新管理经济学(威廉博依斯)课后习题答案

合集下载

Get清风Bvzbqfa管理经济学复习思考题参考答案

Bvzbqfa管理经济学复习思考题参考答案七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。

吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。

情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风〞罢。

是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲?尘缘?，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。

乃书于纸上。

毕而卧。

凄然入梦。

乙酉年七月初七。

----啸之记。

管理经济学复习思考题参考答案1.竞争的根本功能是什么？竞争的作用迫使供求相等于均衡价格，可以使消费者以最小的代价换取最大的满足，而与此同时，生产者都得到了他们在生产上的利润最大化。

2.什么事时机本钱？什么事会计本钱？-时机本钱就是做一件事就无法做另一件事，只能选择一个时机，而被迫放弃的那个选择就是一种本钱。

会计本钱就是财务本钱。

3. 经济学中长期和短期的含义是什么？--经济学中所说的短期是厂商不能根据其所要到达的产量来调整其全部生产要素的时期。

具体而言，在这一时期它只能调整原料、燃料及生产工人数量这类生产要素，而不能调整厂房、设备、管理人员这类生产要素。

短期内可以调整的本钱为可变本钱，不能调整的为固定本钱。

与短期相关的还有特短期，指在这一时期内一切生产要素都不能调整，厂商只能调整存货来适应市场需求的变动。

经济学中所说的长期是指厂商能根据所要到达的产量来调整其全部生产要素的时期。

在长期中没有可变本钱和固定本钱之分，一切生产要素都是可以调整的，一切本钱都是可变的。

与长期相关的还有特长期，指不仅一切生产要素可以调整，而且生产技术也会发生变化。

4. 信息不对称导致的逆向选择和道德风险有什么不同？--讲义解释:签订合同前的时机主义行为叫逆向选择;签订合同后的时机主义行为叫道德风险。

网络解释：“逆向选择〞应该定义为信息不对称所造成市场资源配置扭曲的现象。

譬如，二手车市场应该率先成交质量较好的旧车，可实际上却是质量较次的旧车。

因为，二手车市场按车的平均质量定价，质量较好的旧车，其质量高于价格，车主不愿意进入这个市场。

而质量较差的旧车，其质量却低于价格，该市场就会充满质量较差的旧车。

新管理经济学(威廉博依斯)课后习题答案

管理经济学作业第二章3.9.14.解：列方程式，求成本相等时的产量Q28305600+460300Q=22206500+480345Q求出Q=6099100/20045=304.3所以，给出CEO的建议是当产量没有达到304.3时，采用金字塔结构。

当产量达到304.3是，可以采用减少一个层级的方案。

我觉得CEO做决定时，应该考虑未来的市场需求，如果在短时间内企业的产量能够快速越过304.3，那么可以提前进行组织变革，减少一个层级。

16．解：列方程式3000000-700P+200I=1000000+400P求得P=(20000+2I)/11当I=15000时，代入P=50000/11=4545.45这时Qa=3000000-700×4545.45+200×15000=2818181.8Qs=1000000+400×4545.45=2818180 （=Qa）第四章2.咖啡的弹性小，因为星巴克咖啡是品牌。

公立大学的学费弹性小，因为私立大学更著名常规身体检查的弹性小，因为急救室的医疗服务怎么都要接受下午的电影弹性更小，因为晚上需求的人更多非处方药的弹性更小，因为处方药更不可替代6. a.这意味着，当收入增加1%将导致大于1%的需求增长。

高收入弹性意味着在经济增长和收入增加时，销售就会增长。

b.如果收入增加10%，汽车的购买量增加会大于10%8. 企业主要是在测算价格弹性。

通过不同价格的销售量，得到此产品的价格弹性，从而为产品制定合适的价格，以达到收入最多的目的。

9. 声望品是因为人们认为购买高档商品，才能在消费它们的同时，炫耀自己的身份或社会地位，或炫耀自己的购买能力。

所以，厂商生产的是能够显示人们身份、社会地位或购买能力的炫耀性商品或声望商品，就应当给它制定一个适当高的价格，才会实现收入的最大化。

因为过低的价格会使之失去炫耀性商品的性质，人们对它的需求量反而会减少;当然，如果价格过高，受到预算约束的消费者也会减少对它的购买量11.从表中可以看出咖啡豆研磨器和咖啡壶之间的交叉弹性价格接近于0，所以它们之间没有关系。

管理经济学答案.docx

四十六页第六题1999年6月，美国在线(AOL)有1760万用户，而CompuServe 公司有200万用户。

2000年9月，AOL的用户增长到2400万，而CompuServe的用户增长到280万。

用户继续被AOL提供的内容和服务所吸引，如聊天室、即时通信服务(AOL即时通信和TCQ)以及数码城、电影迷和地图搜索等特殊服务。

a.市于有更多的人加入AOL即时通信服务，每个用户就可以和更多的人交流。

请作图说明，AOL即时通信用户的成长如何提高了AOL普通成员的单个需求曲线。

b.1999年，AOL提高了它的无限制接入方案的价格，从每个月19.95 美元提高到21.95美元。

使用a中的图，说明AOL是如何决定这一新价格的？puServe将其价格保持在每月9. 95美元。

AOL内容和服务的变化将如何影响CompuServe普通成员的单个需求曲线？解答:(a)单个需求曲线公式：Qw-bP+cY+dS用户数量的增长，是价格以外的因素变化，其他价格等因素不变的情况下，增加了成员对其需求量。

使得AOL普通成员的单个需求崩线向右移动。

(b)在需求曲线向右移动后，AOL用户的需求增加，AOL通过提高无限制接入方案的价格，会减少需求量，但如果会获得更多的买方剩余, 提价后获得收益增加，则提价。

这就是AOL决定这一新价格的原因。

(C)CompuServe的用户无法享受到AOL所提供的内容和服务，所以CompuServe公司无法获得额外的买方剩余，所以AOL内容和服务的变化不会影响到CompuServe普通成员的单个需求曲线。

四十六页第八题可口可乐公司销售可口可乐饮料，并生产浓缩汁卖给区域瓶装生产厂。

瓶装可口可乐生产商将浓缩汁和甜味剂及水混合成软饮料，配送到超市、餐馆和其他零售点。

甜味剂可以用玉米浆和糖制成。

由于联邦政府限制进口，糖在美国比世界其他地区更贵。

3 •为什么美国瓶装生产厂比世界其他地方瓶装生产厂生产使用相对更多的玉米浆? b.说明下列变化将如何影响一个瓶装可口可乐生产厂对玉米浆的需求曲线：(i)联邦政府取消对糖的进口限制；(ii)玉米浆价格下降；(iii)百事可乐销量的增加。

管理经济学答案(1~2)

(1)产品X的需求价格弹性是多少?
(2)产品X的需求交叉弹性(产品Y的价格变动对产品X需求量变动的影响)是多
少?两种产品的关系是互补品还是替代品?
(3)产品X的需求收入弹性是多少?X是正常品还是低档品?
解：（1）根据点弹性公式��!
=
!" !"
∗
! !
可得：
��! = −8 ∗ 10 ��
解：会计利润=销售收入-会计成本 =150000-35000-10000-30000-8000-5000=62000（元）
经济利润=销售收入-会计成本-隐形成本=会计利润-隐形成本 =62000-30000=32000（元）
因为经济利润大于零，因此自办洗衣房是合算的。
第二讲需求 1. 影响需求和供给的因素各有哪些? 答：影响商品需求的因素：（1）商品本身的价格；（2）消费者的可支配收入与分布；（3）相关商品的价格；（4）消费者的偏好；（5）消费者的预期；（6）商品使用时间的长短；（7）人口的变化情况。
=
!!!!! ∗ !!!!!
!!!!! !!!!!
所以，收入范围在2000—3000元之间时，��! = 500,��! = 700 解得 ��! = 0.83 同理可得，收入范围在5000—6000元之间时，��! =0.92 （3）因为化纤布的点收入弹性小于1，该公司的销售量增长速度不能快于国
影响供给的因素：（1）商品本身的价格；（2）生产的技术水平；（3）生产要素的价格；（4）生产成本；（5）相关商品的价格；（6）生产者对未来的预期。
2. 哪些因素影响需求的价格弹性? 答：（1）商品的可替代程度；（2）商品的价格在消费者收入中所占的比重；（3）商品的性质—必需品或奢侈品；（4）商品用途的广泛性；（5）消费者调节需求量的时间长短。

管理经济学书上的习题解答

245 2(4)
垄断竞争的长期均衡：书229页：
MR = SMC =LMC P = SAC =LAC 4500-Q=(150，000+400Q)/Q 即：Q2-4100Q+150 000=0 一元二次方程解得：Q1= Q2= Q1=8126 P1=4500-8126<0 (舍去) Q2=74 P2=4500-74=4436 利润=pQ-STC= 0
产量分配：

等边际成本原则:MC1=MC2=MC3-----
关于博弈论
只是涉及到了这方面的知识，不做评讲简单接触有兴趣的同学看专门的博弈论

第288页：7

典型的差别定价，参见课件中的例题。

解：（1）PB是日场的需求曲线，因为日场的需求曲线比夜场的需求曲线更有弹性。
（2）
当日场和夜场差别定价时，利润最大化的条件为： MRA= MRB=MC 由PA=10.2-0.5QA，得：MRA=10.2-QA 由PB=5.2-0.25QB，得：MRB=5.2-0.5QB MC=0.2 由MRA=MC，得：10.2-QA=0.2， QA=10 由MRB=MC，得：5.2-0.5QB =0.2，QB=10 PA=10.2-0.5QA=5.2 PB=5.2-0.25QB=2.7 利润π= PA*QA+PB*QB-{FC+AVC(QA+QB)} = 5.2*1000+2.7*1000-{1500+0.2*2000}=6000
解（2）： QD=150-2p QD=QS 150-2P =-50+3P 新市场均衡价格为P=40，均衡数量Q=70。
129页：4题（3）
（3）若政府要维持价格不变，并以40元的价格购进其他市场产品后以初始价格投放市场，需购多少？解：若政府要维持价格30不变，在30的价格下 QS = -50+3p 市场供给为40 QD =150-2p，市场需求为90 所以需购进数量为50。

管理经济学重要知识点(课后作业答案)

管理经济学重要知识点1、什么是管理经济学？管理经济学与微观经济学是什么关系？答：管理经济学是应用微观经济学的理论和方法，研究分析私人企业、公共部门和非营利机构所面对的决策问题，帮助决策者高效率地配置组织资源，对策略性问题做出有效反应的一门经济学分支学科。

涵盖了四层涵义：（1）是经济学科的一个应用分支学科；（2）是工商管理学科的基础理论课；（3）研究室管理决策问题具有某种普适性；（4）其知识内容有助于管理者改善管理决策的水平。

微观经济学主要研究在特定的外部环境下，经济活动个体的行为－-－包括消费者、投资者、劳动者、土地所有者、企业经营者－-－以及他们之间的相互影响，进而组织成市场的行为，并解释这些行为人－－自然人和与法人－－是如何做出经济决策的，过程中一直探索生产什么？怎么生产？为谁生产？的问题。

与管理经济学之间的关系为：（1）微观经济学是从经济活动主体的一般经济现象入手，侧重研究经济运行中均衡的理论分析，主要是描述性的。

（2）管理经济学所包含的内容与微观经济学相似，也要回答生产什么、怎么生产和为谁生产三个问题。

（3）管理经济学与微观经济学的出发点并不完全一样，它是从企业经营者的角度出发的。

（4）管理经济学主要是为企业经营者实现目标从而提供决策的方法和依据，侧重于实证性研究。

（5）管理经济学吸收了统计学的内容，运用统计学的方法来估算相关变量之间的关系，为决策的定量分析提供基础。

（6）管理经济学主要是以盈利为核心的企业决策提供理论依据，对于非营利组织的决策同样具有重要的参考价值。

（7）管理经济学主要讨论微观经济学的知识点所涉及的一些基本管理问题：决策过程理论与应用；需求函数理论与应用、生产函数理论与应用、厂商定价理论与应用、竞争理论与应用等等。

2、为什么研究需求发现新需求，赢得新商机-完善现有的产品和服务,改进生产和管理,比竞争对手更好地满足客户的需要-开发新的产品和服务,找到新的利润增长点，推动企业进一步的发展-找到新的技术研发方向,开发出更有效率和能更好满足客户需要的新的技术。

管理经济学原书第六版课后答案12

Chapter 12: Answers to Questions and Problems1.a. The expected value of option 1 is()()()()()300100161200164500166200164100161=++++. The expected value of option 2 is ()()()()()11111801701,0001708030055555++++=. b. The variance of option 1 is()()()()().000,2530010016130020016430050016630020016430010016122222=−+−+−+−+−Similarly, the variance of option 2 is 124,120. The standard deviation of option 1 is 158.11. The standard deviation of option 2 is 352.31.c. Option 2 is the most risky.2.a. Risk loving.b. Risk averse.c. Risk neutral.3.a.$5. b.She will purchase, since your price is less than her reservation price. c.$6. d. She will continue to search, since the price exceeds her reservation price.4.a. ()().6$100.4$200$140Ep =+=.b. Set Ep = MC to get 140 = 1 + 4Q . Solve for Q to find your profit-maximizing output, Q = 34.75 units.c. Your expected profits are (Ep)Q – C(Q) = $140(34.75) – (34.75 +2(34.75)2)=$2,415.13.5.a. The expected value, which is $25.b. The maximum value, which is $50.6.a. With only two bidders, n = 2. The lowest possible valuation is L = $1,000, and your own valuation is v = $2,500. Thus, your optimal sealed bid is$2,500$1,000$2,500$1,7502v L b v n −−=−=−=. b. With ten bidders, n =10. The lowest possible valuation is L = $1,000, and your own valuation is v = $2,500. Thus, your optimal sealed bid is$2,500$1,000$2,500$2,35010v L b v n −−=−=−=. c. With one hundred bidders, n =100. The lowest possible valuation is L = $1,000, and your own valuation is v = $2,500. Thus, your optimal sealed bid is$2,500$1,000$2,500$2,485100v L b v n −−=−=−=.7.a. With 5 bidders, n = 5. The lowest possible valuation is L = $50,000, and your own valuation is v = $75,000. Thus, your optimal sealed bid is$75,000$50,000$75,000$70,0005v L b v n −−=−=−=. b. A Dutch auction is strategically equivalent to a first-price sealed bid auction (see part (a)). Thus, you should let the auctioneer continue to lower the price until it reaches $70,000, and then yell “Mine!”c. $75,000, since it is a dominant strategy to bid your true valuation in a second-price, sealed-bid auction.d. Remain active until the price exceeds $75,000; then drop out.8.a. Hidden actions lead to moral hazard; hidden characteristics lead to adverse selection.b. Incentive contracts can solve moral hazard problems; screening and sorting can solve adverse selection problems.9. Since this is a common value auction, bidders will not bid their own private estimates because doing so would lead to the winner’s curse. Thus, there will be an additional incentive for bidders to shade their bids below their estimated valuations. The English auction format provides bidders the most information (therefore allowing them to pool information to some extent), mitigating this problem. For this reason, the English auction would generate the highest expected revenues in this case.10.Your expected inverse demand is E(P) = .5(200,000 – 250Q ) + .5(400,000 – 250Q ) = 300,000 – 250Q. Therefore, your expected marginal revenue is E(MR) = 300,000 – 500Q . Your marginal cost is MC = $200,000. Setting E(MR) = MC yields300,000500200,000Q −=. Solving, Q = 200. The price you expect is thus E(P) = 300,000 – 250(200) = $250,000. Your profits are thus ($250,000 -$200,000)(200) - $110,000 = $9,890,000.11. One would expect higher premiums on credit life, thanks to adverse selection. Peoplewho cannot pass physicals will select toward this type of insurance, resulting in higher premiums. Furthermore, people who are healthy and can pass a physical will be unwilling to pay the higher premiums, thus exacerbating this effect.12. The expected benefit from an additional search are 0.05($110,000 - $60,000) = $2,500, while the cost of another search is $5,000. Therefore, make her an offer. 13. In the absence of "guaranteed issue," an insurance company could choose to insure only those employees with a very low risk structure. In this case they offer lower rates because they experience fewer claims. But this leaves those workers with greater risk factors without insurance. By requiring insurers to offer coverage to all employees, the insurance company must take on employees that are less healthy and a greater risk. Why the controversy? By insuring those with greater health risks, the expected number of claims rises, thus increasing the cost of coverage. The workers with existing health problems benefit at the expense of healthy workers, who pay higher prices with "guaranteed issue." If the price rises high enough and healthy workers are free to drop coverage, this can result in adverse selection: The only people willing to pay the higher premiums are those in poor health.14. Brownstown Steel has better information about its financial situation than does its lenders, and is attempting to use this information advantage to enhance its bargaining position. If lenders gained full information about the financial situation of Brownstown Steel Corp., they would be in a position to squeeze the maximum amount from Brownstown Steel without fear of pushing it into bankruptcy. Absent the information, lenders will be more generous, since taking too much would increase the risk that Brownstown Steel goes bankrupt.15. The 30-day warranty and 10-point inspection. This not only reduces buyer risk from being duped by a used car dealer, but provides a costly signal about the quality of the used cars sold. An unscrupulous dealer would find it costly to mimic this strategy. Recognizing both of these facts, rational buyers will be more willing to purchase cars from the dealer.16. Offer two plans for customers with more than $1 million in assets. One plan (perhaps called the “Free Trade” Account) has an annual maintenance fee of $10,000 good for up to 400 “free” transactions (computed as $10,000/$25) per year (each additional transaction is priced at $25 each). The other plan (perhaps called the “Free Service” Account) has no annual maintenance fee but charges $100 per transaction. Given these two options, investors will sort themselves into the plans based on their individual characteristics.17.With 5 other bidders, n = 6. The lowest possible valuation is L = $5,000, and your own valuation is v = $12,000. Thus, your optimal first-price, sealed-bid is$12,000$5,000$12,000$10,833.336v L b v n −−=−=−=.18. A risk-neutral Oracle’s bid of $7 billion is low since the expected value of the presentvalue of the stream of profits is $7.6 billion. The public bidding process described most resembles an independent, private value English auction (each company places a different probability assessment on the value of the company that depends onpotential realized synergies). SAP’s expected value of the present value of the stream of profits is $8.4 billion. Since this is greater than Oracle’s expected value, SAP will win the “auction” and acquire PeopleSoft. SAP will pay just over $7.6 billion for PeopleSoft.19.The expected value of aggregate ten-year profits of a McDonald’s franchise is ()()()75.4$1$25.5$50.10$25.=−++million. Similarly, the expected value of a Penn Station East Coast Subs’ franchise is ()()75.4$)30$(025.5$95.30$025.=−++million. The variance and standard deviation of owning a McDonald’s franchise is()()()1875.1575.4125.75.4550.75.41025.2222'=−−+−+−=s McDonald σand 8971.31875.152''===s McDonald s McDonald σσ, respectively. Similarly, the variance and standard deviation for Penn Station East Coast Subs’ is()()()1875.4675.430025.75.4595.75.430025.2222=−−+−+−=Penn σand7961.61875.462===Penn Penn σσ, respectively. Since the expected values are thesame we can compare the standard deviations to determine the most risky investment. Since s McDonald Penn 'σσ>there is more risk associated with a Penn Station East Coast Subs’ franchise.20. There are several things for a student to consider in deciding to enroll in a traditionalMBA program or an online MBA program. It is likely that students with a spouse and family may be more attracted to online MBA programs, since these individuals are value stability and have others relying on them for income. In contrast, traditional MBA programs are more likely to attract singles who are willing to bear theopportunity cost associated with this form of education. Thus, there is an adverse selection issue. The individual who selects the traditional MBA program is likely to have a stronger signaling value regarding underlying characteristics.21.Market collapse is likely since “outsiders” will be unwilling to participate in equity (or other) markets since they know “insiders” will only sell a stock when they know the price is too high. Similarly, insiders will only buy when the price of a stock is known to be low. This is a losing proposition for outsiders, who would rationally choose not to participate in the market. This is an example of a moral hazard and is one of the primary reasons the SEC exists.。

管理经济学原书第六版课后答案10

Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 6e Page 1 Chapter 10: Answers to Questions and Problems 1.a. Player 1’s dominant strategy is B. Player 2 does not have a dominant strategy. b.Player 1’s secure strategy is B. Player 2’s secure strategy is E. c. (B, E). 2. a. b. B is dominant for each player. c. (B, B). d. Joint payoffs from (A, A) > joint payoffs from (A, B) = joint payoffs from (B, A) > joint payoffs from (B, B). e. No; each firm’s dominant strategy is B. Therefore, since this is a one-shot game, each player would have an incentive to cheat on any collusive arrangement. 3.a. Player 1’s optimal strategy is B. Player 1 does not have a dominant strategy. However, by putting herself in her rival’s shoes, Player 1 should anticipate that Player 2 will choose D (since D is Player 2’s dominant strategy). Player 1’s best response to D is B. b. Player 1’s equilibrium payoff is 5. 4.a. (A, C). b.No. c.If firms adopt the trigger strategies outlined in the text, higher payoffs can be achieved if 1.Cheat Coop Coop Ni ππππ−≤− Here, πCheat = 60, πCoop = 50, πN = 10, and the , and the interest rate is i = .05. Since . Since 605010.2550104Cheat Coop Coop Nππππ−−===−− < 1120.05i == each firm can indeed earn a payoff of 50 via the trigger strategies. d. Yes. Player 2 Strategy A B A $500, $500 $0, $650 Player 1 B $650, $0 $100, $100 ($0, $15)RightRightLeftLeft 12($200, $300)Not IntroducePrice WarIntroduceKmartStrategy Sale Price Regular Price Sale Price$1, 1 $5, $3Regular Price $3, $5 $3, $3Ford Strategy Airbags No No Airbags Airbags Airbags $1.5, 1.5 $2,-$1 No Airbags -$1, $2 $0.5, $0.5 PCRival Advertise No Yes No $8, $8 -$1, $48Kellogg’sYes$48,-$1$0, $0strategies if ππRival Strategy: Price Low High Low $0, $0 $9,-$1 High -$1, $9 $7, $7BakerPrice $10 $20$5 15, 16 15,18 Argyle$10 10, 16 10,18NetWorksStrategy 250 Units 500 Units250 Units $12500, $12500 $7500, $15000500 Units $15000, $7500 $10000, $1000018.The normal-form representation of this game is depicted in the following payoffmatrix.T-MobileStrategies CDMA GSMCDMA $16 b, $12 b $12 b, $8 bQualcommGSM $14 b, $7 b $13 b, $18 bThere are two Nash equilibria to this coordination game: (1) Qualcomm and T-Mobile adopt the CDMA technology and (2) Qualcomm and T-Mobile adopt theGSM technology. There are many ways to solve multiplicity of equilibria in thiscoordination problem. As the book points out, the firms could “talk” to each andagree on one technology. Alternatively, Iraq’s government could announce whichtechnology is to be used in the country.19.The normal form of this game is contained in the following payoff matrix (in billionsof U.S. dollars).JapanStrategies Tariff No TariffTariff $43.78, $4.76 $44.2, $4.66U.S.No tariff $43.66, $4.85 $44, $4.8The Nash equilibrium is for the U.S. and Japan to each impose tariffs. However, both countries achieve greater welfare by “agreeing” to impose no tariffs. Thesustainability of such an agreement to impose no tariffs is dependent upon the game being repeated infinitely, the countries using trigger strategies and the interest ratebeing sufficiently low.20.You should not recommend that the office manager invest more time monitoring. Theproblem is not that she is monitoring too little. Rather, her monitoring activities and strategies are predictable. Workers realize that once she leaves after the 9 a.m. check, she is unlikely to return until 11 a.m. Recognizing this, workers know they will not get caught “goofing off” (shirking). The manager best strategy is to randomize boththe timing and number of checks she does each day. That way, her monitoring is not predictable and workers will respond by spending less time shirking.Page 6 Michael R. Baye。

新管理经济学中文答案

第二章，交换、效率和市场3、Evaluate this statement:”You are a natural athlete,an attractive person who learns easily and communicates well.Clearly,you can do everything better than your friends and acquaintances.As a result,the term specialization has no meaning for you.Specialization would cost you rather than benefit you.”评价下列说法：“你是一名天生的运动员，你能轻松地学习并进行良好的沟通，在任何事上你都比你的朋友和熟人做得更好。

因此，专业化对你来说毫无意义。

专业化对你来说是成本而不是收益。

This statement is not correct.Everyone has a comparative advantage even if some have absolute advantages in several activities.Thus,the person could gain by specializing in an activity and trading with others.答：这种说法是错误的。

每个人都有比较优势，即使某些人在几个方面拥有绝对优势。

因此，人们可以通过从事一个专业工作以及与人交易获得他想要的东西。

4、In elementary school and through middle school most students have the same teacher throughout the day and for the entire school year.Then,in high school different subjects are taught by different teachers.In college,the same subject is often taught at different levels,freshman,sophomore,junior-senior,or graduate,by different faculty.Is education taking advantage of specialization only from high school on?在小学和中学，大多数学生在一个学年里由固定的老师授课。

管理经济学课后练习部分参考答案

第1章导论选择题：1-5：ABBCD 6：C第二章供求分析选择题：1-5：ACCBD 6-8：CCA第三章消费者效用分析选择题：1-5：DCABC 6-10：BBCAD 11-13：CAD计算题：3. 假定某人只能买到两种商品，他的年收入为10000元，牛肉的价格为每千克9元，土豆的价格为每千克2元。

（1）如果把牛肉的购买量当作因变量，请写出预算约束线的方程。

（2）（3）5. 消费者每周花360元买Ｘ、Ｙ两种商品。

其中ＰX=3元，ＰY=2元，它的效用函数为U=2X2Y ，在均衡状态下，他每周买Ｘ、Ｙ各多少？解：6043,804323360,2336043,2234,2,422===∴⨯+=∴+==∴======X Y X X X Y X X Y X XY P MU P MU X dYdU MU XY dX dU MU Y X X Y X 得：又6.某人的收入是12元/天，并把每天的收入花在X 、Y 两种商品上。

他的效用函数为U=XY 。

X 的价格为每单位2元，Y 的价格为每单位3元。

问：①他每天买X.Y 各多少才能使他的效用最大？6232,3323212,321232,32,,==∴===∴⨯+=+==∴======XY U X Y X X X Y X X Y X Y P MU P MU X dYdU MU Y dX dU MU Y Y X X Y X 又②如果X 的价格上涨44%，Y 的价格不变，他的收入必须增加多少才能维持他起初的效用水平？元。

入要增加要维持原有的效用，收效用不变， 2.44.2124.144.144.235.288.24.2388.2,5.2388.26,388.266388.2,388.2,88.22%)441(2∴=-=∆=⨯+⨯=+=∴===∴=⨯=∴==∴===⨯+=I Y P X P I X Y X X X X XYX Y X Y P MU P MU Y X Y Y X X X第4章需求弹性与供给弹性选择题：1-5：C(BDA)DAA 6-8：BAB 第9题题干有问题，如果改为供给价格弹性则选AD计算题：1.某商场将服装A 的价格由120元打6折促销，结果该服装的日销量由先前的12件升至30件，据此计算：①该服装的需求价格弹性。

宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森006

Chapter 6Economic Growth: Malthus and SolowTeaching GoalsStudents easily take for granted the much more abundant standard of living of today as opposed to 20, 50, or 100 years ago. Sometimes it is easier to remind students of what their ancestors had to do without, rather than simply referring to per capita income levels over time. Recessions come and go, and yet economic growth swamps the lost output we endure during hard times.The typical student begins study of economic growth against the backdrop of the recent growth experience of the United States. The current standard of living in the United States vastly surpasses the current standard of living in most countries and would have been unimaginable anywhere in the world before the advent of the industrial revolution. Until about 1800, the world economy produced little more than a subsistence level of income for any but the richest individuals. Growth in per capita income was nonexistent. The Malthusian model of growth explains the tendency of increases in population to dilute any gains in productivity.The industrial revolution introduced the possibility of sustained growth in per capita income through the accumulation of physical capital. However, growth experience has varied widely around the world. The richer countries have a sustained record of growth. Per capita income in the United States has proceeded at an average rate of about 2% per year. While 2% growth may seem small, it is important for students to realize that such growth transforms into a more than doubling of per capita GDP per generation. Unfortunately, the poorer countries have remained poor. Furthermore, their growth rates have not generally matched growth rates in the richer countries, so that the poor countries fall farther and farther behind. Such differences in standards of living and growth prospects present puzzles that the study of economic growth hopes to solve.Classroom Discussion TopicsGetting students to relate to differences in standards of living can sometimes be difficult. It is easy to take one’s own standard of living for granted. An interesting discussion topic is whether students would be willing to travel back in time to 100 or 200 years ago, if they could be one of the richest people of those earlier times. Would the tradeoff be worthwhile? While students typically stress factors like antiquated view about freedom of choice, and racial and gender issues, try to encourage students to divide their concerns into those that are more economic as opposed to social. Also point out that higher standards of living allow societies to be more concerned about issues of equality when mere survival is no longer precarious.Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow 53Students often view population growth as the result of cultural factors and personal preferences. Against the abundance of daily living, it is easy to forget economic factors. Ask the students for examples ofeconomic factors that might impact on fertility decisions. The Malthusian model suggests that growth may only be achieved through population control. In the modern economy, the costs of raising children can be formidable, and so there is tendency for such costs to be a disincentive to fertility. Such costs may attribute to the tendency for low fertility rates in advanced economies. In more primitive societies, having a large family can be a private form of Social Security. The more children a family has, the more family members there will be to provide for the parents in old age. Poor public health conditions may actually enhance fertility. If each child has a small chance for survival to adulthood, more births are required to produce a given-sized family.OutlineI. Economic Growth FactsA. Pre-1800: Constant Per Capita Income across Time and SpaceB. Post-1800: Sustained Growth in the Rich CountriesC. High I nvestment ↔ High Standard of LivingD. High Population Growth ↔ Low Standard of LivingE. Divergence of Per Capita Incomes: 1800–1950F. No Conditional Convergence amongst All CountriesG. Conditional Convergence amongst the Rich CountriesII. The Malthusian ModelA. Production Determined by Labor and Fixed Land SupplyB. Population Growth and Per Capita ConsumptionC. Steady-state Consumption and Population1. Effects of Technological Change2. Effects of Population ControlD. Malthus: Theory and EvidenceIII. Solow’s Model of Exogenous GrowthA. The Representative ConsumerB. The Representative FirmC. Competitive EquilibriumD. Steady-State Growth1. The Steady-State Path2. Adjustment toward EquilibriumE. Savings and Growth1. Equilibrium Effects2. The Golden Rule: K MP n d =+F. Labor Force Growth and Output Per CapitaG. Total Factor Productivity and Output Per CapitaH. Solow: Theory and Evidence54 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third EditionIV. Growth AccountingA. Solow ResidualsB. The Productivity Slowdown1. Measurement of Services2. The Relative Price of Energy3. Costs of Adopting New TechnologyC. Cyclical Properties of Solow ResidualsTextbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. In exogenous growth models, growth is caused in the model by forces not explained by the modelitself. Endogenous growth models examine the economic factors that cause growth.2. Pre-1800: Constant Per Capita Income across Time and SpacePost-1800: Sustained Growth in the Rich CountriesHigh Investment ↔ High Standard of LivingHigh Population Growth ↔ Low Standard of LivingDivergence of Per Capita Incomes: 1800–1950No Conditional Convergence amongst All CountriesConditional Convergence amongst the Rich Countries3. An increase in total factor productivity increases the size of the population, but has no effect on theequilibrium level of consumption per capita.4. Only a downward shift in the population growth function can increase the standard of living.5. Malthu’s model is quite successful in explaining economic growth prior to the industrial revolution.Malthu’s model has little relevance for more recent growth experience.6. In the steady state, all variables stay constant: per capita capital, output, consumption, savings. Also,this steady state is stable: whatever the initial capital (except zero), the economy will converge to this steady state.7. With an increase in the saving rate, it becomes possible to sustain a higher level of per capita capital,and thus higher output and consumption. With an increase in the population rate, the contraryhappens, as one needs to provide more newborns with the going per capita capital. A higher total factor productivity improves all per capita variables in the steady state.8. To maximize steady-state per capita consumption, the saving rate must be such that the marginalproduct of capital (the slope of the per capita production function) equals the population growth rate plus the depreciation rate.9. The Malthusian model gave no way out of misery, except for measures that reduce the population.Even technological advances would not raise the standard of living. The Solow model shows that it is possible to obtain a stable standard of living with growing population. And if total factor productivity increases, one can even obtain improvements in the standard of living despite population growth.Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow 55 10. The Cobb-Douglas production function permits a simple decomposition of economic growth into itscomponent sources.11. In a competitive equilibrium, the parameter a is equal to the share of capital income in total income.12. The Solow residual measures increases in real GDP that are not accounted for by increases in capitaland labor. The Solow residual is highly procyclical as it explains the great majority of the cyclical component in GDP.13. The productivity slowdown could be explained by underestimates of output in the growing servicessector, increases in the relative price of energy, and the costs of adopting new technologies.14. American workers then knew how to incorporate the new technologies, in particular informationtechnology. These efficiency gains may have been realized by 2000, which explains the newslowdown, along with higher energy prices.15. Growth in capital, employment, and total factor productivity account for growth in GDP.16. During this period, growth in these countries was much larger than average. Growth rates for thesecountries were about three times as fast as growth in the United States. However, most of this growth can be attributed to increases in the capital stocks in these countries, and such rapid rates of growth of capital cannot be sustained for long periods of time.Problems1. The amount of land increases, and, at first, the size of the population is unchanged. Therefore,consumption per capita increases. However, the increase in consumption per capita increases the population growth rate, see the figure below. In the steady state, neither *c nor *l are affected by the initial increase in land. This fact can be discerned by noting that there will be no changes in either of the panels of Figure 6.8 in the textbook.56 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third Edition2. A reduction in the death rate increases the number of survivors from the current period who will stillbe living in the future. Therefore, such a technological change in public health shifts the function ()g cupward. In problem #1 there were no effects on the levels of land per capita and consumption per capita. In this case, the ()g c function in the bottom figure below shifts upward. Equilibriumconsumption per capita decreases. From the top figure below, we also see that the decrease inconsumption per capita requires a reduction in the equilibrium level of land per capita. The size of the population has increased, but the amount of available land is unchanged.Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow 57 3. For the marginal product of capital to increase at every level of capital, the shift in the productionfunction is equivalent to an increase in total factor productivity.(a) The original and new production functions are depicted in the figures below.(b) Equilibrium in the Solow model is at the intersection of ()n d k+szf k with the line segment ().The old and new equilibria are depicted in the bottom panel of the figure above. The newequilibrium is at a higher level of capital per capita and a higher level of output per capita.(c) For a given savings rate, more effective capital implies more savings, and in the steady state thereis more capital and more output. However, if the increase in the marginal product of capital were local, in the neighborhood of the original equilibrium, there would be no equilibrium effects. A twisting of the production function around its initial point does not alter the intersection point.4. An increase in the depreciation rate acts in much the same way as an increase in the populationgrowth rate. More of current savings is required just to keep the amount of capital per capita constant.In equilibrium output per capita and capital per capita decrease.58 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third Edition5. A destruction of capital.(a) The long-run equilibrium is not changed by an alteration of the initial conditions. If the economystarted in a steady state, the economy will return to the same steady state. If the economy wereinitially below the steady state, the approach to the steady state will be delayed by the loss ofcapital.(b) Initially, the growth rate of the capital stock will exceed the growth rate of the labor force. Thefaster growth rate in capital continues until the steady state is reached.(c) The rapid growth rates are consistent with the Solow model’s predictions about the likelyadjustment to a loss of capital.6. A reduction in total factor productivity reduces the marginal product of capital. The golden rule levelof capital per capita equates the marginal product of capital with .n d + Therefore, for given ,n d + the golden rule amount of capital per capita must decrease as in the figure below. Therefore the golden rule savings rate must decrease.7. Government spending in the Solow model.(a) By assumption, we know that T = G, and so we may write:()(1)(1)K's Y G d K sY gN d K =−+−=−+−Now divide by N and rearrange as:(1)()(1)k'n szf k sg d k +=−+−Divide by (1 + n ) to obtain:()(1)(1)(1)(1)szf k sg d k k'n n n −=−++++Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow 59Setting k = k ′, we find that:**()().szf k sg n d k =++This equilibrium condition is depicted in the figure below.(b) The two steady states are also depicted in the figure above.(c) The effects of an increase in g are depicted in the bottom panel of the figure above. Capital percapita declines in the steady state. Steady-state growth rates of aggregate output, aggregate consumption, and investment are all unchanged. The reduction in capital per capita isaccomplished through a temporary reduction in the growth rate of capital.8. The golden rule quantity of capital per capita, *,k is such that *().K MP zf k n d ′==+ A decrease in the population growth rate, n , requires a decrease in the marginal product of capital. Therefore, thegolden rule quantity of capital per capita must increase. The golden rule savings rate may either increase or decrease.60 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third Edition9. (a) First, we need to determine how bN evolves over time:(bN )′ = (1 + f )(1 + n ) bNThen we just need to redo the analysis of the competitive equilibrium and the steady state as inthe book, replacing every N by bN , every (1 + n ) by (1 + f )(1 + n ), and every n by f + n . The new steady-state per efficiency unit capital is then******()(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)szf k d k k f n f n −=+++++ All aggregate variables then grow at the rate of f + n , while per capita aggregates grow at therate f .(b) An increase in f increases the growth rate of per capita income by the same amount, as f is itsgrowth rate. This happens because the exogenous growth in b raises instant capital and income for everyone without a need to invest in capital.10. Production linear in capital:()()Y K z zf k f k k N N==⇒= (a) Recall Equation (20) from the text, and replace ()f k with k to obtain:+−=+((1))(1)sz d k'k n Also recall that 11 and .Y Y Y'zk k k'N z N z N'=⇒== Therefore: ((1))(1)Y'sz d Y N'n N+−=+ As long as((1))1,(1)sz d n +−>+ per capita income grows indefinitely. (b) The growth rate of income per capita is therefore: ((1))1(1)()(1)Y'Y sz d N'N g Y n Nsz n d n −+−==−+−+=+ Obviously, g is increasing in s .(c) This model allows for the possibility of an ever-increasing amount of capital per capita. In theSolow model, the fact that the marginal product of capital is declining in capital is the key impediment to continual increases in the amount of capital per capita.Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow 6111. Solow residual calculations.(a) To calculate the Solow residuals, we apply the formula, 0.360.64ˆˆˆˆ/,zY K N = to the values in the provided table. Adding a new column for these values, we obtain:Year ˆY ˆK ˆN ˆz 1995 8031.7 25487.3 124.9 9.4781996 8328.9 26222.3 126.7 9.6401997 8703.5 27018.1 129.6 9.8231998 9066.9 27915.9 131.5 10.0191999 9470.3 28899.9 133.5 10.2362000 9817.0 29917.1 136.9 10.3122001 9890.7 30793.4 136.9 10.2822002 10048.8 31599.6 136.5 10.3692003 10301.0 32426.2 137.7 10.4722004 10703.5 33304.9 139.2 10.7032005 11048.6 34191.7 141.7 10.820(b) Next, we compute the percentage changes in each of the table entries. These values arepresented in the table below.Year ˆˆY Y Δ/ (%) ˆˆK K Δ/ (%) ˆˆN N Δ/ (%) ˆˆzz Δ/ (%) 1996 3.70 2.88 1.44 1.71 1997 4.50 3.03 2.29 1.901998 4.18 3.32 1.47 2.001999 4.45 3.52 1.52 2.172000 3.66 3.52 2.55 0.742001 0.75 2.93 0.00 −0.292002 1.60 2.62 −0.29 0.852003 2.51 2.62 0.88 0.992004 3.91 2.71 1.09 2.212005 3.22 2.66 1.80 1.0962 Williamson • Macroeconomics, Third EditionTo compare the contributions to growth, we need to compare the magnitudes,ˆˆˆˆ0.36(/),0.64(/),KKNN ΔΔ and ˆˆ/.z z Δ These values are presented in the table below.Year ˆˆ0.36(Δ/K K) (%) ˆˆ0.64(Δ/N N)(%) ˆˆz z Δ/ (%)1996 1.04 0.92 1.711997 1.09 1.46 1.901998 1.20 0.94 2.001999 1.27 0.97 2.172000 1.27 1.63 0.742001 1.05 0.00 −0.292002 0.94 −0.19 0.852003 0.94 0.56 0.992004 0.98 0.70 2.212005 0.96 1.15 1.09Most often, when output is growing, the biggest contribution to growth comes from increases intotal factor productivity. In 1991 and in 2001, both bad years for growth, total factor productivity decreased. In the other years, growth in total factor productivity is usually the largest contributor to growth, while increases in capital and labor equally share the role of the leading cause of growth in the other years. In the later years, capital growth has come to be relatively more important than in the early years.。

管理经济学课后题

管理经济学要点1.在中国北方许多大城市，由于水资源不足，造成居民用水紧张，请根据边际效用递减原理，设计一种方案供政府来缓解或消除这个问题。

并回答与这种方案有关的下列问题：（1）对消费者剩余有何影响？（2）对生产资源的配置有何有利影响？（3）对于城市居民的收入分配有何影响？能否有什么补救的办法？解：可用提高自来水的使用价格来缓解或消除这个问题。

自来水的价格提高，一方面，用户会减少（节约）用水；另一方面，可扩大自来沙丘生产或供给。

这样，自来水供应紧张的局面也许可能得到缓解或消除。

（1）采取这一措施，会使用户消费者剩余减少。

在图中，横轴代表自来水的数量，纵轴代表自来水的价格。

直线D代表自来水的需求曲线。

当自来水价格从P1提高到P2时，用户对自来水的需求量从Q1下降到Q2。

于是，消费者剩余从三角形CP1B减少为三角形CP2APCP2 AP1 BDO（2）对生产者资源配置的有利效应是节约了用水，可使之用于人们更需要的用途上，从而使水资源得到更合适更有效的使用，但这样做，也许会造成其他资源的浪费，比方说，工厂里本来用水来冷却物体，现在要改变用电来冷却，增加了对电和有关装置的需求。

如果自来水价格提高过度，必然会带来更多其他资源的消耗，这是不利的一面。

(3)如果城市居民收入不变，自来水的价格提高无异是降低了居民的实际收入，补救的办法，也许是给居民增加货币式资或予以价格补贴。

第二：可用提高自来水使用价格的方法来缓解或消除这个问题，因为自来水价格的提高，一方面，用户会减少用水，另外一方面，可刺激厂商增加自来水的生产或供给。

其结果使其自来水供应紧张的局面得到缓解和解除。

（1)自来水使用价格提高后，用户实际支付的货币数额增加，反映消费者愿意支付的货币总额与实际货币之间差额的消费剩余将会减少。

(2)对生产资料培植的有利影响节约了用水，可使之用于人们更需要的用途上，从而使水资源得到更合理的有效利用。

(3)如果城市居民收入不变，因自来水价格提高所引起支出的增加必然会减低居民的实际收入，补救方法是可选择给居民增加货币工资或者给予价格的补贴。

0Vowyn《管理经济学》复习思考题及答案2

秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。

《管理经济学》复习思考题及答案一基本概念1．资源配置：如何利用有限的资源进行最佳组合发挥它最大效用，并把它们在不同人之间进行分配。

2．边际分析：每增加一个单位所引起的结果。

3．经济利润：面向决策的利润叫经济利润，也可以说是对企业经营管理人员做出高水平管理决策的奖赏。

4．供求法则：从市场整体研究需求、供给和价格之间的关系，其体现的市场运行规则，一般称为供求法则。

它的具体讲的是在完全竞争的市场条件下，影响价格的因素很多，但归根结底都是通过供给和需求来影响价格的。

一方面，供需关系决定市场价格；另一方面，价格又反过来起着调节供需关系的作用。

5．需求的变动：商品本身的价格不变，其他因素变化（如收入变化）引起需求曲线的移动。

收入减少，需求曲线向左移动，需求减少。

收入增加，需求曲线向右移动，需求增加。

6．供给的变动：商品本身的价格不变，其他因素变化（成本变化）引起供给曲线的移动。

成本上升，供给曲线向左移动，供给减少。

成本下降，供给曲线向右移动，供给增加。

7．需求量的变动：商品本身的价格变化，而其他因素不变，引起需求曲线上点的移动。

8．供给量的变动：商品本身的价格变化，而其他因素不变，引起供给曲线上点的移动。

︱Exy︱越大，互补性越强。

10．替代品：︱Exy︱越大，替代性越强。

11．需求价格弹性：需求量变动对价格变动的反应程度。

12．需求收入弹性：某种商品需求量的变化对消费者收入变化的反应程度。

13．需求价格交叉弹性：X商品的需求量变动对Y商品价格变动的反应程度。

14．边际收入递减规律：表明在技术水平不变，其他生产要素不变的情况下，追加一种生产要素，该生产要素所形成的总产出要经历一个逐渐上升加快到增长趋缓到最大不变到绝对下降的过程。

15．规模经济：是指在技术水平不变的情况下，多种生产要素按同样的比例增加，即生产规模扩大。

起初量的增加要大于生产规模的扩大，但是随着生产规模的扩大超过一定的限度，产量的增加将小于生产规模的扩大，甚至使产量绝对地减少。

新制度经济学试题及答案_

外部性：外部性是一个经济人的行为对另一个人的福利所产生的效果，而这种效果并没有从货币或市场交易中反映出来。

外部性分为四种类型：即生产者正外部性、生产者负外部性、消费者正外部性和消费者负外部性交易费用：科斯：“利用价格机制的成本” 。

阿罗：“经济制度操作的成本” 。

诺思：“交易成本是规定和实施构成交易基础的契约的成本。

” 威廉姆森：“经济系统运转所要付出的代价或费用” 。

路径依赖：路径依赖是描述过去对现在和将来产生强大影响的术语。

人们过去的选择决定了他们现在可能的选择。

路径依赖是对长期经济变化作分析性理解的关键。

路径依赖理论能较好地解释历史上不同地区、不同国家发展的差异。

诺思悖论：没有国家办不成事，但有了国家又有很多麻烦。

在新制度经济学家看来，任何时候有国家总比无国家（即无政府状态）好。

因为，有国家才能确保社会秩序、公正和安全。

而要确保秩序、公正和安全，人们又必须把确定和保护“所有权”的垄断权交给国家，以便它能够完成人们要求它完成的任务。

但是，国家有了垄断权力以后又可能成为个人权利的最大、最危险的侵害者，因为一旦国家接管了产权保护职能并成为惟一合法使用暴力的组织，它就有可能凭借其独一无二的地位索取高于其提供服务所需的租金，更有甚者还可能干脆剥夺私人产权。

市场治理：一种介于市场治理和专用性资产交易（双边）治理之间的中间形式。

它不是直接诉诸法律来保持或断绝交易关系，而是借助于第三方（仲裁者）来帮助解决争端和评价绩效。

制度效率：新制度经济学家是从制度成本与制度收益的对比来解释制度效率。

制度成本包括制度变革过程中的界定、设计、组织等成本和制度运行过程中的组织、维持、实施等费用；制度收益则指制度通过降低交易成本、减少外部性和不确定性等给经济人提供的激励与约束的程度。

制度的效率有两种表示方法：一种是，假定制度所提供的服务或实现的功能为既定，则选择费用较低的制度是更有效的制度；另一种是，假定制度选择的费用为给定，那么能够提供更多服务或实现更多功能的制度是更有效的制度。

新管理经济学课后习题

新管理经济学课后习题第一章1.有价值的战略中的首要因素是什么？答：对企业来说，我认为首要因素是相对于其竞争对手的产品和服务质量。

4.市场份额与利润之间存在联系吗？是什么导致了这种联系？答：一般来说，企业市场份额的增加，它的利润也趋向提高。

然而，利润率的提高速度比市场份额的增加速度慢一些。

至于是什么导致了这种联系，我不知道该如何回答。

如果想探讨为什么份额的，利润反而低的话，我认为份额越大的话，可能管理越低效，成本和市场反应速度比不上竞争对手导致的。

9.在《论语。

为政》中，孔子说，“攻乎异端，斯害也已”。

告诫人们不要在正反两极竖执其一。

请利用本章的知识，对以上思想进行阐述。

答：我想佛罗里达电力与照明公司的例子很好的说明了这个道理。

该公司近乎于极端的追求产品质量，而没有考虑为追求质量所付出的成本。

因为这个，虽然产品质量很高，但是最后却申请了破产保护。

这个就是在质量和成本两极，追求质量这一极，失败的例子。

10.某人请你吃饭并付费，这对你来说是免费的吗？答：（1）经济学告诉我们：没有免费的午餐。

（2）某人请吃饭，我们必须做出选择，选择了去吃饭，自然就放弃了其他的活动，而这些活动也会带来收益。

我们为了去吃饭而所要放弃另一些活动的最大价值，即机会成本，这就是我们做出去吃饭这一决策后的成本。

因而，任何东西都有成本，天下没有免费的午餐。

9．低价格担保对于非价格战略的应用意味着什么？这类担保是进入壁垒吗？答：（1）竞争是市场经济的客观产物，市场竞争的核心就是构造出能为目标市场潜在客户感知并认可的具备核心功能和效用的产品，换言之就是生产出的产品能满足消费者的多样化的需求，通过对消费者需求的满足进而取得市场认可，最终获得企业的利润。

企业市场竞争战略按产品最敏感的因素-价格来定义有两种：价格战略和非价格战略。

（2）价格竞争是市场经济发展的必然，因为企业的盈利就依靠于企业的销售定价和生产成本之间的差额。

在市场经济发展的初期阶段，特别是卖方市场阶段，对于企业来说价格相对于生产经营的其他方面具有更好的可控性，所以在那个时期企业更多地把目光投向于如何通过价格的调整来获得理想的利润上面。

新管理经济学(威廉博依斯)课后习题答案

Get清风Bvzbqfa管理经济学复习思考题参考答案

新管理经济学(威廉博依斯)课后习题答案

管理经济学答案.docx

管理经济学答案(1~2)

管理经济学书上的习题解答

管理经济学重要知识点(课后作业答案)

管理经济学 原书第六版 课后答案12

管理经济学原书第六版课后答案10

最新《管理经济学》考试答案-含案例分析

新管理经济学中文答案

管理经济学课后练习部分参考答案

宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森006

管理经济学课后题

0Vowyn《管理经济学》复习思考题及答案2

新制度经济学试题及答案_

新管理经济学课后习题

管理经济学原书第六版课后答案12