剑桥雅思5test4阅读passage1翻译
剑桥雅思阅读5原文翻译及答案（test1）
剑桥雅思阅读5原文翻译及答案(test1)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
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READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Johnson’s DictionaryFor the centur y before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe thevarious worlds to conquer —lexical as well as social and commercial. it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holbom Bar on 18 June 1764.He was to be paid ￡1.575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent Gou gh Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up. Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on everysubject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law —according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe" The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words ‘conferred stability on the language of his country.’The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George Ⅲ to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.Questions 1-3Choose THREE letters A-H.Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in any order.Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson’s Dictionary?A It avoided all scholarly words.B It was the only English dictionary in general use for 200 years.C It was famous because of the large number of people involved.D It focused mainly on language from contemporary texts.E There was a time limit for its completion.F It ignored work done by previous dictionary writers.G It took into account subtleties of meaning.H Its definitions were famous for their originality.Questions 4-7Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having rented a garret, he took on a number of 4…………, who stood at a long central desk. Johnson did not have a 5………… available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks.On publications, the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark. According to his biographer, James Boswell, Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring 6……… to the English language. As a reward for his ha rd work, he was granted a 7………by the king.Questions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8 The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.9 Johnson has become more well known since his death.10 Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.11 Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.12 Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.13 Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Nature or Nurture?A A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of lifefor their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically M ilgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to learn.B Milgram’s expe rimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from ‘15 volts of electricity (slight shock)’ to ‘450 volts (danger —severe shock)’ in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.C As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgramcalmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was ‘you have no other choice. You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.D Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.E What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?F One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teache-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.G An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, ‘Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society —the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this se tting.’H Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.I Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authorityfigure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology — to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects’ behaviour15 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment16 the identity of the pupils17 the expected statistical outcome18 the general aim of sociobiological study19 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continueQuestions 20-22Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.20 The teacher-subjects were told that were testing whetherA a 450-volt shock was dangerous.B punishment helps learning.C the pupils were honest.D they were suited to teaching.21 The teacher-subjects were instructed toA stop when a pupil asked them to.B denounce pupils who made mistakes.C reduce the shock level after a correct answer.D give punishment according to a rule.22 Before the experiment took place the psychiatristsA believed that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous.B failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions.C underestimated the teacher-subjects’ willingness to comply with experimental procedure.D thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts.Questions 23-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this23 Several of the subjects were psychology students at Yale University.24 Some people may believe that the teacher-subjects’ behaviour could be explained as a positive survival mechanism.25 In a sociological explanation, personal values are more powerful than authority.26 Milgram’s experiment solves an important question in sociobiology.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40,which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient —associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution — the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming — does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost forever.’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher winter temperatures(which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, andprevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic — but more costly still to be too pessimistic.Questions 27-32Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement ag rees with the writer’s claimsNO if the statement contradicts the writer’s clamsNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this27 Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world fora number of reasons28 Data on the Earth’s natural resources has only been collected since 1972.29 The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.30 Extinct species are being replaced by new species.31 Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialisation.32 It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.Questions 33-37Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?A the need to produce resultsB the lack of financial supportC the selection of areas to researchD the desire to solve every research problem34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate howA influential the mass media can be.B effective environmental groups can be.C the mass media can help groups raise funds.D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.34 What is the writer’s main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?A Some are more active than others.B Some are better organised than others.C Some receive more criticism than others.D Some support more important issues than others.35 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended toA educate readers.B meet their readers’ expec tations.C encourage feedback from readers.D mislead readers.36 What does the writer say about America’s waste problem?A It will increase in line with population growth.B It is not as important as we have been led to believe.C It has been reduced through public awareness of the issues.D It is only significant in certain areas of the country.Questions 38-40Complete the summary with the list of words A-I below.Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.GLOBAL WARMINGThe writer admits that global warming is a 38…………….challenge, but says that it will not have a catastrophic impact on our future, if we deal with it in the 39…………… way. If we try to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases, he believes that it would only have a minimal impact on rising temperatures. He feels it would be better to spend money on the more 40………… health problem of providing the world’s population with clean drinking water.A unrealisticB agreedC expensiveD rightE long-termF usualG surprisingH personalI urgent剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test1)TEST 1 PASSAGE 1参考译文：Johnson’s Dictionary约翰逊博士的字典For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.约翰逊博士的《字典》于1775年出版，在此之前的一个世纪，人们一直对英语的发展状况担忧。
EG Test 4 Passage 1 阅读译文
'Sleep comes more easily than it returns.'—Victor Hugo,Les Misérables入睡容易，醒过来难——维克多.雨果《悲惨世界》A It is estimated that one in three adults in westernised countries regularly wakes up in the middle of the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep.Physicians often diagnose'insomnia'and prescribe sleeping pills,but these often have side effects such as negative interactions with food,drink or other drugs,and most are habit-forming. Cessation of the medication frequently causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms,too,including panic attacks,mood-swings,and even heightened sleep disturbance.Is there a way to treat insomnia without such debilitating consequences?据估计，在西方国家中，有1/3的成年人经常会在半夜醒来，之后再难继续入睡。
医生经常会作出失眠症的诊断，然后开安眠药。
但是这些药通常是有副作用的，比如说和食物、饮料或其他药物发生不良反应，而且这些药大多数还容易上瘾。
如果停止用药，又会导致一些不良症状的反弹，比如产生恐慌、情绪波动，甚至是更严重的失眠。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)，希望对你们有用。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before —now we’ve made new friends.’Fan KaomaParticipants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, ZambiaIntroductionAlthough small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) hasbeen working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, whichthey used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assetssuch as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide school and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided5………………and………………S.K.I courier service ? provision of 6………………………Dominican Republic ? S.K.IY.W.C.A 7………………… ? loansstorage facilitiessavings plansZambia ? S.K.I.The Red CrossY.W.C.A. setting up small businesses ? business training8…………trainingaccess to creditQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-27Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI Causes of volcanic eruptionIi Efforts to predict volcanic eruptionIii Volcanoes and the features of our planetIv Different types of volcanic eruptionV International relief effortsVi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DVolcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has abasement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Thesefracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in no rthern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa —the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like t he Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates —the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ wh ere there have been the most violent explosions —Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mon t Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowObtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about alanguage. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a lin guist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about thebest investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be li stened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general.A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, inwhich they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplementedby data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enoughNon-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be consideredRecording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of soundVideoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might mi ss certain thingsQuestions 37-40Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test3)Passage1参考译文Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth流浪儿童的小型企业贷款‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko“我来自一个贫困的大家庭。
剑桥雅思5Test3阅读PASSAGE1翻译：Early Childhood Education
剑桥雅思5Test3阅读PASSAGE1翻译：Early Childhood Education－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思5TEST 3阅读PASSAGE 1 参考译文：Early Childhood Education,相应的解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5Test3Passage1真题解析。
Early Childhood EducationNew Zealand’s National Party spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith, recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip and what they could mean for New Zealand’s education policy.儿童早期教育新西兰国家党教育发言人Lockwood Smith博士最近访问了美国和英国。
下面是他撰写的一份报告，文中阐述了他此行的收获以及这些收获对新西兰教育政策的意义。
A‘Education To Be More’ was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government’s Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that’s a real need; but since parents don’t normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all?A 《教育增进能力》是一份由新西兰政府儿童早期关怀和教育工作小组所作的报告，于去年8月出版。
剑桥雅思5阅读Test4Passage2答案解析
Question 24
答案：TRUE
关键词: doubt, Bishops Walk
定位原文: 原文首段最后1句: “When fragments were analysed by experts…”
关键词: break
定位原文: 原文第4段第3句: “This glass has five times…”
解题思路: 原文：“钢化玻璃的强度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎时裂成细小颗粒而不是锋利(razor-sharp)的大块碎片。”因此答案为选项F。
剑桥雅思5阅读解析Test4答案+详细的解题思路指导Question 19
解题思路: 原文：“这是非常罕见的现象。”BrianWaldron说。因此答案为选项G。
Question 15
答案：A
关键词: Trevor Ford
定位原文: 原文第3段最后两句 “What you hear is only the…He believes the reason…”
解题思路: 原文：“公众所知道的只不过是冰山一角罢了。”昆士兰州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃专家Trevor Ford说道。他认为原因很简单：“没人想要坏新闻。”因此答案为选项A。
答案：I
关键词: shatter
定位原文: 原文第8段第3句: “The time that elapses before failure…”
解题思路: 原文：“破裂时间无法预测(unpredictable)……”因此答案为选项I。
Question 20
剑桥雅思5阅读答案解析-Test4Passage3
passage1解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5阅读答案解析-Test4Passage1。
本片文章是剑桥雅思5阅读答案解析-Test4Passage3。
Question 27答案：TRUE关键词: scientific evidence, photoperiodism定位原文: 原文第2段笫4句: “The seasonal impact of day解题思路: 题目：支持光周期现象的科学证椐十分充分。
原文：“受季节性影响的日照长度在生理学上的反应叫做光周期现象，这种现象的试验证据的数量相当可观。
”因此答案为TRUE。
Question 28答案：TRUE关键词: bird, breed, season定位原文: 原文第2段第5句: “For example, some species of…”解题思路: 题目：一些鸟类能够被诱发在非繁殖季节进行繁殖。
原文：“仅仅通过人工增加日照长度，一些鸟类甚至在冬至的时候被诱发繁殖(Wolfson, 1964年)。
”因此答案为TRUE。
Question 29答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：photoperiodism, geographic areas定位原文: 无解题思路: 题目：光周期现象被限制在一些特定地区。
原文没有提到题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
Question 30答案：FALSE关键词: desert annuals, long-day plants定位原文: 原文第4段最后两句: “Day-neutral plants have… For example…”解题思路: 题目：沙漠植物属干长日照植物。
原文：“日中性植物有进化优势。
对于它们而言，繁殖的最好季节和日照长度之间并没有必然的关系。
例如，对于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合适的雨水，它们就会生长、开花、结果，不受日照长短的影响。
”由此可见沙漠植物属于日中性植物而非长日照植物。
因此答案为FALSE。
剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲(test4)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读5test4原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-3Reading Passage 1 has three sections, A-C.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The expansion of international tourism in recent yearsIi How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourismIii Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism thereIv Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regionsV Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourismVi The economic benefits of mass tourism1 Section A2 Section B3 Section CThe Impact of Wilderness TourismAThe market for tourism in remote areas is booming as neverbefore. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions —such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion o f the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.BOnce a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeksworking as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.CStories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takesplace, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.Questions 4-9Do the following statements reflect the opinion of the writer of Reading Passage 1?In boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this4 The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.5 Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.6 Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.7 The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted ina fall in the amount of food produced locally.8 Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year.9 Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.Questions 10-13Complete the table below.Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.The positive ways in which some local communities haveresponded to tourismPeople/Location ActivityS wiss Pays d’EnhautArctic communitiesAcoma and San lldefonsoNavajo and Hopi Revived production of 10……………Operate 11……………businessesProduce and sell 12……………Produce and sell 13……………READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glassOn 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standardsdevelopment officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated — by sunlight, for example — the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, onaverage, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took arou nd six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly ￡700,000), the alternative — re-cladding the entire building — would have cost ten times as much.Questions 14-17Look at the following people and the list of statements below.Match each person with the correct statement.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 Brain Waldron15 Trevor Ford16 Graham Dodd17 John BarryList of StatementsA suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressedB regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failureC closely examined all the glass in one buildingD was involved with the construction of Bishops WalkE recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront PlaceF thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggeratedG claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusualH refers to the most extreme case of delayed failureQuestions 18-23Complete the summary with the list of words A-P below.Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.Toughened GlassToughened glass in favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18…………… when it breaks. However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter 19…………… . This fault is a result of the manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very 20…………… . The outer layer 21…………… before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger However, if the glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22…………… . If this happens, the pane of glass may break. The frequency with which such problems occur is 23…………… by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.A numerousB detectedC quicklyD agreedE warmF sharpG expands H slowly I unexpectedlyJ removed K contracts L disputedM cold N moved O smallP calculatedQuestions 24-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this24 Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.25 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.26 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide failure.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The effects of light on plant and animal speciesLight is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly fromday to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionaryadvantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classificationis commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.Questions 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.28 Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.29 Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.30 Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.31 Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.32 Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abitifolia’s seasonal rhythm.33 Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.Questions 34-40Complete the sentences.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passagefor each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.34 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where …………… are unpredictable.35 Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as…………… .36 Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of …………….37 Plants that flower when days are long often depend on …………… to help them reproduce.38 Desert annuals respond to …………… as a signal for reproduction.39 There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as …………… .40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the …………… of plants in forestry and horticulture.剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test4)TEST 4 PASSAGE 1 参考译文：The Impact of Wilderness Tourism荒野旅游的影响AThe market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions —such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures)not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.A偏远地区的旅游市场从未曾像现在这么火爆。
剑桥雅思第四册五套真题听力阅读单词总结
剑桥雅思第五册TEST 1 Listeningcoachload ['kəʊtʃləʊd] n. 一客车的旅客sighting ['saɪtɪŋ] n.视线cruise [kruːz] v. 乘船游览；巡航，巡游，漫游；n. 乘船游览bushwalk [‘bʊʃwɔːk] n. 丛林徒步旅行reptile ['reptaɪl] n. 爬行动物provisional [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 临时的，暂时的；暂定的tango ['tæŋgəʊ] n. 探戈舞cot [kɒt] n. 简易床；小屋verdict ['vɜːdɪkt] n. 结论；裁定slight [slaɪt] adj. 轻微的，少量的brake [breɪk] n. 刹车；阻碍（物）hazard ['hæzəd] n. 危险，风险；冒险的事niggle ['nɪg(ə)l] vi. 拘泥小节；为琐事费时；挑剔stuck on 迷恋于；粘上detached [dɪ'tætʃt] adj. 单独的；冷漠的rusted ['rʌstɪd] adj. 锈的bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的；弯腰的toddler ['tɒdlə] n. 学步的小孩；幼童装diploma [dɪ'pləʊmə] n. 毕业证书，学位证书prospectus [prə'spektəs] n. 内容说明书；intensive [ɪn'tensɪv] adj. 加强的；集中的；personnel [pɜːsə'nel] n. 人事部门；全体人员keen [kiːn] adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的modular ['mɒdjʊlə] adj. 模块化的；模数的seminar ['semɪnɑː] n. 讨论会，研讨班assessment [ə'sesmənt] n. 评定；估价gender ['dʒendə] n. 性；性别capitalism ['kæpɪt(ə)lɪz(ə)m] n. 资本主义unwilling [ʌn'wɪlɪŋ] adj. 不愿意的；不情愿的；勉强的pretension [prɪ'tenʃ(ə)n] n. 自负；要求；主张；借口save up 储蓄；贮存spouse [spaʊz; -s] n. 配偶divorce [dɪ'vɔːs] n. 离婚；分离；离婚判决pension ['penʃ(ə)n] n. 退休金，抚恤金；津贴overcome [əʊvə'kʌm]vt. 克服；胜过vi. 克服；得胜enroll [ɪn'rəʊl] vt. 登记；使加入P1chaos['keɪɒs] n. 混沌，混乱function ['fʌŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] n. 功能；v. 运行；活动；convey [kən'veɪ]vt. 传达；运输；让与associated[ə'soʃɪetɪd] adj. 关联的；联合的define [dɪ'faɪn] vt. 定义；使明确；规定circumscribe ['sɜːkəmskraɪb]v t.限制；在…周围lexical ['leksɪk(ə)l] adj. 词汇的；conquer ['kɒŋkə] vt. 战胜，征服；攻克，攻取appropriate [ə'prəʊprɪət] adj. 适当的；恰当的heyday ['heɪdeɪ] n. 全盛期genius ['dʒiːnɪəs] n. 天才，天赋；height [haɪt] n. 高地；高度；intensely[in'tensli] adv. 强烈地；紧张地；instalment [ɪn'stɔːlm(ə)nt] n. 分期付款；装设；就职garret ['gærət; -ɪt] n. 阁楼；顶楼clerk [klɑːk] n. 职员，店员；书记；rickety ['rɪkɪtɪ] adj. 摇晃的；虚弱的；immense [ɪ'mens] adj. 巨大的，广大的；illustrate ['ɪləstreɪt] vt. 阐明，举例说明；quotation [kwə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]n.引用语；引证originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ] n. 创意；独创性，创造力deadline['dedlaɪn]n. 截止期限，最后期限previous['priːvɪəs] adj. 以前的；早先的；过早的heroic[hɪ'rəʊɪk]adj. 英雄的；英勇的；synthesis['sɪnθɪsɪs] n. 综合predecessor ['priːdɪsesə] n. 前任，前辈shade [ʃeɪd] n. 树荫；细微的差别adopt [ə'dɒpt]v. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过precedent ['presɪd(ə)nt] n. 先例；前例adj. 在前的；在先的rival ['raɪvl] n. 对手；竞争者v. 与…竞争；比得上某人adj. 竞争的vicissitude [vɪ'sɪsɪtjuːd; vaɪ-] n. 变迁；盛衰；变化无常；变迁兴衰instantly['ɪnst(ə)ntlɪ] adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地landmark['læn(d)mɑːk] n. 地标；界标；里程碑；noble['nəʊb(ə)l] adj. 高尚的；贵族的；惰性的；宏伟的n. 贵族perpetual [pə'petʃʊəll] adj. 永久的；不断的；四季开花的；无期限的fame [feɪm] n. 名声，名望；传闻，传说monument['mɒnjʊm(ə)nt] n. 纪念碑；历史遗迹；不朽的作品take on 承担雇佣celebration[selɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n] n. 庆典，庆祝会；庆祝；颂扬patronage [ˈpeɪtrənɪdʒ] n. 赞助；光顾；任免权obscurity[əb'skjʊərɪtɪ] n. 朦胧；阴暗；晦涩；身份低微；不分明shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护；避难所；遮盖物bower ['baʊə] n. 凉亭；树阴处amidst[ə'mɪdst] prep. 在…当中sorrow ['sɒrəʊ] n. 悲伤；懊悔；伤心事fault [fɔːlt; fɒlt] n.错误；缺点；毛病eccentricity [,eksen'trɪsɪtɪ] n. 古怪；怪癖；orthography [ɔː'θɒgrəfɪ]n.正字法；analogy [ə'nælədʒɪ] n. 类比；类推；类似regulate ['regjʊleɪt] vt. 调节，规定；控制ascertain[,æsə'teɪn] vt.弄清，确定，查明cornerstone ['kɔːnəstəʊn] n. 基础；柱石；地基confer [kən'fɜː] vt. 授予；给予stability [stə'bɪlɪtɪ] n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心esteem [ɪ'stiːm; e-] v. 尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n. 尊重；尊敬prevail[prɪ'veɪl]vi. 盛行，流行；战胜，获胜folklore['fəʊklɔː] n.民间传说；民间风俗P2disturbing [dɪ'stɜːbɪŋ]adj. 令人不安的；烦扰的obey [ə(ʊ)'beɪ]vt. 服从，听从；按照……行动specifically [spɪ'sɪfɪkəlɪ]adv. 特别地；明确地panel ['pæn(ə)l]n. 仪表板；嵌板；座谈小组，全体陪审员severity [sɪ'verɪtɪ]n. 严重；严格；猛烈successive [sək'sesɪv]adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；spectrum ['spektrəm]n. 光谱；频谱；范围；余象groan [grəʊn]v. 呻吟；抱怨；发吱嘎声writhe [raɪð] v. 翻滚；蠕动an assortment of各式各样的expletive [ɪk'spliːtɪv; ek-]adj. 附加的；填补的deliberately [dɪ'lɪbərətli]adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地balk at回避，畏缩reluctant [rɪ'lʌkt(ə)nt]adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的for the sake of为了；为了…的利益procedure [prə'siːdʒə]n. 程序，手续；步骤revulsion [rɪ'vʌlʃ(ə)n]n. 剧变；厌恶；强烈反感；抽回prior to在……之前；居先psychiatrist [saɪ'kaɪətrɪst]n. 精神病学家，精神病医生consensus[kən'sensəs]n. 一致；舆论；合意anticipate [æn'tɪsɪpeɪt]vt. 预期，期望；占先，抢先；提前使用lunatic ['luːnətɪk]adj. 疯狂的；精神错乱的；愚蠢的fringe [frɪn(d)ʒ]n. 边缘；穗；刘海repetition [repɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n]n. 重复；背诵；副本obedient [ə'biːdɪənt]adj. 顺从的，服从的；孝顺的discrepancy [dɪs'krep(ə)nsɪ]n. 不符；矛盾；相差fluster ['flʌstə]vt. 使激动；使慌张；使酩醉pent-up ['pent'ʌp]adj. 被压抑的；幽闭的inclination [ɪnklɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 倾向，爱好；斜坡trait [treɪt; treɪ]n. 特性，特点；品质；remnant ['remnənt]n. 剩余alternative [ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv; ɒl-]adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的notion ['nəʊʃ(ə)n]n. 概念；见解；打算benevolent [bɪ'nev(ə)l(ə)nt]adj. 仁慈的；慈善的；亲切的legitimacy [lɪ'dʒɪtɪməsɪ]n. 合法；合理；正统evoke [ɪ'vəʊk]vt. 引起，唤起；博得merge [mɜːdʒ]vt. 合并；使合并；吞没loyalty ['lɒɪəltɪ]n. 忠诚；忠心；忠实；忠于…感情self-sacrifice ['self'sækrifais]n. 自我牺牲；献身malevolent [mə'lev(ə)l(ə)nt]adj. 恶毒的；有恶意的；坏心肠的radically ['rædɪkəlɪ]adv. 根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式forgo [fɔː'gəʊ; fə-]v 放弃；停止；对…断念plausible ['plɔːzɪb(ə)l]adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的hard-wired['hɑ:d'waiəd]adj. 固有的，与生俱来的elucidate [ɪ'l(j)uːsɪdeɪt]vt. 阐明；说明P3hit list 黑名单；暗杀名exaggerated [ɪg'zædʒə'retɪd] adj. 夸张的，言过其实的transient ['trænzɪənt] adj. 短暂的；路过的accelerate [æk’seləreɪt] vt. 使……加快；使……增速devastating ['devəsteitiŋ] adj. 毁灭性的；全然的disjunction [dɪs'dʒʌŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] n. 分离；析取；分裂；折断lopsidedness [ˌlɒpˈsaɪdɪdnɪs] n. 不匀称；不平衡keep the money rolling 财源滚滚overstate [əʊvə'steɪt] vt. 夸张；夸大的叙述entitle [ɪn'taɪt(ə)l; en-] vt. 称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利lobby ['lɒbɪ] n. 大厅；休息室；游说议员的团体vt. 对……进行游说scepticism ['skeptɪsɪz(ə)m] n. 怀疑；怀疑论；怀疑主义altruistic [æltrʊ'ɪstɪk] adj. 利他的；无私心的impartial [ɪm'pɑːʃ(ə)l] adj. 公平的，公正的；不偏不倚的distortion [dɪ'stɔːʃ(ə)n] n. 变形；失真；扭曲；曲解be accused of 被指控；被控告犯有…wreck [rek] n. 破坏；失事；残骸；失去健康的人vt. 破坏；使失事；拆毁allergy ['ælədʒɪ] n. 过敏症；反感；厌恶dispose of 处理；转让；解决；吃光；除掉；卖掉intuition [ɪntjʊ'ɪʃ(ə)n] n. 直觉；直觉力postpone [pəʊs(t)'pəʊn; pə'spəʊn] vt. 使…延期；把…放在次要地位sanitation [sænɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n] n. 环境卫生；卫生设备；下水道设施optimistic [ɒptɪ'mɪstɪk] adj. 乐观的；乐观主义的pessimistic [,pesɪ'mɪstɪk] adj. 悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的TEST2Listeningminimum ['mɪnɪməm] n. 最小值；最低限度；最小化；最小量adj. 最小的；最低的license ['laɪsns] n. 执照，许可证；特许external [ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l; ek-] adj. 外部的；表面的log on 登录；注册nominal ['nɒmɪn(ə)l] adj. 名义上的；有名无实的database ['deɪtəbeɪs] n. 数据库，资料库guardian ['gɑːdɪən] n. 监护人，保护人；守护者，英国卫报[媒体名] adj. 守护的observer [əb'zɜːvə] n. 观察者counter ['kaʊntə] n. 柜台；对立面；计数器vt. 反击，还击charity ['tʃærɪtɪ] n. 慈善；施舍；慈善团体adventure [əd'ventʃə] n. 冒险；冒险精神；投机活动voluntary['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] adj. 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的n. 志愿者；自愿行动carpenter [‘kɑːpəntə(r)] n. 木匠，木工radius ['reɪdɪəs] n. 半径，半径范围distribute [dɪ'strɪbjuːt; 'dɪstrɪbjuːt] vt. 分配；散布；分开；把…分类constant ['kɒnst(ə)nt] adj. 不变的；恒定的container [kən'teɪnə] n. 集装箱；容器profile ['prəʊfaɪl] n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面；简况strip [strɪp] vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服n. 带；条状spare parts 备品；备用配件sponsor ['spɒnsə] n. 赞助者；主办者；保证人consignment [kən'saɪnm(ə)nt] n. 委托；运送；托付物tutorial [tjuː'tɔːrɪəl] adj.（与）大学导师（有关）的；（与）家庭教师（有关）的；compromising ['kɒmprəmaɪzɪŋ] adj. 妥协的；让步的angle ['æŋg(ə)l] n. 角，角度；视角ambitious [æm'bɪʃəs] adj. 野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的hostile ['hɒstaɪl] adj. 敌对的，敌方的；怀敌意的inhabited [ɪn'hæbɪtɪd] adj. 有人居住的permanent ['pɜːm(ə)nənt] adj. 永久的，永恒的；不变的ultimate ['ʌltɪmət] adj. 最终的；极限的；根本的wilderness ['wɪldənɪs] n. 荒地；大量，茫茫一片ice-cap n. 冰帽break off 折断；突然停止，暂停integrate ['ɪntɪgreɪt] vt. 使…完整；使…成整体self-contained ['selfkən'teɪnd] adj. 独立的；设备齐全的；沉默寡言的sledge [sledʒ] n. 雪橇crush [krʌʃ] v. 压坏，变形；把……挤入，压碎extendable [ek'stendəbl]adj. 可延长的；可展开的；可扩张的compact [kəm'pækt] adj. 袖珍的；紧凑的；坚实的；矮小而健壮的cutting-edge ['kʌtɪŋ'edʒ] adj. 领先的，最新的；先进的，尖端的appeal [ə'piːl] vi. 呼吁，恳求；上诉；诉诸，求助；有吸引力ultraviolet [ʌltrə’vaɪəlɪt] adj. 紫外的，紫外线的bubble ['bʌb(ə)l]n. 气泡，泡沫，泡状物vi. 沸腾，冒泡；发vt. 使冒泡；index ['ɪndeks] n. 指标；指数；索引；指针P1patent ['pæt(ə)nt; 'peɪt(ə)nt] vt. 授予专利；adj. 专利的；新奇的；n. 专利权；执照；revolutionary [revə'luːʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革的n. 革命者synthetic [sɪn'θetɪk] adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的n. 合成物launch [lɔːntʃ] vt. 发射（导弹、火箭等）；发起，发动；使…下水mould [məʊld] vt. 浇铸；用泥土覆盖n. 模具；霉derive [dɪ'raɪv] vt. 源于；得自；获得vi. 起源thermoplastic [θɜːməʊ'plæstɪk] adj. 热塑性的constituent [kən'stɪtjʊənt] n. 成分；选民；委托人adj. 构成的；选举的revert [rɪ'vɜːt] vi. 回复；重提vt. 使回复原状n. 恢复原状者viscous ['vɪskəs] adj. 粘性的；黏的impetus ['ɪmpɪtəs] n. 动力；促进；冲力domain [də(ʊ)'meɪn] n. 领域；域名；产业；地产pragmatic [præg'mætɪk] adj. 实际的；实用主义的；substitute ['sʌbstɪtjuːt] n. 代用品；代替者dwindle ['dwɪnd(ə)l] v 减少；变小embark [ɪm'bɑːk; em-] vi. 从事，着手；上船或飞机（on）resin ['rezɪn] n. 树脂；松香sticky ['stɪkɪ] adj. 粘的；粘性的volatile ['vɒlətaɪl] adj.挥发性的；不稳定的；爆炸性的；反复无常的amass [ə'mæs] vt. 积聚，积累manufacture [mænjʊ'fæktʃə] n. 制造；产品；制造业vt. 制造；加工；捏造vacuum ['vækjʊəm] n. 真空；空间；真空吸尘器adj. 真空的；kettle ['ket(ə)l] n. 壶；soluble ['sɒljʊb(ə)l] adj.可溶的，可溶解的；可解决的malleable ['mælɪəb(ə)l] adj. 可锻的；可塑的；有延展性的；易适应的shallow ['ʃæləʊ]a dj. 浅的；肤浅的tray [treɪ] n. 托盘moisture ['mɒɪstʃə] n. 湿气；潮湿resistance [rɪ'zɪst(ə)ns] n. 阻力；电阻；抵抗；反抗catalyst ['kæt(ə)lɪst] n. 催化剂；刺激因素granular ['grænjʊlə]adj. 颗粒的；粒状的hollow ['hɒləʊ] adj. 空的；中空的，空腹的；凹的；虚伪的n. 洞；山谷；窟窿extract [‘ekstrækt] vt. 提取；取出；摘录；榨取taper ['teɪpə] n. 细蜡烛，烛芯；逐渐变弱；锥形物vi. 逐渐减少；逐渐变弱evenly ['i:vənlɪ] adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地crucial['kruːʃ(ə)l] adj. 重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的disdain [dɪs'deɪn; -z-] n. 蔑视vt. 鄙弃unparalleled [ʌn'pærəleld] adj. 无比的；无双的；空前未有的porous ['pɔːrəs] adj. 多孔渗水的；能渗透的；有气孔的germ [dʒɜːm] n. 胚芽，萌芽；细菌sterilizable [stɪərɪ'laɪzəbl] adj.可灭菌的relish ['relɪʃ] n. 滋味；风味；食欲；vt. 盼望;期待;享受dazzling ['dæzlɪŋ] adj. 耀眼的；眼花缭乱的insulating ['ɪnsəletɪŋ] adj. 绝缘的；隔热的tone [təʊn] n. 语气；色调；音调；音色drab [dræb] adj. 单调的；土褐色的despise [dɪ'spaɪz] vt. 轻视，鄙视renaissance [rɪ'neɪsəns] n. 复兴，文艺复兴（欧洲14至17世纪）dedicated ['dedɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 专用的；专注的；献身的originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ] n. 创意；独创性，创造力；原始；新奇P2punchline ['pʌn(t)ʃlaɪn] n. 结尾警语；妙语如珠tempting ['tem(p)tɪŋ] adj. 吸引人的；诱惑人的dub [dʌb] vt. 配音；轻点；打击；授予称号pedigree ['pedɪgriː] n. 血统；家谱adj. 纯种的psychic ['saɪkɪk] adj. 精神的；超自然的n. 灵媒；巫师puncture ['pʌŋ(k)tʃə] v. 刺穿；揭穿；削弱n. 穿刺；刺痕ludicrousness['ludikrəsnis] n. 可笑，滑稽incongruity [,ɪnkɒŋ'gruːɪtɪ] n. 不协调；不一致；不适宜computational [kɒmpjʊ'teɪʃənl] adj. 计算的format ['fɔːmæt] n. 格式；版式；开本revolve [rɪ'vɒlv] v. 旋转；循环出现；反复考虑n. 旋转；循环；旋转舞台semantic [sɪ'mæntɪk] adj. 语义的；语义学的leap [liːp] v. 跳，跳跃n. 飞跃；跳跃appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] n. 缓和，平息；姑息ultrasonic [ʌltrə'sɒnɪk] adj. 超声的；超音速的n. 超声波squeak [skwiːk] n. 吱吱声；机会scuffle ['skʌf(ə)l] vi. 扭打；乱斗；拖着脚走路n. 混战；扭打nasty ['nɑːstɪ] adj. 下流的；肮脏的；脾气不好的；险恶的accompany [ə'kʌmpənɪ] vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏panting['pæntiŋ]v . 脉动；晃动adj. 喘气的mutate [mjuː'teɪt] v. 变化，产生突变cognitive ['kɒɡnɪtɪv] adj. 认知的，认识的trigger ['trɪgə] v. 引发，引起；触发n. 扳机instinctual [ɪn'stɪŋktʃuəl] adj. 本能的fairground ride游乐场的旋转木马tickle ['tɪk(ə)l] vt. 使发痒；使高兴；使满足tap into 挖掘；接进machinery[mə'ʃiːn(ə)rɪ] n. 机械；机器；机构；机械装置circuit ['sɜːkɪt] n. 电路，回路；巡回；一圈vocalisation[,vəukəlai'zeiʃən] n. 发声；元音化expansive [ɪk'spænsɪv; ek-] adj. 广阔的；扩张的；豪爽的resonance ['rez(ə)nəns] n. 共振；共鸣；反响scanner ['skænə] n. 扫描仪；扫描器oxygenate ['ɒksɪdʒəneɪt; ɒk'sɪdʒ-] vt. 氧化，充氧；以氧处理；使…与氧化合snapshot ['snæpʃɒt] n. 快照，快相prefrontal [priː'frʌnt(ə)l] adj. [解剖] 前额的；额叶前部的cortex['kɔːteks] n. 皮质；树皮；果皮lobe [ləʊb] n. （脑、肺等的）叶tuck [tʌk] vt. 卷起；挤进retune[ri'tʊn] vt. 重新调整abrupt [ə'brʌpt] adj. 生硬的；突然的；唐突的；陡峭的apparatus[æpə’reɪtəs] n. 装置，设备；仪器；器官metabolic [,metə'bɒlɪk] adj. 变化的；新陈代谢的arousal [ə'raʊzl] n. 觉醒；激励shudder ['ʃʌdə] n. 发抖；战栗；震动evaluative [ɪ'væljʊ,etɪv] adj. 可估价的distort [dɪ'stɔːt ]vt. 扭曲；使失真；曲解perceptual [pə'septjʊəl] adj. 知觉的；感知的；有知觉的analytical [ænə'lɪtɪk(ə)l] adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的lingual ['lɪŋgw(ə)l] adj. 语言的；舌的，舌音的P3dominate ['dɒmɪneɪt] vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位prominence ['prɒmɪnəns] n. 突出；显著；突出物；卓越revival [rɪ'vaɪv(ə)l] n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效emergent [ɪ'mɜːdʒ(ə)nt] adj. 紧急的；浮现的；意外的；自然发生的magnetism ['mægnɪtɪz(ə)m] n. 磁性，磁力；磁学；吸引力cartography [kɑː'tɒgrəfɪ] n. 地图制作，制图；制图学，绘图法adopt [ə'dɒpt] vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过royal ['rɒɪəl] adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的empirical[em'pɪrɪk(ə)l; ɪm-] adj. 经验主义的，完全根据经验的；实证的encyclopedia [ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdiə] n. 百科全书property ['prɒpətɪ] n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权perversely[pə'və:sli] adv. 倔强地违反常理地preliminary [prɪ'lɪmɪn(ə)rɪ] n. 准备；预赛；初步措施adj. 初步的；开始的；预备的notion ['nəʊʃ(ə)n] n. 概念；见解；打算commercial [kə'mɜːʃ(ə)l] adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的n. 商业广告distinction [dɪ'stɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] n. 区别；差别；特性；deposit [dɪ'pɒzɪt] n. 存款；押金；订金；保证金；沉淀物vt. 使沉积；存放restrict [rɪ'strɪkt] vt. 限制；约束；限定keenly ['ki:nli] adv. 敏锐地；强烈地；锐利地impersonal [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的hypothetical [,haɪpə'θetɪk(ə)l] adj. 假设的；爱猜想的entity ['entɪtɪ] n. 实体；存在；本质foster ['fɒstə] vt. 培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）monograph['mɒnəgrɑːf] n. 专题著作，专题论文curator [kjʊ(ə)'reɪtə] n. 馆长；监护人；管理者narrative ['nærətɪv] n. 叙述；故事；讲述adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的transcript ['trænskrɪpt; 'trɑːn-] n. 成绩单；抄本，副本；文字记录demonstration [demən'streɪʃ(ə)n] n. 示范；证明；示威游行inaugurate[ɪ'nɔːgjʊreɪt] vt. 创新；开辟；开创；举行开幕典礼；formative ['fɔːmətɪv] adj. 形成的；造型的；格式化的momentum [mə'mentəm] n. 势头；动量；动力；冲力substantial [səb'stænʃ(ə)l] adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的specialized ['spɛʃə'laɪzd] adj. 专业的；专门的lexical ['leksɪk(ə)l] adj. 词汇的；gravity ['grævɪtɪ] n. 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄melt [melt] vi. 熔化，溶解；渐混thaw [θɔː] v. 融解；变暖和accumulate [ə'kjuːmjʊleɪt] vi. 累积；积聚granule ['grænjuːl] n. 颗粒sheet [ʃiːt] n. 薄片，纸张；薄板；床单architecture ['ɑːkɪtektʃə] n. 建筑学；建筑风格；建筑式样；架构sculpture ['skʌlptʃə] n. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀device [dɪ'vaɪs]n. 装置；策略；图案sketch [sketʃ] n. 素描；略图；梗概TEST 3Listeninggear [gɪə]n. 齿轮；装置，工具；vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；presume [prɪ'zjuːm] vt. 假定；推测；擅自；意味着manual ['mænjʊ(ə)l] adj. 手工的；体力的n. 手册，指南automatic [ɔːtə'mætɪk] adj. 自动的；无意识的chart [tʃɑːt] n. 图表；海图；图纸；vt. 绘制…的图表royal ['rɒɪəl] adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的get hold of 把握；抓住；得到metallic [mɪ'tælɪk] adj. 金属的，含金属的assessment [ə'sesmənt] n. 评定；估价sip [sɪp] v. 小口喝，抿confirmation [kɒnfə'meɪʃ(ə)n] n. 确认；证实；证明；批准referee [refə'riː] n. 裁判员；调解人；介绍人keep in touch with 与…保持联系in contact with 接触；与…有联系liaise [lɪ'eɪz] vi. 保持联络；担任联络官norm [nɔːm] n. 标准，规范allocation [ælə'keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 分配，配置；安置exceed [ɪk'siːd; ek-] vt. 超过；胜过vi. 超过其他sort out 挑选出；分类snap up 抢购;抢先弄到手;匆匆吃下mailer ['meɪlə(r)] n. 邮寄者；allowance [ə'laʊəns] n. 津贴，零用钱；dead easy 易如反掌load [ləʊd] n. 负载，负荷；工作量delivery [dɪ'lɪv(ə)rɪ] n. 交付；分娩；递送handout ['hændaʊt] n.上课老师发的印刷品be supposed to do 应该干evaluation [i,væljʊ'eiʃən] n. 评价clarity ['klærɪtɪ] n. 清楚，明晰；透明stressful ['stresfʊl; -f(ə)l] adj. 紧张的；有压力的make an effort to 努力想做某事dramatically [drə'mætɪkəlɪ]adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地adv. 显著地，剧烈地virgin ['vɜːdʒɪn] n. 处女，童男；新手landfill ['læn(d)fɪl] n. 垃圾填埋地；垃圾堆incineration [ɪn,sɪnə'reɪʃn] n. 焚化；烧成灰drop-off ['drɔpɔf] n. 急下降bale [beɪl] n. 包；捆；灾祸；不幸v. 将... 打包toughened glass 钢化玻璃jar [dʒɑː] n. 罐；广口瓶fibreglass ['faɪbɚɡlæs] n. 玻璃丝，玻璃纤维filtration [fɪl'treɪʃn] n. 过滤；筛选aggregate ['ægrɪgət; (for v.) ‘ægrɪgeɪt] v. 集合；聚集；合计n. 合计；集合体；总计stationary ['steɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] adj. 固定的；静止的；定居的；常备军的soil conditioner 土壤调理剂ban [bæn] vt. 禁止，取缔n. 禁令，禁忌bumper ['bʌmpə] n. 保险杠set up 建立；装配vend [vend] vi. 出售vt. 出售；公开发表polystyrene [,pɒlɪ'staɪriːn] n.聚苯乙烯P1equity['ekwɪtɪ] n. 公平，公正；衡平法；suppress [sə'pres] v. 抑制；镇压；废止attempt [ə'tem(p)t] n. 企图，试图；攻击v 企图，试图；尝试pilot ['paɪlət] n. 飞行员；领航员adj. 试点的bypass ['baɪpɑːs] v. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回configuration[kən,fɪgə'reɪʃ(ə)n; -gjʊ-] n. 配置；结构；外形foster ['fɒstə] v. 培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）adj. 收养的，养育的sensory ['sens(ə)rɪ] adj. 感觉的；知觉的；传递感觉的handicap ['hændɪkæp] n. 障碍；不利条件，v. 妨碍，阻碍；使不利random ['rændəm] adj.随机的；任意的；胡乱的n. 随意phenomenal [fɪ'nɒmɪn(ə)l] adj. 现象的；显著的；异常的stride [straɪd] n. 大步；步幅；v. 跨过；大踏步走过；跨坐在…auditory ['ɔːdɪt(ə)rɪ] n. 听众；礼堂adj. 听觉的；耳朵的verbal ['vɜːb(ə)l] adj. 口头的；言语的；bear little or no relationship with没有一点关系perpetuate [pə'petʃʊeɪt; -tjʊ-] vt. 使不朽；保持adj. 长存的initiative [ɪ'nɪʃɪətɪv; -ʃə-] n. 主动权；首创精神adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的contrast ['kɒntrɑːst] vt. 使对比；使与…对照n. 对比；差别；对照物institutional [ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 制度的；制度上的vital['vaɪt(ə)l]adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的ingredient [ɪn'griːdɪənt] n. 原料；要素；组成部分nutrient ['njuːtrɪənt] n. 营养物；滋养物psychiatric[,saɪkɪ'ætrɪk] adj. 精神病学的；精神病治疗的symptom ['sɪm(p)təm] n.症状；征兆depression [dɪ'preʃ(ə)n] n. 沮丧；洼地；不景气appetite ['æpɪtaɪt] n. 食欲；嗜好specific [spə'sɪfɪk] adj. 特殊的，特定的；明确的；详细的；slope [sləʊp] n. 斜坡；倾斜；斜率bacteria [bæk'tɪərɪə] n.细菌mealy ['miːlɪ] adj. 粉状的flavor ['fleɪvə] n. 情味，风味；香料tasty ['teɪstɪ] adj. 美味的；高雅的；有趣的cafeteria [kæfɪ'tɪərɪə] n. 自助餐厅menu ['menjuː] n. 菜单upset [ʌp'set] vt. 使心烦；颠覆；扰乱zone [zəʊn] n. 地带；地区surroundings [sə'raʊndɪŋz] n. 环境；周围的事物microscopic [maɪkrə'skɒpɪk] adj. 微观的；用显微镜可见的mood [muːd] n. 情绪，语气dairy ['deərɪ] n. 奶制品；乳牛；adj. 乳品的P2fertile ['fɜːtaɪl] adj. 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的astounding [ə'staʊndɪŋ] adj. 令人震惊的；令人惊骇的scour ['skaʊə] v. 冲刷；擦；腹泻blame [bleɪm] v. 责备；归咎于n. 责备；责任；过失(on) sediment ['sedɪm(ə)nt] n. 沉积；沉淀物quantity ['kwɒntɪtɪ] n. 量，数量；大量；总量interior [ɪn'tɪɜːrɪə ]n. 内部；本质adj. 内部的；国内的；本质的annual ['ænjʊəl]adj. 年度的；每年的n. 年刊，年鉴；一年生植物dispense [dɪ'spens] v. 分配，分发；免除；执行ashamed [ə'ʃeɪmd] adj. 惭愧的，感到难为情的；耻于……的replenish [rɪ'plenɪʃ] v 补充，再装满；把…装满；给…添加燃料trap [træp] v. 诱捕；使…受限制；使…陷入困境n. 陷阱；圈套；divert [daɪ'vɜːt; dɪ-] v. 转移；使…欢娱；使…转向canal [kə'næl] n. 运河；水道；管道；灌溉水渠pump [pʌmp] v. 打气；用抽水机抽…n. 泵，抽水机；打气筒lagoon [lə'guːn] n. 泻湖；环礁湖；咸水湖be laden with 满载municipal [mjʊ'nɪsɪp(ə)l] adj. 市政的，市的；地方自治的concur [kən'kɜː] v. 同意；一致；互助mercury['mɝkjəri] n. 汞，水银copper ['kɒpə] n. 铜；铜币；警察adj. 铜制的zinc [zɪŋk]v t. 镀锌于…；涂锌于…；用锌处理n. 锌coincide [,kəʊɪn'saɪd] v. 一致，符合；同时发生dramatically [drə'mætɪkəlɪ] adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地，显著地，剧烈地poison ['pɒɪz(ə)n] vt. 污染；使中毒，放毒于；败坏；阻碍n. 毒药，毒物stimulate ['stɪmjʊleɪt] vt. 刺激；鼓舞，激励coastal ['kəʊstl] adj. 沿海的；海岸的artificial [ɑːtɪ'fɪʃ(ə)l]adj. 人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的flush [flʌʃ] n. 激动，洋溢v. 使齐平；adj. 大量的；齐平的；丰足的，desalination [diː,sælɪ'neɪʃən] n. 脱盐作用；减少盐分P3poise [pɒɪz] n. 平衡；姿势；镇静vt. 使平衡；保持...姿势vanish ['vænɪʃ] v. 消失；突然不见；成为零ignite [ɪg'naɪt] v. 点燃；使燃烧；使激动executive [ɪgˈzekjʊtɪv] adj. 行政的；经营的；执行的n. 总经理；irony ['aɪrənɪ] n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事invert [ɪn'vɜːt] vt. 使…转化；使…颠倒；使…反转；n. 颠倒的事物；倒置物；comma ['kɒmə] n. 逗号；停顿hype [haɪp] n. 大肆宣传；皮下注射justification [dʒʌstɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪rehabilitation ['riːhə,bɪlɪ'teɪʃən] n. 复原overambitious[,əuvəæm’biʃəs] adj. 野心太大的coin [kɒɪn] vt. 铸造（货币）；杜撰，创造informative [ɪn'fɔːmətɪv] adj. 教育性的，有益的；情报的；见闻广博的encompass [ɪn'kʌmpəs; en-] vt. 包含；包围，环绕；完成disparate ['dɪsp(ə)rət] adj. 不同的；不相干的；全异的cybernetics [saɪbə'netɪks] n. 控制论mimic ['mɪmɪk] vt. 模仿，摹拟peak [piːk] n. 山峰；最高点；顶点；帽舌rear [rɪə] vt. 培养；树立；栽种adj. 后方的；后面的；背面的around the corner 即将来临substantially [səb'stænʃ(ə)lɪ] adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地diagnosis [,daɪəg'nəʊsɪs] n. 诊断dawn [dɔːn] n. 黎明；开端materialize [mə'tɪrɪəlaɪz] vt. 使具体化，使有形backlash ['bæklæʃ] n. 反冲；强烈抵制ensue [ɪn'sjuː; en-] vi. 跟着发生，接着发生；继起undue [ʌn'djuː]adj. 过度的，过分的；不适当的；未到期的optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m]n. 乐观；乐观主义retrenchment [rɪ'trentʃmənt] n. 节省；删除opt [ɒpt]vi. 选择align [ə'laɪn] vt. 使结盟；使成一行；匹配neural ['njʊər(ə)l] adj. 神经的；神经系统的mundane ['mʌndeɪn; mʌn'deɪn] adj. 世俗的，平凡的；世界的，宇宙的deem [diːm] vt. 认为，视作；相信umbrella [ʌm'brelə] n. 雨伞；保护伞；庇护reckon ['rek(ə)n] vt. 测算，估计；认为；计算a cluster of一群；一组；一串processor ['prəʊsesə] n.处理器；处理程序spot [spɒt] n. 地点；斑点vt. 认出；弄脏camouflage ['kæməflɑːʒ] n. 伪装，掩饰vt. 伪装，掩饰vehicle [‘vɪəkl] n.车辆；工具；交通工具；运载工具；传播媒介；媒介物extract [‘ekstrækt] vt. 提取；取出；摘录；榨取boost [buːst] vt. 促进；增加；支援prospect ['prɒspekt] n. 前途；预期；景色exacerbate [ɪg'zæsəbeɪt; ek'sæs-] vt. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒filter ['fɪltə] vi. 滤过；渗入encapsulate [ɪn'kæpsjʊleɪt; en-] vt. 压缩；将…装入胶囊；将…封进内部；概述transcribe [træn'skraɪb; trɑːn-] vt. 转录；抄写elusive [ɪ'l(j)uːsɪv] adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸的TEST4 Listeningfix up 修理；解决；改进extension [ɪk'stenʃ(ə)n; ek-] n. 延长；延期；扩大；伸展intermediate [,ɪntə'miːdɪət] vi. 起媒介作用adj. 中间的，中级的vegetarian [,vedʒɪ’teərɪən] n. 素食者；食草动物adj. 素食的committee [kə'mɪtɪ] n. 委员会supervise ['suːpəvaɪz; 'sjuː-] v. 监督；管理；指导refreshment [rɪ'freʃm(ə)nt] n. 点心；起提神作用的东西；精力恢复case study 个案研究track [træk] n. 轨道；足迹，踪迹；小道vt. 追踪summarise ['sʌməraɪz] vt. 概括expansion [ɪk'spænʃ(ə)n; ek-] n. 膨胀；阐述；扩张物grip [grɪp] n. 紧握；柄；支配stall [stɔːl] n. 货摊；畜栏；托辞vi. 停止，停转vt. 拖延strike [straɪk] v. 撞击；打；突击；敲；；罢工；侵袭n. 罢工；袭击colossal [kə'lɒs(ə)l] adj. 巨大的；异常的，非常的machinery [mə'ʃiːn(ə)rɪ] n. 机械；机器；机构set back ['setbæk] 推迟；使…受挫折bold [bəʊld] adj. 大胆的，英勇的；黑体的cautious ['kɔːʃəs] adj. 谨慎的；十分小心的alter ['ɔːltə; 'ɒl-] vt. 改变，更改vi. 改变；修改option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] n.选项；选择权intrinsic [ɪn'trɪnsɪk] adj. 本质的，固有的drag [dræg] v. 拖拉，拖曳innovative ['ɪnəvətɪv] adj. 革新的，创新的；新颖的foregone [fɔː'gɒn] adj. 过去的；先前的；预知的；预先决定的outdated [aʊt'deɪtɪd] adj. 过时的；旧式的inevitably [ɪ'nevɪtəblɪ; ɪn'evɪtəblɪ] adv. 不可避免地；必然地kick-start ['ki:k,stɑ:t] v. 用脚踏启动（摩托车）；尽快启动，刺激；提供初始动力muddle ['mʌd(ə)l] v. 弄乱；（使）糊涂；混淆literate ['lɪt(ə)rət] adj. 受过教育的；精通文学的permanently ['pɜːm(ə)nəntlɪ] adv. 永久地，长期不变地intention [ɪn'tenʃ(ə)n] n. 意图；目的；意向；愈合phase out 使逐步淘汰；逐渐停止version ['vɜːʃ(ə)n] n. 版本；译文；倒转术loan [ləʊn] n. 贷款；借款stuck [stʌk] adj. 卡住的，动不了的；被困住的relevant [‘reləvənt] adj. 相关的；切题的；中肯的catalogue ['kæt(ə)lɒg] n. 目录；（美）大学情况一览supervisor ['suːpəvaɪzə; 'sjuː] n. 监督人，指导者oversee [əʊvə'siː] vt. 监督；审查；俯瞰induction [ɪn'dʌkʃ(ə)n] n.感应；归纳法；感应现象；入门培训dissertation [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] n. 论文，专题；学术演讲outset ['aʊtset] n. 开始；开端bibliography [,bɪblɪ'ɒgrəfɪ] n. 参考书目；文献目录draft [drɑːft] n. 汇票；草稿；选派P1boom [buːm]v 使兴旺；发隆隆声n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声fragile ['frædʒaɪl]adj. 脆的；易碎的vulnerable ['vʌlnərəbl]adj. 易受攻击的，易受…的攻击abnormal [æb'nɔːml]adj. 反常的，不规则的；变态的inhabitant [ɪn'hæbɪt(ə)nt]n. 居民；居住者marked [mɑːkt]adj. 显著的；有记号的seasonality[,sizə'næləti]n. 季节性harsh [hɑːʃ]adj. 严厉的；严酷的prevailing [prɪ'veɪlɪŋ] adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的；占优势的；盛行很广的unique [juː'niːk] adj. 独特的，稀罕的indigenous [ɪn'dɪdʒɪnəs]adj. 本土的；土著的breed [briːd]v. 繁殖；饲养；产生grateful ['greɪtfʊl; -f(ə)l] adj. 感谢的；令人愉快的，宜人的（be grateful for）hard currency硬通货；强势货币element ['elɪm(ə)nt] n. 元素；要素；原理profound [prə'faʊnd]adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的porter ['pɔːtə] n. 服务员;行李搬运工；trekker['trekə] n. 旅行者terrace ['terəs]n. 平台；梯田；阳台culprit ['kʌlprɪt] n. 罪魁祸首，罪犯；被控犯罪的人handout ['hændaʊt]n. 散发材料；文字资料undermine [ʌndə'maɪn] v. 破坏，渐渐破坏；挖掘地基dilemma [dɪ'lemə; daɪ-] n. 困境；进退两难；两刀论法external [ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l; ek-]adj. 外部的；表面的；erosion [ɪ'rəʊʒ(ə)n] n. 侵蚀，腐蚀deforestation[,di,fɔrɪ'steʃən] n. 采伐森林；森林开伐degradation [,degrə'deɪʃ(ə)n]n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落legion ['liːdʒ(ə)n]n. （古罗马）军团；众多；军队minimize ['mɪnɪmaɪz]vt. 使减到最少；小看，极度轻视reinvigorate [,riɪn'vɪɡəret]vt. 使再振作；使复兴renaissance[rɪ’neɪsns] [‘renəsɑ:ns]n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至17世纪）communal ['kɒmjʊn(ə)l; kə'mjuː-]adj. 公共的；公社的destination [,destɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 目的地，终点exploit [‘eksplɔɪt;ɪk’splɔɪt]v. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采transient ['trænzɪənt]adj. 短暂的；路过的repatriate [riː'pætrɪeɪt; -'peɪ-]v. 遣返n. 被遣返回国者accrue [ə'kruː]vi. 产生；自然增长或利益增加vt. 获得；积累tundra ['tʌndrə]n.苔原；冻原；冻土地带strategy [‘strætədʒɪ]n. 战略，策略reservation [rezə'veɪʃ(ə)n]n. 预约，预订；保留handicraft ['hændɪkrɑːft]n. 手工艺；手工艺品penetrate ['penɪtreɪt]vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察aspiration [æspə'reɪʃ(ə)n]n. 渴望；抱负；送气；吸气；吸引术critical ['krɪtɪk(ə)l]adj. 鉴定的;批评的,危险的；决定性的；评论的P2shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎；打碎；破坏；破掉frame [freɪm]n. 框架；结构razor ['reɪzə]vt. 剃，用剃刀刮n. 剃刀bolt [bəʊlt]n. 螺栓，螺钉；闪电，雷电；门闩；vt. 筛选；囫囵吞下；sheet [ʃiːt]n. 薄片，纸张；薄板；床单contract ['kɒntrækt]vi. 收缩；感染；订约vt. 感染；订约slightly ['slaɪtlɪ]adv. 些微地，轻微地；纤细地shrink [ʃrɪŋk]n. 收缩；畏缩；exert [ɪg'zɜːt; eg-]vt. 运用，发挥；施以影响compression [kəm'preʃ(ə)n]n. 压缩，浓缩；压榨，压迫propagate ['prɒpəgeɪt]vt. 传播；传送；繁殖；宣传resistant [rɪ'zɪstənt]adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；顽固的impurity [ɪm'pjʊərɪtɪ]n. 杂质；不纯；不洁trace [treɪs]vi. 追溯；沿路走alloy ['ælɒɪ]vt. 使成合金；使减低成色n. 合金molten ['məʊlt(ə)n]adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的furnace ['fɜːnɪs]n. 火炉，熔炉crystal ['krɪst(ə)l]n. 结晶，晶体；水晶；水晶饰品adj. 水晶的；透明的dense [dens]adj. 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的prime [praɪm]adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的unleash [ʌn'liːʃ]vt. 发动；解开…的皮带；解除…的束缚elapse [ɪ'læps]vi. 消逝；时间过去unpredictable [ʌnprɪ'dɪktəb(ə)l]adj. 不可预知的；不定的；出乎意料的ironically [aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ]adv. 讽刺地；说反话地batch [bætʃ]n. 一批；一炉；一次所制之量rash [ræʃ]adj. 轻率的；鲁莽的；不顾后果的contamination [kən,tæmɪ'neɪʃən]n. 污染，玷污；污染物cradle ['kreɪd(ə)l]n. 摇篮；发源地；发祥地；支船架scan [skæn]vt. 扫描；浏览；细看clad [klæd]adj. 穿衣的；覆盖的vt. 在金属外覆以另一种金属P3cue [kjuː] n. 提示，暗示；线索trigger ['trɪgə] n. 扳机；起因，引起反应的事；触发器，引爆装置v. 触发，引起fluctuate ['flʌktʃʊeɪt; -tjʊ-] vi. 波动；涨落；动摇vt. 使波动；使动摇photoperiodism [fəʊtəʊ'pɪərɪədɪz(ə)m] n.光周期现象food reserve 营养物质储备fledging ['fledʒiŋ] v. 幼鸟长出飞羽adaptive [ə'dæptɪv] adj. 适应的，适合的seedling ['siːdlɪŋ] n. 秧苗，幼苗；树苗ripen ['raɪp(ə)n] vt. 使成熟germinate ['dʒɜːmɪneɪt] vt. 使发芽；使生长vi. 发芽；生长perennial [pə'renɪəl] adj. 多年生的；常年的；四季不断的cope with 处理，应付convert [kən'vɜːt]vt. 使转变；转换…；使…改变信仰vi. 转变，变换；改变信仰n. 皈依者calculate ['kælkjʊleɪt] vi. 计算；以为；作打算vt. 计算；预测；认为；打算maximal ['mæksɪm(ə)l] adj. 最高的，最大的；最全面的shade [ʃeɪd] n. 树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物horticulture ['hɔːtɪ,kʌltʃə] n. 园艺，园艺学photosynthetic [,fotosɪn'θetɪk] adj. 光合的；光合作用的understory ['ʌndɚ,stɔri; 'ʌndɚ,stori] n. 林下叶层；下层植被。
剑桥5Test4Wrighting
.剑5test4writing1The table lists accurate data within three particular items about sub networks. Above all, when comparing London to Los Angeles—the oldest subway country beginning with 1863 against the newest one, starting in 2001, over a century’s development before has triggered more than ten times size of gap no matter in overall route(394 kilometers versus 28 kilometers) or for the whole annual passengers(775 millions contrasted with 50 millions).However, albeit the longest history London has, it is Tokyo than serve the most passengers per year, accounting for 1927 millions, coincident with the opening age—1927. In addition, because of the shortest route of 11 millions, Kyoto ultimately and unavoidably becomes bound up with the smallest amount of annual passengers. Besides, in terms of Paris and Washington DC, both dominate the intermediate position. In the aspect of network’s distance, Paris totally stretches 199 kilometer alongside the country, 1.5 lager than Washington DC whereas 50 per cent as London has. Then as for passengers all the year around, both, 1191 and 144 respectively, are lower than Tokyo yet higher than Kyoto as well as Los Angele.Hence, in a word, it turns out that disparate cities has their own distinct characteristics, bring differential underground railway systems themselves.实用文档.。
剑桥雅思真题15-阅读Test 4(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题15-阅读Test 4（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The return of the huarangoThe arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plantThe south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface. This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower lea Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people's diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower lea Valley now.For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle lea Valley too. They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture - initially, these were smallholdings, but now they're huge farms producing crops for the international market.'Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,' says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices. 'Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still need to grow your own food,' he says. In order to stop the Middle lea Valley going the same way as the Lower lea Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again. 'It's a process of cultural resuscitation,' he says. He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.'In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,' says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs. 'Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or stews. ' The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey 'coffee'. 'It's packed full of vitamins and minerals, ' Whaley says.And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of lea Valley's onlycertified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers' market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn't yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. 'The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru, ' Benevides says. 'I am investing in the future.But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he's persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.'If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we're in a good position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little, ' Whaley explains. 'It's not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it's used to exploiting water when it arrives? He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across other arid areas around the world. 'If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then that's a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they just can't afford to wait for rain.'Questions 1-5Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango products.10 Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huarangos.11 Whaley needs the co-operation of farmers to help preserve the area's wildlife.12 For Whaley's project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.13 Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Silbo Gomero-the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary IslandsLa Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 metres at its highest peak. It is also home to the best known of the world's whistle 'languages', a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.This 'language', known as 'Silbo' or 'Silbo Gomero' - from the Spanish word for 'whistle'- is now shedding light on the language-processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists. Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.'Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as language,' says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones. A whistler - or silbador - puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound. 'There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal/ explains lead researcher Manuel Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife. Because whistled 'words' can be hard to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves understood.The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres. Carreiras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles. 4In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.5 Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish. Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo. The researchers found that other key regions in the brain's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people. When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.'Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms' Corina says. 'These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal. The non-Silbo speakers were not recognising Silbo as a language. They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated?Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century. Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in southern Europe. There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically. This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to Julien Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France. 'They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests, ' he says. 'Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups?But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction. With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries' authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival. Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools. In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). {The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for humanity,' Carreiras adds.Questions 14-19Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 La Gomera is the most mountainous of all the Canary Islands.15 Silbo is only appropriate for short and simple messages.16 In the brain-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers produced different results.17 The Spanish introduced Silbo to the islands in the 15th century.18 There is precise data available regarding all of the whistle languages in existence today.19 The children of Gomera now learn Silbo.Questions 20-26Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Environmental practices of big businessThe environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offends our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people. That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners. When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn't care.It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means. US laws make a company's directors legally liable for something termed 'breach of fiduciary responsibility' if they knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford's humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster, in which over 40,000 m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska. The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the USgovernment's Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But for five years the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry complied within weeks. The public's task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gold miners.Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically complex human societies, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy. In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public didn't want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses' environmental practices. Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.Big businessesMany big businesses today are prepared to harm people and the environment in order to make money, and they appear to have no 27………….. . Lack of 28………….. by governments and lack of public 29………….. can lead to environmental problems such as 30………….. or theChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.32 The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damageA requires political action if it is to be stopped.B is the result of ignorance on the part of the public.C could be prevented by the action of ordinary people.D can only be stopped by educating business leaders.33 In the fourth paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public canA reduce their own individual impact on the environment.B learn more about the impact of business on the environment.C raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters.D influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.34 What pressure was exerted by big business in the case of the disease BSE?A Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.B A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.C Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.D A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce legislation.Questions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 The public should be prepared to fund good environmental practices.33 There is a contrast between the moral principles of different businesses.34 It is important to make a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.35 The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past.36 In the future, businesses will show more concern for the environment.Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.37 What would be the best subheading for this passage?A Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?B How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?C What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?D Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?参考答案1 water2 diet3 drought4 erosion5 desert6 (its/huarango/the) branches7 IN EITHER ORDER (BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK): leaves (and); bark8 (its/huarango/the) trunk9 NOT GIVEN10 FALSE11 TRUE12 FALSE13 NOT GIVEN14 NOT GIVEN15 FALSE16 TRUE17 FALSE18 FALSE19 TRUE20 words21 finger22 direction23 commands24 fires25 technology26 award27 D28 E29 F30H31B32 C33D34B35 YES36 NOT GIVEN37 NO38 YES39 NOT GIVEN40 D。
剑桥雅思听力原文加翻译双语
Text 1Section1W: Good evening. King's restaurant.W:晚上好。
国王的餐厅。
M: Good evening. I'm ringing about the job I understand you have vacantM:晚上好。
我打电话是关于工作我理解你有空吗W: Oh, yes.W:哦,是的。
M: I'd like to find out a few more details if I may.M:我想如果我可以找到更多的细节。
W: Yes, of course. Can I take your nameW:是的,当然。
我能把你的名字吗M: It's Peter Chin.M:这是彼得的下巴。
W: Ok, Peter. Well, if you want to ask about the job and then if we're both still interested, we could arrange you to come for an interview.W:好的,彼得。
好吧,如果你想问一下工作,然后如果我们都仍然有兴趣,我们可以安排你来参加面试。
M: Great, thanks. I'm afraid I missed the advert for the job but I heard about it from a friend.M:很好,谢谢。
我恐怕错过了广告的工作,但是我从一个朋友那里听说的。
W: That's no problem at all. What would you like to knowW:没问题。
你想知道什么M: Well, um, what sort of work is it- washing upM:好吧,嗯,什么样的工作——洗餐具吗W: It's answering the phone.W:这是接电话。
剑桥雅思5 口语 Test4 Part1范文
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑5 口语 Test4 Part1范文-Clothes，需要本教程其他单元相关口语范文，请点击：剑 5 口语 Test3 Part1-Entertainment；剑 5 口语 Test3 Part2-Describe one of your friends；剑5 口语 Test3 Part3范文-Qualities of Friends。
Test 4:PART 1ClothesQ: How important are clothes and fashion to you?Answer:I think clothes and fashion speak to people about the kind of person you are.They help you form a good first impression.We dress to impress.And it’s almost strange to ask a person if clothes are important, especially if thisperson is as young as me.Young people want to look good, so naturally clothes are very important for me.Q: What kind of clothes do you dislike?Answer:Well, I don’t like baggy clothes, you know, big jeans, long and loose T-shirts, becausethey look sloppy. 邋遢Now, I prefer the European style, which is very slimming (苗条) and has betterdesign.I especially don’t like suits, shirts and ties.They’re so dull, so rigid, and look old.I prefer young and fashionable clothes designed for energetic and dynamic people.(活跃,动感的人)Q: How different are the clothes you wear now from those you wore 10 yearsago?Answer:Hmm, 10 years ago, that was such a long time ago.Let me think, if I remember correctly,I was wearing sportswear all the time, you know, Adidas and Nike.I was going to school everyday, and I was young, kicking and running everywhere,so sports clothes suited me.But now, I’m a young adult, so I’ve developed a certain sense of style.I like simple things and my favorite item of clothing is Jeans.Not big jeans, clean-cut jeans that look decent.I don’t know, maybe one day I will have to wear suits and sit in offices because Iwant to be a financial consultant or accountant for a world-famous company.Q: What do you think the clothes we wear say about us?Answer:I’m pretty sure that the clothes we wear say much about our personality.For example, if you’re very out-going and passionate, or if you’re very reserved andshy. Our style of clothing also tells people about how confident we’re aboutourselves.There’s a saying, you’re what you wear. The clothes we wear can show the educationand life experience we have gained. If you have ever spent time in a different country,your style of clothing maybe very different from others in your country.。
剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读(学术类)(第五版)
TEST PAPER 1
PASSAGE 1动物自我疗伤 PASSAGE 2辨别说谎 P 1寻找种子 PASSAGE 2南极与气候 PASSAGE 3海洋能源发电
TEST PAPER 3
PASSAGE 1苏联弹性工作时间 PASSAGE 2伏尼契手稿 PASSAGE 3航海钟的发明
内容摘要
内容摘要
《剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读（学术类）（第五版）》具有以下特点：真题回顾：通过对已考文章 和试题的回忆，透视真实考题，抓住重复规律。背景知识：帮助考生快速理解文章，提高答题速度和准确率。 12套真题实战演练：所选文章的题材、背景、试题的题型和难度与已考文章相同，权威精准。
目录分析
TEST PAPER 4
PASSAGE 1磁疗 PASSAGE 2猛犸象幼崽 PASSAGE 3阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔
TEST PAPER 5
PASSAGE 1彗星撞木星 PASSAGE 2珍珠 PASSAGE 3看体育节目和大脑活动
TEST PAPER 6
PASSAGE 1口译：同传和交传 PASSAGE 2生物防治 PASSAGE 3阅读的教学方法
TEST PAPER 7
PASSAGE 1机器人 PASSAGE 2城市规划 PASSAGE 3美国电影
TEST PAPER 8
PASSAGE 1英国天才工程师 PASSAGE 2水坝的灾难 PASSAGE 3考拉（树袋熊）
TEST PAPER 9
PASSAGE 1美国肥胖 PASSAGE 2玻璃研究 PASSAGE 3学术腐败
精彩摘录
精彩摘录
这是《剑桥雅思最新真题题源详解——阅读（学术类）（第五版）》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精 彩内容摘录。
剑桥雅思5test4阅读passage1翻译
剑桥雅思5test4阅读passage1翻译－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思5test4passage1翻译-野外旅行的影响，解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5阅读答案解析-Test4Passage1A. 偏远地区的旅游市场从未如此火爆。
世界各国都在积极向高消费型的游客推销他们的“荒野”地区，例如山区、北极地带、沙漠、小岛和湿地等。
这些地方的吸引力很明显：从概念上讲，野外旅游业几乎不需要前期投资，但是这并不意味着没有成本。
正如1992 年联合国环境发展委员会提出的一样，这些地区是非常脆弱的(即，对非正常影响非常敏感) ，不仅仅生态很脆弱，当地居民的文化而言也是如此。
从这些方面以及各种地区所占地球面积的比例考虑，最重要的三种脆弱环境就是沙漠、山区和北极地区。
它们的一个重要特点就是季节性，每年都有好几个月份充斥着恶劣天气。
所以，大部分人类的活动，包括旅游，都被清晰的限定在了每年的某几个月当中。
这些地区迷人的自然风光和当地人独特的文化吸引了大批游客。
这些偏远地区贫穷的政府也欢迎新一批的“冒险旅行家”，非常感激他们带来的“硬通货”。
几年来，旅游业已经成为尼泊尔和不丹的主要外汇来源。
旅游业也成为北极地区(如拉普兰、阿拉斯加)和沙漠地区(如澳大利亚埃尔斯洛克地区和亚利桑那州摩奴门山谷等)的主要经济元素。
B. 一旦某地被确定为主要的旅游目的地，当地社会就会受到深远的影响。
例如，如果农民在一周内为游客搬运行李所赚的钱比他们种一年的田赚的还要多，他们当然会放弃农活，而这些农活就留给了其他家庭成员来做。
在一些山区，这导致农业生产大规模萎缩，也导致当地食品结构发生变化，因为没有足够的人手来耕地、浇灌农田或者照顾庄稼。
结果使得该地区的很多人都向外界寻求大米和其他食物供给。
在北极和沙漠地区，传统上，全年的生计都依赖于在相对较短的季节里所进行的捕猎、捕鱼和果实采集活动。
然而，由于某些居民从事旅游业，他们没有时间再去采集野生食品，这使得人们越来越依赖于在商店里购买食品。
雅思真题阅读词汇 剑桥雅思5 test 4 passage 1 荒野旅游的影响.doc
雅思真题阅读词汇剑桥雅思5 test 4 passage 1 荒野旅游的影响今天我们雅思真题阅读词汇的文章来研究下剑桥雅思5 test 4 passage 1。
该篇雅思阅读文章的内容为荒野旅游的影响。
整篇文章分为三大部分，分别介绍了荒野旅游兴起的原因，荒野旅游对当地社区的影响，以及当地居民如何平衡自身和旅游业之间的需求。
按照惯例，我们总结下其中出现的雅思阅读常考词汇。
A部分remote adj. 遥远的。
“遥远地区的旅游市场正在以前所未有的姿态繁荣发展着”。
wildness n. 荒野。
“全世界的国家搜在积极推广它们的荒野区域”。
fragile adj. 脆弱的。
“这些地区不仅在它们自身的生态方面，而且在居民的文化方面都十分脆弱”。
prevail v. 流行。
“一个重要的特点是它们的季节性，每年有几个月都流行严酷的环境”。
landscape n. 风景。
“游客被它们美丽的自然风景和当地居民独特的文化吸引到这些区域”。
isolate v. 隔离。
“这些与世隔离的地区贫穷的政府欢迎新的冒险游客，感谢他们带来的货币”。
element n. 成分。
“旅游业也是北极圈经济的重要组成部分”。
B部分destination n. 目的。
“一旦一个地区成为游客的主要目的地，其对当地社区来自雅思的影响是深远的“。
trekker n. 背包客。
“例如，如果山地农民能够在几周内通过为外国背包客服务赚取更多的钱”。
diet n. 日常饮食。
“在一些山地地区，这导致农业产出的急剧下降，以及当地饮食的变化”。
terrace n. 梯田，露台。
“因为没有足够的劳动力来维持梯田和灌溉系统，并且照顾庄稼”。
undermine v. 破坏。
“所有类型的工资劳力，或者政府补助，都会破坏传统的生存体系”。
dilemma n. 困境。
“无论什么原因，困境总是相同的，如果新的、外来的收入枯竭了将会怎样？”。
erosion n. 腐蚀。
“许多人注意到主要路线周边的侵蚀”。
剑桥国际少儿英语简装版五第四单元课文文本翻译
剑桥国际少儿英语简装版五第四单元课文文本翻译原文：Yesterday, we had a discussion. The topic is"What is my dream?"Everyone has his dream. Some want to be teachers,others want to be scientists. My dream is to become a doctor.My friends asked me why. I told them my story. When I was a small boy, I was very weak. Once I was terribly ill. I had a high fever. My parents sent me to the hospital but the doctors could do nothing for me. Then my parents heard there was a very good doctor in another town. They took me there at once. I was saved.A good doctor can save people's lives. From then on I decided to become a doctor. I know it is not easy to be a doctor.But I am determined to study hard. I am sure my dream will come true.翻译：昨天，我们进行了一次讨论。
主题是“我的梦想是什么？”每个人都有自己的梦想。
有些人想当老师，有些人想当科学家。
我的梦想是成为一名医生。
我的朋友问我为什么。
我告诉他们我的故事。
当我还是个小男孩的时候，我非常虚弱。
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剑桥雅思5test4passage1翻译-野外旅行的影响，解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5阅读答案解析-Test4Passage1
A. 偏远地区的旅游市场从未如此火爆。
世界各国都在积极向高消费型的游客推销他们的“荒野”地区，例如山区、北极地带、沙漠、小岛和湿地等。
这些地方的吸引力很明显：从概念上讲，野外旅游业几乎不需要前期投资，但是这并不意味着没有成本。
正如 1992 年联合国环境发展委员会提出的一样，这些地区是非常脆弱的(即，对非正常影响非常敏感) ，不仅仅生态很脆弱，当地居民的文化而言也是如此。
从这些方面以及各种地区所占地球面积的比例考虑，最重要的三种脆弱环境就是沙漠、山区和北极地区。
它们的一个重要特点就是季节性，每年都有好几个月份充斥着恶劣天气。
所以，大部分人类的活动，包括旅游，都被清晰的限定在了每年的某几个月当中。
这些地区迷人的自然风光和当地人独特的文化吸引了大批游客。
这些偏远地区贫穷的政府也欢迎新一批的“冒险旅行家”，非常感激他们带来的“硬通货”。
几年来，旅游业已经成为尼泊尔和不丹的主要外汇来源。
旅游业也成为北极地区(如拉普兰、阿拉斯加)和沙漠地区(如澳大利亚埃尔斯洛克地区和亚利桑那州摩奴门山谷等)的主要经济元素。
B. 一旦某地被确定为主要的旅游目的地，当地社会就会受到深远的影响。
例如，如果农民在一周内为游客搬运行李所赚的钱比他们种一年的田赚的还要多，他们当然会放弃农活，而这些农活就留给了其他家庭成员来做。
在一些山区，这导致农业生产大规模萎缩，也导致当地食品结构发生变化，因为没有足够的人手来耕地、浇灌农田或者照顾庄稼。
结果使得该地区的很多人都向外界寻求大米和其他食物供给。
在北极和沙漠地区，传统上，全年的生计都依赖于在相对较短的季节里所进行的捕猎、捕鱼和果实采集活动。
然而，由于某些居民从事旅游业，他们没有时间再去采集野生食品，这使得人们越来越依赖于在商店里购买食品。
这些变化也不能全都归罪于旅游业。
各种有偿劳动和政府发放的物资都将破坏传统的生存方式。
不管原因是什么，困境却只有一个：如果这些新的外来收入资源枯竭了，该如何是好? 游客对环境的影响是另一个严重的问题。
人们大都会关注主要铁路沿线的土壤腐蚀问题，但更严重的问题是乱砍滥伐，还有对水源供给所带来的影响，因为当地人需要为游客提供食物和洗澡用的热水。
在山区和沙漠地区，生长缓慢的树木是燃料的主要来源，水源供给也会受到乱砍滥伐的影响。
C. 旅游业所带来的问题近年来已经愈演愈烈。
然而这本来不应该成为问题。
尽管旅游业不可避免的会影响所在地区，但对这些脆弱环境以及当地文化的影响仍然可以尽量降低。
事实上，旅游业甚至可以成为重新振兴当地文化的途径，正如在尼泊尔昆布山谷的雪帕人身上和阿尔卑斯山区的某些村庄所发生的一样。
探险旅游业的从业人数在不断增长，他们都在尽量确保他们的行为会为当地人和当地环境带来长期的正面影响。
在瑞士阿尔卑斯地区，当地人认为，他们的未来要依赖于将旅游业更有效的与当地经济整合在一起。
越来越多的外来人开始在瑞士帕斯地区建设第二套房屋，当地人对此非常担忧，因此限制了他们的这种做法。
当地的集体奶酪制作行业也开始复兴，这为当地人提供一种可靠的收入来源，而且不必依赖外来游客。
北极的很多旅游目的地都是有外来公司开发的，它们聘用临时工，并且把大部分收益返回给自己的所在地。
但是现在已经有北极当地的社团开始亲自运作当地的旅游业，从而确保旅游收益可以在本地得到积累。
例如，一家专门聘请当地人的阿拉斯加的本土公司正在运作一个从安卡拉奇到克佐布的空中旅游项目，游客可以吃北极食品，在苔原上行走并且欣赏当地的音乐和舞蹈。
美国东南部沙漠地区的人们也采取了类似的策略，它们鼓励游客造访他们的村庄和保留地，并鼓励他们在那里购买高质量的手工艺品。
艾克马村和圣一丹佛诺村的制陶业收益可观，而纳瓦霍和霍比人在珠宝行业也取得了成功。
很多居住在脆弱环境中的人们在游客进入到他们的土地之时无法控制他们自己的经济、文化和环境。
单纯限制旅游业无法解决这种不平衡状态，因为人们对于陌生地方的渴望是不会消失的。
相反，脆弱环境中的人们必须更好的控制本地的旅游业投资，才能使他们自己的需求和渴望与旅游业的要求达
到平衡。
社团数量的增加表明，有了强有力的集体决策，这是完全可以做到的。
现在，问题的关键在于，这能否成为共识，而不仅仅是特例。
更多解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5阅读解析。