研究生学术英语课后习题答案

Unit 1英译汉：15Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。

通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。

In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline sho uld consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。

发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。

发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。

在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。

汉译英：当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。

演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。

不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。

最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。

这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。

Before you deliver an academic speech, firstly you should get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.Unit2英译汉：48Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy - well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However, with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of u nprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly hig her costs,both external and internalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.O n the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome because energy us e poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict.能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人类历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。

一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。

汉译英：以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。

比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。

然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%，而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%，甚至更多。

It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones. For example, cons truction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering, management and quality control. Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplyi ng petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.Unit 3英译汉82Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the Thanksgiving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the numbei of death in the p ast two weeks on Springfield city streets.With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been kill ed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a Chic ago family who died the weekend before on interstate 44.On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Jua nita Bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue.According to police ,Jon Bauer’s southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sid eswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus ,also heading southbound , driven by Chadd Rohde,27 ,of Mountain Home , Ark, at around 10:30a.m .Jon Bauer’s vehicle continued south and struck a bri ck wall and utility pole at Springfield Nationgal Cemetry.The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the vehicle .J uanita Bauer was pronounced dead at the scene. Jon Bauer,who wan uncon scious, was transported to St.John’s Regional Medical Center, where he was later pronounced dead.Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.在感恩节的周末，24小时内发生了2起车祸，撞死了3个人，使得过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。