投资、经经增长与我国碳排放关系的实证研究[D].华中科技大学xx[11]张纪录.消费视角下的我国二氧化碳排放研究[D].华中科技大学xx[12]姜建.我国房地产市场调控政策研究[D].华中科技大学xx[13]石昶.控制政策作用与设计研究[D].华中科技大学xx[14]王凤鸿，伊文君.区域农村劳动力转移与人口城镇化协调开展的动力机制研究--以山西省为例[J].技术经济与管理研究.xx(04)[15]范进，赵定涛.土地城镇化与人口城镇化协调性测定及其影响因素[J].经济学家.xx(05)[16]陈先强.武汉城市圈城市化效率实证研究[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版).xx(01)。
经济管理类毕业论文外文文献
（外文文献翻译部分)文献题目： Economy Hotel Development Trends in Mainland China经济型酒店在中国的发展趋势姓名：学号:专业：学院：指导教师:经济型酒店在中国内地的发展趋势中国内地经济需求的酒店中国已成为亚洲重要的旅游目的地,在世界上（在国际游客的人数来衡量)第五大旅游国.[1]外国游客流入旁边的国内游客，其人数在2006年已高达14亿美元.2006年，仅仅是国内旅游就已经达到781.90亿美元，其收接近2000年的2.5倍。
我国工人的个人收入稳步增长为休闲旅游与中国旅游业发展提供了有力的资源资源。
时间是另一个重要资源，随着1900年提出的假日长假期计划后，1995年提出的每周五天的工作计划，使游客的能有更多的休息时间可以远行旅游，在酒店度过。
国际旅游业的发展,中国已随着国家的经济发展有了显著的增加，而且越来越明显。
中国的经济充满活力，其国内生产总值， 2006美元10210000000000在[2]也刺激了更多的业务（以下简称“商业”）的旅行。
新的和改善的基础设施—-公路，铁路,航空公司，更名副其实为旅费增加,政府和对中国经济继续成为可能由社会科学（中国社会科学院）旅游研究中心中国科学院进行的一项研究显示，经济型酒店的客人有90%是国内游客和10％的访港旅客。
这项研究还报告说,商务旅客的需求为经济型酒店的主要发电机，约占2006年经济型酒店市场的65%。
会议和组队伍组成的9％，并且产生休闲需求，其余26%.资料来源：2007年中国经济研究中心酒店由中国社会科学院旅游发展报告商业及休闲旅客的数量加倍是在中国大规模经济酒店发展的首要原因。
经济型酒店，如我们这里所定义的，和中国大多数情况下，它能够与高档酒店竞争的基础：干净舒适的客房，免费早餐和上网. 在经济与豪华酒店的的相比较之下，它有更多的价格优势，可以吸引更多的中外游客入住。
较低的资本和高投资回报是另一个重要的经济型酒店发展的原因。
关于经济学论文参考文献
关于经济学论文参考文献Anderson, P. (2016). Economics: The Basics. Routledge. Colander, D. C. (2017). Microeconomics. McGraw-Hill Education. Mankiw, N. G. (2018). Principles of Macroeconomics. Cengage Learning.Samuelson, P. A., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2018). Economics. McGraw-Hill Education.Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Strahan and Cadell.In recent years, the field of economics has seen significant developments in various areas such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, and economic theory. This has led to an increased interest in understanding the fundamental principles of economics and the factors that drive economic behavior.Anderson's "Economics: The Basics" provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and theories in economics, making it an essential reference for students and researchers alike. The book covers topics such as supply and demand, market structures, and international trade, offering a solid foundation for understanding the functioning of modern economies.Similarly, Colander's "Microeconomics" delves into the specific behaviors of individual consumers and firms, examining how their decisions shape market outcomes. The book offers insights into consumer choice, production, and pricing strategies, providing athorough understanding of microeconomic principles.On the macroeconomic front, Mankiw's "Principles of Macroeconomics" is an authoritative text that explores the broader economic issues affecting nations and economies. It discusses topics such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and monetary and fiscal policies, offering a comprehensive analysis of the forces that drive national economies. In addition, Samuelson and Nordhaus' "Economics" presents awell-rounded perspective on economic theory, covering both micro and macroeconomic principles. The book provides a historical context for economic thought and explores contemporary issues such as environmental economics and behavioral economics, making it a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of economic thinking.Finally, Smith's "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" remains a seminal work in the field of economics, laying the groundwork for classical economic theory. Smith's exploration of factors such as division of labor, free markets, and the role of government in the economy has had a lasting impact on economic thought and remains relevant in modern economic discourse.Overall, these references offer a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the key principles and theories in economics. Whether exploring microeconomic behavior, macroeconomic trends, or the historical foundations of economic thought, thesetexts provide valuable insights for anyone seeking to understand the complex dynamics of modern economies.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目： Economy Hotel Development Trends in Mainland China经济型酒店在中国的发展趋势姓名:学号:专业:学院:指导教师:经济型酒店在中国内地的发展趋势中国内地经济需求的酒店中国已成为亚洲重要的旅游目的地，在世界上（在国际游客的人数来衡量）第五大旅游国。
[1]外国游客流入旁边的国内游客，其人数在2006年已高达14亿美元。
2006年，仅仅是国内旅游就已经达到781.90亿美元，其收接近2000年的2.5倍。
我国工人的个人收入稳步增长为休闲旅游与中国旅游业发展提供了有力的资源资源。
时间是另一个重要资源，随着1900年提出的假日长假期计划后，1995年提出的每周五天的工作计划，使游客的能有更多的休息时间可以远行旅游，在酒店度过。
国际旅游业的发展，中国已随着国家的经济发展有了显著的增加，而且越来越明显。
中国的经济充满活力，其国内生产总值， 2006美元10210000000000在[2]也刺激了更多的业务（以下简称“商业”）的旅行。
新的和改善的基础设施--公路，铁路，航空公司，更名副其实为旅费增加，政府和对中国经济继续成为可能由社会科学（中国社会科学院）旅游研究中心中国科学院进行的一项研究显示，经济型酒店的客人有90%是国内游客和10％的访港旅客。
这项研究还报告说，商务旅客的需求为经济型酒店的主要发电机，约占2006年经济型酒店市场的65%。
会议和组队伍组成的9％，并且产生休闲需求，其余26％。
资料来源：2007年中国经济研究中心酒店由中国社会科学院旅游发展报告商业及休闲旅客的数量加倍是在中国大规模经济酒店发展的首要原因。
经济型酒店，如我们这里所定义的，和中国大多数情况下，它能够与高档酒店竞争的基础：干净舒适的客房，免费早餐和上网。
在经济与豪华酒店的的相比较之下，它有更多的价格优势，可以吸引更多的中外游客入住。
较低的资本和高投资回报是另一个重要的经济型酒店发展的原因。
据中国内地经济型酒店调查，在2006年的经济型酒店的平均资本投资约为100万美元（约7,500美元间客房），也就是说充分的回报，在约三至五年就可以收回所有的投入。
2006年，其每平方米营业收入利润总额为44.47％，绩效衡量的平均入住率和盈利水平的驱动这方面：由德勤开发有限责任公司2004年的一个报告显示，“超过50％的中国市场监测高于亚太地区总的，和每一个中国市场外执行欧洲平均水平。
“ [3]第三个支持中国的经济型酒店业的崛起来自我国政府。
通过放宽旅行限制，并提供延长休假时间，政府已帮助挑起对中国酒店业的顾客转换。
对中国教育改革的假期和休假的政策，于2007年11月颁布，1008年1月1日起开始执行。
这些改革大大提升休假时间，如清明节传统的农历节日，端午节，和中秋节。
由于旅游业的蓬勃发展预期，政府最近发起了一系列政策，直接支持全国的经济型酒店的发展。
特许经营是一个重要的发展模式。
在报告时上述德勤，品牌酒店占大约10％的库存在中国，2005年上升到30%，到2006年仍然保持着31%的态势。
[4]一向题为“中国商业特许经营条例的“的立法在2007年5月1日起开始实行。
这项新法律将规范特许经营在中国的许多活动。
此外，经济酒店经营准则即将出版，目前中国的行业准则第一套规范，并帮助规范经济型酒店的服务。
经济型酒店市场概况中国首个经济型酒店，锦江酒店，于1997年在上海成立。
自那时以来，经济型酒店已在全国各地纷纷崛起。
在此后的三年里发生了戏剧性的传播速度，从2004年的166家，到2007年12月就已上升到了1698家[5]下面的图表显示了上升的速度：入住率从2005年的82.4％，到2006年实现89.0％，[6]入住率一直高于80％，证明了市场力量的。
但需要注意的是，其发展却伴随着酒店不合理现象（在许多情况下，经济型酒店对服务和设施不符合标准）;经济型酒店轴承强大的品牌和服务为主导的市场信誉在入住率。
我们可以听到这样一个优胜劣汰“情景”生存的预兆：对资源的竞争（即客人），当新的供应者进入市场后会更加激烈，导致的恶略后果是无法适应残酷的市场。
因此，180像雅高酒店这样的品牌计划2010年在中国的采取一星级宜必思的运行方式。
[7]宜必思酒店提供全日24小时接待和服务，自助早餐，及其他已经提高了经济型酒店的酒吧，并寻找更多能适应挑剔的中国旅客的设施。
中国的经济型酒店大多坐落在上海，北京和江苏省。
中国国内的经济连锁酒店，如家快捷酒店，锦江饭店，和莫泰168，得到了迅速发展，结合外国经济型酒店，如速8和格林豪泰酒店品牌。
下表列出了中国十大经济型酒店在2006年组：领先的酒店集团在2006年经济[8]顶竞争者外国品牌的崛起的同事，中国的国内品牌国内经济型酒店市场的主导地位，其中的两大品牌--锦江之星旅馆和家庭旅店，显示了强大的市场地位和发展趋势。
锦江之星主场迎战如家锦江之星酒店管理公司锦江酒店是上海锦江国际酒店（集团）有限公司（“附属公司锦江酒店”），中国最大的酒店集团。
从公司的产品范围从经济型酒店到五星级酒店。
酒店杂志上，锦江酒店被评为2005年世界酒店的房间条件的总数的第22位。
[9]据报道，2006年，12月31日，锦江之星旅馆整体入住率74％，平均值为24.33万美元[10]该公司2007年中期报告称230经济型酒店的建议或行动以及营收35.02万美元（RMB279.2万美元）。
12月15日，2006年，锦江酒店首次在香港证券交易所公开发行就达24亿美元。
该公司计划利用这笔资金，在上海以外的地方增加大量的二级到五星级酒店。
并为2008年北京奥运会和2010年世博会的到来做好更新设备的准备。
如家快捷酒店管理公司如家快捷酒店管理公司，总部设在上海，从2002年成立开始就在全国范围内大幅度地夸张经济型酒店的网络。
截至2007年10月1日，如家连锁酒店已高达200个分支。
[11]10月26日，2006年，如家宣布在纳斯达克首次公开发行790.0万美国存托股份（美国存托凭证美国每13.80美元）分全球市场，成为如家酒店在中国大陆首家在纳斯达克上市的公司。
在2007年10月，如家以4 560万美元（RMB340万元）的交易成功收购了美国热门星。
上星，成立于2005年，一个在国内商业和休闲旅行者中非常流行的中国经济型酒店品牌，在全国18个城市的26家经济型酒店中拥有约4200间客房。
此外，这些特性允许如家，以进一步扩大其投资组合，在全国80多个城市拥有超过320酒店，并利用如家和Top Star双方的客户基础。
如家计划继续扩大和增加，在未来3至5年的的时间将其物业数目达到1000家。
速8酒店（中国）有限公司速8，是中国经营温德姆集团与天瑞酒店投资公司的许可协议下的一家酒店， 2004年6月开业在北京王府井成立第一家分店，是最早进入市场的对外经济连锁酒店。
该品牌已经扩展，如北京至一线城市，重庆，广州，上海，以及二线城市，如大连，辽宁，四川成都，杭州，哈尔滨，黑龙江，厦门和福建。
速8中国计划继续扩大到小城市和主要公路的位置。
截至2007年2月，速8在有110家在全国的58个城市开业。
速8作为外国经济型酒店品牌有着5方面的的优势。
包括适度的价格，高标准，并建立了品牌声誉。
速8的目标客户是那些注重价值和良好的质量和服务的国际水平的中产阶层的商务和休闲旅客。
尽管在地区差异，如房间大小和停车场空间有着较大的差别，谁速8在中国仍然保持着其在北美的国际标准。
2007年8月27日，温德姆酒店集团宣布，阿埃托斯资本唱片致力于向美国投资高达5000万美元的超级8中国的母公司--天瑞酒店投资公司，以加速其酒店发展。
其现在目标是到2008年奥运会时在全国达到的300家速8品牌间。
其他品牌对外经济，如戴斯酒店（温）品牌，宜必思（雅）和快捷假日酒店（洲际）也存在中国大陆。
外商与国内的连锁酒店的优势是最具竞争力的管理经验和技术。
这尤其适用于中央预订系统由外国酒店提供的，这有助于宣传和简化进入国际游客的酒店。
与此同时，国内经济连锁酒店取代本地业务的知识优势，并正在取得进展的适应国外的连锁酒店的经营模式。
经济型酒店的发展趋势，融资和管理目前，经济型酒店代表在中国的整体酒店业来讲只占了10%左右的份额，但它具有很大的市场潜力。
休闲需求和商业部门预计将增加与中国的经济持续发展和法律法规，将积极地影响旅行。
据中国社会科学院旅游研究中心一向调查表明，2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会为经济型酒店发展提供的驱动力大无比。
政府也支持这一发展，以满足游客巨大的住宿需求。
经济型酒店在中国最密集的东部，北部和南部地区如雨后春笋般崛起。
2006年，46％的经济型酒店主要分布在中国东部，中国北部19％，16％在中国南部。
最快的增长一直在一线城市如上海和北京郊区，如成都，重庆，如上海浦东新区和天津高新技术产业园区商务中心，作为旅游目的地的二线城市，例如三亚和青岛。
新的竞争热点将出现在区域市场，例如中国中部地区。
此外，空置的土地为新的经济型酒店发展的肥沃土壤，而且许多都是从现有的酒店，与现代化的住宿日期转换的时机已经成熟。
兼并和收购将成为未来大规模发展的趋势。
这一趋势始于顶之星上述2007年10月的收购竞争对手的行动。
预测，许多小规模的品牌和酒店业很可能是由大品牌归入独立性质的命运。
资本运营已成为品牌在中国的酒店业竞争的最重要手段。
在当前的市场环境下，经济型酒店是通过各种渠道从事对外融资。
2006年10月，如家成为第一个在纳斯达克上市的中国酒店，上海锦江国际酒店管理有限公司在香港联合交易所上市。
广州的连锁酒店7天连锁酒店获得了美国在2006年10月1000万美元的投资从华平，上海汽车旅馆管理，经营莫泰168，获得了美国在2007年初2000万美元来自摩根士丹利的投资。
各类投资者，包括国内酒店老元老，国外著名品牌，和风险投资基金，都汇聚在中国酒店市场的高利润（约达20％的承诺）和相对快速的回报。
酒店房地产投资信托（REITs）代表资本投资的另一个途径，富豪产业信托在香港初次公开发行于2007年3月20日率先推出。
酒店房地产投资信托基金仍然是中国大陆新兴的，但考虑到住宿业的快速增长，酒店房地产投资信托基金的运作是一个方向，市场可能头部，尤其是关于经济型酒店的发展和交易。
经济型酒店业务不断演变，以保持竞争，促使经济型酒店提供一致的产品，优质的服务，有竞争力的价格，方便的预订系统，高效的电流检测，否则就可能被淘汰。
特许经营的发展提出了许多强制性的标准和服务。
不断发展的经济性能标准要求有策划经验丰富的管理酒店的经营能力。
不断上升的经营成本也促使连锁酒店，寻找有经验的管理团队。
2006年， 86％的中国经济型酒店租赁经营与地面，使地面租赁费增加了3至5倍，在中国的上海和北京的40％左右。