语义学和语用学练习1

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《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

(完整word版)第五章语义学习题1

第5章语义学Core Exercise I.Define the following terms.1.semantics——Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2.the conceptualist theory——Conceptualism is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind.3.sense——Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form it is abstract and de -contextualized.4. reference——Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienceponential Analysis——Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning ofa word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features.6.gradable antonyms——These describe something which can be measured and compared with something else. For example small and big hot and cold dry and wet clean and dirty.7.absolute synonyms——Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings.8.superordinate——related to a particular proposition of the same quality and containing the same terms in the same order.9.homophones——Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings/meanings.10.entailment——In pragmatics linguistics entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one A requires the truth of the other B.II. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.F 1. In the classic semantic triangle the symbol is directly related to the referent.改：The symbol refers to the linguistic elements (words, phrases)F 2. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions.改：dialectal synonmsF 3. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike.改：homophones 同形异音异义T4. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.F 5. In a pair of complementary antonyms there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes.F 6. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension such as “hot” vs. “cold”.改：different dimensions 次元T7. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.T 8. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.T 9. A predicate is something said about an argument.III Fill in each of the following blanks with the proper word which begins with the letter given.1. S electional_____ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of gradable_____ antonyms.3. The various meanings of a p olysemy______ word are related to some extent.4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r eferences______ in different situations.5. According to Wittgenstein for a large class of cases the meaning of a word is in its u se____ in the language.6. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment a superordinate entails all h yponyms______.7. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r elationnal_______ opposites.8. In semantic analysis of a sentence the basic unit is called p redicyion_______.9. There is an important difference between entailment and presupposition that is presupposition unlike entailment in not vulnerable to n egation_______.10. A semantically a nomalous________ sentence is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction. IV. Choose the answer that can best complete each of the following statements.1. The classic semantic triangle reflects the ________.A. naming theoryB. conceptual viewC. contextualismD. behaviorist theory2. Bloomfield drew on ______psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. GestaltB. conceptualistC. behavioristD. contextual3.The linguistic _______is known as context.A. situationB. contextC. contextualizationD. situation of context4. The no un “tear” and the verb “tear” are _______.A. homophonesB. homographsC. polysemic wordD. complete homonyms5.The meaning relationship between the two words “couch” and “table” is______.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. co-hyponymV. Answer the following questions and exemplify if necessary.1. First offer the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong.1.boy-----2.wide------3.sell------4.thin------5.interviewer------6.teacher-----7.dead------ 8.lengthy------2. Name the category to which each of the following pairs of synonyms belong.1.lift/elevator2.kid/child/offspring3.rotten/addled/sour4.politician/statesman5.escape/flee6.amaze/astoud3. Identify the relation between the following pairs of sentences.1 a. Carl was a bachelor all his life. b. Carl never married all his life.2a. This is my first visit to Europe. b. I have been to Europe before.3a. Ted bought two magazines. b. Ted bought two things.4 a.. He has three girls. b. He is a father.5 a.. He has no sister. b. His younger sister is beautiful.4. What is Componential Analysis ? What is the advantage of Componential Analysis ? Componential analysis proposed by structural semanticists is a way to analyze wordmeaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of HUMAN ADULT ANIMATE MALE There is one advantage of CA. By specifying the semantic feature of certain words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2)The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the he arer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms. Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”. 答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.(3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word anda more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms. Examples（略）。

语用学练习

1.2 a. What does cat mean? b. What does cream mean? c. What does to drink mean?a. cat means a domestic feline;b. cream means the liquid fat of milk;c. drink means to consume liquid.lexical semanticsdogmaticA machine powered by dogsautomatic1.3 What does Cats drink cream mean?There are three ways that you can use to paraphrase this sentence. You can change a) individual words; b) the sentence structure; or c) both the individual words and the sentence structure.Possible paraphrases for our sentence:Domestic felines consume the liquid fat of milk.Cream is drunk by cats.The liquid fat of milk is drunk by domestic felines.sentence semanticsCats chase mice.Mice chase cats.1.4 Mike, Annie and Mike’s cat, Felix, are in Mike’s kitchen. What did Annie mean? Mike: What happened to that bowl of cream?Annie: Cats drink cream.Annie is also accusing Felix of the crime.semantic meaning=semantic paraphrase (SP)pragmatic meaning=pragmatic paraphrase(PP)Cats drink creamSP: Domestic felines consume the liquid of milk.PP: Felix probably drank the cream.sentence/utteranceJane: Coffee?Steve: Sure!Jane: White?Steve: Black.1.5 Provide a semantic meaning (SP) and a pragmatic meaning (PP) for It’s cold in here in two different contexts, (a) and (b) below:(a) Mike and Annie are in the living room. Mike asks Annie whether she’d like to eatdinner in the living room or the kitchen. Annie relies: It’s cold in here.(b) The Queen and her butler, James, are in the drawing room. The window is open.The Queen says: It’s cold in here.SP: The temperature in this place is frigid.PP: (a) Let’s eat in the kitchen.PP: (b) James, shut the window.1.6 Now provide a third context for It’s cold in here which would yield a third and different pragmatic meaning.Here’s one possibility:Mike and Annie are in the greenhouse. Mike wonders why his orchids haven’t bloomed. Annie replies: It’s cold in here.SP: The temperature in this place is frigid.PP: The orchids are n’t blooming because the greenhouse is too cold.1.7 Below are several conversational extracts where the participants are discussing meaning. For each extract decide if the meaning type under discussion would be primarily the concern of semantics or pragmatics.a) Mike: That’s an interesting hat.Annie: What do you mean by that?b) Steve: Listen to this. ‘No animal bird or reptile shall be kept in the Flat or any otherpart of the building without the prior written consent of the Lessor which (if given) shall be deemed to be by way of license revocable at will.’Jane: That just means tenants can’t have pets without the landlord’s written permission, he can take it back any time he wants to.c) Parent: Where are your shoes, young man?Child: Under my bed.Parent: When I asked where your shoes were, I wanted you to put them on!d) Ed: Lugubrious?Faye: You know, sort of mournful, not very cheerful.e) Dave: What did Macbeth mean when he said that life was a tale told by an idiot?Sarah: I guess he thought that life didn’t make any sense.1.8 Provide at least one possible paraphrase (SP) for the following sentences (a)-(d) below.Example: The party is going to begin after he leaves.SP: The party will commence after he departs.Analyze your paraphrases in terms of whether you changed individual words, the sentence structure, or botha. Her mother is unhappy.b. My friend loathes string beans. (刀豆, 菜豆,青豆)c. I’ll look for that book right now.d. Steve hugged Jane.a. Her mother is sad.b. My pal hates string beans.String beans are loathed by my friend.String beans are hated by my friend.c. I’ll search for that book immediately.d. Jane was hugged by Steve.Steve gave Jane a hug.1.10 Context A:In summertime, A and B were in a room. The air conditioner was not on.A complained, “I’m hot.” meaning (PP:) Turn on the air conditioner.Context B:Mother, seeing her son return home after play, asked whether her sonliked to have cold or hot drinks. Her son replied, “I am hot.”meaning(PP:) I would like to have cold drinks.Context C:Mother, seeing it was going to rain, warned her son who was goingoutside with only shorts on, and said, “Put on your raincoat.” Her sonreplied, “I’m hot.” meaning (PP:) I did not like to put on my raincoat.1．11 I’m on a diet.●I am supposed to be slimming.●I’m full, thank you.●My cholesterol level in blood is quite high.Do n’t ask.●That’s awful.●Appalling.●I t’s boring.Lend me a pen.●May I borrow your pen?●I forgot to bring a pen.●I don’t have a pen to write with.1．12 (1) Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. (Crystal, 1987:120)This definition emphasizes the absolute roles that context and language users (speaker and hearer) play. The former is instrumental in framing language users’ choices of linguistic means for optimal communication outcomes, while the latter are solely responsible for the awareness of context or speech environment in which they are to perform certain functions via language or fulfill specific objectives by utilizing available linguistic means within their capability.(2) Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. (Leech, 1983)In a way, through this definition, Leech is clearing up the differences between semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. What he is trying to say here is like this: Sentences are for syntax, while utterances for pragmatics; sentence meanings free from situations are for semantics, while utterance meanings bound with situations are for pragmatics.(3) Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.(Yule, 1996:3)For George Yule, pragmatics belongs to that part of linguistics that tries to probe into those meanings over-loaded or beyond what is literally conveyed in concrete speech events and situations. In other words, it is often the case that language users are inclined to mean something more by his speech, and as to what is exactly meant by this oversaid or communicated message, it is the job of pragmatics to figure out. Apparently, Yule isdirecting us to the conversational analysis of meanings, a tradition of meaning study initiated in the 1950s.(4) There is a distinction between a hearer’s knowledge of her language and her knowledge of the world. In this section, I shall argue that it is this distinction that underlies the distinction between semantics and pragmatics. (Blakemore, 1992:39)To Diane Blakemore, both semantics and pragmatics are related with language and to each other. However, each deals with one aspect of language. While the former is restricted to the language proper itself, the latter is pertaining to the world knowledge associated with language.2.9 When a baby is playing with a dog, the dog bit the baby on the leg. Thensomebody said, “A dog is an animal.”When being offered noodles, you might say,“Noodles are just sticks made of flour.”The bachelor is not married.When a young man (a bachelor) is talking with a young lady, a third person might suggest that to the young lady even though the young man has a girl-friend.2.10 My wife is a mild cat. 腼腆的女人When asked whether his wife could do the job of being a PRO (publicrelations officer), the husband said, “My wife is a mild cat.”, meaning hiswife might not be in a position to do the job.Tom is a chicken. 胆小鬼When asked whether Tom could be a soldier, one of his classmates said, “Tom is a chicken.”, meaning Tom might not be brave enough to act as a soldier.Chicken:(Slang) A coward.【俚语】胆怯者My uncle is a real cat.When asked about my uncle’s business, I said, “My uncle is a real cat.”, meaning my uncle is really clever at doing business.2.11 howler: SlangA laughably stupid blunder.【俚语】愚蠢可笑的错误(a) creatures vs. man(b) woman vs. human(c) coroner vs fatalA public officer whose primary function is to investigate by inquest any death thoughtto be of other than natural causes.验尸官：主要职责是对被认为是死于非命的死者的死因作验尸调查的公职人员(d) censorship vs. limitation(e) sexes vs. poisonous and non-poisonous(f) r eiterate vs. over and over again2.12 grub <俚>食物yummy: very pleasing to the taste or smell; delicious.美味的，可口的：口感或味道非常宜人的；美味的Yes, the first pair of sentences means the same.Yes, so does the second pair of sentences.Yes, so does the third pair of sentences.Some people might not agree with the analysis of the third pair.2.13 (c) Sb. else burnt the toast.(d) It was not my fault. I was not to blame.2.14 George saw a nut.nut: An indehiscent, hard-shelled, one-loculated, one-seeded fruit, such as an acorn or a hazelnut.坚果：一种不开裂，硬壳，单隔室，单种子的果实，如橡树果实或榛子A seed borne within a fruit having a hard shell, as in the peanut, almond, or walnut.坚果种子：生长在有硬壳的果实之内的种子，如花生、杏或核桃The kernel of any of these.坚果仁：这些坚果的仁Slang【俚语】A crazy or eccentric person.疯子，怪人：疯狂或古怪的人An enthusiast; a buff:狂热者：狂热的人；入迷的人：a movie nut.电影迷Informal A difficult endeavor or problem:【非正式用语】难事，难题：Painting the closet was a tough nut to crack.给壁橱刷漆不是件容易事Slang The human head.【俚语】脑袋，头Music【音乐】A ridge of wood at the top of the fingerboard or neck of a stringed instrument, over which the strings pass.琴弓：指板顶部或弦乐器琴劲处木质的凸起部分，琴弦绕在上面A device at the lower end of the bow for a stringed instrument, used for tightening the hairs.松紧旋纽：琴弓尾端的装置，用于松紧金属丝A small block of metal or wood with a central, threaded hole that is designed to fit around and secure a bolt or screw.螺母，螺帽：中部有螺纹用于与螺栓或螺钉相配合的小块金属或木头Slang【俚语】The cost of launching a business venture.本钱：开展生意所需的费用The operating expenses of a theater, theatrical production, or similar enterprise:经费：剧院、戏剧制作和相似事业的运作费用：“The [theater] has simply failed to attract enough paying customers per week to meet its nut” (Variety)“［剧院］没能每周吸引足够的顾客以解决经费问题”(种类)nuts Vulgar Slang The testicles.nuts 【粗俗用语】【俚语】一对睾丸3.9 (a) What made you fight with your brother-in-law?(b) Would you be convicted for the fourth time?(c) How did you become a member of the terrorist organization?(d) Why didn’t you stop speeding?3.10 (a) For insomnia, ZONKO is your first choice.If you have trouble getting to sleep, try ZONKO.(b) The beautiful views at HappyHaven Inn will make your trip impressive.(c) Why not try KISSGOOD if you are embarrassed with bad breath?(d) Watch all the ants disappear with NO-ANT!(e) You’re welcome to join Crook & Sons Ltd, a perfect team of skilled workers.(f) Why don’t you try our non-poisonous BLASTEX?(g) SHINO is your ideal choice for nourishing wood.(h) YAPPY dog food, dogs’ favorite, brings your dog a happy day.(i) If GRIN toothpaste is dentists’ choice, why isn’t it yours?3. 11 humid (闷热)潮湿damp (阴冷)潮湿It was hot-----presuppositionEd ate the raw oysters--presuppositionEd got dressed----presupposition3. 12 The painter broke the window.Somebody broke the window.3. 13 (b) ----no presupposition4.1 a. the maxim of quantity.b. the maxim of quantityc. the maxim of quantityd. the maxim of relevancee. the maxim of clarity (manner)4.9 I don’t like it.Do you like this story?It’s too long.(flouting of quantity maxim)Do you like coffee?I prefer tea.(flouting of relevance maxim)Do you like this flower?I think other people like it.(flouting of relevance maxim)Do you like this story?It’s not something I expected.(flouting of quantity maxim)Do you like the dog?The dog is dirty.(flouting of quantity maxim)Steve hates cats.Does Steve like cats?Cats are Steve’s enemy.(flouting of quantity maxim)Does Steve like cats?Dogs are Steve’s favorite pets.(flouting of relevance maxim)Ed is lazy.How is Ed?Ed always does today’s work until tomorrow.(flouting of quantity maxim)How is Ed?You can always find him in bed sleeping.(flouting of relevance maxim)4.11 You might have heard about this, but do you know a man was found dead lying on the beach yesterday. (violation of quantity maxim)I know it might not be the case, but he was not on the spot when the murder took place. (violation of quality maxim)Waitress: What can I get you, sir?Customer: I’ll have the roast beef. Oh, incidentally, where’s the phone?John: What happened during the interview today?Mary: Well, to make a long story short, they didn’t hire me.What’s with somebody?Spoken American English used to ask why a person or group of people is behaving strangely: What’s with you people?What’s with something?Spoken American Englishused to ask the reason for something: What’s with all the sad faces?5.8 a. presuppositionb. presuppositionc. particularized implicatured. generalized implicaturee. generalized implicature.f. particularized implicatureg. generalized implicature5.6 (d)Tom is Gab’s son. He doesn’t like the smell of the room after the kitchenhas been painted.(f)Mary has a secret crush on the dentist.5.8 (c)The party lasted for only one hour.(f)Steve knows that Ed is very rich and don't care about the price of the car. As long as Ed wants to buy one, he will.(Even so, the price is within my purchasing power.)5.11 a. generalized implicatureb. generalized implicaturec. particularized implicatured. particularized implicature6.9 I ’m sorry.Context 1: I apologized to a lady for stepping on her toes.Context 2: I apologized to a teacher for not having finished my homework on time. illocutions: apologyContext 3: A: Can you tell me who the man over there is?B: I ’m sorry.illocution: refusalThe gun is loaded.Context 1: A child is trying to play with a real gun. The adult warned him of the loaded gun. Illocution: warning (Children should not take the gun.)Context 2: A robber is saying this to a bank cashier.Illocution: threat (money or life?)6. 10 requestPardon. I beg your pardon.Could you repeat what you’ve said? I’m afraid I haven’t caught what you said.Could you say that again? Can you help me?Can I ask a favor of you? Will you give me a hand?Would you be kind enough to carry this for me?Can you do me a favor?Can you tell me the time?What ’s the call of time?What ’s the time?What time is it?Do you have the time?6. 11 1. perlocution: The host made coffee to the guest.Context: When the guest just arrived, the host asked, “Do you like coffee?”2. perlocution: The guest accepted the drink.Context: When the host is serving coffee to the guest, the guest exclaimed, “I love coffee.”3. p erlocution: B accepted the invitation.Context:(Between friends)A: Would you like to go to a café?B: I love coffee.6.12 a. d. f --------hearer’s responseb. c. e------speaker’s action6.13 threaten, intimidate, frighten---- scarecoax, cajole---- persuadebewilder, puzzle ----- confusetreat---- entertainimprint ---- impressallay, pacify, appease, soothe, conciliate, mollify, calm----- placateencourage, praise ----- inspireWhat is this fly doing in my soup ?Look like breast stroke, sir.acknowledge，admit，own，avow，confess，concedeThese verbs mean to make a disclosure, usually with reluctance or under pressure. 这些动词都表示不情愿或在压力之下揭示真相。

(完整版)语用学

语用学概论（1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。

（2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。

（1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。

（2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。

（1）下午踢球去吗？（2）晚上还有考试。

（昨天把腿拉伤了。

）（1）小王：怎么样？（2）小李：资料都拿走了。

（1）老师：现在几点了？（2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。

第一讲什么是语用学一、语用学的起源❑“语用学”术语的提出1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。

这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。

符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（syntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。

句法学（Syntactics or syntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”；语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938）《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ）语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。

⏹语用学与符号学⏹语用学与语言哲学自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。

从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。

正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。

70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。

句法学语义学语用学测试（学习资料）

句法学语义学语⽤学测试（学习资料）and semantic rules.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of__________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.c1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.4. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized，therefore stable utterances always take the form of complete sentences5. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？2.How does a sentence differ from an utterance？3.Discuss in detail the locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.4. What are the representative approaches to Syntax and their main contents.5. What is semantic triangle, and explain it in detail.6. what are synonymy, antonumy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy. Explain them by details.7. what are entailment presupposition and semantic anomaly. Explain them by details and examples.FFFTTTFSentence, transformational, deep, coordinate, structure, grammatical, syntax ABADFFTTTTF【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11.B 12.C 13.D 14. A 15. C 16. A。

语义学练习题

Semantics1.W hat is semantics?A: Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language bolow the word and above it, e.g. meanings of morphemes and sentences.2.What are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?A: (1).Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.(2).Phonology:the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.(3).Morphology: It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed. (4).Syntax: It's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. (5).Semantics: It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.(6).Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of words.3.Two aspects of Sentence meaning:A: grammatical and semantic meaning.4.Selectional restrictions---A:Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules.5.How are sense and reference related?A.Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter ofrelationship between the form and reality.6.W hat’s grammaticality? what might take a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless? Grammaticality:the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence.A sentence may be well-formed grammatically, i.e. it conforms to the grammatical rules of the language, but it is not necessarily semantically well-formed, i.e. it may not make sense at all.7. T or F :(1).Semantics is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules that form the word. ( F )(2).Semantics is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. ( F ) (3).Semantics is the study of meaning, usually in language. The word “semantics ”itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. (T)(4).Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language. ( T )(5).Semantics is the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view. ( T )(6).Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( T )(7).The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech. ( F )8.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _______A. morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.semantics ( C )ponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _______A. phoneticsB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics ( C )10..The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics ( B )11.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( B )A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult12.Predication analysis is a way to analyze____ meaning.A.phoemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence (D)13.The four major modes of semantic changeare_______A.extension,narrowing,elevation and degradationB.extension,generalization,elevation and degradationC.extension,narrowing,specialization and degradationD.extension ,elevation, amelioration and degradation(A)ponential analysis is a method applied in the field of ______A.phoneticsB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics (C)15.Indicate that:(1).Semantics is a branch of study of linguistics. ( Concerning other linguistic disciplines)(2).The original of the term “semantics”should be clarified we want to touch the studyof meaning. (adopting developing views of study)(3).Meaning is a complex thing because man’s cognitive factors and the existence of different languages. (thinking of other related disciplines)。

当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案

当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案黎神华桂林电子科技大学Laｎguａge toucｈeｓeverｙparｔoｆour ｌｉves; it ｇｉvｅs woｒds to用言语表达ouｒthougｈts, voｉce ｔo our ｉｄｅas,and expｒｅssiｏn to ouｒfｅelinｇｓ．Iｔｉｓa rｉch aｎｄｖaｒｉeｄhｕman ability—oｎe that wｅcａn uｓe wｉthouｔevｅｎａｔｈougｈt，that ｃhildren seem to ａcquｉre ａuｔomaｔｉcalｌｙ, and that ｌinｇｕists hａveｆound tｏbe complex yet describａble.语言贯穿于我们生活的全部，予我们的思维以言辞，予我们的理念以话语,予我们的情感以表述。

它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力—想用就用,无须思索；天下儿童，自能习得;语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。

Lｉnguistics is the stｕdy ofｔｈe nａturｅ, ｓｔructure, and ｖariａｔioｎoｆlaｎguage, ｉncludｉng phonetics, phonｏlogy, morpholｏgｙ，syntax,semａｎtiｃs, and praｇmatics.语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学,包括有语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。

Liｎguistｉｃkｎｏｗｌedｇe as rｅpｒesented in theｓpeａｋeｒ’s ｍind ｉs cａｌled a gramｍａr. Linｇuｉsticｔheｏry is coｎｃerｎｅｄwiｔh涉及revealiｎg揭示tｈe nature oｆthe mental graｍmaｒ心理语法which represｅntｓsｐｅａkｅrs’knowledｇe of theｉr laｎｇuaｇe．语言学知识作为说话者大脑里的表述被称为语法。

(完整word版)第五章语义学习题1

第5章语义学Core Exercise I.Define the following terms.1.semantics——Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2.the conceptualist theory——Conceptualism is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind.3.sense——Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form it is abstract and de -contextualized.4. reference——Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienceponential Analysis——Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning ofa word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features.6.gradable antonyms——These describe something which can be measured and compared with something else. For example small and big hot and cold dry and wet clean and dirty.7.absolute synonyms——Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings.8.superordinate——related to a particular proposition of the same quality and containing the same terms in the same order.9.homophones——Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings/meanings.10.entailment——In pragmatics linguistics entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one A requires the truth of the other B.II. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.F 1. In the classic semantic triangle the symbol is directly related to the referent.改：The symbol refers to the linguistic elements (words, phrases)F 2. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions.改：dialectal synonmsF 3. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike.改：homophones 同形异音异义T4. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.F 5. In a pair of complementary antonyms there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes.F 6. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension such as “hot” vs. “cold”.改：different dimensions 次元T7. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.T 8. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.T 9. A predicate is something said about an argument.III Fill in each of the following blanks with the proper word which begins with the letter given.1. S electional_____ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of gradable_____ antonyms.3. The various meanings of a p olysemy______ word are related to some extent.4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r eferences______ in different situations.5. According to Wittgenstein for a large class of cases the meaning of a word is in its u se____ in thelanguage.6. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment a superordinate entails all h yponyms______.7. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r elationnal_______ opposites.8. In semantic analysis of a sentence the basic unit is called p redicyion_______.9. There is an important difference between entailment and presupposition that is presupposition unlike entailment in not vulnerable to n egation_______.10. A semantically a nomalous________ sentence is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction. IV. Choose the answer that can best complete each of the following statements.1. The classic semantic triangle reflects the ________.A. naming theoryB. conceptual viewC. contextualismD. behaviorist theory2. Bloomfield drew on ______psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. Gestalt B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. contextual3.The linguistic _______is known as context.A. situationB. contextC. contextualizationD. situation of context4. The no un “tear” and the verb “tear” are _______.A. homophonesB. homographsC. polysemic wordD. complete homonyms5.The meaning relationship between the two words “couch” and “table” is______.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. co-hyponymV. Answer the following questions and exemplify if necessary.1. First offer the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong.1.boy-----2.wide------3.sell------4.thin------5.interviewer------6.teacher-----7.dead------ 8.lengthy------2. Name the category to which each of the following pairs of synonyms belong.1.lift/elevator2.kid/child/offspring3.rotten/addled/sour4.politician/statesman5.escape/flee6.amaze/astoud3. Identify the relation between the following pairs of sentences.1 a. Carl was a bachelor all his life. b. Carl never married all his life.2a. This is my first visit to Europe. b. I have been to Europe before.3a. Ted bought two magazines. b. Ted bought two things.4 a.. He has three girls. b. He is a father.5 a.. He has no sister. b. His younger sister is beautiful.4. What is Componential Analysis ? What is the advantage of Componential Analysis ? Componential analysis proposed by structural semanticists is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example the word “man” is analyzed as consisting of the semantic features of HUMAN ADULT ANIMATE MALE There is one advantage of CA. By specifying the semantic feature of certain words it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2)The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the he arer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms. Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”. 答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word mayhave more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.(3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms. Examples（略）。

语言学纲要练习题

语言学纲要练习题语言学纲要练习题语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，它涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等多个领域。

通过对语言的研究，我们可以更好地了解人类思维和交流方式的本质。

下面是一些语言学的练习题，帮助大家更好地理解和应用语言学的知识。

一、语音学1. 什么是音位？请举例说明。

音位是指在某一语言中具有区别意义的最小语音单位。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音位，它们可以分别构成单词"pat"和"bat"，区别了两个单词的意义。

2. 什么是音素？请举例说明。

音素是指在某一语言中能够区别词义的最小语音单位。

它是音位的抽象概念。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音位，但它们都属于同一个音素/p/，因为它们在词义上没有区别。

3. 什么是音节？请举例说明。

音节是指由一个或多个音位组成的语音单位。

一个音节至少包含一个核心音位，可以包含前导音位和尾音位。

例如，在英语中，单词"cat"由一个音节构成，而单词"table"由两个音节构成。

二、语法学1. 什么是句子成分？请举例说明。

句子成分是指在句子中具有特定语法功能的词或短语。

常见的句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。

例如，在句子"The cat is sleeping on the mat."中，"The cat"是主语，"is sleeping"是谓语，"on the mat"是状语。

2. 什么是句法树？请举例说明。

句法树是一种用来表示句子结构的图形工具。

它通过树状结构展示了句子中各个成分之间的关系。

例如，对于句子"The cat is sleeping on the mat."，句法树的表示可以是：[S]/ \[NP] [VP]/ \ / \[Det] [N] [V] [PP]| |[is] [P]|[NP]/ \[Det] [N]|[the]三、语义学1. 什么是词义？请举例说明。

专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语义学)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语义学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．______is the study of meaning.A．SemanticsB．SyntaxC．PragmaticsD．Morphology正确答案：A解析：语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的研究。

知识模块：语义学2．The ancient scholar Plato proposed______.A．the semantic triangleB．the naming theoryC．the conceptualist viewD．the componential analysis正确答案：B解析：关于意义最原始的观点之一就是命名论，由柏拉图提出，认为词语只不过是其所代表的事物的名字或标记，其局限性显而易见。

Ogden和Richards 提出经典的语义三角极好地例示了古时一些哲学家和语言学家所持有的概念论，认为在语言学的形式和它的所指之间并不存在这直接的联系，而是在意义的诠释中它们通过大脑思维中的概念为媒介相连。

成分分析是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的方法。

知识模块：语义学3．Which of the following is the concern of “reference”?A．It is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.B．It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C．It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.D．It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.正确答案：C解析：sense和reference同属于meaning的两个方面。

linguistics练习题

linguistics练习题一、语音学与音系学2. 描述元音和辅音的分类方法。

3. 解释音素与音位之间的区别。

4. 举例说明音位变体。

6. 识别并标注下列句子中的音素：The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.8. 描述声母和韵母的概念。

9. 分析英语中的元音和谐现象。

10. 解释语音学与音系学的区别与联系。

二、形态学与词汇学12. 举例说明词根和词缀的作用。

15. 描述英语中的名词、动词和形容词的屈折变化。

16. 解释形态学与词汇学的关系。

18. 举例说明词义扩大、词义缩小和词义转移。

19. 解释词义与语境的关系。

20. 描述英语中的词义分类。

三、句法学24. 描述英语中的主谓一致规则。

25. 解释并列句与复合句的区别。

27. 描述英语中的被动语态结构。

29. 解释句子类型：简单句、并列句、复合句。

30. 描述英语中的疑问句、否定句和祈使句的结构。

四、语义学与语用学33. 解释语义学与语用学的区别与联系。

34. 描述英语中的情态动词及其意义。

36. 解释语境对句子意义的影响。

38. 描述英语中的礼貌用语及其功能。

39. 解释隐喻和转喻的概念。

五、语言习得与语言学应用41. 描述儿童语言习得的过程。

42. 解释二语习得与母语习得的差异。

44. 描述语言教学中的交际法、任务型教学法等。

45. 解释语言测试的类型及其功能。

47. 描述跨文化交际中的语言障碍。

48. 解释语言规划与语言政策的概念。

50. 描述语言与认知、情感、社会等因素的关系。

六、历史语言学51. 描述语言变化的主要类型及其原因。

52. 解释语言演化的连续性与非连续性。

53. 分析英语历史上的重大语言变革。

54. 识别并解释古英语与现代英语之间的差异。

55. 描述语言学中的比较法及其在历史语言学中的应用。

56. 解释历史语言学与历时语言学的区别。

58. 描述语言接触对语言变化的影响。

59. 解释语言死亡的概念及其原因。

语用学和语义学

浅谈语用学和语义学【摘要】研究意义的学科叫语义学。

更具体的说，语义学是研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。

语义是语言形式所表达的内容，是客观事物现象在人们头脑中的反映，这种认识用语言形式表现出来，就是语义。

因此语义与客观世界有着密切的联系。

而语用学没有出现在语言学任何分支里，原因就是它其实是包含在所有的分支里，意思就是说，语用学无所不在，语用学可以渗透于我们生活的方方面面。

如果我们把意义分成两个大类：一类与所用的词密切相关，较稳定，是固有意义，这类就是语义学研究的意义；另一类与语境密切相关，不大确定，是附加意义，这类就是语用学研究的意义。

我们可以说语用学的意义=意义- 语义学意义。

【关键词】语用学；语义学；合作原则1.1 语义学中的七种意义类型英国著名语言学家利奇在1974年第一次出版的《语义学》中提出了七种意义类型，包括1. 概念意义：关于逻辑，认知或外延内容的意义；2.内涵意义：通过语言所指事物来传递意义；3. 社会意义：关于语言运用的社会环境的意义；4. 感情意义：关于讲话人或写文章的人的感情和态度的意义；5. 反射意义：通过与同一个词语的另一意义的联想来传递意义；6. 搭配意义：通过经常与另一个词同时出现的词的联想来传递的意义；7. 主位意义：组织信息的方式所传递的意义。

其中，从内涵意义到搭配意义统称联想意义，属于附加意义，社会意义又称语体意义。

这些意义讲解起来有些许复杂，即使按照上述的第一种意义来理解“意义“，一个词的意义仍然可以有不同的解释方式。

在日常生活中至少有四种解释意义的方式，假如你不知道chicken是什么意思，向别人请教时，就有四种解释方式。

第一种就是指着一只鸡说chicken。

第二种描述她的外形，有两条腿，两只爪子，有羽毛，尖尖的嘴巴，会发出咯咯叫声。

第三种可以直接说它是一种家禽。

而第四种可能就直接告诉你中文“鸡”。

在生活中，对儿童解释她不理解的客观事物时，便于儿童的理解，倾向于前三种解释方法。

句法学语义学语用学测试(学习资料)

and semantic rules.1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of__________ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressivesD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be________.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.c1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.4. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized，therefore stable utterances always take the form of complete sentences5. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？2.How does a sentence differ from an utterance？3.Discuss in detail the locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.4. What are the representative approaches to Syntax and their main contents.5. What is semantic triangle, and explain it in detail.6. what are synonymy, antonumy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy. Explain them by details.7. what are entailment presupposition and semantic anomaly. Explain them by details and examples.FFFTTTFSentence, transformational, deep, coordinate, structure, grammatical, syntax ABADFFTTTTF【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A 10. C 11.B 12.C 13.D 14. A 15. C 16. A。

Semantics语义学练习

Semantics语义学练习Semantics（语义学）练习I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. Semantics, one of the linguistic branches, can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.Reflected meaning refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.3.Contextualism means that one can derive meaning from observable contexts which include situational context and the linguistic context.4.Semantic triangle is a theory proposed by Ogden and Richards in The Meaning of Meaning, which argues that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.5.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.6.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. theclass name, is called superordinate, and the lower term the members, hyponyms.7. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze meaning.8.Antonyms can be categorized into three types, namely gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and converse antonyms or relational opposites.9.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.10. Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.II.1. “Can I borrow your bike?” _________ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes2. __________ is a way in which the meaningof a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis3. Relation between proposition by which A presupposes B, if for A to have a truth value, B must be true is called__________.A. presuppositionB. entailmentC. contradictionD. synonymy4._____________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense5.Words that are close in meaning are called __________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. The relationship between “X buys something from Y.” and “Y sells something toX.” is ___________.A. complementary antonymyB. converse antonymyC. hyponymyD. gradable antonymy7. The relationship between “furniture”and “desk” is __________.A. superordinateB. relational oppositesC. hyponymyD. synonymy8. The sentence “John likes ice-cream”contains _________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three9. Bloomfield drew on __________ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. contextualB. conceptualistC. behavioristD. naming10. Words that are opposite in meaning are __________.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophonesIII.IV. Answer the following questions.1. Identify the type of antonymy holding between the words in each of the pair.1) hot cold2) husband wife3) present absent2. How do you distinguish entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?（星⽕p.108）I.1.Semantics2.Reflected3.situational4.triangle5.Synonymy6.superordinate/doc/6b18280.htmlponential8. complementary9. reference 10. PredicationII. 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D 6. B 7. C 8.B 9. C 10.CIII.1. 1) hot cold gradableantonymy2) husband wife converse antonymy3) present absent complementary antonymhy。

专业英语八级英语语言学知识(语用学)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语用学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．Which of the following statement concerning context is NOT correct?A．It was first noted by the British linguist John Firth.B．It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.C．It determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.D．It is essential to the syntactic study of language.正确答案：D解析：语境这个概念由英国语言学家John Firth最先提出，一般认为它是由言者和听者的共享知识构成，它决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到话语的理解，它对语言的语用研究(而非句法研究)来说是必不可少的。

知识模块：语用学2．Which of the following is NOT correct?A．The meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized.B．The meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.C．The meaning of a sentence is based on utterance meaning.D．Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.正确答案：C解析：句子的意思是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。

英语语言学练习题1

英语语言学练习题1英语语言学练习题Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks wit h one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky（乔姆斯基）defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages iscalled s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociologica l…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively aspossible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performanc e. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2. 语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussure b. halliday c. Chomsky d. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. halliday d anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

修订版《语言学纲要》第五章语义和语用答案

修订版《语⾔学纲要》第五章语义和语⽤答案修订版《语⾔学纲要》第五章语义和语⽤答案第五章语义和语⽤⼀、名词解释基本词汇——基本词汇就是⼈们⾃古⾄今常⽤的，⽤来表达⽇常事物现象的，并成为构成新词基础的那⼀部分词。

基本词汇⾥的词是语⾔词汇的核⼼。

多义词——⼀个词有多个意义，它们概括反映相互有联系的⼏类现实现象。

如“跑”就具有“两只脚或四条腿迅速前进”、“逃⾛”、〈⽅〉“⾛”、“为某种事务⽽奔⾛”、“物体离开了应该在的位置”、“液体因挥发⽽损耗”等六项互相有联系但⼜各不相同的意义，是多义词。

反义词——语⾔中有很多意义相反的词，叫做反义词。

反义词，是现实现象中⽭盾的或对⽴的现象在语⾔中的反映。

分相对反义词和绝对反义词两种。

具有反义关系的两个词之间只需要有⼀个义项相对或相反就可以了。

施事——⾃主性动作、⾏为的主动发出者。

焦点——⼈们之所以要说话，是为了向对⽅传递他们所不知道的信息，也即新信息。

从信息的⾓度看，句⼦中的新信息是说话者所传递信息的重点所在，是说话者认为受话者不知道因此希望受话者特别关注的部分。

这就是句⼦的“焦点”。

情态——情态是体现“说话者对所⾔的主观看法”的范畴。

主要表达“必然性”、“可能性”、“必要性”等⽅⾯。

语⽓——语⽓是表达“句⼦的⾔语交际作⽤”的范畴，指的是句⼦所携带的反映说话⼈使⽤句⼦的⽬的和说话⼈情绪的意义，包括陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等⾔语⾏为——⼈们说出的话不仅仅是⼈类经验的映像(句义)，也不仅仅是特定说话者对⼈类经验的具体认知，它还是⼀种社会⾏为。

像打⼈、吃饭等其他社会⾏为⼀样，“说话”这种社会⾏为也有对⾏为者之外的事物(特别是受话者)或⾏为者⾃⾝产⽣某种效⼒的⽬标，也有因⾏为⽽引发实际变化的效果。

简⽽⾔之，⾔语交际⾏为本⾝也构成新的⼈类经验，与现实世界中的其他⼈、物、现象、事件有着“⾏为—效⼒”的关联。

这些是语⾔在另⼀层次上的意义。

从这⼀视⾓对语⾔意义的关注称为⾔语⾏为研究。

语言学纲要练习题：第五章语义和语用

第五章语义和语用一、填空题1.词汇是一种语言中所有的（词）和（成语）等固定用语的总汇。

2.熟语分为两类：（通用熟语）和（专用熟语）。

3.歇后语一般前一个部分是（比喻）,后一个部分是（真正意义）。

4.词典是可以查阅词的（形式）和（内容信息）的工具书。

5.研究语言符号的意义一般都以（词）作为基本单位。

6.（全民常用性）（稳定性）（构词能力强）可以说是基本词汇的主要特点。

7.（单义词）即一个词的意义可以概括反映一类现象；（多义词）即一个词的意义可以概括反映相互关联的几类对象，也就是包含几个互相联系的义项。

8.多义词的多个义项中，最初的那个意义叫（本义）;由此直接或间接衍生出来的意义叫（引申义）。

9.（同义词）是指一种语言或方言中意义相同或相近的两个或两个以上的词；（反义词）是指一种语言或方言中意义相反或相对的两个词。

10.（歧义）是指同一形式的语言符号序列可能表达不同意义的现象。

11.语言的词汇有一个核心，这就是（基本词汇），它具有全民常用、稳固和有构词能力三个特点。

12.语言词汇中除（基本词汇）以外的词构成语言的（一般词汇）,它的主要特点是：不是全民常用的，或者虽然在短时期内为全民所常用，但不稳固，一般没有构词能力或者构词能力比较弱。

13.语言的意义可以分为两类，由词的语法关系产生的意义叫（语法意义）,人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价，叫作（词汇意义）,简称（词义）。

14.以现实现象作基础，不涉及人们主观态度的词义是词的（理性意义）。

它是词义的核心部分。

15.对于同样的现实现象，人们的主观态度可以不同，因而在形成理性意义的时候可以带进人们的主观态度，这就给词义加上了一层（色彩意义）。

16.词义对现实现象的反映是一种抽象的、概括的反映，而（一般性）（模糊性）和（全民性）则是这种概括性的三个重要表现形式。

17.词的有历史可查的最初意义叫作（本义）,它是产生这个词其他意义的基础。

语言学纲要练习题

语言学纲要练习题语言学纲要练习题语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，它的复杂性和多样性一直以来都是语言学家们所关注的重点。

通过学习语言学纲要，我们可以更好地理解语言的起源、发展和运用规律。

下面是一些关于语言学纲要的练习题，帮助我们巩固对这一学科的理解。

练习题一：语言的定义和特点1. 请简要解释语言的定义。

2. 语言作为一种交流工具，具有哪些特点？练习题二：语音学1. 什么是语音学？2. 请列举并解释语音学的三个主要研究内容。

练习题三：语法学1. 什么是语法学？2. 请解释句法、词法和语义在语法学中的概念和作用。

练习题四：语义学1. 什么是语义学？2. 请解释语义学的两个主要研究内容。

练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？2. 请解释语用学的两个主要研究内容。

练习题六：语言变化与语言接触1. 什么是语言变化？2. 请解释语言接触对语言变化的影响。

练习题七：语言习得与语言教学1. 什么是语言习得？2. 请解释语言教学在语言习得中的作用。

练习题八：语言与文化1. 语言与文化之间有着密切的联系，请解释语言与文化的关系。

2. 请举例说明语言如何反映和塑造文化。

练习题九：语言研究方法1. 请列举并解释语言研究中常用的两种方法。

2. 在语言研究中，为什么需要使用多种方法？练习题十：语言的多样性1. 请解释语言的多样性。

2. 语言的多样性对人类社会有哪些影响？通过回答这些练习题，我们可以更全面地了解语言学纲要的各个方面。

语言学作为一门综合性学科，涉及到语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等多个分支，每个分支都有其独特的研究内容和方法。

通过深入学习语言学纲要，我们可以更好地理解语言的本质和运用规律，为我们的语言交流能力提供有力的支持。

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