办公建筑外文翻译

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建筑英文介绍带翻译

建筑英文介绍带翻译

建筑英文介绍带翻译Introduction to Architecture 建筑英文介绍。

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It involves the use of materials, technology, and design principles to create functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that meet the needs of people.建筑是设计和建造建筑物和其他物理结构的艺术和科学。

它涉及使用材料、技术和设计原则来创建功能和美观的空间,满足人们的需求。

The history of architecture can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where impressive structures such as the Pyramids, the Parthenon, and the Colosseum were built. These structures were not only functional but also served as symbols of power and wealth.建筑的历史可以追溯到古代文明,如埃及、希腊和罗马,那里建造了令人印象深刻的建筑物,如金字塔、巴特农神庙和斗兽场。

这些建筑不仅具有功能性,还作为权力和财富的象征。

As time passed, architecture evolved and new styles emerged. In the Middle Ages, Gothic architecture emerged with its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. During the Renaissance, architects such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Bramante created masterpieces that combined classical elements with new techniques and materials.随着时间的推移,建筑发展并出现了新的风格。

国家机关和组织名称英文翻译

国家机关和组织名称英文翻译

中国国家机关名称China's State Organs全国人民代表大会National People's Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育,科学,文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院Supreme People's Procuratorate国务院S tate Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People's Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council侨务办公厅Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳办公厅Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office3)国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil A viation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors' Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council (4)国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)(国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission) 国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry) 国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行) State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)=====================================================================中国共产党,其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration 中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC中国人民政治协商会议及其机构The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee 专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese 外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Y outh League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队China Y oung Pioneers中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Nat’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church 中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会All China Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会All China Y outh Federation中华全国世界语联合会All China Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会All China Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists’Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Association中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPCCentral Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member...省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member(地方人大)主任Chairman, Local People’s Congress人大代表Deputy to the People’s Congress国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive V ice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region市长/副市长Mayor/V ice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government 乡镇长Chief Executive, TownshipGovernment秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office(部委办)主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy DivisionChief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner人民法院院长President, People’s Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People’sTribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General,People’s procuratorates监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable。

建筑英语词汇大全

建筑英语词汇大全

建筑英语词汇大全一、建筑基础词汇1.1 建筑类型(Building Types)•Building: 建筑物•House: 房屋•Office Building: 办公楼•Skyscraper: 摩天大楼•Warehouse: 仓库•Hospital: 医院•School: 学校•Hotel: 酒店•Shopping Mall: 购物中心•Museum: 博物馆1.2 建筑组成(Building Components)•Foundation: 基础•Wall: 墙体•Roof: 屋顶•Floor: 地板•Staircase: 楼梯•Ceiling: 天花板•Window: 窗户•Door: 门•Column: 柱子•Beam: 横梁1.3 建筑结构(Building Structures)•Structure: 结构•Frame: 框架•Wall Structure: 墙体结构•Roof Structure: 屋顶结构•Reinforced Concrete: 钢筋混凝土•Steel Frame: 钢结构•Timber Frame: 木结构•Masonry: 砌体结构二、建筑施工词汇2.1 建筑施工工艺(Construction Techniques)•Excavation: 挖掘•Concrete Pouring: 浇筑混凝土•Formwork: 模板•Reinforcement: 钢筋•Masonry Work: 砌筑工作•Roofing: 屋面施工•Plumbing: 水暖工程•Electrical Wiring: 电气布线•Finishing Work: 室内装饰2.2 施工机械设备(Construction Machinery)•Excavator: 挖掘机•Bulldozer: 推土机•Crane: 起重机•Concrete Mixer: 混凝土搅拌机•Scaffolding: 脚手架•Jackhammer: 打桩机•Generator: 发电机•Welding Machine: 焊接机2.3 施工人员(Construction Personnel)•Engineer: 工程师•Architect: 建筑师•Foreman: 领班•Construction Worker: 建筑工人•Electrician: 电工•Plumber: 水电工•Carpenter: 木工•Painter: 油漆工三、建筑材料词汇3.1 建筑常用材料(Common Building Materials)•Concrete: 混凝土•Brick: 砖块•Steel: 钢材•Wood: 木材•Glass: 玻璃•Tiles: 瓷砖•Cement: 水泥•Asphalt: 沥青•Insulation: 绝缘材料3.2 建筑涂料材料(Building Coating Materials)•Paint: 油漆•Varnish: 清漆•Primer: 底漆•Solvent: 溶剂•Pigment: 颜料•Resin: 树脂•Sealer: 封孔剂•Epoxy: 环氧树脂3.3 建筑装饰材料(Building Decorative Materials)•Wallpaper: 壁纸•Tile: 瓷砖•Laminate: 层压板•Carpet: 地毯•Curtain: 窗帘•Ceiling Tile: 吊顶板•Molding: 装饰线条•Chandelier: 吊灯•Decoration: 装饰品四、建筑项目管理词汇4.1 建筑项目管理流程(Construction Project Management Process)•Planning: 规划•Design: 设计•Budgeting: 预算•Procurement: 采购•Construction: 施工•Quality Control: 质量控制•Project Schedule: 项目进度•Risk Management: 风险管理•Project Closeout: 项目收尾4.2 建筑项目管理人员(Construction Project Management Personnel)•Project Manager: 项目经理•Project Coordinator: 项目协调员•Quantity Surveyor: 工料测量员•Site Supervisor: 现场主管•Contract Administrator: 合同管理员•Safety Officer: 安全员•Quality Inspector: 质量检验员•Stakeholder: 利益相关者以上是一份简要的建筑英语词汇大全,涵盖了建筑基础、建筑施工、建筑材料和建筑项目管理等方面的词汇。

城市规划名词外文翻译

城市规划名词外文翻译

history of cities settlement market city wall capital city imperial palace outer city imperial city neighborhood street lane hutong, alley outskirt city moat, city trench castle polis city township, town city proper suburb city classification industrial city mining city port city commercial city campus city science city scenic-tourist city resort city small city medium-sized city large city urbanization urbanization level conglomeration, agglomeration counterurbanization, deurbanization suburbanization city agglomeration megalopolis metropolitan area, conurbation city group, city cluster urban conservation historical building historical site
城市史 居民点 市[场] 城[墙] 都城 宫城 外城 皇城 里 街 巷 胡同 关厢 城濠 城堡 城邦 城市 镇 市区 郊区 城市分类 工业城市 矿业城市 港口城市 商业城市 大学城 科学城 风景旅游城市 休养城市 小城市 中等城市 大城市 城市化 城市化水平 集聚 逆城市化 郊区城市化 城市群 大城市连绵区 大城市地区 城市组团 城市历史保护 历史建筑 历史地段

土木工程专业-工地实习日志及工作总结及英文翻译

土木工程专业-工地实习日志及工作总结及英文翻译

工地实习工地实习日记日记日记3月12日 雨由于下大雨工地还是停工,今天还是学习一些规范资料,主要学建筑的放线。

建筑物的放线就是根据建筑物的主轴线控制点或其他控制点,首先将建筑物的外墙轴线交点测设到实地上,并用木桩固定,桩顶钉上小钉作为标志,然后测设其他各轴线交点位置,再根据基础宽度和放坡标出基槽干挖线边界。

在建筑的外墙轴线基础上,再根据建筑物平面图,将建筑物其他轴线测出来,测设的方法如图所示:在角点(外墙轴线交点)上设站,用经纬仪定向,用钢尺量矩,依次定出②③…各轴线与A 轴线和D 轴线的交点,然后定出B 轴线和C 轴线与①轴和⑥轴的交点,这里特别要注意的是,用经纬仪定向时,最好用倒镜检查一下,用钢尺量矩时,钢尺零端要始终对在同一点上,切忌测量一段距离钢尺的零端移动一次。

3月14日 晴由于裙楼只有3~4层,所以基础开挖深度也较少,桩数也比较少。

由于承台较浅,挖方量也较少,所以都已经挖好。

砂浆砖胎模也都已砌好。

今天开始浇筑一部分垫层,先用原来开挖的土回填夯实,然后铺一层细砂,然后再铺一层鹅卵石,最后铺一层混凝土。

填土时应先清楚基底的树根、积水、淤泥和有机杂质,并分层回填,压实。

填土应尽量采用同类土填筑。

如采用不同类填料分层填筑时,上层宜填筑透水性较小的填料,下层用大的。

填方施工应接近水平的分层填筑,当填方位于倾斜的地面时,应先将斜坡挖成阶梯状,然后分层填筑,以防填土横向移动。

分段填筑时,每层接缝处应做成斜坡形,与辗连重叠0.5~1.0米。

上下层错缝距离不应小于1米。

今天雨已经转小,工地的承台坑集了很多水,还不能施工,主要都是在抽水,有些承台坑还没有挖的还可以挖,砍桩也在继续。

今天主要学习一些土方开挖的注意事项,主要有:1. 开挖过程中,严格控制开挖尺寸,基坑底部的开挖宽度要考虑工作面的增加宽度,并在开挖过程中试打钎,避免大面积的二次开挖。

施工时尽力避免基底超挖,个别超挖的地方经设计单位给出方案用级配砂石回填。

建筑术语翻译英文集1

建筑术语翻译英文集1

常见的建筑术语的英文翻译集之一以下是一些常见的建筑术语的英文翻译集合之一:1. 建筑设计- Architectural Design2. 建筑结构- Building Structure3. 建筑材料- Building Materials4. 建筑施工- Building Construction5. 建筑成本- Construction Cost6. 建筑风格- Architectural Style7. 建筑师- Architect8. 建筑规划- Building Planning9. 建筑模型- Architectural Model10. 建筑面积- Building Area11. 建筑高度- Building Height12. 建筑容积率- Plot Ratio13. 建筑法规- Building Codes and Regulations14. 建筑节能- Energy Efficiency in Buildings15. 建筑智能化- Intelligent Buildings16. 绿色建筑- Green Buildings17. 可持续建筑- Sustainable Buildings18. 建筑声学- Architectural Acoustics19. 建筑光学- Architectural Optics20. 室内设计- Interior Design21. 景观设计- Landscape Design22. 结构设计- Structural Design23. 给排水设计- Water Supply and Drainage Design24. 暖通空调设计- HVAC Design25. 电气设计- Electrical Design26. 消防设计- Fire Protection Design27. 智能化系统设计- Intelligent System Design28. 施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design29. 施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design30. 装饰装修设计- Decoration and Finishing Design31. 建筑声学设计- Architectural Acoustics Design32. 建筑光学设计- Architectural Optics Design33. 建筑热工设计- Architectural Thermal Design34. 建筑美学设计- Architectural Aesthetic Design35. 建筑环境设计- Architectural Environment Design36. 建筑风水学- Feng Shui37. 建筑日照分析- Solar Analysis for Buildings38. 建筑通风分析- Ventilation Analysis for Buildings39. 建筑声环境分析- Acoustic Environment Analysis for Buildings40. 建筑光环境分析- Daylighting Environment Analysis for Buildings41. 建筑热环境分析- Thermal Environment Analysis for Buildings42. 建筑面积计算- Building Area Calculation43. 建筑楼层高度- Storey Height44. 建筑消防设计- Fire Protection Design for Buildings45. 建筑结构安全评估- Structural Safety Evaluation for Buildings46. 建筑抗震设计- Seismic Design for Buildings47. 建筑防洪设计- Flood-resistant Design for Buildings48. 建筑工程招标- Building Engineering Tendering49. 建筑工程施工许可- Construction Permission for Building Projects50. 建筑工程造价咨询- Engineering Cost Consulting for Building Projects51. 建筑工程监理- Project Supervision for Building Projects52. 建筑工程验收- Acceptance of Building Projects53. 建筑工程质量检测- Quality Detection of Building Projects54. 建筑工程质量评估- Quality Evaluation of Building Projects55. 建筑工程质量保修- Quality Guarantee of Building Projects56. 建筑工程档案- Construction Project Archives57. 建筑工程安全- Construction Safety58. 建筑工程管理- Construction Project Management59. 建筑工程合同- Construction Contract60. 建筑工程保险- Construction Insurance61. 建筑工程材料- Construction Materials62. 建筑工程机械- Construction Machinery63. 建筑工程劳务- Construction Labor64. 建筑工程施工组织设计- Construction Organization Design for Building Projects65. 建筑工程施工图设计- Construction Drawing Design for Building Projects66. 建筑工程施工进度计划- Construction Progress Plan for Building Projects67. 建筑工程施工质量控制- Construction Quality Control for Building Projects68. 建筑工程施工安全管理- Construction Safety Management for Building Projects69. 建筑工程施工现场管理- Construction Site Management for Building Projects70. 建筑工程施工成本管理- Construction Cost Management for Building Projects71. 建筑工程施工环境保护- Environmental Protection in Building Construction72. 建筑工程施工节能管理- Energy-saving Management in Building Construction73. 建筑工程施工水土保持- Soil and Water Conservation in Building Construction74. 建筑工程施工质量控制要点- Key Points of Construction Quality Control for Building Projects75. 建筑工程施工安全控制要点- Key Points of Construction Safety Control for Building Projects76. 建筑工程施工质量验收规范- Acceptance Specification for Construction Quality ofBuilding Projects77. 建筑立面设计- Façade Design78. 建筑剖面设计- Section Design79. 建筑立面分析图- Façade Analysis Diagram80. 建筑剖面分析图- Section Analysis Diagram81. 建筑结构分析图- Structural Analysis Diagram82. 建筑平面图- Floor Plan83. 建筑立面图- Façade Drawing84. 建筑剖面图- Section Drawing85. 建筑轴测图- Axonometric Drawing86. 建筑渲染图- Architectural Rendering87. 建筑模型制作- Model Making88. 建筑绘画- Architectural Drawing89. 建筑表现图- Architectural Representation90. 建筑动画- Architectural Animation91. 建筑摄影- Architectural Photography92. 建筑信息模型- Building Information Modeling (BIM)93. 建筑环境评估- Building Environmental Assessment94. 建筑节能评估- Building Energy Efficiency Assessment95. 建筑可持续性评估- Building Sustainability Assessment96. 建筑健康评估- Building Health Assessment97. 建筑设备系统设计- Building Equipment System Design98. 建筑电气系统设计- Electrical System Design for Buildings99. 建筑给排水系统设计- Water Supply and Drainage System Design for Buildings 100. 建筑暖通空调系统设计- HVAC System Design for Buildings一般建筑术语英文翻译之二101. 建筑燃气系统设计- Gas System Design for Buildings102. 建筑消防报警系统设计- Fire Alarm System Design for Buildings103. 建筑智能化系统集成设计- Intelligent System Integration Design for Buildings 104. 建筑幕墙设计- Curtain Wall Design105. 建筑石材幕墙设计- Stone Curtain Wall Design106. 建筑玻璃幕墙设计- Glass Curtain Wall Design107. 建筑绿化设计- Greening Design for Buildings108. 建筑景观设计- Landscape Design for Buildings109. 建筑室内环境设计- Indoor Environmental Design for Buildings110. 建筑声学装修设计- Acoustic Decoration Design for Buildings111. 建筑光学装修设计- Optical Decoration Design for Buildings112. 建筑材料装修设计- Decorative Materials Design for Buildings113. 建筑历史与理论- Architectural History and Theory114. 建筑美学史- History of Architectural Aesthetics115. 现代建筑设计- Modern Architectural Design116. 后现代建筑设计- Postmodern Architectural Design117. 当代建筑设计- Contemporary Architectural Design118. 解构主义建筑设计- Deconstructivist Architectural Design119. 装饰艺术建筑设计- Art Deco Architectural Design120. 功能主义建筑设计- Functionalist Architectural Design121. 结构主义建筑设计- Structuralist Architectural Design122. 新古典主义建筑设计- Neoclassical Architectural Design123. 折衷主义建筑设计- Eclectic Architectural Design124. 绿色建筑设计- Green Architectural Design125. 人文主义建筑设计- Humanist Architectural Design126. 新地域主义建筑设计- New Regionalist Architectural Design127. 参数化建筑设计- Parametric Architectural Design128. 数字建筑设计- Digital Architectural Design129. 未来主义建筑设计- Futurist Architectural Design130. 智能化建筑设计- Intelligent Building Design131. 生态建筑设计- Ecological Architectural Design132. 城市设计- Urban Design133. 景观设计- Landscape Design134. 城市规划- Urban Planning135. 城市更新- Urban Renewal136. 城市改造- Urban Transformation137. 城市意象- Urban Image138. 城市设计理论- Urban Design Theory139. 城市生态设计- Urban Ecological Design140. 城市交通设计- Urban Transportation Design141. 城市基础设施设计- Urban Infrastructure Design142. 城市天际线设计- Urban Skyline Design143. 城市夜景设计- Urban Nightscape Design144. 城市滨水区设计- Urban Waterfront Design145. 城市开放空间设计- Urban Open Space Design146. 城市街道景观设计- Urban Streetscape Design147. 城市公园设计- Urban Park Design148. 城市居住区设计- Urban Residential District Design149. 城市商业区设计- Urban Commercial District Design150. 城市文化区设计- Urban Cultural District Design151. 城市行政中心设计- Urban Governmental District Design152. 城市会展中心设计- Urban Exhibition and Convention Center Design 153. 城市体育馆设计- Urban Stadium Design154. 城市图书馆设计- Urban Library Design155. 城市博物馆设计- Urban Museum Design156. 城市大剧院设计- Urban Theater Design157. 城市机场设计- Urban Airport Design158. 城市火车站设计- Urban Train Station Design159. 城市地铁站设计- Urban Subway Station Design160. 城市公交车站设计- Urban Bus Stop Design161. 城市景观照明设计- Urban Landscape Lighting Design162. 城市标识系统设计- Urban Signage System Design163. 城市公共艺术装置设计- Public Art Installation Design164. 城市家具设计- Urban Furniture Design165. 城市花坛设计- Urban Flower Bed Design166. 城市儿童游乐设施设计- Urban Playground Design167. 城市植栽设计- Urban Planting Design168. 城市排水系统设计- Urban Drainage System Design169. 城市防洪系统设计- Urban Flood Control System Design170. 城市消防系统设计- Urban Fire Protection System Design171. 城市应急救援系统设计- Urban Emergency Rescue System Design172. 城市废弃物处理系统设计- Urban Waste Management System Design 173. 城市给水系统设计- Urban Water Supply System Design174. 城市污水处理系统设计- Urban Wastewater Treatment System Design 175. 城市雨水排放系统设计- Urban Stormwater Management System Design 176. 城市空调系统设计- Urban Air Conditioning System Design177. 城市供暖系统设计- Urban Heating System Design178. 城市燃气供应系统设计- Urban Gas Supply System Design179. 城市电力供应系统设计- Urban Electrical Power Supply System Design180. 城市智能化管理系统设计- Urban Intelligent Management System Design 181. 城市绿色建筑认证体系- Green Building Certification Systems182. 城市绿色建筑评价体系- Green Building Evaluation Systems183. 可持续城市发展理论- Sustainable Urban Development Theory 184. 生态城市理论- Eco-city Theory185. 低碳城市理论- Low-carbon City Theory186. 紧凑城市理论- Compact City Theory187. 智慧城市理论- Smart City Theory188. 韧性城市理论- Resilient City Theory189. 多规合一城市规划体系- Integrated Urban Planning System 190. 城市设计哲学- Urban Design Philosophy191. 城市设计心理学- Urban Design Psychology192. 城市设计社会学- Urban Design Sociology193. 城市设计地理学- Urban Design Geography194. 城市设计经济学- Urban Design Economics195. 城市设计生态学- Urban Design Ecology196. 城市设计符号学- Urban Design Semiotics197. 城市设计现象学- Urban Design Phenomenology198. 城市设计未来学- Urban Design Futures Studies199. 城市设计艺术史- Urban Design Art History200. 城市设计与公共政策- Urban Design and Public Policy。

计算机网络中英文对照外文翻译文献

计算机网络中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译计算机网络计算机网络,通常简单的被称作是一种网络,是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道,便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。

网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。

计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。

一.历史早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末,包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。

1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。

十八个月后,美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。

然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。

这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。

阿帕网于来于自印度,1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。

上世纪60年代,高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。

因特网的发展始于1969年,20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发,由此,阿帕网演变成现代互联网。

二.目的计算机网络可以被用于各种用途:为通信提供便利:使用网络,人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。

共享硬件:在网络环境下,每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源,例如打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。

共享文件:数据和信息: 在网络环境中,授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。

提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。

共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。

信息保存。

安全保证。

三.网络分类下面的列表显示用于网络分类:3.1连接方式计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络,如:光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn(有线家庭网络标准)等等。

以太网的定义,它是由IEEE 802标准,并利用各种媒介,使设备之间进行通信的网络。

经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。

无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。

国家机关翻译表

国家机关翻译表
国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission
中国人民银行People’s Bank of China
国家审计署State A
最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate
国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of
Personnel)
国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land
国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry
国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau
国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry
(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)
中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC
中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering
国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council

中国各部门、机关的德语翻译

中国各部门、机关的德语翻译

Technik und Industrie für Landesverteidigung
国防科学技术工业委员会
Nur Chinesisch:/
Staatliche Kommission für ethnische Angelegenheiten
Englisch:/english/index.htm
Ministerium für Landwirtschaft
农业部
Chinesisch:/
Englisch:http://202.127.45.180/english/
Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Technologie
科学技术部
Chinesisch:/
Englisch:/English/index.htm
Kommission für Wissenschaft,
国家药品监督管理局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Amt für Angelegenheiten Ausländischer Experten
国家外国专家局
Chinesisch:/
国家文物局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Meeresamt
国家海洋局
Nur Chinesisch:/
Amt für Meteorologie
中国气象句
Chinesisch:/
Büro des Staatsrats
国务院办公厅
(Kein Internetauftritt)
Außenministerium
外文部
Chinesisch: /
Englisch: /eng/default.htm

常用国内国际单位、协会、机构名称英文翻译大全

常用国内国际单位、协会、机构名称英文翻译大全

教科文卫体委员会
Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and
Sports
社会和法制委员会
Committee for Social and Legal Affairs
民族和宗教委员会
Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs
宪法修改委员会
Committee for Revision of the Constitution
国家发展和改革委员会
National Development and Reform Commission
国家经济贸易委员会
State Economic and Trade Commission
国防科学技术工业委员会
中国民主促进会(民进)
China Association for Promoting Democracy
中国农工民主党
Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
中国致公党
China Zhi Gong Dang
九三学社
Jiu San Society
台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)
省 直辖市 自治区 特别行政区 地级市 县 区 镇 自治州、自治区、自治县 省会 中国共产党 中国共产党中央委员会 中国人民政治协商会议
中华人民共和国国务院 中央军委 全国代表大会 第一届中央全会(一中全会) 社区 院 Yard 村 Vallage 巷/弄 Lane 楼/栋 Building 街 Street 信箱 Mailbox
中央翻译局
Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC

办公楼毕业设计英文翻译(外文翻译)

办公楼毕业设计英文翻译(外文翻译)

In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recognition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft , the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also included a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be a repletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably not. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face? 译文: 来自高层建筑展望及建筑结构

外文文献翻译范例

外文文献翻译范例
正如建筑师和工程师Bruce Graham,Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.(SOM)的芝加哥办公室设计,结构为(225 x为一整体225英尺)一个“绑定圆管状造型”的九个方面的75英尺广场系统,嵌装在一个深色玻璃幕墙。五十层以上,有的就离开广场的塔上升到创建更小的地板加强板和独特的剪影。
StatusComplete
Type:Office
Location:Hong Kong
Construction started:18 April 1985
Completed:1990
Opening:17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire:367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译(译成中文1000字左右):
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇,译文后附注文献信息,包括:作者、书名(或论文题目)、出 版 社(或刊物名称)、出版时间(或刊号)、页码。提供所译外文资料附件(印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等,网站类的请附网址及原文)
原文网址:/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师:Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点:Chicago
甲方:Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师:Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份:2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计1.导言在美国,钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD),塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。

在允许应力设计中,应力计算基于一阶弹性分析,而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。

在塑性设计中,结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。

塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。

尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中,但它们近似细部设计方程。

在荷载和阻力系数设计中,含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析,而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。

所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查,包括系数K计算。

在下面,对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。

结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的,但目前美国钢结构协会(AISC)的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。

在目前的实际应用中,结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。

这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。

尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的(但不一定共存),应当承认,严格考虑这种相互依存关系,很多结构是不实际的。

与此同时,众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定(例如通过调整柱的有效长度)是很困难的。

因此,社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中,这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。

图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。

在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中,分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。

在使用一阶弹性分析时,考虑到二阶效果,一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。

在规范中,所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来,他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应,非弹性,残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。

理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线,同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。

博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

第一篇:航空博物馆与航空展示公园巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素,并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。

Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。

在此基本形态上进一步发展,如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机,生成了一座巨大的建筑。

其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成,却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。

这个机翼宽大通透,向各个方向开敞。

它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。

机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面,使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性,并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。

新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区,并与历史体验建立联系。

从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重,旧的道路得到了完善,朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。

每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。

建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台,为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。

博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。

这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器,如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。

The first passage:Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition parkBartiomiej KislelewskiThe idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form andarrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset floor layers generate a spatial continuum of varying insights and outlooks, to focal points within the building and to exhibition areas outside.The design of the new aviation park links the eight buildings of the museum and open-air exhibition areas in a joint historical experience. Former view axes and paths are respected, old alleys are completed and spaces towards the airfield and taxiway are defined. Each building exhibits one topic or episode of aviation, with a large base platform extending around it giving spaces for open-air exhibition of the particular themes. The museum contains more than 150 planes, engines, aviation artefacts, sets of technical construction documents and historical pictures. A special feature is the collection of aircraft from the beginning of aviation, such as the Jatho 1903, the Grade 1909, a Wright Brothers model from 1909, and the Etrivh Taube from 1911.第二篇:华沙现代艺术博物馆克里斯蒂安·克雷兹此建筑正逐步向综合性展览与多功能空间的方向发展。

中国国家机关(英文翻译)

中国国家机关(英文翻译)

中国国家机关China's State Organs全国人民代表大会--------------National People's Congress (NPC)主席团-----------------------Presidium常务委员会-------------------Standing Committee办公厅---------------------General Office秘书处---------------------Secretariat代表资格审查委员会----------Credentials Committee提案审查委员会--------------Motions Examination Committee民族委员会------------------Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会------------------Law Committee财务经济委员会--------------Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会------------------Foreign and Economy Committee教育,科学,文化委员会-------Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会--------------Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会------------------Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会------------------Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会--------------Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会--------------Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席------------President of the People's Republic of China中央军事委员会----------------Central Military Commission最高人民法院------------------Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院----------------Supreme People's Procuratorate国务院-----------------------State Council(1)国务院部委-----Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部-----------------Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部-----------------Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员--------State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会------State Economic and Trade Commission教育部-----------------Ministry of Education科学技术部-------------Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会--Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会------State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部---------------- Ministry of Public Security国家安全部------------ Ministry of State Security监察部---------------- Ministry of Supervision民政部---------------- Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部---------------- Ministry of Justice财政部---------------- Ministry of Finance人事部---------------- Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部------- Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部-------------Ministry of Land and Resources建设部-----------------Ministry of Construction铁路部---------------- Ministry of Railways交通部---------------- Ministry of Communications信息产业部------------ Ministry of Information Industry水利部-----------------Ministry of Water Resources农业部-----------------Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部------Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部-----------------Ministry of Culture卫生部-----------------Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会------State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行------------People's Bank of China国家审计署--------------State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构-------------Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅------------General Office of the State Council侨务办公厅--------------Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳办公厅--------------Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅--------------Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅--------------Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅----------Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室------------Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室--------------Information Office(3)国务院直属机构--------------Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署-----------------General Administration of Customs国家税务总局-------------State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局---------State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局---------Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局-----State Administration of Radio, Film and Television国家体育总局------------State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局--------------State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局-------State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署---------------Press and Publication Administration国家版权局---------------State Copyright Bureau国家林业局---------------State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局-------State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局-------State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局-----------State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局---------------National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局-----------State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室-------------Counsellors' Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局------Government Offices Administration of the State Council(4)国务院直属事业单位-----------Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社----------------Xinhua News Agency中国科学院----------------Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院------------Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院----------------Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心---------Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院---------------National School of Administration中国地震局-----------------China Seismological Bureau中国气象局-----------------China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会------China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局---------------State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission) 国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)----State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局------------- State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局------------- State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局--------------State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局--------------State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局---------State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局----------------State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局--------------State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局----------State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局--------------State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局----------State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部)------ State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) ------State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) ----------State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部) -----State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)------- State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) ----------State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)中国共产党,其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会------Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局------Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会------Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处------Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会------Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会------Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅------General Office, CCCPC中央组织部------Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部------Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部------United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部------International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会------Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室------Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会------Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会------State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会------Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室------International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校------Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室------Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室------Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局------Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局------China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆------Archives Bureau, CCCPC中国人民政治协商会议及其机构The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会------National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会------Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅------General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会------Special Committee提案委员会------Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会------Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会------Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会------Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会------Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会------Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会------Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会------Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会------Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会------CPPCC Local Committees中国政党------Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共) ------Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革) ------Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 中国民主同盟(民盟) ------Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建) ------China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进) ------China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党------Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党------China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社------Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟) ------Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会------Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会------Seismological Society国际金融学会------International Finance Society国际战略问题学会------Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会------Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会------Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children 全国少年儿童工作协调委员会------Nat’l Children’s Work Coordina tion Committee全国史学会------China Society of History宋庆龄基金会------Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会------Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心------Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会------China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会------China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会------Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会------Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会------Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会------China Film Association中国法律质询中心------Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会------China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会------Translators Association of China中国佛教协会------Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会------China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会------Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团------Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会------Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会------Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会------Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会------China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会------ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the ProtestantChurches of China中国基督教协会------China Christian Council中国计量测试学会------Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会------Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会------Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会------Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会------China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会------Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会------United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会------Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会------China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会------China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会------Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会------Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会------Chinese People’s Associati on for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国少年儿童基金会------Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队------China Young Pioneers中国摄影家协会------Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会------Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会------Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会------Nat’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church 中国天主教主教团------Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会------China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会------Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会------Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会------Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会------Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会------Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会------China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会------Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会------All China Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会------All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会------All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会------All China Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会------All China Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会------All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会------All China Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会------All China Journalists’ Association中华全国总工会------All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会------Chinese Medical Association中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记------General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委------ Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员------ Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记------Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员------ Member, Central Committee候补委员------Alternate Member…省委/市委书记------ Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记------secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席------ President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长------Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长------Secretary-General主任委员------Chairman委员------Member(地方人大)主任------ Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表------Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理------Premier, State Council国务委员------State Councilor秘书长------Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任------ Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长------ Minister部长助理------ Assistant Minister司长------Director局长------Director省长------Governor常务副省长------Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席------Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员------ Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官------Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region市长/副市长------ Mayor/Vice Mayor区长------Chief Executive, District Government县长------Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长------ Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长------ Secretary-General办公厅主任------ Director, General Office(部委办)主任------Director处长/副处长------Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长------Section Chief科员------Clerk/Officer发言人------Spokesman顾问------Adviser参事------Counselor巡视员------ Inspector/Monitor特派员------Commissioner人民法院院长------President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长------ Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长------ Chief Judge审判员------Judge书记------Clerk of the Court法医------Legal Medical Expert法警------ Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长------ Procurator-General, People's procuratorates 监狱长------Warden律师------Lawyer公证员------Notary Public总警监------ Commissioner General警监------Commissioner警督------Supervisor警司------Superintendent警员------ Constable。

建环毕业翻译(中英文对照)

建环毕业翻译(中英文对照)

外文翻译中文空调工作过程和节能技术的研究摘要:一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。

它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。

关键词:水塔、改变气候、压缩机、节能当外面的温度开始上升时,很多人寻找室内的空调的极好的安慰。

象水塔和电源线一样,空调是我们每天看见但是很少注意的那些东西之一。

它将不是很高兴的知道这些不可缺少的机器怎样运转他们的魔术吗?在这篇文章里,我们将检查空调–从微观到宏观–以使你对你所看见的知道得更多!低温的各个方面.空调的定型是各种尺寸,冷却能力和价格。

我们经常看见的一种类型是窗式空气调节器.窗式空气调节器是冷却一个小的区域的一种容易和节约的方法。

居住在郊区的地区的大多数人通常在他们的后院有这些中之一:如果你住在一座公寓大厦里,这或许是一个熟悉的情景:大多数商业和办公楼在他们的屋顶上有冷凝装置,并且当你飞到上空时,仓库和商业区可能让人把10 或者20 套冷凝装置隐藏在他们的屋顶上:当你徘徊在很多医院,大学和办公室联合企业的周围时,你会找到连接空气调节系统的大的冷却塔:即使这些机器中的每个都有一个相当清楚的外表,他们全部以相同的原理工作。

让我们近距离地看一下。

基本的想法,一台空调基本上是没有被隔离的箱子的一个冰箱。

它象氟里昂一样利用冷媒的蒸发提供冷却.在一台空调里氟里昂蒸发循环的过程和冰箱里的相同。

根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典,氟里昂一般“用于任何各种各样的调节器”。

根据在线梅里厄姆织工字典,氟里昂一般”用于作为致冷剂和作为气溶胶推进者使用的任何各种各样的不易燃的碳氟化合物。

”这就是在一台空调里的蒸发循环是怎么样工作(看出冰箱怎样为关于这个系列的完整的细节工作):1。

压缩机压缩低温的氟里昂气体,产生高温,高压氟里昂气体.2. 这种高温气体通过一套线圈,因此它能使它的热消散, 并且它凝结成一种液体。

3。

氟里昂液体充满一个膨胀阀, 并且在这个过程里蒸发变得低温,低压氟里昂气体。

政治英语词汇

政治英语词汇

政治英语词汇全国人民代表大会(简称全国人大) National People's Congress (NPC)全国人大代表deputy to the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会主席团 the NPC Presidium全国人民代表大会常务委员会 the NPC Standing Committee全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee九届全国人大五次会议 the Fifth Session of the Ninth NPC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会(简称全国政协)National Committeeof the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)中国政协委员 member of the National Committee of CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会 Standing committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC\小组讨论panel discussions/group discussions政府工作报告government's work report宪法修正案amendments to the Constitution新闻发布会press conference全体会议plenary meeting弱势群体 disadvantaged groups (对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。

--Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.) 西电东送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region加快经济结构调整 accelerate economic restructuring购买力 purchasing power城镇社会保障体系 urban social security system下岗职工基本生活费subsistence allowances for laid-off workers离退休人员基本养老金 basic pensions for retirees特困行业和企业industries and enterprises in dire straits试点项目 pilot project抵抗全球经济衰退 to combat the global economic slump医疗改革 health care reform农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural workers年度国家预算annual State budge扩大内需,刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption生计问题 bread and butter issue乡镇企业 township enterprises生态建筑 ecological construction中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员 Member, Central Committee候补委员 Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC 党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长 Secretary-General主任委员 Chairman委员 Member(地方人大)主任 Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表 Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理 Premier, State Council国务委员 State Councilor秘书长 Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长 Minister部长助理 Assistant Minister香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region发言人 Spokesman 顾问 Advisor 参事 Counselor巡视员 Inspector/Monitor 特派员 Commissioner中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC 中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment 教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association 中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic Self Government League高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,全面贯彻"三个代表"重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of "Three Represents"坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,弘扬与时俱进的精神adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.两大历史性课题(提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力)the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building三讲教育:讲学习,讲政治,讲正气three emphases education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics邓小平理论 Deng Xiaoping Theory与时俱进 advance with the times综合国力 overall national strength可持续发展 sustainable development 三峡工程Three-Gorges Project三峡移民Migrants from Three Gorges area 电视会议televised meeting常务委员Standing Committee member下岗职工 laid-off workers再就业 re-employment再就业下岗人员re-employment of laid-off workers隐形就业hidden employment 国有企业改革Reform of state- owned enterprises医保制度改革Reform of medical insurance system政府机构改革Reform of government institutions现代远程教育modern distance education西部大开发the strategy of developing the western region青藏铁路Qinghai-Tibet Railway农村电网改造projects to upgrade rural power grids退耕还林、还草工程Grain for Green Project增收节支increase revenue and cut government expenditure立法机关 LEGISLATURE中华人民共和国主席/副主席Pr esident/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress政府机构 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 外交官衔 DIPLOMATIC RANK 公使 Minister 参赞 Counselor政务参赞 Political Counselor 商务参赞 Commercial Counselor经济参赞 Economic Counselor 新闻文化参赞 Press and Cultural Counselor 公使衔参赞 Minister-Counselor 商务专员Commercial Attaché经济专员Economic Attaché 文化专员Cultural Attaché商务代表 Trade Representative 一等秘书 First Secretary武官Military Attaché 专员/随员Attaché 中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员 Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC 党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group社会团体 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION会长 President 主席 Chairman 名誉顾问 Honorary Adviser理事长 President 理事 Trustee/Council Member 总干事 Director-General 总监 Directorreform and opening up and in the modernization drive改革开放和社会主义现代化建设Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值financial strength grew noticeably财力明显增强total government revenue全国财政收入total import and export volume进出口总额laid-off workers下岗失业人员urban per capita disposable income城镇居民人均可支配收入rural per capita net income农民人均纯收入grew in real terms实际增长first manned space flight首次载人航天飞行overall national strength综合国力communicable disease传染性疾病mobilized the general public throughout the country to controlthe outbreak 在全国范围内实行群防群控primary-level organizations基层组织prevention and treatment work预防救治工作anti-SARS campaign抗击非典斗争expand domestic demand扩大内需a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策macro-control宏观调控rectify and standardize the order of the land market整顿和规范土地市场秩序stop disorderly and unauthorized acquisition of farmland制止乱征滥占耕地deposit-reserve ratio存款准备金率an appropriate amount of fine-tuning适度微调agriculture, rural areas and farmers"三农"major grain producing areas粮食主产区important raw and processed materials重要原材料strategic restructuring of the economy经济结构战略性调整the second phase of the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River三峡水利枢纽二期工程south-to-north water diversion project南水北调工程social undertakings社会事业treasury bonds国债national public health system全国公共卫生体系public health infrastructure公共卫生设施pilot projects试点项目medical care system and medical assistance system医疗制度和医疗合作制度central budget中央财政预算modern distance education现代远程教育strategically important hi-tech research战略高技术研究industrial application of new and high technologies高新技术产业化a national medium- to long-range program for scientific and technological development 国家中长期科学和技术发展规划feasibility studies可行性研究family planning work计划生育工作land and resources administration国土资源管理social security work社会保障工作vital interests切身利益employment and reemployment就业再就业college expansion plan高校扩招计划regular institutions of higher learning普通高校"two guarantees" (guaranteeing that the living allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises and that thepensions of retirees are paid on time and in full)"两个确保"(确保国有企业下岗职工的基本生活,确保离退休人员的基本生活,保证按时足额发放基本养老金)"three-stage guarantee" for laid-off workers"三条保障线"(国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障、失业保险、城市居民最低生活保障制度三条保障线)subsistence allowances for the urban poor城市居民最低生活保障special funds专项资金disabled revolutionary servicemen革命伤残军人post-disaster reconstruction灾后重建the problem of wage arrears for migrant rural workers拖欠农民工工资问题institutional innovation体制创新state assets国有资产a mechanism for oversight and management of the bankingsector 银行业监管体系administrative examination and approval system行政审批制度Fresh progress was made in transforming state-owned enterprises into stock companies.国有企业股份制改革继续推进。

中国政府部门英文翻译

中国政府部门英文翻译

中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’lCouncil on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’lChildren’sWork Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association forInt’lUnderstanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’lCommission of ThePeople’sRepublic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of thePeople’sRepublic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会ChinesePeople’sNational Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会ChinesePeople’sAssociation for Friendship with Foreign Countries中国少年儿童基金会Children’sFoundation of China中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Nat’lAdministrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church中国天主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会AllChinaWomen’sFederation中华全国工商联合会AllChina Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会AllChina Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会AllChina Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会AllChina Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会AllChina Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会AllChina Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会AllChinaJournalists’Association中华全国总工会AllChina Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Associaition中国共产党,其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The ChinesePeople’sPolitical Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs 民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/MunicipalCommittee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member(地方人大)主任Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表Deputy tothe People's Congress国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor 秘书长Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office(部委办)主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner人民法院院长President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People's procuratorates 监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部)State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under thePeople’s Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)中国国家机关名称China's State Organs全国人民代表大会NationalPeople’sCongress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育,科学,文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of thePeople’sRepublic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院SupremePeople’sCourt最高人民检察院SupremePeople’sProcuratorate国务院State Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security 国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People’sBank of China 国家审计署State Auditing Administration(3)国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration 国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors’Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council中国国家机关China’sState Organs全国人民代表大会--------------NationalPeople’sCongress (NPC)主席团-----------------------Presidium常务委员会-------------------Standing Committee--办公厅---------------------General Office--秘书处---------------------Secretariat--代表资格审查委员会----------Credentials Committee--提案审查委员会--------------Motions Examination Committee--民族委员会------------------Ethnic Affairs Committee--法律委员会------------------Law Committee--财务经济委员会--------------Finance Affairs Committee--外事委员会------------------Foreign and Economy Committee--教育,科学,文化委员会-------Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee--内务司法委员会--------------Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs--华侨委员会------------------Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee--法制委员会------------------Commission of Legislative Affairs--特定问题委员会--------------Committeeof Inquiry into Special Questions--宪法修改委员会--------------Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席------------President of thePeople’sRepublic of China中央军事委员会----------------Central Military Commission最高人民法院------------------SupremePeople’sCourt最高人民检察院----------------SupremePeople’sProcuratorate国务院-----------------------State Council(1)国务院部委----------------Ministries and Commissions Directly under the StateCouncil------外交部-----------------Ministry of Foreign Affairs------国防部-----------------Ministry of National Defence------国家发展计划委员--------State Development Planning Commission------国家经济贸易委员会------State Economic and Trade Commission------教育部-----------------Ministry of Education------科学技术部-------------Ministry of Science and Technology------国家科学技术工业委员会--Commission of Science, Technology and Industry forNational Defence------国家民族事务委员会------State Ethnic Affairs Commission------公安部---------------- Ministry of Public Security------国家安全部------------ Ministry of State Security------监察部---------------- Ministry of Supervision------民政部---------------- Ministry of Civil Affairs------司法部---------------- Ministry of Justice------财政部---------------- Ministry of Finance------人事部---------------- Ministry of Personnel------劳动和社会保障部------- Ministry of Labour and Social Security------国土资源部-------------Ministry of Land and Resources------建设部-----------------Ministry of Construction------铁路部---------------- Ministry of Railways------交通部---------------- Ministry of Communications------信息产业部------------ Ministry of Information Industry------水利部-----------------Ministry of Water Resources------农业部-----------------Ministry of Agriculture------对外贸易经济合作部------Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation------文化部-----------------Ministry of Culture------卫生部-----------------Ministry of Public Health------国家计划生育委员会------State Family Planning Commission------中国人民银行------------People’sBank of China------国家审计署--------------State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构-------------Offices under that State Council------国务院办公厅------------General Office of the State Council------侨务办公厅--------------Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs------港澳办公厅--------------Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office------台湾办公厅--------------Taiwan Affairs Office------法制办公厅--------------Office of Legislative Affairs------经济体制办公厅----------Office for Economic Restructuring------国务院研究室------------Research Office of the State Council------新闻办公室--------------Information Office(3)国务院直属机构--------------Departments Directly under the State Council------海关总署-----------------General Administration of Customs------国家税务总局-------------State Taxation Administration------国家环境保护总局---------State Environmental Protection Administration------中国民用航空总局---------Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)------国家广播电影电视总局-----State Administration of Radio, Film and Television------国家体育总局------------State Physical Cultural Administration------国家统计局--------------State Statistics Bureau------国家工商行政管理局-------State Administration of Industry and Commerce------新闻出版署---------------Press and Publication Administration------国家版权局---------------State Copyright Bureau------国家林业局---------------State Forestry Bureau------国家质量技术监督局-------State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision------国家药品监督管理局-------State Drug Administration (SDA)------国家知识产权局-----------State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)------国家旅游局---------------National Tourism Administration------国家宗教事务局-----------State Bureau of Religious Affairs------国务院参事室-------------Counsellors’Office of the State Council------国务院机关事务管理局------Government Offices Administration of the State Council(4)国务院直属事业单位-----------Institutions Directly under the State Council------新华通讯社----------------Xinhua News Agency------中国科学院----------------Chinese Academy of Sciences------中国社会科学院------------Chinese Academy of Social Sciences------中国工程院----------------Chinese Academy of Engineering------国务院发展研究中心---------Development Research Centre of the State Council------国家行政学院---------------National School of Administration------中国地震局-----------------China Seismological Bureau------中国气象局-----------------China Meteorological Bureau------中国证券监督管理委员会------China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局---------------State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)------国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)----State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Underthe State Development Planning Commission)------国家国内贸易局------------- State Bureau of Internal Trade------国家煤炭工业局------------- State Bureau of Coal Industry------国家机械工业局--------------State Bureau of Machine Building Industry------国家冶金工业局--------------State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry------国家石油和化学工业局---------State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry------国家轻工业局----------------State Bureau of Light Industry------国家纺织工业局--------------State Bureau of TextileIndustry------国家建筑材料工业局----------State Bureau of Building Materials Industry------国家烟草专卖局--------------State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau------国家有色金属工业局----------State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)------国家外国专家局(人事部)------ State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)------国家海洋局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (underthe Ministry of Land and Resources)------国家测绘局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)------国家邮政局(信息产业部) ------State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)------国家文物局(文化部) ----------State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)------国家中医药管理局(卫生部) -----State Administration of Traditional ChineseMedicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)------国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)------- State A dministration of Foreign Exchange (under thePeople’sBank of China)------国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) ----------State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)。

外文英文翻译论 建 筑

外文英文翻译论 建 筑

论建筑由于多种原因,要论述大体上以建筑设计标准为根据的基本原则在近年来日益困难。

其原由主要是目前人们对新技术条件下建筑风格的发展有不同的观点;设计人员面对有一大串可以用来解决结构问题的方法,还有大量可供选择的建筑材料。

结果常常是建筑群杂乱无章,设计详图粗糙。

在过去,选择性非常有限,人们通过长期努力提高建筑学学识水平和精确性来避免设计粗糙。

在18世纪,这个国家乔治王朝时期的居住工程清楚地表明了这些特性。

在还保存有这些工程的地方,两百年后的今天这些工程仍然有很强的适应性和实用性。

无疑,乔治王朝式的鳞次节比的房屋在很大程度上符合阿历克斯。

戈登所说的建筑设计应该达到的四个目标。

这些目标:1.改善气候; 3、增加财富2.带来乐趣 4、利于活动当然,他还可以加一条:任何设计必须与投资规模相称。

在发生石油危机的1974年,人们的反应是千方百计节省剧烈上涨的室内能源开支。

戈登倡导了一项设计方案。

在这设计方案中他提出了如下设计指导目标-------使寿命长,能源消耗低,适应范围宽。

其目的在与通过降低建筑无的燃料消耗和维修成本,使其更易于适应不断变化的用途来减少建筑物的周转资金。

今年来有迹象显示这些原则正在得到人们的考虑,并且现在有些建筑在很大程度上反映了这些约束条件。

运用有限选择建筑材料的指导原则对设计大有好处。

虽然在过去的3年中仿乔治王朝式住房令人惊异地有了小小的复兴,但是这种解决办法提不出任何真正的答案,而且在当今这种微不足道的规模也不具有任何真实的意义。

然而20世纪20年代威尔文花园城最后应用新乔治王朝式建筑风格却有很大的优点,在建筑比例,建筑形式,建筑色彩和细部的理解上显示出很高的学识水平。

曾有一种流行办法显示出这种简洁设计受到人们的高度尊重。

她源自讲究轴线和对称性古典装饰风格,放映了对诸如窗户,前门及山墙等标准细部的理解。

或显得单调甚至不尽妥当,但绝非粗俗不堪。

设计人员在这个选定的风格范围内,根据方便设计的矩阵布局画出简略的设计图,也认识到一些(简单的)制约因素,如场地,用途,标准细部以及当时的规范,条例等。

中国有关部门英文翻译

中国有关部门英文翻译

中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Na t’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children 全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China 中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children 中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Nat’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church 中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中化全国妇女联合会AllChina Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会AllChina Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会AllChina Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会AllChina Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会AllChina Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会AllChina Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会AllChina Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会AllChina Journalists’ Association中华全国总工会AllChina Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Associaition中国共产党,其他政党及政协相关名称中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)T aiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员 Member, Central Committee候补委员 Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长 Secretary-General主任委员 Chairman委员 Member(地方人大)主任 Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表 Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理 Premier, State Council国务委员 State Councilor秘书长 Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长 Minister部长助理 Assistant Minister司长 Director局长 Director省长 Governor常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor区长 Chief Executive, District Government县长 Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长 Secretary-General办公厅主任 Director, General Office(部委办)主任 Director处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长 Section Chief科员 Clerk/Officer发言人 Spokesman顾问 Adviser参事 Counselor巡视员 Inspector/Monitor特派员 Commissioner人民法院院长 President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长 Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长 Chief Judge审判员 Judge书记 Clerk of the Court法医 Legal Medical Expert法警 Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长 Procurator-General, People's procuratorates监狱长 Warden律师 Lawyer公证员 Notary Public总警监 Commissioner General警监 Commissioner警督 Supervisor警司 Superintendent警员 Constable国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局 State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局 State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部)State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People’s Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration o f Customs)中国国家机关名称 China's State Organs全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育,科学,文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate国务院State Council(1) 国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部 Ministry of Public Security国家安全部 Ministry of State Security监察部 Ministry of Supervision民政部 Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部 Ministry of Justice财政部 Ministry of Finance人事部 Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部 Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部 Ministry of Railways交通部 Ministry of Communications信息产业部 Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People’s Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(3) 国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors’ Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council中国国家机关China’s State Organs全国人民代表大会--------------National People’s Congress (NPC)主席团-----------------------Presidium常务委员会-------------------Standing Committee--办公厅---------------------General Office--秘书处---------------------Secretariat--代表资格审查委员会----------Credentials Committee--提案审查委员会--------------Motions Examination Committee--民族委员会------------------Ethnic Affairs Committee--法律委员会------------------Law Committee--财务经济委员会--------------Finance Affairs Committee--外事委员会------------------Foreign and Economy Committee--教育,科学,文化委员会-------Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Com mittee--内务司法委员会--------------Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs--华侨委员会------------------Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee--法制委员会------------------Commission of Legislative Affairs--特定问题委员会--------------Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions--宪法修改委员会--------------Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席------------President of the People’s Republic of China中央军事委员会----------------Central Military Commission最高人民法院------------------Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院----------------Supreme People’s Procuratorate国务院-----------------------State Council(1)国务院部委----------------Ministries and Commissions Directly under the StateCouncil------外交部-----------------Ministry of Foreign Affairs------国防部-----------------Ministry of National Defence------国家发展计划委员--------State Development Planning Commission------国家经济贸易委员会------State Economic and Trade Commission------教育部-----------------Ministry of Education------科学技术部-------------Ministry of Science and Technology------国家科学技术工业委员会--Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence------国家民族事务委员会------State Ethnic Affairs Commission------公安部---------------- Ministry of Public Security------国家安全部------------ Ministry of State Security------监察部---------------- Ministry of Supervision------民政部---------------- Ministry of Civil Affairs------司法部---------------- Ministry of Justice------财政部---------------- Ministry of Finance------人事部---------------- Ministry of Personnel------劳动和社会保障部------- Ministry of Labour and Social Security------国土资源部-------------Ministry of Land and Resources------建设部-----------------Ministry of Construction------铁路部---------------- Ministry of Railways------交通部---------------- Ministry of Communications------信息产业部------------ Ministry of Information Industry------水利部-----------------Ministry of Water Resources------农业部-----------------Ministry of Agriculture------对外贸易经济合作部------Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation ------文化部-----------------Ministry of Culture------卫生部-----------------Ministry of Public Health------国家计划生育委员会------State Family Planning Commission------中国人民银行------------People’s Bank of China------国家审计署--------------State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构-------------Offices under that State Council------国务院办公厅------------General Office of the State Council------侨务办公厅--------------Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs------港澳办公厅--------------Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office------台湾办公厅--------------Taiwan Affairs Office------法制办公厅--------------Office of Legislative Affairs------经济体制办公厅----------Office for Economic Restructuring------国务院研究室------------Research Office of the State Council------新闻办公室--------------Information Office(3)国务院直属机构--------------Departments Directly under the State Council------海关总署-----------------General Administration of Customs------国家税务总局-------------State Taxation Administration------国家环境保护总局---------State Environmental Protection Administration------中国民用航空总局---------Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)------国家广播电影电视总局-----State Administration of Radio, Film and Television------国家体育总局------------State Physical Cultural Administration------国家统计局--------------State Statistics Bureau------国家工商行政管理局-------State Administration of Industry and Commerce------新闻出版署---------------Press and Publication Administration------国家版权局---------------State Copyright Bureau------国家林业局---------------State Forestry Bureau------国家质量技术监督局-------State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision------国家药品监督管理局-------State Drug Administration (SDA)------国家知识产权局-----------State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)------国家旅游局---------------National Tourism Administration------国家宗教事务局-----------State Bureau of Religious Affairs------国务院参事室-------------Counsellors’ Office of the State Council------国务院机关事务管理局------Government Offices Administration of the State C ouncil(4)国务院直属事业单位-----------Institutions Directly under the State Council------新华通讯社----------------Xinhua News Agency------中国科学院----------------Chinese Academy of Sciences------中国社会科学院------------Chinese Academy of Social Sciences------中国工程院----------------Chinese Academy of Engineering------国务院发展研究中心---------Development Research Centre of the State Counci l------国家行政学院---------------National School of Administration------中国地震局-----------------China Seismological Bureau------中国气象局-----------------China Meteorological Bureau------中国证券监督管理委员会------China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局---------------State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)------国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)----State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Underthe State Development Planning Commission)------国家国内贸易局------------- State Bureau of Internal Trade------国家煤炭工业局------------- State Bureau of Coal Industry------国家机械工业局--------------State Bureau of Machine Building Industry------国家冶金工业局--------------State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry------国家石油和化学工业局---------State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry------国家轻工业局----------------State Bureau of Light Industry------国家纺织工业局--------------State Bureau of Textile Industry------国家建筑材料工业局----------State Bureau of Building Materials Industry------国家烟草专卖局--------------State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau------国家有色金属工业局----------State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission )------国家外国专家局(人事部)------ State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)------国家海洋局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (underthe Ministry of Land and Resources)------国家测绘局(国土资源部) ------State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)------国家邮政局(信息产业部) ------State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Info rmation Industry)------国家文物局(文化部) ----------State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)------国家中医药管理局(卫生部) -----State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)------国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)------- State Administration of Foreign Ex change (under the People’s Bank of China)------国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) ----------State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)主席团Presidium办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee全国人民代表大会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会各委员会:(Committee of the NPC):民族委员会Nationalities Committee法律委员会Law Committee财政经济委员会Finance and Economic Committee教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee外事委员会Foreign Affairs Committee华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs人大常委法制工作委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs人大常委办公厅General Office特定问题调查委员会Committee of Inquiry into Specific Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution安全理事会安理会Security Council SC关税及贸易总协定关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGATT国际电信联盟国际电联International Telecommunications UnionITU国际法庭International Court of JusticeICJ国际复兴开发银行复兴开发银行International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentIBRD (又称世界银行)(also World Bank)国际海事组织海事组织International Maritime OrganizationIMO国际货币基金组织货币基金组织International Monetary FundIMF国际金融公司金融公司International Finance CorporationIFC国际开发协会开发协会International Development AssociationIDA国际劳工组织劳工组织International Labour OrganizationILO国际民用航空组织国际民航组织International Civil Aviation OrganizationICAO国际农业发展基金农发基金International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFAD国际原子能机构原子能机构International Atomic Energy AgencyIAEA经济及社会理事会经社理事会Economic and Social CouncilESC;ECOSOC联合国大会大会General AssemblyGA联合国大学United Nations UniversityUNU联合国儿童基金会儿童基金会United Nations Children's FundUNICEF联合国工业发展组织工发组织United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIDO联合国环境规划署环境规划署United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNEP联合国教育、科学及科教文组织United Nations Educational,ScientificUNESCO文化组织and Cultural Organization联合国开发计划署开发计划署United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP联合国粮食及农业组织粮农组织Food and Agricultural Organization of the United NationsFAO 联合国贸易和发展会议贸发会议Untied Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNCTAD联合国难民事务高级难民专员Office of the United Nations High Commissioner UNHCR专员办事处办事处for Refugees联合国人口活动基金人口活动基金United Nations Fund for Population ActivitiesUNFPA联合国特别基金United Nations Special FundUNSF联合国训练研究所训研所United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNITAR秘书处Secretariat世界粮食理事会粮食理事会World Food CouncilWFC世界气象组织气象组织World Meteorological OrganizationWMO世界卫生组织卫生组织World Health OrganizationWHO世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property OrganizationWIPO托管理事会Trusteeship CouncilTC万国邮政联盟Universal Postal Union UP1、外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs2、国防部Ministry of National Defence3、国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission4、国家经济计划委员会State Economy and Trade Commission5、教育部Ministry of Education全国高考the National College Entrance Examination6、科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology7、国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence8、国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission9、公安部Ministry of Public Security10、国家安全部Ministry of State Security11、监察部Ministry of Supervision12、民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs13、司法部Ministry of Justice14、财政部Ministry of Finance15、人事部Ministry of Personnel16、劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security17、国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources18、建设部Ministry of Construction19、铁道部Ministry of Railways20、交通部Ministry of Communications21、信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry22、水利部Ministry of Water Resources23、农业部Ministry of Agricultry24、对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation25、文化部Ministry of Culture26、卫生部Ministry of Health27、国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission28、中国人民银行The People's Bank of China29、审计署National Auditing Administration全国人民代表大会National People's Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育,科学,文化委员会Education,Science,Culture and Public Health Committee 内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院Supreme People's ProcuratorateThe people's governments at the provincial, city and county levelsthe people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalitiesArchitectural Services Department, Civil Engineering Department, Drainage Services Department, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Highways Department, Territory Development Department and Water Supplies Department建筑署、土木工程署、渠务署、机电工程署、路政署、拓展署和水务署。

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淮阴工学院毕业设计外文资料翻译学院:建筑工程学院专业:建筑学姓名:字学新学号:1111403220外文出处:(用外文写)/附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文附件1:外文资料翻译译文现代办公建筑发展新趋势绿色决定价值个性赢得市场摘要:进入二十一世纪后,美国人做过一项统计,发现美国税收来源的83.5%来自于写字楼,而不是工厂。

中国的比例估计还没那么高,但同样,写字楼已经不再像二十世纪工业文明时代那样,仅仅是工厂的管理附属,仅仅是企业的接待站,仅仅是管理者的门面,而真正成为了财富的聚集地。

因为写字楼性质的这一种根本性变化,写字楼开发,自然也越来越关注使用者,尤其是创造最大价值的员工本身的舒适、健康、个性化需求,能否激发使用者的灵感,进行更有效率的脑力创造,成为衡量新时代写字楼的主要标准。

现代办公建筑开发,因而出现了以下一些新的势。

关键词:生态办公,高层生态写字楼,生态低层庭院式商务楼,个性办公,LOFT办公空间,MORE写字楼生态办公:绿色决定价值好几年前,IBM就因为环境因素从中关村搬了出去,因为IBM的全球写字楼都要遵循22摄氏度的办公温度标准,用养热带鱼的标准养人、养设备,而中关村达不到这个要求。

大企业的挑剔显示了现代写字楼的最大特征———生态办公成为一种趋势,最贵的楼不再是最高的楼,而是环境最好、最舒适的楼。

当然,生态办公不仅意味着小环境的绿色舒适,还意味着针对大环境的节能环保,既让员工快乐工作,提高效率,更能节省使用费用,让老板快乐赚钱。

高层生态写字楼对于依赖市中心商务圈的高层写字楼而言,大环境无法选择,小环境的生态环保还是有很多作为的。

比如,通过薄板楼体、外遮阳设备、呼吸幕墙、隔热玻璃、新型空调、立体绿化等方式,来营造生态写字楼。

外遮阳设备在国外的高档写字楼中应用非常广泛,像英国的诺丁汉国内税务中心,就采用轻质遮阳板和自动控制的遮阳百叶,使整组建筑既能充分利用白天的自然光,又可以有效地遮挡室外的直射光线,避免室内炫光。

国内的高档写字楼,也开始慢慢采用外遮阳设备,如北京顶级写字楼新保利大厦,则在大楼的西侧和南侧采用了竖向石材遮阳百页,按照北京的四季光照设置最佳角度,确保夏天最大的遮阳效果和冬天最佳的日照效果。

墙体的保温隔热是建筑节能的重要部分,在现代办公建筑中,比一般幕墙更为保温、通风的可呼吸幕墙和LOW—E玻璃等带有特殊功能的玻璃成为首选。

号称北京长安街收官王座的顶级写字楼凯晨广场,采用的就是双层呼吸式玻璃幕墙。

整个玻璃幕墙由三层玻璃构筑,最外层的玻璃采用夹层玻璃,厚度10.76毫米,平整度好,减少变形,减少折射;内层玻璃则采用了LOW—E玻璃,隔热性能强,可将外部热量反射,阻止热量进入;在内外两层幕墙之间留有一个宽180毫米的空间,室外空气通过位于外幕墙玻璃窗上部和下部的开缝形成外循环。

同时还在两层幕墙之间内设80毫米宽的带穿孔的铝合金百叶遮阳,先进的楼宇自控系统(BA)连接电脑总控中心,可以根据季节和气候条件自动改变遮阳角度,既保证采光,又杜绝日晒。

萍板楼体也是一种绿色生态的结构。

北京的德胜置业大厦选用薄板楼体,每一个使用单元拥有的面宽至少在8米以上,单间的进深却只有7.2米,再搭配大面积的全开落地玻璃窗,通风和采光效果自然显著。

北京中关村最好的写字楼融科资讯A座,每间隔3米就可以开启1.5米的外窗,结合建筑的板式结构,自然风可以在大厦内轻松对流;建筑与三个三角形的绿化庭园结合,为大厦双面均提供了富有生机的绿色空间,让人感觉就像在园林中办公一样。

空调系统是生态写字楼的重要组成部分。

像北京世纪财富中心、北京新保利大厦和深圳顶级写字楼华润大厦,都采用了VAV变风量空调系统,通过高效的空气处理设备、VAV分风箱以及高精度的DDC控制器(直接数字控制器),并配以初效、中效双级过滤设备,令楼内的空气更加清新、舒适。

在杭州,生态写字楼的建设刚刚起步,像黄龙世纪广场用的是呼吸幕墙,滨江区的UT斯达康新大楼大面积采用LOW—E玻璃,而黄龙区的公元大厦,则可以算得上是一个较为全方位的生态写字楼,采用了开放式幕墙、外遮阳板、内充氩气的LOW—E中空玻璃、新冷媒超级变频多联中央空调、全热交换器、节能水龙头等一系列材料、设备,还有一个7000平方米的绿色中央庭院,非常难得。

生态低层庭院式商务楼生态办公更彻底一些,自然是直接搬到郊外的景观办公区,趴在地面上,跟绿化结合,这在欧美已渐渐成为趋势,尤其是高科技、需要头脑创意的企业。

景观办公区来源于霍华德的“花园城市”理念,一般坐落于大城市边缘的新城,低密度、小体量的办公楼与优美的绿色园林景观有机结合,使工作者能在休闲的环境中产生更多的灵感。

最典型的景观办公区是美国的硅谷,由各种各样的商务花园群落组成,像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造,整个建筑群在湖边徐徐展开,景观如画。

美国科罗拉多州奥罗拉市的水园办公园区,人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流,营造出梦幻般的水园景色,在里面办公,自然是神清气爽。

另外,位于美国西雅图市的微软总部也是一个景观办公区,内有110座小型办公楼,从任何一个办公房间的窗口望出去,均可看到绿草树木。

受到硅谷建筑形态的启发,北京搞了个“BDA国际企业大道”,整个项目由43栋三四层高的小独栋构成,每栋办公楼的总面积3000-5000平方米左右。

低层、低密度满足使用者对阳光和空气的追求;企业独门独户,又可以自行决定自己物业的装饰风格、内部布局;独享冠名权利显示实力又能展示自己的品牌。

北京海淀区则提出了一个生态办公区EOD (EconomicalOfficeDistrict)的全新建设计划。

按照该设计规划,EOD 区域里的建筑全部为最高两层的单体小楼,有仿古建筑、欧式农家小屋式建筑、通体以玻璃结构为主的通透式建筑等,强调采光与绿化,选材上则注重环保,雨水收集渗漏系统、太阳能利用系统、可循环利用再生材料、绿化防晒墙、自然通风系统等一应俱全。

杭州最接近生态办公区概念的是浙大科技园,虽然不是独栋建筑,但建筑也是低低地趴在地上,通风采光良好,边上就是老和山,园区内称得上是鸟语花香,休闲味十足。

另外,公元大厦的东南西北边上各有一个四层的独栋角楼,面积在2000平方米左右,既可以享受7000平方米的中央庭院,又可独立进出和使用,颇有独栋办公的味道。

近日,中河边、万松林脚下的一个向阳庭院,高高的杉树依然竖立在深深的庭院里,数幢白色低密度洋楼宛如一个私家别墅群落,这是一个由旧院落改建的庭院式商务楼,3000平方米的办公区域都在两到三层的小洋楼里,享受的是6000平方米的户外绿色空间,南北通透的大开间,绿色景观尽入有限空间———万凯商务楼独特的建筑定位思路开拓出一个全新的办公理念,“贴近自然,让员工在绿色生态中工作”。

无疑,庭院式商务楼呼应了杭州这样一个有山有水的园林大都市,吸引国内外顶级公司入驻。

个性办公:为少数人考虑产业分化,个性化的企业越来越多,个性化的写字楼自然也成为一种开发趋势,写字楼开发,不再应该是50-2000平方米的客户统统笑纳,眉毛胡子一把抓,而根据区域市场特点和目标客户的行为模式进行定位,更应该在功能上有所创新,以充分满足客户的个性化需求。

有时候,为少数人考虑的办公空间,反而更能赢得市场。

LOFT办公空间LOFT原来指的是工业厂房和仓库的大型开放空间。

LOFT成为办公时尚应追溯到二十世纪四十年代的纽约,艺术家们迫于生计聚集在了曼哈顿的苏霍区(SoHo),因为这里有着纽约最密集的废弃仓库厂房,空间开阔而又廉价。

西方艺术家把空旷的废旧厂房改造成工作室,在里面进行艺术创作,高空间、明亮的采光和真实自然的生态环境,有助于其能量的释放,提高工作效率。

北京的798、上海的“苏州河艺术家仓库”、昆明的“上河创库”、杭州杭印路的“LOFT49”号等,都属于对老建筑的艺术化、个性化加工。

而北京的现代城LOFT写字间,则是通过5米以上的层高,刻意营造出高大宽敞的办公空间。

杭州的星河商务大厦、越都商务大厦和环城北路的财富中心,都有部分的LOFT商务空间,文晖路上的现代领地,是杭州第一个纯LOFT商务楼。

MORE写字楼另一种个性化办公模式是MORE。

MORE原是指在社区组团中集中提供居住者办公、对外商务的资源支持。

其特点是资源集中配置,并可全体共享。

定位于MORE概念的写字楼客户需要大量的信息源和对外的交流和联系,同时需经常加班,需要为他们提供更多的配套支持。

因此,MORE 写字楼中配置了共用厨房、共用会议室、共用客房和商务中心等丰富的共享资源,能够使客户享受到更宽泛的特色服务和资源支持。

像森根国际TOWNHOUSE写字楼,号称“独联体高级办公基地”,就有这些功能。

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