新编跨文化交际英语教程1-10单元翻译
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。
很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。
但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。
新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生)课后翻译-参考模板
1.纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解,无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解--从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。
很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,也即我们“头脑的软件”。
但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,从而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序来运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。
文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。
新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译
1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。
一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。
他开始与雪白的颜色。
“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。
”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。
”“哦,是的,我明白了。
一定是毛茸茸的颜色。
”“不,它也像纸。
”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。
跨文化交际Chapter 1部分翻译
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生,当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道,空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉,the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑,用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时,有些事情似乎就错过了,The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单,并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌,不犯任何文化失礼,不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢?Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间,一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语-阅读教程课文翻译———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 作者作者: : ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 日期日期: :第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新现代社会依赖于技术创新,,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约,越来越多的国家遵守国际条约,实行知识产权保护。
实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去,看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果样的后果,,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现,知识产权保障机制还未健全时健全时,,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场,西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如,例如,美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫 Londax 的著名除草剂的著名除草剂,,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元,该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元,而且又投入了而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而,不到一年以后,一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌 Lond ax公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ron dex ,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是,但是,由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多,它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lon dax 的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
跨文化交际unit1~6课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of stud y is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates pe ople and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies remove d by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own.What is intriguing about many of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-fa ce conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major an d minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolat ionism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand people who se beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our o wn. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily sha re our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in mainta ining world peace.纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
新编英语教程unit1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11课文翻译
新编英语教程unit1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11课文翻译翻译Unit111、他暗示John是肇事者的企图是徒劳的。
(insinuate,futile)暗示,无用的;无效的His attempt at insinuating that John was the culprit turned out to be futile.2、当他未能完成期望他做的事时,他很善于临时找个借口来为自己开脱。
(improvise)临时做He is very clever at improvising excuses when he fails to do what is expected of him.3、他此行去西藏可以满足他想参观布达拉宫的愿望了。
(gratify)使满足;使满意,使高兴His trip to Tibet will gratify his desire to see Potala. (the Potala Palace)4、这个公司拥有雄厚的人力资源。
(command)命令,指挥;控制This corporation commands excellent/rich/abundant human resources.5、另外想个办法去款待你的客人。
不要老是请他们看影视光碟。
(alternative)二中择一;供替代的选择Think of an alternative way of entertaining your guests. Don’t always show them VCDs.6、沉溺于胡思乱想和心血来潮是有害的。
(caprice)任性,反复无常;随想曲It is harmful to indulge in whims and caprices.7、不属于你的东西不要作非分之想。
(lay one’s hands on,be entitled to)2有权;有…的资格Try not to lay your hands on anything that you are not entitled to.8、他没有来参加竞赛。
新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译
1.纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解,无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解--从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。
很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,也即我们“头脑的软件”。
但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,从而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序来运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。
文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。
大学英语跨文化交际教程翻译 杨晓萍 陶岳炼 主编
Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文:对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
新编跨文化交际英语1-10课后翻译
Unit 2 Page 60Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175Unit 6 Page 2158Translation如果接受这样的信念,认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法,并且接受相应的原则,认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历,那么,随之就得到这样的结论:另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。
然而,我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。
我们常常忽略感知的差异,并且断定,如果一个人不知道巴比罗•毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家,他简直就不懂艺术。
实际上,他很可能有着不同的经历,对他来说,什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。
在我们的日常活动中,感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。
不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标,这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。
我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。
文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。
因此,它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。
我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们,怎样去判断别人,使用什么标准去做判断。
这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的,武断的并导致误解的。
相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准,对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。
9Translation身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题,即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准则和社会规范,到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢?在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内?是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化,还是让当地人改变交流方式,从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利?人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢?俗话说“入乡随俗”,很明显,这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。
话虽很有道理,但并不能适用于所有情况。
大学英语跨文化交际教程翻译 杨晓萍 陶岳炼 主编
Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文:对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
U1reading1跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因:是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
L.S.Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:A语言的产生; B文字的使用; C印刷技术的发明; D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展; E跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的,所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
文化通常不是指个人的行为,而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。
作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容,而且应该是放在首位的。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上,其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程;人与人之间直接交往活动;通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展:信息符号传播:手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播媒介传播传播类型:非人类传播与人类传播伴随人类产生发生出现;不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果;交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义:具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动文化在跨文化交际中的地位:是跨文化交际的核心;文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究;文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素:民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段case1主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐,他用餐后说食物很好。
在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。
跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U1
第一单元语言:汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支,由数百种地方语言组成,其中许多语言互不相通。
据估计,10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。
历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语,是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。
从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。
中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前,最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。
在随后的周朝,青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。
周朝后半期文学繁荣发展,包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。
这些作品都是文言文的典范。
3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言,可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语,和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。
中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。
4北宋灭亡后,在晋朝和元朝时期,中国北方出现了一种通用语(现在称为旧官话)。
明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。
在明清时期的多半时间里,这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的,但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。
到1909年,即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语,于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。
普通话是现代汉语的标准形式,以北京语音系统为发音规范,以北方方言为方言基础,以白话文学语言为语法规范。
在中国,普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。
汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。
发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。
因此,对于那些不识汉字的人来说,将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。
拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。
1958年由中国政府出版,并多次修订。
国际标准化组织(ISO)于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准,随后于1986年被联合国采用。
8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。
普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写,或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母,但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。
新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译
1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。
一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。
他开始与雪白的颜色。
“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。
”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。
”“哦,是的,我明白了。
一定是毛茸茸的颜色。
”“不,它也像纸。
”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。
大学英语跨文化交际教程翻译 杨晓萍 陶岳炼 主编
Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文:对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
新编跨文化交际英语教程cases参考答案 中英文版
新编跨文化交际英语教程Intercultural Communication in EnglishCase study 参考答案Case 1 【page 23】In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.在这种情况下,尽管人们努力去理解,但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。
We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.我们应该知道,在埃及,就像在许多文化中一样,人际关系被看得如此重要,以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。
虽然美国人的确重视人际关系,但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。
In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.在这种情况下,理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,因为食物只是设置或借口。
跨文化交际 unit1~6 课后translation中英对照
Unit1Page22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace,ideology,appearance,and behavior from their own.What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l.The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understa nd people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own.The ability,through increased awareness and understanding,to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world pea ce.纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
大学英语跨文化交际教程翻译 杨晓萍 陶岳炼 主编
Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文:对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
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1 Translation纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。
很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,我们“头脑的软件”。
但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么,文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。
文化为我们建立起行为准则,并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。
3 Translation43虽然,我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观,但在每一文化里,总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。
这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的,它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的,等等。
文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的,什么是值得维护的,什么会危及人们及其社会制度,什么是学习的恰当内容,什么是可讽刺嘲笑的,什么是形成群体团结的途径。
文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的,哪些是应当尽力避免的。
价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。
跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的,因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。
换言之,价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式,以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。
由于文化价值系统之间存在差异,我们可以预见,在相似的情境中,跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。
4 Translation我们说语言总是模糊的,指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。
我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定,听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。
换言之,是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。
语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。
为了沟通,我们必须自己推断出对方的意思,除此之外别无他法。
在理解别人说话时,我们必须推测这些话的意思。
这些推测主要基于以下两个来源:(1)他们所使用的语言;(2)我们的世界知识。
这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么。
语言是模糊的。
这意味着无论是读或写,我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。
换言之,语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。
然而,这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢?首先必须明白,如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识,交际便会有比较好的效果。
共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易,因为任何一方对另一方用意的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。
来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误,至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。
5 Translation由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个人经历等各方面的差异,人们分属不同的语言群体,这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。
在当今世界的跨文化交际中,人们之间的差异是相当大的。
人们每天要与来自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往,成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。
当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时,我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。
因此,在交际过程中,就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。
就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思,原因是男性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。
为了让女人高兴,男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。
他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星。
糟糕的是,女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么。
至少在北美社会中,男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同:前者倾向于直接明了,后者则倾向于间接委婉。
女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的。
男性则觉得,如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。
6 Translation非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。
然而,一般来说,很难知道言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。
有些非言语交际方式,例如点头,总是伴随着言语,而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。
另一方面,像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常常是没有任何言语成分的。
我们在这里想做的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意,即人类交往的许多方面都依赖于那些不能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。
当然,我们不能不强调口语和书面语交际的重要性,然而我们也必须意识到许多交际的发生并不使用语言。
一个人出席会议时的穿着会可能是暗示其他与会者,他或她打算如何参与会议。
事实上,我们能运用我们行为或表现的任何方面来和他人进行交际。
7 Translation今天有许多人总想在很短的时间内做很多的事,这种时间观念可以称作“时间强迫”行为综合症,就是不断地试图超越人类能力所限去完成更多的事情。
直到不久以前,时间强迫”还一直被认为是美国人、尤其是出生于从经济大萧条时期直到第二次世界大战结束这个阶段一代美国男性的重要特征。
很明显,这种“时间强迫”的观念现在已不再仅仅是这一代美国男性的文化特征,它已成为亚洲“工薪阶层”的一个特点,并作为商务国际化的一个方面而迅速传遍整个世界。
这种时间观念最重要的影响之一就是:在某个交际情境中,节奏较快的交际参与者几乎总会对较慢的参与者做某种消极的评价。
那些共享“时间强迫”观念的人通常会觉得其他行动比他们慢的人是保守的、不合作的、阻止变化的、反对进步的。
隐藏在“时间强迫”观念之后的是那种未来永远好于过去的理念,而这一理念是牢固地建立在对进步的信仰基础之上的。
8 Translation如果接受这样的信念,认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法,并且接受相应的原则,认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历,那么,随之就得到这样的结论:另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。
然而,我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。
我们常常忽略感知的差异,并且断定,如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家,他简直就不懂艺术。
实际上,他很可能有着不同的经历,对他来说,什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。
在我们的日常活动中,感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。
不同年代的人、不同少数民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标,这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。
我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。
文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。
因此,它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。
我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们,怎样去判断别人,使用什么标准去做判断。
这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的,武断的并导致误解的。
相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准,对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。
9 Translation身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题,即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准则和社会规范,到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢?在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内?是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化,还是让当地人改变交流方式,从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利?人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢?俗话说“入乡随俗”,很明显,这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。
话虽很有道理,但并不能适用于所有情况。
在大多数情况下,顺应当地文化期望的行为表现出对异文化和习俗的尊重。
这样的顺应能够使新来者真正地与当地人进行交流和互动。
尊重不同文化中语言和非语言代码的差异意味着跨文化交际者有责任合理地、尽可能多地学习这些交际代码。
当然,如何才算合理的、尽可能多的,那要视具体情况而定。
有的时候,新来者全面地采用当地的142文化规则可能会被视为无礼的行为,使属于当地文化群体的人们感到不安。
10 Translation理想的减少交际失误的办法是同交际的其他参与者共享知识。
这就是为什么同一文化群体的成员之间最容易交际的原因。
这也解释了为什么在社交上人们总是同与自己很接近的人聚在一起。
当你不必费力就能理解所发生的事情或者让别人明白你的意图时,交际将变得更为轻松顺畅。
遗憾的是,在大多数情况下,这样的联系在交际中时常是不可能存在的。
我们甚至可以进一步说,那不仅是不可能的,而且也是不受欢迎的。
今天,交际发生的情境常常是不同文化群体成员之间在交际。
由于跨文化交际是在不同文化群体成员之间进行的,因此,既然我们之间不共享知识、假设、价值观念和话语形式,我们必须预料到相互理解时将会发生问题。
我们必须注意这些问题,根据我们之间的差异预计哪儿会出现问题,接着调整我们的交际使之尽可能有效。
和其他群体共享知识并不等同于要加入那个群体并成为其成员。
有些群体对吸纳新成员相当排斥。
在提高跨文化交际能力时,我们应该记住,无论我们多么地了解并欣赏另一种文化,都不太可能成为这种文化的成员。
关键是要尽可能地了解其他文化,以便理解和掌握相互之间的差异和共性。