电子信息文献综述外文翻译
电子信息工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System ---------IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combiningconcentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. It releases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3)Characteristics of FCS●Open System;●Interoperability;● replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.● Intelligentize and Autonomy;●Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.●Decentralized System Structure;●Field Adaptability;●Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety●Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware●Saving installation expenses and cables●Saving daily maintenance expenses●Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system●Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4)Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System,With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has caused great revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperature rising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coilimpedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times of the coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressed by transient suppression（cutting-peak）diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection,When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can’t be used in series, otherwise, t he relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can’t operate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can’t be used in AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can’t always reliably operate in low level load (less than 10m A×6A) or in dry circuit occasions. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn’t always suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren’t synchronous; the relay that is only specif ied to switch the load of AC 50Hz（or 60Hz）can’t be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can’t increase the load current, because the operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can’t close or open. The parallel connection of the contacts can decrease t he misplay of “break”. But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “freezing”. Because the misplay of “break” is the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increase the load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased. The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “freezing”, but it would increase the mis play of “break”. Anyway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can’t switch on steadily. Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TESTAPPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a great achiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months.The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating.，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter.Without power compensationTaking physics measures as the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method.Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams.Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor.screen manifestationChinese operation interface，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
电子信息工程电路编程中的AT89C51单片机译文标题电路编程中的AT89C51单片机AT89C51 In-Circuit Programming 原文标题作者Robert W.Sparks等译名国籍美国斯帕克等W.罗伯特Atmel Corporation原文出处摘要本应用说明的是ATMEL公司AT89C51的电路可编程闪存的微控制器。
为在电路可编程AT89C51的应用提出了与应用程序相关的例子，它的修改要求支持在线编程。
这种方法显示在该应用程序中的AT89C51单片机可通过商业电话线远程改编。
本应用笔记中描述的电路，仅支持5伏电压下编程，需要使用一个AT89C51-XX-5。
标准A T89C51的需要12伏电压。
该应用程序的软件可从ATMEL下载。
总论当不在进行程序设计的时候，在电路设计中的AT89C51设计将变得透明化。
在编程期间必须重视EA/VPP这一脚。
在不使用外部程序存储器的应用程序中，这脚可能会永久接到VCC。
应用程序使用的外部程序存储器要求这一脚为低电平才能正常运行。
RST在编程期间必须为高电平。
应该提供一种方法使得电路通入电源以后，使RST代替主要的复位电路起到复位的作用。
在编程过程中，PSEN必须保持低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用。
ALE/ PRO在编程过程中输出低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用在编程过程中AT89C5I / 端口是用于模式应用程序，地址和数据选择的，可能要该控制器从应用的电路隔离。
如何做到这一点取决于应用程序输入端在编程过程中，控制器必须与应用电路的信号来源隔离。
带有三个输出状态的缓冲区在应用程序之间插入电路和控制器，同时在编程时缓冲区输出三种状态。
一个多路复用器用于信号源之间进行选择，适用于任何一方的应用电路或编程控制器电路的信号输出端如果应用的电路可以允许端口在编程过程中的状态变化，则不需要改变电路。
如果应电路的状态，必须事先在编程过程中的保持不变，可能在控制器和应用电路中插入锁存。
文献综述及外文文献翻译
⽂献综述及外⽂⽂献翻译华中科技⼤学⽂华学院毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译（本科学⽣⽤）题⽬：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学⽣姓名：_周训⽅___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06⾃动化（1）班_指导教师：张晓丹___职称或学位：助教__20 年⽉⽇外⽂⽂献翻译（译成中⽂1000字左右）：【主要阅读⽂献不少于5篇，译⽂后附注⽂献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论⽂题⽬）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。
提供所译外⽂资料附件（印刷类含封⾯、封底、⽬录、翻译部分的复印件等，⽹站类的请附⽹址及原⽂】英⽂节选原⽂：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding b it in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC cont roller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中⽂翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。
电子类文献中英文翻译
外文翻译原文：Progress in ComputersThe first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer.As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarass de richess. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant.In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of electronics.dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering.properly recognised as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organising a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practice Consolidation in the 1960sBy the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the worldhad increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along.Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly.Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level of integration was reached for one chip to accommodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by off-chip wiring to make a computer or anything else.These chips made a new kind of computer possible. It was called a minicomputer. It was something less that a mainframe, but still very powerful, and much more affordable. Instead of having one expensive mainframe for the whole organisation, a business or a university was able to have a minicomputer for each major department.Before long minicomputers began to spread and become more powerful. The world was hungry for computing power and it had been very frustrating for industry not to be able to supply it on the scale required and at a reasonable cost. Minicomputers transformed the situation.The fall in the cost of computing did not start with the minicomputer; it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the computer industry ‘going the other way’. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less.Research in Computer Hardware.The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research in computer hardware. The user of the 7400 series could work at the gate and flip-flop level and yet the overall level of integration was sufficient to give a degree of reliability far above that of discreet transistors. The researcher, in a university or elsewhere, could build any digital device that a fertile imagination could conjure up. In the Computer Laboratory we built the Cambridge CAP, a full-scale minicomputerwith fancy capability logic.The 7400 series was still going strong in the mid 1970s and was used for the Cambridge Ring, a pioneering wide-band local area network. Publication of the design study for the Ring came just before the announcement of the Ethernet. Until these two systems appeared, users had mostly been content with teletype-based local area networks.Rings need high reliability because, as the pulses go repeatedly round the ring, they must be continually amplified and regenerated. It was the high reliability provided by the 7400 series of chips that gave us the courage needed to embark on the project for the Cambridge Ring.The RISC Movement and Its AftermathEarly computers had simple instruction sets. As time went on designers of commercially available machines added additional features which they thought would improve performance. Few comparative measurements were done and on the whole the choice of features depended upo n the designer’s intuition.In 1980, the RISC movement that was to change all this broke on the world. The movement opened with a paper by Patterson and Ditzel entitled The Case for the Reduced Instructions Set Computer.Apart from leading to a striking acronym, this title conveys little of the insights into instruction set design which went with the RISC movement, in particular the way it facilitated pipelining, a system whereby several instructions may be in different stages of execution within the processor at the same time. Pipelining was not new, but it was new for small computersThe RISC movement benefited greatly from methods which had recently become available for estimating the performance to be expected from a computer design without actually implementing it. I refer to the use of a powerful existing computer to simulate the new design. By the use of simulation, RISC advocates were able to predict with some confidence that a good RISC design would be able to out-perform the best conventional computers using the same circuit technology. This prediction was ultimately born out in practice.Simulation made rapid progress and soon came into universal use by computer designers. In consequence, computer design has become more of a science and less of an art. Today, designers expect to have a roomful of, computers available to do their simulations, not just one. They refer to such a roomful by the attractive nameof computer farm.The x86 Instruction SetLittle is now heard of pre-RISC instruction sets with one major exception, namely that of the Intel 8086 and its progeny, collectively referred to as x86. This has become the dominant instruction set and the RISC instruction sets that originally had a considerable measure of success are having to put up a hard fight for survival.This dominance of x86 disappoints people like myself who come from the research wings.both academic and industrial.of the computer field. No doubt, business considerations have a lot to do with the survival of x86, but there are other reasons as well. However much we research oriented people would like to think otherwise. high level languages have not yet eliminated the use of machine code altogether. We need to keep reminding ourselves that there is much to be said for strict binary compatibility with previous usage when that can be attained. Nevertheless, things might have been different if Intel’s major attempt to produce a good RISC chip had been more successful. I am referring to the i860 (not the i960, which was something different). In many ways the i860 was an excellent chip, but its software interface did not fit it to be used in a workstation.There is an interesting sting in the tail of this apparently easy triumph of the x86 instruction set. It proved impossible to match the steadily increasing speed of RISC processors by direct implementation of the x86 instruction set as had been done in the past. Instead, designers took a leaf out of the RISC book; although it is not obvious, on the surface, a modern x86 processor chip contains hidden within it a RISC-style processor with its own internal RISC coding. The incoming x86 code is, after suitable massaging, converted into this internal code and handed over to the RISC processor where the critical execution is performed.In this summing up of the RISC movement, I rely heavily on the latest edition of Hennessy and Patterson’s books on computer design as my supporting authority; see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2003, pp 146, 151-4, 157-8.The IA-64 instruction set.Some time ago, Intel and Hewlett-Packard introduced the IA-64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognised need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed compatibility with the x86; the puzzle is that they did the exact opposite.Moreover, built into the design of IA-64 is a feature known as predication which makes it incompatible in a major way with all other instruction sets. In particular, it needs 6 extra bits with each instruction. This upsets the traditional balance between instruction word length and information content, and it changes significantly the brief of the compiler writer.In spite of having an entirely new instruction set, Intel made the puzzling claim that chips based on IA-64 would be compatible with earlier x86 chips. It was hard to see exactly what was meant.Chips for the latest IA-64 processor, namely, the Itanium, appear to have special hardware for compatibility. Even so, x86 code runs very slowly.Because of the above complications, implementation of IA-64 requires a larger chip than is required for more conventional instruction sets. This in turn implies a higher cost. Such at any rate, is the received wisdom, and, as a general principle, it was repeated as such by Gordon Moore when he visited Cambridge recently to open the Betty and Gordon Moore Library. I have, however, heard it said that the matter appears differently from within Intel. This I do not understand. But I am very ready to admit that I am completely out of my depth as regards the economics of the semiconductor industry.AMD have defined a 64 bit instruction set that is more compatible with x86 and they appear to be making headway with it. The chip is not a particularly large one. Some people think that this is what Intel should have done. [Since the lecture was delivered, Intel have announced that they will market a range of chips essentially compatible with those offered by AMD.]The Relentless Drive towards Smaller TransistorsThe scale of integration continued to increase. This was achieved by shrinking the original transistors so that more could be put on a chip. Moreover, the laws of physics were on the side of the manufacturers. The transistors also got faster, simply by getting smaller. It was therefore possible to have, at the same time, both high density and high speed.There was a further advantage. Chips are made on discs of silicon, known as wafers. Each wafer has on it a large number of individual chips, which are processed together and later separated. Since shrinkage makes it possible to get more chips on a wafer, the cost per chip goes down.Falling unit cost was important to the industry because, if the latest chipsare cheaper to make as well as faster, there is no reason to go on offering the old ones, at least not indefinitely. There can thus be one product for the entire market.However, detailed cost calculations showed that, in order to maintain this advantage as shrinkage proceeded beyond a certain point, it would be necessary to move to larger wafers. The increase in the size of wafers was no small matter. Originally, wafers were one or two inches in diameter, and by 2000 they were as much as twelve inches. At first, it puzzled me that, when shrinkage presented so many other problems, the industry should make things harder for itself by going to larger wafers. I now see that reducing unit cost was just as important to the industry as increasing the number of transistors on a chip, and that this justified the additional investment in foundries and the increased risk.The degree of integration is measured by the feature size, which, for a given technology, is best defined as the half the distance between wires in the densest chips made in that technology. At the present time, production of 90 nm chips is still building upSuspension of LawIn March 1997, Gordon Moore was a guest speaker at the celebrations of the centenary of the discovery of the electron held at the Cavendish Laboratory. It was during the course of his lecture that I first heard the fact that you can have silicon chips that are both fast and low in cost described as a violation of Murphy’s law.or Sod’s law as it is usually called in the UK. Moore said that experience in other fields would lead you to expect to have to choose between speed and cost, or to compromise between them. In fact, in the case of silicon chips, it is possible to have both.In a reference book available on the web, Murphy is identified as an engineer working on human acceleration tests for the US Air Force in 1949. However, we were perfectly familiar with the law in my student days, when we called it by a much more prosaic name than either of those mentioned above, namely, the Law of General Cussedness. We even had a mock examination question in which the law featured. It was the type of question in which the first part asks for a definition of some law or principle and the second part contains a problem to be solved with the aid of it. In our case the first part was to define the Law of General Cussedness and the second was the problem;A cyclist sets out on a circular cycling tour. Derive an equation giving the direction of the wind at any time.The single-chip computerAt each shrinkage the number of chips was reduced and there were fewer wires going from one chip to another. This led to an additional increment in overall speed, since the transmission of signals from one chip to another takes a long time.Eventually, shrinkage proceeded to the point at which the whole processor except for the caches could be put on one chip. This enabled a workstation to be built that out-performed the fastest minicomputer of the day, and the result was to kill the minicomputer stone dead. As we all know, this had severe consequences for the computer industry and for the people working in it.From the above time the high density CMOS silicon chip was Cock of the Roost. Shrinkage went on until millions of transistors could be put on a single chip and the speed went up in proportion.Processor designers began to experiment with new architectural features designed to give extra speed. One very successful experiment concerned methods for predicting the way program branches would go. It was a surprise to me how successful this was. It led to a significant speeding up of program execution and other forms of prediction followedEqually surprising is what it has been found possible to put on a single chip computer by way of advanced features. For example, features that had been developed for the IBM Model 91.the giant computer at the top of the System 360 range.are now to be found on microcomputersMurphy’s Law remained in a state of suspension. No longer did it make se nse to build experimental computers out of chips with a small scale of integration, such as that provided by the 7400 series. People who wanted to do hardware research at the circuit level had no option but to design chips and seek for ways to get them made. For a time, this was possible, if not easyUnfortunately, there has since been a dramatic increase in the cost of making chips, mainly because of the increased cost of making masks for lithography, a photographic process used in the manufacture of chips. It has, in consequence, again become very difficult to finance the making of research chips, and this is a currently cause for some concern.The Semiconductor Road MapThe extensive research and development work underlying the above advances has been made possible by a remarkable cooperative effort on the part of theinternational semiconductor industry.At one time US monopoly laws would probably have made it illegal for US companies to participate in such an effort. However about 1980 significant and far reaching changes took place in the laws. The concept of pre-competitive research was introduced. Companies can now collaborate at the pre-competitive stage and later go on to develop products of their own in the regular competitive manner.The agent by which the pre-competitive research in the semi-conductor industry is managed is known as the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). This has been active as a US organisation since 1992 and it became international in 1998. Membership is open to any organisation that can contribute to the research effort.Every two years SIA produces a new version of a document known as the International Technological Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), with an update in the intermediate years. The first volume bearing the title ‘Roadmap’ was issued in 1994 but two reports, written in 1992 and distributed in 1993, are regarded as the true beginning of the series.Successive roadmaps aim at providing the best available industrial consensus on the way that the industry should move forward. They set out in great detail.over a 15 year horizon. the targets that must be achieved if the number of components on a chip is to be doubled every eighteen months.that is, if Moore’s law is to be maintained.-and if the cost per chip is to fall.In the case of some items, the way ahead is clear. In others, manufacturing problems are foreseen and solutions to them are known, although not yet fully worked out; these areas are coloured yellow in the tables. Areas for which problems are foreseen, but for which no manufacturable solutions are known, are coloured red. Red areas are referred to as Red Brick Walls.The targets set out in the Roadmaps have proved realistic as well as challenging, and the progress of the industry as a whole has followed the Roadmaps closely. This is a remarkable achievement and it may be said that the merits of cooperation and competition have been combined in an admirable manner.It is to be noted that the major strategic decisions affecting the progress of the industry have been taken at the pre-competitive level in relative openness, rather than behind closed doors. These include the progression to larger wafers.By 1995, I had begun to wonder exactly what would happen when the inevitable point was reached at which it became impossible to make transistors any smaller.My enquiries led me to visit ARPA headquarters in Washington DC, where I was given a copy of the recently produced Roadmap for 1994. This made it plain that serious problems would arise when a feature size of 100 nm was reached, an event projected to happen in 2007, with 70 nm following in 2010. The year for which the coming of 100 nm (or rather 90 nm) was projected was in later Roadmaps moved forward to 2004 and in the event the industry got there a little sooner.I presented the above information from the 1994 Roadmap, along with such other information that I could obtain, in a lecture to the IEE in London, entitled The CMOS end-point and related topics in Computing and delivered on 8 February 1996.The idea that I then had was that the end would be a direct consequence of the number of electrons available to represent a one being reduced from thousands to a few hundred. At this point statistical fluctuations would become troublesome, and thereafter the circuits would either fail to work, or if they did work would not be any faster. In fact the physical limitations that are now beginning to make themselves felt do not arise through shortage of electrons, but because the insulating layers on the chip have become so thin that leakage due to quantum mechanical tunnelling has become troublesome.There are many problems facing the chip manufacturer other than those that arise from fundamental physics, especially problems with lithography. In an update to the 2001 Roadmap published in 2002, it was stated that the continuation of progress at present rate will be at risk as we approach 2005 when the roadmap projects that progress will stall without research break-throughs in most technical areas “. This was the most specific statement about the Red Brick Wall, that had so far come from the SIA and it was a strong one. The 2003 Roadmap reinforces this statement by showing many areas marked red, indicating the existence of problems for which no manufacturable solutions are known.It is satisfactory to report that, so far, timely solutions have been found to all the problems encountered. The Roadmap is a remarkable document and, for all its frankness about the problems looming above, it radiates immense confidence. Prevailing opinion reflects that confidence and there is a general expectation that, by one means or another, shrinkage will continue, perhaps down to 45 nm or even less.However, costs will rise steeply and at an increasing rate. It is cost that will ultimately be seen as the reason for calling a halt. The exact point at which an industrial consensus is reached that the escalating costs can no longer be met willdepend on the general economic climate as well as on the financial strength of the semiconductor industry itself.。
电子信息工程专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文毕业论文中英文对照翻译中英文对照翻译院（系部） 电气工程与自动化 专业名称 电子信息工程Infrared Remote Control SystemAbstractRed outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand.Keywords:Infrare dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Redoutside transceiver1 Introduction1.1 research the background and significanceInfrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role. At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment. medical equipment and other fields widely used. For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface. With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient. With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance. then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.1.2 Infrared Remote ControlTransceiver SystemInfrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control. Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel remote control system; with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system. Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation. While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multistable memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order. If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system. Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control. As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation (such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.) to decide. General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders (or decoder chip MCU) and the external circuit consisting of three parts. Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse. Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible.Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and microcontroller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts. Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts. When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals. General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts. Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit. Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding. The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles 1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and typeCurrently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps; medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps; High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 0 - 30cm, which is commonly used standard 5V power supply, transmission distance away at least 1mabove.1.3.2 infrared remote control transmitters of the status quo at home and abroadInfrared communication technology in the development stage and there are several infrared communication standards, between different standards for infrared equipment can not infrared communication. To have all the infrared equipment to interoperability in 1993 by more than 20 large manufacturers initiated the establishment of an Infrared Data Association (IRDA) unified the infrared communication standards , which is currently widely used in infrared data communication protocols and standards, also known as the IRDA standard.Since 1993 IRDA since the establishment of the Infrared Data Association members have developed to more than 150. IRDA standards of the industry has been widely recognized and supported. Has been developed with the infrared communications equipment have been as many as 100 species. IR module, installed capacity has reached 150 million sets. Although there is also a short distance wireless Bluetooth technology, But in infrared communication technology low cost and broad compatibility advantages, Infrared data communication in the future will still be a very long time inherent short-range wireless data communications fields play an important role.1.3.3 Infrared Transceiver product development trendIn various infrared transceiver products, although the transmission rate, transmission distance and other characteristics, But infrared transceiver products has been towards improving the transmission rate, increase the transmission distance and lower power consumption, expanding launch reception angle of development. In particular, as the technology development and maturity, the means of transmission is moving in the direction of point-to-multipoint. Therefore infrared remote control transceiver products have broader prospects for development.2 Infrared communication of knowledge2.1 infrared ray foundation knowledge2.1.1 infrared outlinedInfrared is actually a kind of electromagnetic wave. From the analysis of various natural component of the electromagnetic wave reflected spectrum is :-ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio wave. From the viewpoint of form, and they did not seem to, but if the wavelength in descending order, and we will find him all the only visible light spectrum of the entire 0.38 µm - 0.76µm so long little area, and adjacent to the visible light and infrared (including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign) accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 µm - 1000µm of a major. Which micron wavelength range also includes UV, visible, near infrared, mid-infrared and far-infrared, microwave.From the above analysis shows that infrared is a very rich spectrum resources, it currently has in production, life, military, medical, and other aspects have been widely used, such as infrared heating, medical infrared, infrared communication, infrared camera, infrared remote control, and so on. Infrared remote control is the many applications of infrared part of the current household appliances widely used in TV remote control, VCR remote control, VCD remote control, high-fidelity audio remote control, are used infra-red remote control, It allows the control of these appliances have become very easy.2.1.2 infrared propertiesInfrared lies between visible light and microwave a wave, it is with certain clinical characteristics of the wave. In the near-infrared, visible light and its adjacent, it is visible in certain characteristics, such as straight-line transmission, reflection, refraction, scattering, diffraction, can be certainobjects and can be absorbed through the lens of their focusing. In the far-infrared region, owing to its neighboring microwave, it has some characteristics of microwave, If a strong penetrating power and can run through some opaque substances. Since in any object, natural profession, regardless of whether its own luminescence (referring to visible light), as long as the temperature is above absolute zero (-273 ° C), moment will be kept around to infrared radiation. Only higher temperature of objects strong infrared radiation, low-temperature objects infrared radiation weaker. Therefore infrared feature is the greatest common in nature, it is called thermal radiation called thermal radiation. Infrared cameras, infrared night market pyroelectric infrared detectors and some other missiles aiming at is the use of this characteristic of infrared work.Infrared and visible light compared to another characteristic of a variety of colors. As the longest wavelength of visible light is a wavelength of the shortest times (780 nm-380 nm), So is called an octave. And infrared wavelength is the longest shortest wavelength of a times, and the longest wavelength infrared is the shortest wavelength of 10 times, that is, 10 octave. Therefore, if visible light can be expressed as seven colors, infrared may performance 70 colors, showing the rich colors. Infrared smoke through the good performance, which is also one of its features.Because not visible to the infrared, it has little effect on the environment. By the wave infrared rays than the long wavelength radio waves, infrared remote control will not affect the nearby radio equipment. Another wavelength of less than 1.5µm near infrared light, transparent atmosphere in the visible light transmission characteristics much better than, because it close to the visible edge of the red light, linear transmission, reflection, refraction and absorption material and the physical characteristics very similar to visible light. Therefore, it can be used with similar visible focusing lens and other opticaldevices. Because infrared remote control is not as remote as the radio through the barrier to control the object's ability to control, so in the design of household appliances infra-red remote control, wireless remote control as unnecessary, each set (transmitters and receivers) have different frequency or remote coding (Otherwise, wall will control or interference with neighbors household appliances), all similar products in the infrared remote control, The same can control the frequency or coding, and no remote control signal "drop." This universal infrared remote control provides a great convenience. Infrared to visible light, is very subtle and confidentiality, therefore, the security, Alert and other security devices have been widely used. Infrared remote control is simple in structure and easy, low-cost, anti-interference capability, high reliability are a number of advantages, is a close-up remote control, especially in indoor remote control optimized manner.2.1.3 infrared diode characteristicsInfrared is not visible, people here are not aware of. Electronic technology is used infrared light emitting diode (also known as the IR emission diode) to generate infrared. Infrared remote control transceiver is using near-infrared transmission control instructions 0.76µm wavelength of ~ 1. 5µm. Near-infrared remote control as a light source, because there infrared light emitting diodes and infrared receiving device (photodiode. Transistor and PV) and the luminescence peak wavelength of light by the general 0.8µm ~ 0. 94µm. in the near-infrared band, both of the spectrum is the coincidence to a good match, access to higher transmission efficiency and higher reliability. Commonly used infrared diode, and its shape is similar LED light emitting diodes, Its basic circuit shown in figure 2 -2. The triode plans for the switch, when the base added a driving signal, Transistor saturated conduction infrared LED D is also Wizard Link, issued infrared (near infrared about 0.93 µm). D.The pressure drop of about 1.4 V and the current general for 10-20mA. To adapt to the working voltage of the D loop resistance often as a series of infrared diode current limit resistance.When the circuit diagram of the infrared emission control corresponding to the controlled device, the control of the distance and D is proportional to the transmitting power. In order to increase the distance of infrared control, infrared diode D should work on the pulse state that work is the lifeblood of current. Because pulse light (optical modulation) the effective transmission distance and pulse is proportional to the peak current, only maximize peak current Ip, will increase the infrared distance. Ip increase is a way to reduce the pulse duty cycle, that is compressed pulse width τsome TV infrared remote control, its infrared luminescence of the pulse duty cycle of about 1/4-1/3; Some electrical products infrared remote control, its duty cycle of 1 / 10. Decreasing pulse duty cycle also enable low-power infrared LED distance of the greatly increased. Common infrared light emitting diodes, power is divided into small power (1 mW - 10mW). Chinese power (20mW - 50mW) and power (50mW - 100mW more) three categories. Use different power infrared LED, the allocation should be driven by the corresponding power control. Figure 2 -2 by the reflected infrared light-emitting diodes to make produce optical modulation, Drivers only need to add the control of a certain frequency pulse voltage.Infrared transmitter and receiver in the way the two kinds of straight, and the second is reflective. Luminescence pointed straight pipe and tube receiver placed in a relatively controlled and fired on the two ends, a certain distance away from the middle; Reflective means luminescent tube and pipe parallel with the receiving peacetime, without always receiving tube light, luminescence only in possession of the infrared light reflected fromencountered, the receiving tube received from the reflected infrared before work.2.2 infrared communication basic tenets2.2.1 infrared communication PrincipleCommunication is the use of infrared wavelength of 900 nm-infrared waves from 1000 to serve as an information carrier, through infrared technology between the two close communication and confidentiality of information transmitted. Infrared communication system structure include : part launcher, channel, the receiver part.Launcher source letter issued after the binary signal from the high-frequency modulated infrared LED sent, receiving device regard the reception of high-frequency signals from the infrared receiver tube after receiving further demodulation photoelectric conversion of the original information of a mass communication lose way. Afterwards the former Information received after receiving part of the drive circuit connected to the expected completion of the various functions. To which the modulation coding style pulse width modulation (by changing the pulse width modulated signal PWM) and pulse modulation time (through change the pulse train interval time between the modulation signal PPM) two.2.2.2 infrared communication system elements(1) Launches : Currently there is a infrared wireless digital communications system sources of information including voice, data, images. Its methods of work for the launch of the receiver can be divided into different layout LOS way (Light-of-Sight , intracardiac way), diffuse (diffuse) mode. LOS way directional, it has good channel characteristics such advantages, but the existence of a "shadow" effect. difficult to achieve roaming function. Roaming means the main features of non-directional, and easy to implementroaming function, but its channel quality is better sometimes LOS way. Transmission of signals required for a few of (the sampling was quantified), the general need for baseband modulation, transmission, modulation, sometimes signal source coding, the above-driven signals from photoelectric converter complete optical signal transmission. Infrared wireless digital communications system and its scope of work-for-fired power distribution, the quality of the communication. While using various methods to improve optical transmitter power, the other using spatial diversity, holographic films and so on so diffuse light for the launch of space optical power evenly distributed.(2) Channel : infrared wireless digital communication channel refers to the transmitters and receivers in the space between. Due to natural light and artificial light sources such as light signals in the context of intervention, and the source - Electrical Equipment, The optical noise and disturbances, infrared wireless digital communications in some occasions, poor quality, At this point needed to channel coding. Infrared wireless communication system, the optical signal reflection, light scattering and background noise and interference effects, Infrared wireless digital channel presence multi-path interference and noise, This is to improve the quality and access for high-speed applications should be addressed. Infrared wireless digital communication channel often used by the major optical components, optical filter, condenser, their role is : plastic, filter, depending on the field transformation, the band division, the lens can be used as launch-ray focusing, the use of optical filters filter out stray light, the use of optical lenses to expand the field of view receiver, able to make use of optical components for the link frequency division multiplexing, etc.. Infrared wireless communication channel optical noise : the natural noise (sunlight) and anthropogenic interference (fluorescent lighting). can be modulated by the transmission technology such as filters and adding to be addressed.(3) receivers : Channel optical signal from the optical receiver partially photoelectric conversion, In order to remove noise and intersymbol interference and other functions. Infrared wireless digital communications system receiver include optical receiver parts and follow-up sampling, filtering, judgment, quantity, balanced and decoding part. Infrared wireless optical receiver often used amplifier, and called for large-bandwidth, high gain, low noise and low noise, frequency response and channel impulse response matched. To be suppressed by low-frequency noise and human disturbance needs a band-pass filter. To obtain large optical receiver scope and instantaneous field of view, often using spherical optical lens.2.2.3 infrared communications featureWireless communications are a lot of ways, some using infrared communication with the following characteristics :• The high frequency, wave length, and fired the energy concentrated space propagation attenuation coefficient can ensure the effective signal transmission;• infrared is the invisible light, strong confidentiality and use it as an information carrier. device when there is no visual pollution, it does no harm to the human body;• dissemination without limitation, and there is no question of frequency interference with radio-wave pattern, not on the spectrum resources to the relevant authorities for the application and registration, easy to implement;• has a good point, when the transmission equipment and infrared receiver ports line up straight, deviation of not more than about 15 degrees when infrared devices running the best effect;• through infrared or not bypassed and objects, data transmission, optical path can not be blocked;• currently produce and receive infrared signals in the technology is relatively mature, components small size, low cost production of simple, easy to produce and modulation advantages.2.3 infrared communication code based on the knowledgeUsually, infrared remote control transmitters will signal (pulse binary code) modulation at 38 KHz carrier, After buffer amplified sent to the infrared light-emitting diodes, infrared signals into firing away. Pulse binary code in a variety of formats. One of the most commonly used code is PWM (pulse width modulation code) and the PPM code (Pulse Code Modulation). The former said in a pulse width, pulse indicated 0. The latter pulse width, but the width of code-not the same, the codes represent a bit - and the digits represent narrow 0.Remote coding pulse signal (PPM code as an example) are usually guided by the code, the system code, the anti-code system, a feature code, functional anti-code signal components. Guide the code name for the initial code, by the width of 9 ms and the margin width of 4.5 ms to the low-level components (different remote control systems in the low-level high width of a certain distinction), remote coding used to mark the beginning of pulsed signals. System identification code is also called code, which used to indicate the type of remote control system, in order to distinguish other remote-control system, prevent the remote control system malfunction. Functional code is also called scripts, which represents the corresponding control functions, Receiver of the micro-controller functions under the numerical code to complete the various functions operating. Anti-code system and function codes are anti-system code and the functional code against code Anti-code can be joined to the receiver synchronization transmission process leads to errors. In order to improve performance and reduce interference power consumption, The remote control will be coded pulse frequency of 38 KHz (for the cycle of 26.3 ms) of the carrier signal pulse reshuffle system (PAM), and then sentto the buffer amplified infrared LED, the remote control signal transmitter away.Address code and data codes are composed of different pulse width expressed that the two narrow pulse "0"; 2 pulse width "1"; a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an "F" is the code addresses "vacant."Is the first part of a group a group of code, each code synchronization between separated. The plan is to enlarge the second half of a group code : a code from 12 AD (the address code plus data code For example, eight address code plus four data code), each with two AD-Pulse's : Pulse said the two "0"; 2 pulse width "1"; a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an "F" is the code addresses "vacant."Realize fired at each fired at least four groups code, PT2272 only twice in a row to detect the same address code plus data code data will be the code "1" is driven The data should be output to drive margin and VT terminal for synchronous serial.红外遥控系统摘 要红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。
文献综述含外文翻译
文献综述【摘要】在我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
[ Abstract ]reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection techno logical development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection techno logy achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development te ndency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization【关键词】继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展【Key word】relay protection present situation development，relay protections f uture development1 继电保护发展现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。
建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。
50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。
Internet中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。
这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。
这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。
建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。
ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。
此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。
国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。
到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。
由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。
NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。
在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。
到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。
到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。
于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。
每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。
专业外语阅读文献综述—The effect of modern electronic technology on memory
The effect of modern electronic technology onmemory应用心理学xx班xxxxuehaoAbstract: With the progress of modern civilization, and the improvement of people's living standard, the electronic science and technology is more and more widespread popularity.The use of mobile phones, cameras and computers all make people's life more convenient. At the same time, there is a study shows that people's memory is also decreased with the use of these electronic technology. This paper focus on how the use of modern electronic technology, such as cameras, mobile phones and computers, decrease people’s memory, collating and summarizing the relevant researches and views of the researchers.Key words:memory; memory decreased; impact; modern electronic technology; Internet1 IntroductionAs we all know, memory is one of the basic functions of the human brain. We will be a fleeting thing if we don’t have the memory. Nowadays，with the development of modern technology, more and more people like to choose to keep the things in the cameras, mobile phones and computers, rather than keep it into the brains. the Huffington Post in American reported that, when people are asked “ What can technology bring to you?”, they almost emerged out some thing positive immediately, just like convenience, fast, and so on. But along with the science and technology brings to us convenience, some affiliated defects (such as, memory declined severely, ect.) also appeared. All kinds of contacts list functions in many softwares greatlyfacilitates our life, but also let the "amnesia" groups of people increasingly large, and some people even can not say a complete telephone number without this contacts list. In this way, let people to face the negative influences of modern science and technology on memory is very important.2 The definition and the current situation of memoryWhat past experience reflected in the human brain is called memory. Memory consists four basic processes, which is memorizing, keeping, recongnition and recall. Memory is the hub of which our all activities are going. In today's society, the memory has been widespread concernned. And how to reduce the memory decline and improve our memory ,or other problem like these has become a topic of widespread concern.3 The processes of memory and the factors affecting memory3.1 The processes of memoryThere are some processes in memory, scientists believe that memory can be divided into short-term memory, medium-term memory and long-term memory. The essence of the short term memory is the immediate physiological and biochemical responses of the brain, while the medium term and the long term memory is brain cells occured in the structure change, and established a fixed link. Short-term memory model has been replaced by " working memory” in the past 25 years.Tthere are three subsystems: the short-term visual impression which formed by space visual. The sound loop to store sound information. This can be existed for a long time by repeated. The central executive system manages these two systems and establish contact with these information and long memory content. That is to say, the processes of memory are the processes which the brain has a series of physiological reactions, is a related chain of memory.3.2 The factors affecting memoryWhen our memory was damaged, that is when the chain of memory was damaged, according to the study which written by Wang Pengyun et al. (2013) shows that in item memory (paired association learning and associative memory) and connection memory (image free recall and non graphical recognition) will appear some serious problems. How dose these problems appear? As we know that memory’s damage often occur in the group of old people, according to the investigation on Chen Xueping et al. (2009) of the elderly people in Hangzhou City, showed that the age, education, life satisfaction, self-care ability and exercise were the factors affecting the prevalence of elderly cognitive impairment. So it can be said that the main factor of memory effect is people’s own conditions.4 The effect of the use of cameras on memory4.1 photo-taking impairment effectPhoto-taking impairment effect - the scientists found that the more people take pictures, the less they feel and experience, and the details of the picture also be more blurred by these people.4.2 The research of Fairfield UniversityThe researchers in the Fairfield University let a group of students to remember the details about the things which they just visited in the museum as many as they can.The test data show that, these students’ memory accuracy is low when they identified the thing they had filmed, compared with in identifying the things they had looked only without to take photographs of the high degree of accuracy. In addition, the detail memory came to be poorer when they had taken photographs than not.Doctor Henkel (2014) said, "in order to catch a moment which is valuable, people often choose to use his/her camera, rather than to use their brain to remember, what caused they miss what is happening in that moment. When people rely on technology products to help himself to remember, for example, when depend on the camera to record events, and then do not need to focus total concern on -- this will have a negative impact on them to keep their own experiences.5 The effect of the use of mobile phones on memory5.1 Electronic Science and technology equipment is not conducive to our attentionWhether attention is focus on is the key whether we can form a strong memory. However,overwhelming electronic technology equipments let the way that relies on centralized attention to exercise their memory to be forgetten. People do two things at one time or even do the multitasking, such as browse weibo, use multi screen window to browse information when they are walking , makes people's attention has been dispersed. But researches show that, actually, people’s attention only can be put on one thing at one time. That is to say, few people can really do multitasking,when attention is dispersed, the memory decreases, too.5.2 Cell phone radiation affects memoryAccording to a study conducted by researcher at the Department of Neurosurgery of Lund University Hospital in Sweden, mobile phone radiation will indeed affect people's memory. In the past more than a year time, Henrietta Nittby (2008),a researcher, carried out a series of experiments on mice. These mice will be in mobile phone radiation for two hours every week. The result shows that, the mice’s memory,which are under radiation,are worse than the mice which are without the radiation.Professor Henrietta Nittby and Professor Leif Salford believe that ,the results of this study may has a complicated relationship with past research results of this team, that is, the microwave radiation from cell phones will affect the so-called "blood brain barrier". Leif Salford and his colleagues had found that, when experimental animals exposed to mobile phone radiation, a transport protein in the blood, namely endosperm proteins, will penetrate into the brain tissue. And the “blood-brain barrier” can protect the brain don’t suffer from the harm of substances in the blood.At the same time, the team also found that,the part of the nerve damage,which is exist in the form of the injured nerve cells, is present in the center of cerebral cortex and the brain's memory -the hippocampus. It is the memory centers of the brain. When exposed to radiation, the endosperm proteins will emanation quickly, until four to eight weeks later, the nerve cells will damage. In addition, they also found a large number of gene’s activity changes - not just change in a single gene, but also groups of gene’s activity produced change (Henrietta Nittby, Leif Salford.2008).In the Fu Daigang, Long Yunfang and Zhao Liqiang’s study which is research how cell phone radiation effect people’s health, they divided the participants into <10min, 10~30min, >30min three groups by the time they use the cell phone every day, the mobile phone’ service period is divided into <6 months, 6~12 months, >12 months 3 groups were measured. The conclusion is "although the average mobile phone microwave radiation intensity does not exceed the limit that we current workplace exposure, but the long-term use of mobile phone can cause fatigue, nausea, loss of hearing, memory decrease, agitation, sleep difficulties, loss of appetite and other symptoms such as neurosis. And with the increase of the average time of the use of mobile phones and the extension of the use of life, the incidence of neurological disorders have increased trend "( Fu Daigang , Long Yunfang, &Zhao Liqiang,2005).6 Effects of computer using on memory6.1 Google's impact on memory6.1.1 Google EffectBecause of the development of technology (such as, search engine), we become more and more easily accessible to the all kinds of information. We can search our old classmates, find thearticle that we to see, or to find the name of the actor on the screen that we deja vu on the Internet easily. The cost of search is small and the reaction time is so quickly that we can easily find the answer to all sorts of problems we need and the information. People gradually see the Internet as a part of their memory - a rich amount of storage database. This is known as a Google effect.6.1.2 Betsy Sparrow’s experimentThe article Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips (Sparrow, Liu, & Wegne, 2011) talks about how the Google effect works on us. Article uses four experiments to illustrate the following questions: people are more likely to turn to a computer when they are facing some problems which they can’t solve; when people feel they can find this information later , they will be more difficult to recall information itself, on the contrary, they will strengthen the memory of how to obtain this information.6.2 EEG analysis of people who is over - use computerAnalysis of brain electrical characteristics of over -used Internet (Yu Hongqiang, 2009) found the short-term memory of people who over - used Internet is significantly less than normal people through the study of the differences between people who over - used Internet and normal people on short-term memory.Then, they analyzed the differences on the event related potential between these two kinds of participants,and specific waveform was found in the prefrontal electrode of the people who over-used Internet. Meanwhile ,the prefrontal lobe is the area whose responsibility is memory the brain, so further proved that the excessive use of the Internet had an impact to the subjects of short-term memory.7 EpilogueWith the development of science and technology, modern electronic technology gradually penetrated into people's lives,in all kinds of life. These technologies bring to us with convenient ,at the same time, there are more and more people choose to use technical ways to help them remember some things, without take the time to remember certain things, and thus, resulting somebody become difficult to remember something, or just remember the way to find the information, then, leading to a decline in memory. So with the progress of science and technology, we should also learn to use of modern electronic technology rationally, make the science and technology be used by us, rather than being stuck in science and technology.Reference王鹏云,李娟,李会杰,李冰,李欣,周婷.(2013).Characteristics of Associative Memory Deficits in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.生物化学与生物物理进展,40(12),1247-1255.郁洪强. (2009). 过度使用互联网者的脑电特征分析.博士, 天津大学.陈雪萍,方桂珍,倪荣,杨佳琦,章冬瑛,杨立江.(2009).杭州市社区925名老年人认知功能损害现状调查及影响因素分析.护理学报,5(34),29.伏代刚, 龙云芳, & 赵立强. (2005). 手机微波辐射强度及对人体健康的影响. 职业卫生与病伤(02), 85-89.Lund University. (2008, December 5). Mobile Phones Affect Memory In Laboratory Animals, Swedish Study Finds. ScienceDaily. September 15.Henkel, L. A. (2014). Point-and-Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour. [Article]. Psychological Science, 25(2), 396-402.Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegne, D. M. (2011). Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips. Science, 333(6043), 776-778.。
电子信息工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System -------- IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combining concentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. Itreleases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3) C haracteristics of FCS• Open System;• Interoperability;• replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.• Intelligentize and Autonomy;• Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.• Decentralized System Structure;• Field Adaptability;• Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety• Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware• Saving installation expenses and cables• Saving daily maintenance expenses• Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system• Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4) Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System, With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has causedgreat revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperaturerising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coil impedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within ±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times ofthe coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressedby transient suppression (cutting-peak) diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection, When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can'bt e used in series, otherwise, the relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can'otperate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can used in ' t be AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can ' t always reliably operate in low level load (less tha n 10m AX6A) or in dry circuit occasi ons. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn 'atlways suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren 't synchronous; the relay that is onlyiesdpteocisfwitch the load of AC 50Hz(or 60Hz)can't be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can ' t increase the load current, becausethe operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can ' t close or open. The parallel connectionof the contacts can decreasehte misplay of “ break ” . But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “ freezing ”. Because the misplay of “bre the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increasethe load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased.The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “ freezing ”, but it w increase the misplay of “ break ”An. yway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can ' t switch on stead Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TEST APPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a greatachiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months. The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating. ，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter. Without power compensationTaking physics measuresas the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △ connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method. Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams. Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor. screen manifestationChinese operation interface ，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
文献综述及外文翻译格式说明
文献综述范例中国烟草企业信息化建设的研究现状（空一行）摘□要：中国是世界最大的烟叶生产和消费国，在长期的计划体制下发展，市场竞争能力薄弱。
面对入世的国际环境，国家加快了烟草企业信息化建设的步伐，以提高其管理效率和市场竞争能力。
本文阐述了我国烟草企业信息化建设的现状，分析了烟草企业中MIS系统、电子商务系统、供应链系统、ERP系统以及CIMS等信息系统的特点和存在问题，为烟草企业信息化建设提供参考。
关键词：烟草企业；信息化；MIS；ERP（空一行）正文……说明：①综述题目采用小二号黑体字居中排写，后空一行书写摘要及关键词；②摘要、关键词题头为五号黑体字，内容文字为五号楷体字，文中数字及英文采用Times New Roman字体，统一用单倍行距；③页眉设置：页眉内容统一为“苏云金芽胞杆菌课程考核文献综述”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写；④正文书写及其它格式参照《华中农业大学毕业论文撰写规范》。
外文翻译范例烟草内山梨糖醇对硼吸收和转移的影响（空一行）□□原文来源：Bellaloui N，Brown P H．Manipulation of in vivo Sorbitol Production Alters Boron Uptake and Transport in Tobacco．Plant Physiol.1999，119（2）：73－74（空一行）译文正文……说明：①译文题目采用小二号黑体字居中排写，后空一行书写“原文来源”，统一用单倍行距；②在题目与译文正文之间必须标明原文来源，原文来源编写参照《华中农业大学学士学位论文撰写规范（暂行）》中参考文献编写格式参照论文（设计）参考文献著录格式；③“原文来源”首行空两格书写，题头为五号黑体字，内容采用五号Times New Roman 字书写；④页眉设置：页眉内容统一为“苏云金芽胞杆菌课程考核外文翻译”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写；⑤正文书写及其它格式参照《华中农业大学毕业论文撰写规范》；⑥外文翻译装订顺序为译文在前原文复印件在后，原文复印件应整洁。
电子信息工程专业毕设 文献翻译 附英文原文
5.3. 时钟独立的显性误差
对于每一个特定的GPS时钟，在每个适用的时间从KF1相位偏差估计值减去 UECC估计值， 去估计其OEIC的相位。 在测量加工， OEIC包含在几部分纳秒内(见 图4)。图4展示了的两种情况下地面工作站时钟S1的OEIC。在蓝线的可见区间和 KF1测距处理显然有别于没有测量的传播间隔。在测量处理期间，KF1估计误差 的观察目标部分包含在几部分纳秒内。OEIC的协方差顺序计算需要每个时间点 的 KF1相位偏差估计误差和UECC估计误差的互协方差矩阵值。 我尚未能计算这
X K 1|K 1 X K 1|K K K 1[ y K 1 y( X K 1|K )]
Hale Waihona Puke （5）5. 难以观察的 GPS 时钟系统
GPS时间是由作战空军（USAF）卡尔曼滤波器处理 GPS伪距测量产生的。 GPS时间是多个GPS时钟的平均相位， 可是， 通过 GPS伪距测量， 每个运行的GPS 时钟的时钟相位是难以观察的，演示如下。GPS导航星的轨道参数是从GPS伪距 观测可观察到的。从GPS伪距测量可以得到USAF（美国空军）卡尔曼滤波器估 计轨道参数和时钟同步参数， 因此以这种方式将状态估计值分为隐式的时钟参数 子集和显式的轨道参数子集。通过应用谢尔曼有关MU函数的定理，演示了这种 分区方式。
4.3.2. 非线性函数 MU
计算 n ×1 矩阵滤波器增益 K K 1 ：
T T 1 K K 1 PK 1|K H K 1 [ H K 1 PK 1| K H K 1 R K 1 ]
（4）
滤波器测量更新 n×1 状态估计矩阵 X K 1|K 1 ，观测 yK+1 得
态估计误差协方差方阵（正特征值）
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述（一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。
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[电子信息工程] 本科论文英文文献翻译
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外文资料翻译学院：电子工程学院系（专业）：电子信息工程班级：电子061姓名：学号:一：外文原文3G TECHNOLOGYAlthough the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine. Just imagine having a combined camera，videocamera，computer, stereo，and radio included in your mobile phone. Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network。
Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001，and Europe and North America will follow soon after。
3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment. The step towards IP is vital. IP is packet-based，which in simple terms，means users can be ”on line” at all times，but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data. The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster：file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Compared with today's mobile networks，3G will significantly boost network capacity — so operators will be able to support more users, as well as offer more sophisticated services.3G - At home3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways. The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information，simplify tasks such as grocery shopping，make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use。
电子信息 外文文献译文
XXXX学院毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本2012届原文出处A Novel Cross-layer Quality-of-service ModelFor Mobile AD hoc Network毕业设计(论文)题目基于COMNETIII的局域网的规划与设计院（系）电气与电子信息学院专业名称电子信息工程学生姓名学生学号指导教师A Novel Cross-layer Quality-of-service ModelFor Mobile AD hoc NetworkLeichun Wang, Shihong Chen, Kun Xiao, Ruimin Hu National Engineering Research Center of Multimedia Software, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072, Hubei, chinaEmail:******************Abstract:The divided-layer protocol architecture for Mobile ad hoc Networks (simply MANETs) can only provide partial stack. This leads to treat difficulties in QoS guarantee of multimedia information transmission in MANETs, this paper proposes Across-layers QoS Model for MANETs, CQMM. In CQMM, a core component was added network status repository (NSR), which was the center of information exchange and share among different protocol layers in the stack. At the same time, CQMM carried out all kinds of unified QoS controls. It is advantageous that CQMM avoids redundancy functions among the different protocol layers in the stack and performs effective QoS controls and overall improvements on the network performances.Keyword: Cross-layers QoS Model, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), Network Status Repository (NSR), QoS Controls.1 introductionWith the rapid development of multimedia technologies and the great increase of his bandwidth for personal communication, video and video services begin to be deployed in MANETs. Different from static networks and Internet, multimedia communications in MANETs such as V oice and Video services require strict QoS guarantee, especially the delay guarantee. In addition, communication among different users can be integrated services with different QoS requirements. These lead to great challenges in QoS guarantee of multimedia communication in MANETs. There are two main reasons in these: 1) MANETs runs in atypical wireless environment with time-varying and unreliable physical link, broadcast channel, and dynamic and limited bandwidth and so forth. Therefore, it can only provide limited capability for differentiated services with strict QoS requirements [1].2) It is difficult that traditional flow project and access control mechanism are implemented because of mobility, multiple hops and self-organization of MANETs.At present, most researches on QoS based on traditional divided-layer protocol architecture for MANETs focus on MAC protocol supporting QoS [2], QoS routingprotocol [3] and adaptive application layer protocol with QoS support [4], and so on. It is avoid less that there will be some redundancies on functions among the different protocol layers in the stack. This will increase the complexity of QoS implementation and cause some difficulties in overall improvement on the network performances. Therefore, it is not suitable for MANETs with low processing abilityIn recent years, the cross-layers design based on the partial protocol layers in MANETs was put forward.[1] proposed the mechanism with QoS guarantee for heterogeneous flow MAC layer.[5,6,7,8] did some researches on implementing video communication with QoS guarantee by exchange and cooperation of information among a few layers in MANETs. These can improve QoS in MANETs’communication to some extent. However, MANETs is much more complex than wired system and static network, and improvements on QoS guarantee depend on full cooperation among all layers in the protocol stack. Therefore, it is difficult for the design to provide efficient QoS guarantee for communication and overall improvements on the network performances in MANETs.To make good use of limited resources and optimize overall performances in MANETs, this paper proposes a novel cross-layer QoS model, CQMM, where different layers can exchange information fully and unified QoS managements and controls can be performed.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. CQMM is described in section 2 in detail. In section 3, we analyze CQMM by the comparison with DQMM.The section 4 concludes the paper.2. A CROSS-LAYER QOS MODEL FOR MANETS-CQMM2.1 Architecture of CQMMIn MANETs, present researches on QoS are mostly based on traditional divided-layer protocol architecture, where signals and algorithms supporting QoS are designed and implemented in different layers respectively, such as MAC protocol supporting QoS in data link layer [9], routing protocol with QoS support in network layer[10.11],and so forth. It can be summarized as A Divided-layer QoS Model for MANETs, DQMM (see fig.1).In DQMM, different layers in the protocol stack are designed and work independently; there are only static interfaces between different layers that are neighboring in logic; and each protocol layer has some QoS controls such as error control in logic link layer, congestion control in network, etc. On the one hand, DQMM can simplify the design of MANETs greatly and gain the protocols with high reliability and extensibility. On the other one, DQMM also has some shortcomings: 1) due to the independent design among he different protocol layers, there are some redundancy functions among the different protocollayers in the stack, 2) it is difficult that information is exchanged among different layers that are not neighboring in logic, which leads to some problems in unified managements, QoS controls and overall improvements on the network performances.Fig.1Therefore, it is necessary that more attention are focused on the cooperation among physical layer data link layer, network layer and higher when attempting to optimize performances of each of layer in MANETs. For this reason, we combine parameters dispersed in different layers and design a novel cross-layer QoS model, CQMM, to improve the QoS guarantee and the overall network performances. The architecture of CQMM is provided in fig 2From fig.2, it can be seen that CQMM keeps the core functions and relative independence of each protocol layer in the stack and allows direct information exchange between two neighboring layers in logics to maintain advantages of the modular architecture .On the basic of these, a core component is added in CQMM, Network Status Repository (simply NSR).NSR is the center, by which different layers can exchange and share information fully. On the one hand, each protocol layer can read the status information of other protocol layers from NSR to determine its functions and implementation mechanisms. On the other one, each protocol layer can write its status information to NSR that can be provided with other layers in the protocol stack. In CQMM, the protocol layers that are neighboring in logics can exchange information directly orindirectly by NSR, and the protocol layers that are not neighboring in logics can exchange information using cross-layer ways via NSR. Therefore, information exchange is flexible in CQMM.All kinds of QoS controls in CQMM such as management and scheduling of network resources, network lifetime, error control, and congestion control and performance optimization and so on are not carried out independently. On the contrary, CQMM is in charge of the unified management and all QoS controls by the cooperation among different protocol layers in the stack. Each QoS control in MANETs is related to all layers in the protocol stack, and also constrained by all layers in the stack. The results of all QoS operations and managements are fed back to the different layers and written back to NSR, which will become the parameters of all kinds of QoS controls in MANETs.2.2 protocol design in CQMMIn CQMM, the protocol designs aims at the full and free information exchange and cooperation among different protocol layers to avoid possible redundancy functions when maintaining the relative independence among different layers and the advantages of the modular architecture.Physical layer: Physical layer is responsible for modulation, transmission and receiving of data, and also the key to the size, the cost and the energy consumption of each node in MANETs. In CQMM, the design of physical layer is to choose the transmission media, the frequency range and the modulation algorithm wit the low cost, power and complexity, big channel capability and so on, according to the cost of implementation, energy constraint, and capability and QoS requirements from high layer.Data link layer: The layer is low layer in the protocol stack and can be divided into two sub-layers: logic link sub-layer and MAC sub-layer. Compared with high layers, data link layer can sense network status in MANETs earlier such as the change of channel quality, the network congestion and so on. Therefore, on the one hand data link layer can perform the basic QoS controls such as error control and management of communication channel. On the other one, the layer can be combined with high layers to establish, choose and maintain the routing faster, prevent the congestion of the network earlier, and choose appropriate transport mechanisms and control strategies for transport layer.Network layer: The design and implementation of network layer protocol in CQMM is to establish, choose and maintain appropriate routings by taking into consideration the power, the cache, the reliability of each node in a routing. QoS requirements of services from high layer such as the bandwidth and the delay, and implementation strategies oferror control in logic link sub-layer and the way of the channel management in MAC sub-layer.Transport layer: In CQMM, the protocol design of transport layer needs to be aware of both functions and implementation mechanism of lower layers such as the way of error control in data link layer, the means to establish, choose and maintain routing in the network layer, and QoS requirements from the application layer, to determine corresponding transmission strategies. In addition, the transport layer also needs to analyze all kinds of events from low layers such as the interrupt and change of the routing and the network congestion, and then respond properly to avoid useless sending data.Application layer: There are two different strategies in the design of the application layer: 1) differentiated services. According to the functions provided by the low layers applications are classed as the different ones with different priority levels. 2) Application-aware design. Analyze specific requirements of different applications such as the bandwidth, the delay and the delay twitter and so on, and then assign and implement the functions for each layer in the protocol stack according to the requirements.2.3 QoS Cooperation and Management in CQMMIn CQM, the core of QoS cooperation and management is that NSR acts as the exchange and share center of status information in protocol stack, and by the full exchange and share of network status among different protocol layers the management and scheduling of the network resources and the overall optimization of the network performances can be implemented effectively. The management and scheduling of the network resources, the cross-layer QoS cooperation and the overall optimization of the network performances.Management and scheduling of network resources: Network resources include all kinds of resources such as the cache, the energy and the queue in each node, and the communication channel among nodes and so froth. In CQMM, the management and scheduling of the network resources are not to the unified management and scheduling of the network resources and full utilization of limited resources in order to increase the QoS of all kinds of communication.QoS cooperation and control: In CQMM, all kinds of QoS controls and cooperation such as the rate adaptation, the delay guarantee and the congestion control and so on, are not implemented by each layer alone, but completed through the operation of all layers in the protocol stack. For example, the congestion in MANETs can be earlier prevented and controlled by the cooperation among different layers such as ACK from MAC sub-layer,the routing information and the loss rate and delay of package from network layer, and the information of rate adaptation in transport layer and so on.Performances Optimization: In CQMM, the optimization of the network performances aims to establish a network optimization model constrained by all layers in the protocol architecture and finds the “best”ways according to the model in order to improve the overall performances in MANETs.3. ANALYSIS OF CQMMPresent QoS models for MANETs can mainly be classed as a QoS model based on traditional divided-layer architecture DQMM and a cross-layer QoS model proposed by this paper CQMM. QoS model used by [1, 5-8] is to some extent extended on the basis of DQMM in nature. Here, we only compare CQMM with DQMM3.1 Information ExchangeDifferent protocol architecture and principle between CQMM lead to great differences in the means, the frequency, the time and the requirement of the information exchange, (see table 1)From Table 1, it can be seen that compared wit DQMM CQMM has some advantages: 1) more flexible information exchange. Neighboring layers can information by the interfaces between layers or NSR, and crossing layers may exchange information through NSR; 2) simpler transform in information format. Different layers can exchange information by NSR, so these layers only need to deal with the format transform between the layers and NSR;3)lower requirements. The protocol layers can read them in proper time Information from different protocol layers temporarily stored in NSR, so the layers exchanging information are not required to be synchronous in time;4) more accurate control. NSR in CQMM can store information of some time from the different layers, which is advantageous to master the network status and manage the network more accurately. However, these require higher information exchange frequencies among the different layers,, more processing time of each node, and more communication among them.。
电子信息专业翻译文件原文
A novel DC-AC Single Phase Resonant Inverter usingsoft switching boost converterDong-jo Won1, Chung-Yuen Won1, Su-Won Lee2, Yong-Chae Jung3, and Dong-sung Oh41 School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea2 Center for Advanced IT HRD with closed Industry Cooperation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea3Department of Electronic Engineering, Namseoul University, Cheonan, 331-707, Korea4 SAMSUNG Electro-Mechanics CO., LTD. CDS Division Power Business Team, Suwon, 443-803, KoreaAbstract-In this paper, a novel DC-AC single phase inverter is proposed. When the switches are turned on and off, a conventional inverter generates switching loss because of the hard switching. Thus, the inverter loss is increased. Proposed system contains auxiliary circuit. The converter stage switches perform soft-switching because of the auxiliary circuit. Also inverter stage switches perform ZVS when the dc-link voltage is zero. Therefore all switches perform soft-switching when the switches are turned on and off. Thus the proposed system reduces switching loss and voltage stress.I.I NTRODUCTIONNowadays, the power electronics are required to develop smaller, lighter, less expensive and reliable system. In order to operate these systems, a switching frequency has to be increased. But, increasing the inverter switching frequencies is dependent on the advances in device technology and makes higher switching losses. [1], [2]To solve this problem, the soft switching techniques have been adopted in the inverter circuit. By the soft-switching techniques, the switching losses are ideally zero and the switching frequencies can be increased to above the audible range. In this paper, a novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft switching boost converter is proposed. This proposed inverter consists of soft-switching boost converter and H-bridge inverter. The soft-switching boost converter in proposed inverter additionally has resonant inductor L r, resonant capacitor C r, bridge diode and auxiliary switch Q2. When the resonance between resonant inductor and capacitor is generated, the converter switches are turned on and off with soft-switching. Also H-bridge inverter switches are turned on and off with ZVS when the auxiliary switch is turned off. So all of the switches are turned on and off with soft-switching. [3], [4], [5], [6] Therefore the novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converter can reduce the switching loss and voltage stress.In this paper, we have analyzed the operational principle of the proposed resonant inverter. Simulation results presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.II.P ROPOSED I NVERTERFig. 1 Proposed novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft switching boost converterFig. 1 shows the proposed a novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converter. The auxiliary circuit in proposed inverter consists of an auxiliary switch, resonant inductor, resonant capacitor, and bridge diode. So, the main switch is turned on with ZCS and turned off with ZVS. Also the auxiliary switch is turned on and off with ZVS. Therefore, the converter stage switches perform the soft-switching.The H-bridge inverter performs the soft-switching under the influence of the dc-link voltage. When the auxiliary switch is turned off with ZVS, the dc-link voltage is zero. The inverter switches are turned on and off with ZVS while the dc-link voltage becomes zero. So all of switches in proposed inverter are turned on and off with soft-switching.Therefore, the proposed soft-switching inverter has many advantages like as improved efficiency, low switching losses, low voltage stress, reduced acoustic noise and EMI. Another significant advantage of the proposed topology is an excellent PWM capability due to not only variable link pulse but also variable pulse position.The proposed inverter operation mode analysis can be divided into six modes, as shown in Fig 2. Fig 3 shows the proposed waveforms for the novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converter.Fig. 2 Operation mode diagrams for the novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converterFig.3 Operation waveforms for the novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converterIII. E QUVALENT C IRCUIT A NALYSISMode 1 (t 0≤t<t 1): The resonant capacitor is discharged throughresonant path C r and L r . The resonant inductor current begins to increase linearly from zero. Therefore, the main switch is turned on with ZCS influenced by resonant inductor. The energy of the main inductor is delivered to the load through the switches (S 1, S 4).The next mode is started as soon as the resonant capacitor has fully discharged. In this mode, the main inductor current is given by(1)(2)Initial resonant inductor current and capacitor voltage given by(3)(4)The resonant period isThe resonant impedance is(6)The inductor current and resonant capacitor voltage in resonant period are given by,(7)(8)Mode 2 (t 1≤t<t 2): When the resonant capacitor is fully discharged to Mode1, the anti-parallel diodes in inverter switches constitute current path. At this time, the inverter stage is zero. When the inverter stage is in the zero voltage condition, the inverter switches are given to PWM signal (S 1, S 4). So, inverter switches are turned on and off with ZVS. This mode is maintained when the main switch is turned-off. The main inductor current is given by(9)The resonant inductor current and resonant capacitor voltage are given by(10)(11)Mode 3 (t 2≤t<t 3): When the switch is turned off with ZVS, the resonant inductor releases energy . Thus, the bridge diode is turned on. The dc-link capacitor is transferred to main inductor and resonant inductor energy through the bridge diode. The resonant capacitor starts to charge main inductor energy. At that time, the resonant inductor current and resonant capacitor voltage are given by(12)(13)(14)In this mode, the main inductor current is given by(15)(16)Mode 4 (t 3≤t<t 4): When the resonant inductor energy is fully released, the bridge diode is turned-off. This mode is maintained until the resonant capacitor voltage becomes 400[V]. The main inductor current flows continuously through the inverter switches (S 1, S 4). In this mode, resonant capacitor voltage is given by(17)(18)Resonant inductor current is given by(19)Mode 5 (t 4≤t<t 5): This mode is started when the resonant capacitor is fully charged. After that, the auxiliary switch is turned on with ZVS because the switch voltage is zero. When the main inductor current decreases linearly, the dc-link capacitor is charged from the main inductor energy. Because the main inductor current flows through the anti-parallel diode, the auxiliary switch voltage is zero voltage. When the auxiliary switch current path is changed, the next mode starts. In this mode, the main inductor current can be expressed as(20)1m in 1010()()cos ()sin ()o Lr L o o r r r Vi t I I I t t t t Z ωω=−+−+⋅−r Z =11010()()()in L L Vi t i t t t L =+−r t =1010()cos ()sin ()o cr o r o r r rVv t v t t I Z t t Z ωω=−−⋅⋅−11121()()()inL L V I t I t t t L=+−10min 0()()L Lr i t I i t ≅≅0()0Lr i t ≅0()cr out v t V ≅12()()()Lr Lr Lr i t i t i t ≅≅12()()0cr cr v t v t V≅≅()3232()()cos ()sin ()L o in Lr o o r r r I Ii t v v t t t t C Z ωω=+−−−−32()32()cos ()()sin ()cr o o r r in o L o r v t v v t t Z I I I t t ωω=−−+−−−11232()()()o inL L v vI t I t t t L−=−−12max()L I t I ≅3()0Lr i t ≅1433()()()L ocr C I I v t t t V t C−=−+34()()0Lr Lr i t i t ≅≅4()cr outv t V ≅11454()()()o inL L v v I t I t t t L−=−−Mode 6 (t 5≤t<t 6): In this mode, the auxiliary switch current path is changed because the dc-link capacitor starts to discharge. Therefore, the load is supplied the energy by the dc-link capacitor and main inductor. This mode maintains that the main inductor current equal to the resonant current. The main inductor current in this mode is expressed as(21)(22)(23)(24)After this mode ends, returning the mode 1.IV. S IMULATION R ESULTThis proposed resonant inverter is simulated to demonstrate the features and theoretical analysis. A 3kW prototype resonant inverter is built and simulated using the PSIM tool. The parameters used for simulations are as follow TABLE1.TABLE1. Simulation parametersFig. 4 shows simulation waveforms of converter stage in resonant DC-AC single phase inverter. During the resonance period between the resonant inductor and the resonant capacitor, the main switch and auxiliary switch are turned on and off with ZVS and ZCS.Fig.4 Simulation waveforms of converter stage in resonant DC-AC singlephase inverterFig.5 Principle operation waveforms of the proposed resonant inverterFig. 6 The waveforms of the voltage and the current of the main switchat turned-on and off with ZVSV dc 200[V] V dc-link 400[V] Main inductor 1000[μH] Resonant inductor 10[μH] Resonant capacitor 10[nF] DC-Link-Cap 1000[μF] Con. Switching Freq. 30[kHz] Inv. Switching Freq.15[kHz]11565()()()o inL L v v I t I t t t L−=−−56()()0Lr Lr i t i t ≅≅4()cr outv t V ≅16min ()L i t I ≅Fig. 7 The waveforms of the voltage and the current of the auxiliary switch at turned-on and off with ZVSFig. 8 The waveforms of the voltage and the current of the inverter switch at turned-on and off with ZVSFig. 5 presents principle operation waveforms of the proposed resonant inverter. When the switch current in inverter stage flows through the anti-parallel diode of inverter switch, the inverter switches maintain the freewheeling mode. Therefore, all inverter switches perform the soft-switching under the zero voltage condition.Fig.6 shows the main switch waveforms of the voltage and the current when the switch is turned and off with ZVS. Fig.7 shows the waveforms of the voltage and the current of the auxiliary switch at turned-on and off with ZVSDuring the resonant period, the bridge diode is turned on. At this time, dc-link capacitor is charged from resonant inductor energy when the current flows through the anti-parallel diode of auxiliary switch. Therefore, the auxiliary switch has zero-voltage condition. At this time, the switch is turned on with ZVS.Fig. 8 presents the waveforms of the voltage and the current of the inverter switch at turned-on and off with ZVS. All inverter switches have freewheeling mode, under the zero voltage condition. After this mode ends, returning the mode 1.V. C ONCLUSIONIn this paper, we proposed a novel DC-AC single phase resonant inverter using soft-switching boost converter. In this topology, all switches perform a soft switching by resonance between the resonant inductor and capacitor. So, the proposed topology can reduce the switching loss and voltage stress. The proposed inverter is analyzed through the operation mode, and its validity is proven through simulation.VI. A CKNOWLEDGMENTThis work is outcome of the fostering project of the Specialized Graduate School supported financial Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE).VII.R EFERENCES[1] D. M. Divan, G. Skibinski, “Zero switching loss inverters for highpower applications,” IEEE IAS Rec., pp. 627-634, 1987.[2]S.R. Park, S.H. Park, C.Y. Won, Y.C. Jung, "Low loss soft switchingboost converter", 2008 13th International Power Eletronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) pp. 181 - 186. 2008[3]K. Wang, G. Hua, and F. C. Lee, “"Analysis, design and ZCS-PWMboost converters” in Proc. IEEJ Int. Power Electronics Conf., pp.1202-1207, 1995[4] G. Hua, X. Yang, Y. Jiang, and F.C. Lee, “Novel zero-current-transitionPWM converter”, IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf. Rec., pp.538~544, 1993.[5] H. Ohashi, ‘‘Power Electronics Inovation with Next GenerationAdvanced Power Devices’’, Proceeding of INTELEC'03, Oct.2003, Yokohama (Japan), pp.9-13[6] D. M. Divan and G. Skibinski, “Zero switching loss inverters for highpower applications,” IEEE IAS Rec., pp. 627-634, 1987.。
文献综述和外文翻译的撰写要求
Keeping organizational information in a file-processing system has a number of major disadvantages.
?Data redundancy and inconsistency. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be duplicated in several places (files). For example, the address and telephone number of a particular customer may appear in file that consists of savings-account records and in a file that consists of checking-account records. This redundancy leads to higher storage and access cost. In addition, it may lead to data inconsistency; that is, the various copies of the same data may no longer agree. For example, a changed coustomer address may be reflected in savings-account records but not elsewhere in the system.
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毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目重庆巴南区红木路A合同段投标文件编制及成本分析专业工程造价专业班级05 级 1 班学生董问娴指导教师吴雅琴重庆交通大学2009 年一、选题目的的理论价值和现实意义招投标的推行能促进社会主义市场体系的培育和发展，促进社会主义经济发展。
招投标以市场经济为基础，以公开公平的竞争为基本原则，而且价格由市场供求关系决定，为买卖双方提供公平、自由、平等、公正的交易条件。
因此，推行招投标，有利于把企业推向市场，使企业按规律办事，促使企业内部经营机制和管理体制改革，引导企业与国际惯例接轨。
工程项目招标是业主对自愿参加项目建设的承包商进行审查、评估和选定的过程。
业主当然要对投标报价的高低、技术水平、工程进度、质量信誉等进行择优选择，实现其最大的经济效益。
工程项目投标是承包商，在激烈的竞争中凭借企业资质实力、经验以及投标的水平和技巧争取和占领市场的过程。
市场的竞争压力迫使企业只有以社会平均价格，甚至低于这个价格中标，企业要想生存和发展，就只有加强管理，提高素质，从而为社会制造更大效益。
随着科学技术的进步和公路施工生产规模的不断扩大，机械设备在工程施工中的地位和作用显得日益重要。
从某种意义上讲，施工机械在公路工程施工过程中起着决定性的作用。
二、本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势公路工程建设是一个周期长、数量大的生产消费过程，由于各种客观因素的影响与制约，不可能在工程项目伊始，就能确定一个科学的、一成不变的造价。
而是随着工程的开展与深入，使造价趋于合理，如估算、概算、预算、决算等的编制都是在不同的建设阶段完成的。
随着社会经济的发展，公路建设在不断扩大，公路建设市场的竞争也日趋激烈。
投标报价及其施工方案直接影响一个企业的经济效应。
所以对于企业来说，能够准确的运用定额科学的编制工程概预算；能够科学合理的编制施工组织设计建议书；根据招标中的评标原则，研究投标策略并能在较短的时间内提出科学合理的报价；规范的完成标书的编制，把握工程造价的动态因素，这样不仅能编制出科学合理的投标报价，而且在激烈的竞争中具有优势，同时又能获得合理的利润。
随着经济体制改革的深入，在国内经济建设中不断学习借鉴国外的先进经验，引进竞争机制以适应市场经济的需要，招标与投标已经逐步成为我国工程、服务与货物采购的主要方式。
我国曾经最早于1902年采用招标比价（招标投标）方式承包工程国家重点建设项目招标对建设项目实行招标投标，是国家投资计划实施中的一个非常重要的环节，是项目投资概算能否控制得住的一个关键措施。
早在污日年，国家计委就与有关部门联合发布了《建设工程招标投标暂行规定》，此后又发布了《工程设计招标投标暂行办法》（1985年6月）、（关于加强国家重点建设项目及大型建设项目招标投标管理的通知》（1991年2月）等，提出：建设项目的设计、设备采购、施工除有特殊原因不宜招标外（要提前报经国家计委备案），都要创造条件实行招标投标，可根据工程的性质、规模、复杂程度及其他客观条件，分别采取公开招标、邀请招标和议标等方式。
建设项目主体工程的设计、建筑安装、监理和主要设备、材料供应、工程总承包单位以及招标代理机构，除有特殊情况或要求外，都应实行招标投标，并强调在条件允许下，建设项目及其项目法人的确定、不涉及特定地区或不受资源限制的项目建设地点的选定、项目前期评估咨询单位的确定，也应当通过招标投标进行。
建设工程招标在八十年代初，我国率先在工程建设领域推行招标投标制，作为建筑业和基本建设管理体制改革的突破口，从此拉开了我国招标投标制度全面推广和发展的序幕。
建设部发布的《工程建设施工招标投标管理办法》，规定“凡政府和公有制企、事业单位投资的新建、改建、扩建和技术改造工程项目的施工，除某些不适宜招标投标的特殊工程外，均应按照本办法，实行招标投标”。
公路工程的工程特点和计价特点使得确定公路工程造价的程序和方法复杂化；同等级、相同设计标准的公路，由于工程现场条件的差异，其单位里程的造价可能相差数倍；相同结构型式的桥梁由于地质条件的差异、施工方法的不同，可能造价悬殊。
这就需要造价人员结合有关计价文件，合理把握公路工程价格形式的动态因素的客观变化情况，科学合理地确定工程造价。
可见工程造价在整个工程中是相当重要的。
随着我国现代化建设事业的不断发展，公路建设也有了长足的进步，公路交通以其自身独有的优势，在国家大交通体系占有十分重要的地位。
公路建设的特点是工程量浩大，工程质量要求高，施工工艺复杂，建设周期要求短，而且随着招投标制在我国的普遍实行，要求施工企业注重施工的经济效益。
以现代化生产方式修建公路是当今公路建设的发展方向，机械化施工是实现公路建设向现代化生产模式转变的重要措施，是公路建设事业发展的必然趋势。
公路工程机械化施工是减轻劳动强度、提高工效、加快建设速度、保证工程质量、节约资金和降低成本的重要手段，与人力施工相比，具有特殊性，因而，在施工的技术、组织和管理上有更高的要求。
三、研究重点本次研究主要侧重与投标文件及投标报价的编制，施工组织设计的基本内容与编制方法，平面布置图、网络图、组织机构图的绘制，工程成本分析。
四、主要参考文献[1]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路测设规范》（JTJ061—99），北京：人民交通出版社 1999。
[2]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路桥涵施工技术规范》（JTJ 041-2000 ），北京：人民交通出版社 2000。
[3]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路工程技术标准》（JTG B01-2003 ），北京：人民交通出版社2003。
[4]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路路基设计规范》（JTG D30-2004 ），北京：人民交通出版社 2004。
[5]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路路基设计手册》（JTJ011—94），北京：人民交通出版社 1994。
[6]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路排水设计规范》（JTJ018—96），北京：人民交通出版社 1998。
[7] 周直崔新媛《公路工程造价原理与编制》，人民交通出版社 2002年3月。
[8]交通部定额站：《公路工程概算定额》，北京：人民交通出版社 2007交通部定。
[9]《公路工程管理与务实》全国一级建造师执业资格考试用书编写委员会编写。
[10] 李宇峙《工程质量监理》，人民交通出版社.1999年9月。
[11]周直、崔新媛《公路工程项目招标与投标》，北京：人民交通出版社 2004。
[12]交通部定额站：《公路基本建设工程概算、预算编制办法》北京：书目文献出版社2007。
[13]马敬坤《公路工程施工组织设计》，北京：人民交通出版社 2002。
[14]《公路工程国内招标文件范本》，北京：人民交通出版社 2003。
[15]全国建筑企业项目经理培训教材编委员会《工程招投标与合同管理》，中国建筑工业出版社 2000。
[16]交通部第一公路工程公司编《公路施工手册》，北京：人民交通出版社2007。
五、指导教师意见指导教师：六、学院毕业设计（论文）指导小组意见负责人：毕业设计（论文）文献综述题目重庆巴南区红木路A合同段投标文件编制及成本分析专业工程造价专业班级05 级 1 班学生董问娴指导教师吴雅琴重庆交通大学2009 年文献综述在做毕业设计的三个月里，为了完成自己的毕业任务，同时也为了巩固自己的专业知识，查漏补缺，在图书馆查阅了许多相关的专业书籍，为这次毕业设计提供了大量的理论依据，也丰富了自己的专业知识。
首先，因为我们这次所做的毕业设计主要是编制投标文件，所以我首先参阅了《工程项目招标与投标》。
这本书也是我们学校周直老师和崔新媛老师编写的.是人民交通出版2004年9月出版的.全书包括工程项目招投标概述，工程咨询招标与投标、工程勘察设计招标与投标、工程施工监理招标与投标、工程项目施工招标及招标文件的编制、工程项目施工投标、投标策略、签订合同及合同履约等内容。
本书以公路工程为工程技术背景，全面系统地介绍了各类工程项目招标与投标的基本理论、基本程序和方法.这本书使我熟悉了施工招标投标的各个程序以及一些投标技巧。
其后我还翻阅了《工程项目招投标实务》。
这本书是由刘尔烈老师编写的，由人民交通出版社于2001年12月出版。
这本书主要阐述工程项目的勘查设计、监理、施工的招标和投标；工程建设材料、设备采购的招标与投标；国际工程项目的招标与投标；特许权项目(BOT)。
此外，这本书还对与工程项目招投标密切相关的内容，如工程合同的签订与管理，工程施工索赔，工程项目融资、保险等进行了阐述。
其次，在做投标文件的过程中，要用到我们关于概预算方面的专业知识。
我在图书馆借阅了《公路工程施工预算定额》和《公路工程施工定额》这两本书。
这两本书可谓是我设计的基础，很多数据和资料都需要在这两本书上查找。
在做毕业设计的过程中，还重新阅读的我们学校周直老师和崔新媛老师编著的《公路工程造价原理与编制》。
这本书主要阐述公路工程造价原理及其工程造价的编制.其主要内容包括：工程造价及管理的基本概念，定额概论，工时消耗的研究，施工定额，预算定额，概算定额，工、料、机预算价格的确定,公路基本建设工程概算、预算费用组成，施工图预算,设计概算及修正概算，投资估算，工程招标标底,投标标价的编制与确定，施工阶段的工程造价管理，计算机辨证工程造价文件等。
在这本书的帮助下，我顺利的统计完成了我毕业设计的第一个任务工程量清单的统计，统计工程量清单是为了以后做投标报价及施工的进度安排等做好准备，是我毕业设计中不可缺少的部分。
之后我便开始了施工进度的编制。
在这个过程中我参阅了全国一级建造师执业资格考试用书——《公路工程管理与实务》。
这本书的知识十分齐全，基本上囊括了公路工程项目中的大部分知识，其中包括公路工程技术，公路工程项目管理以及公路工程相关法律法规等。
在施工进度的编制过程中，需要了解横道图，垂直图，网络时标图等编制方法，所以《公路工程施工组织设计》也是我重点参考的书籍。
这本书也是我们上施工组织课程时使用的教材，共分八章，主要阐述了公路施工组织的基本理论和方法，包括公路施工组织概述，流水作业方法，网络计划技术，公路施工网络优化的编制及优化，公路施工组织设计的编制程序和方法，路基、路面工程及小型人工构造物的施工组织等内容。
它是人民交通出版社于1998年出版的.该书主要阐述了公路施工组织的基本理论和方法，包括公路施工组织概述、流水作业方法、网络计划技术、公路施工组织设计的编制程序和方法等。
施工组织编制过程中涉及了大量的施工流程和施工工艺，所以我参考了宣国良李晋编写的《道路施工技术》一书。
这本书从施工准备工作、路基、路面基层、沥青路面和水泥混凝土路面等方面，阐述了道路施工的材料、工序、技术要求和质量要求，知识点全面而详细。