简单句与复合句

学习英语语法需要掌握三方面的内容：形式、意义、用法。

一、引入：英语的句子结构非常有规律。

完整的句子结构都是由两部分组成：“陈述对象+陈述内容”。

陈述对象一般是名词或相当于名词的成分来充当，即主语；陈述内容是说明主语怎么了，用动词来表达，即谓语。

所以，一个完整的英语句子就是：“主语+谓语”。

主语和谓语确定一个句子的基本骨架结构，但意思往往还不完整，需在动词后面接其他成分，这就由谓语动词决定。

动词决定一个句子是否有宾语，或有几个宾语，或是否需要补足语以及状语。

所以，谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构。

启示：1、分析复杂难句结构时，首先要找到句子的谓语，包括主句的谓语和各个从句的谓语；2、写句子时，一定要知道谓语动词的用法特点，如该动词后面是否能接宾语，接什么形式（不定式还是动名词等）的宾语，这些问题都由谓语动词决定。

所以，在下列进行分析中，一定要注意每一种句型的谓语动词特点。

简单句的五种基本句型（分析动词后面是否有宾语和补语）主语+系动词+表语主语+谓语（vi）主语+谓语（vt）+宾语主语+谓语（vt）+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语（vt）+宾语+宾语补足语二、句型一：主语+系动词+表语He is a student.He is a boy.The easy way may be to run a lawnmowe r.The yard looks fine for a while.The first solution appeared easy.The second solution was not so easy.该句型的谓语动词是系动词（liking verb）（如be或其他系动词）。

系动词，又叫连系动词，这种动词没有具体的动作，只是起连接主语和后面成分的作用。

这种动词后面所接的成分是用来说明主语的特点，表明主语的性质特征，故被称为主语补足语或表语（能表示主语特征的成分）。

英语中的系动词主要有四大类：1、单纯表示主语的特征、状态的，这类系动词有feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem 和appear等。

The rose doesn’t smell much.The iron feels hot.2、表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的，这类系动词有become,grow,get,turn,fall,go和come等。

The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.The teacher become angry.对于fall,go和come等词作为系动词时，这些系动词与形容词连用一般具有固定的搭配关系。

Fall:Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short.The jokes fell flat.I have got to return the book this afternoon;it falls overdue a week.fall due到期fall asleep睡着因这里的fall都是作为系动词，故其后面不能接副词，如不能说fall shortly或fall flatly等。

Go:go hungry,go mad,go bad,go crazy,go sour,go wrong总结：go作为系动词时，一般用于贬义，即表示主语是朝着坏的或消极的一面改变。

相反，当come作为系动词时，则是表示褒义的，即表示主语是朝着好的或积极的一面改变，如：Hope your dreams will come true.The dream has come true.come right纠正了，正确了3、表示主语保持某种状态的，这类系动词有continue,remain,stay,keep,hold,rest 和prove等，如：He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.If you don’t stay busy,you die.I don’t want to die right now.You may rest assured that he will come to the party.The weather continued fine for several days.He held silent for the whole day.4、近似于不及物动词的系动词，这类近似于不及物动词的系动词有sit,act,arrive,blush,marry,die和be born等。

因其介于不及物动词和系动词之间，称为“半系动词”。

一般只需了解，并在相关句子中能理解就行，如：He arrived in the U.S.a penniless21-year-old.He lived the life of and died a prairie chicken.Jane Austin died a spinster.He died a hero`s death.Lei Feng died young.Lei Feng worked hard.He used to be very rich,but he died poor.He died a local company manager.Don’t act stupid.Don’t act stupidly.I acted foolish.I`m ashamed I acted foolishly.He acted quickly and seized the thief.The crew,the passengers,and everybody else acted heroically.Flying is all aboutteamwork and that`s what we displayed.All the audience sat silent.I married young.简单句叠加成复杂难句：Vitamins are organic compounds.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.句型二：主语+谓语该句型的谓语动词是不及物动词（intransitive verb），所表示的动作没有作用对象，其本身意思完整，其后不需带宾语。

尽管没有宾语，但在谓语动词后面往往会接状语，用来修饰谓语动词，表示动作发生的地点、目的等。

The little eagle grew up.The egg hatched.An egg was placed in the nest of a chicken.It scratched in the dirt for seeds.简单句叠加成复杂难句：This trend began during the Second World War.This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to this conclusion.This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail. This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.句型三：主语+谓语+宾语（英语句子的80%都是这种结构）该句型的谓语动词是及物动词（transitive verb），这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作的对象是什么，这个对象就是宾语，即主语动作的承受对象。

故，这类动词是带有宾语的，英文中的绝大多数动词都是及物动词。

They are looking for one-minute solutions to everything.Just like instant coffee,they want instant happiness.There are no quick fixes.This attitude leads to disappointment.简单句叠加成复杂难句：The emphasis helped to obscure the great importance.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen helped to obscure the great importance.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance ofthe American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.句型四：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语该句型的谓语动词是双宾动词（dative verb），其后所接成分有人又有物。