2023年北师大考博英语summary的典型语句练习
考博英语北京师范大学summary讲解课件2
Additional Thoughts
If examples or minor details fill a large portion of the article, do your best to try to identify a principle within the examples. Is there a way by which you can represent the details by mentioning an underlying principle? If so, write it.
Preparing to write a summary
I am going to give you around five minutes to read this article. The first thing you want to do is establish the main purpose.
days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.
2023年北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2023 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2023, and before that 2023 and 2023. In fact,industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributedcancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2023 and 2023 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2023 report to investors, for instance,three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece wasintended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)。
北京师范大学考博英语summary练习材料
新概念英语第4册25——48课均有summary联系，新概念英语4教师用书上有答案复习时可参考练习To write your summary, first scan the document you are summarizing to get an overall impression.Then read it carefully, highlighting or underlining the most significant information.You will want to especially pay close attention to the first and last sentence of each paragraph. Usually the first sentence is the topic sentence and the last a summary of the paragraph so they will have the most important ideas.The First Sentence:An easy way to begin writing a summary is to refer to the author and what they have written about.A general format for the first sentence is as follows:First Sentence ExamplesIn his/her/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.In his/he r/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.Example: In his article “Children and Video Games,” Steve Peterson strongly recommends that parents should not allow their children to play video games.⏹There are a number of primary verbs that can be used in a summary.Some of the most common are listed here.1. Claims2. Recommends3. Argues4. Reports5. Shows6. Insists7. Explains 8. Describes 9. SuggestsNote: Many of these verbs will often be followed by the word “that”. Other First Sentence Examples⏹In the article “Men are different than women”, the authordescribes 10 important differences between men and women.⏹In this article, the author explains how the Chinese economyhas developed so quickly in the last ten years.The Rest of the SummaryThe first sentence should be followed by the main ideas and supporting ideas in the same order that they appear in the text. Remember that all sentences should be stated in YOUR OWN WORDS. If you absolutelymust use a sentence or phrase from the original text, make sure that it is put within quotation marks (" "). Also remember that you are just restating what is expressed in the text; you should NOT be adding any of your own opinions.Longer Summaries⏹Most summaries will be quite short. But if you are writing alonger summary you can add some phrases like the ones below.⏹The author goes on to say that ...⏹The article (author) further states that ...⏹(Author’s last name) also believes that…⏹(Author’s last name) concludes that…⏹No matter what format you choose to use, stating the mainpurpose of the article in the first couple of sentences is very important if you want to write a successful summary.⏹After you have written this you can try to write a summary ofeach paragraph. If the article you are summarizing is written well this should be easy to do. It will be harder if the paragraph does not havea good topic sentence.⏹Now we are going to take some time to practice writinganother summary in class. Please use this time well as it will behelpful in preparing you for the final examination. This article is an article that was used in the past for the doctorate students examination.Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking Class“Summarizing”“Articles”“Subject-Verb Agreement”“More Summarizing”Writing a SummaryExercise # 1First read the article “Deception: The English Essay”.After reading this article do the summarizing exercises on the bottom of the handout.Deception: The English EssayMain Purpose:The main purpose is to inform students of useful techniques to deceivingly write a satisfactory essay in a short amount of time.In his article “Deception: The English Essay”, Fred Jones suggests some useful techniques to deceivingly…Deception: The English EssayMain idea of each paragraph.2. Write a fascinating introduction.3. Use words from past vocabulary lists in the essay.4. Make the short essay appear long.5. Bribe the teacher.Example SummaryIn his article “Deception: The English Essay”, Fred Jones shows students some techniques that can help them write a quick essay that will deceivingly satisfy the teacher. These techniques include writing a fascinating introduction, using words from past vocabulary lists, and making the essay appear longer than it really is. Once students have done these they can also try to bribe the teacher. These are all effective methods to quickly write an essay the teacher will think is satisfactory.Example (Different First Sentence)Students often wait to the last minute to complete their English homework assignments. Therefore it is important to know some techniques that can help them write a quick essay that will deceivingly satisfy the teacher. These techniques include writing a fascinating introduction, using words from past vocabulary lists, and making the essay appear longer than it really is. Once students have done these they can also try to bribe the teacher. These are all effective methods to quickly write an essay the teacher will think issatisfactory.Writing a SummaryNo matter what format you choose to use, stating the main purpose of the article in the first couple of sentences is very important if you want to write a successful summary.After you have written this you can try to write a summary of each paragraph. If the article you are summarizing is written well this should be easy to do. It will be harder if the paragraph does not have a good topic sentence.Writing a Summary ExerciseNow we are going to take some time to practice writing another summary in class. Please use this time well as it will be helpful in preparing you for the final examination. This article is an article that was used in the past for the doctorate students examination.Writing a Summary ExerciseAltogether I am going to give you 25 minutes to finish writing your summary. During this time you will need to do several things.First you need to determine what you think the main purpose of the article is.After you have determined the main purpose you can write the first sentence of your summary.Writing a Summary ExerciseAfter you have finished writing the first part of the summary which should include the main purpose, you can begin to write about the rest of the article.The easiest way to do this is to find the most important information from each paragraph and write about that.Exercise # 1You can begin writing a summary for the article on the first page of your handout. Note: There is no information about the title or author for this article.Your goal is to write a summary that is approximately 130 words.Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking ClassMore SummarizingPrepositionsAdjectives/AdverbsProcess WritingMore SummarizingLast week to end the class I had you begin to write a summary of an article related to the ancient Olympic Games. Today we are going to talkmore about this article and look at some examples of summaries.Writing a SummaryUsually the process for writing a summary is establishing the main purpose and writing about this in the first sentence or two.Then you can look at each paragraph and find the main idea or most important information and include this in your summary.The following is an example:Exercise # 1First I want you to get into groups of 2-3 and discuss with each other what you thought the main purpose of this article is.This will also help us review the article to remember what it was about.Steve’s Example of a SummaryThe main purpose of this article is to look at the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.First Sentence:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.Steve’s Example of a SummarySummary of the First ParagraphIt is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC.Second and Third ParagraphIn the first recorded Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wrestling and the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers making the Games as varied as that of the modern Olympics.Fourth and Fifth ParagraphOriginally the games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running raceswere first added and then other events like wrestling and the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the games were played on one day but this changed to fivedays. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.Another NoteAdditional ThoughtsIf examples or minor details fill a large portion of the article, do your best to try to identify a principle within the examples. Is there a way by which you can represent the details by mentioning an underlying principle? If so, write it.Because this Olympics article is full of details you could also summarize the article by writing about the main principles instead of including some of the details.Another Possible ExampleIn this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. The article begins with an emphasis on the length of history as the Olympic games date back several thousand years. The author also emphasizes some of the many changes that have taken place throughout the Olympics over time. The games started with just one event but as time went on more and more events were added, such as wrestling, boxing, and the chariot race. The event used to be held on one day but this changed to several days as different events were added. The author ends the article focusing on the different participants in the games. Women were not allowed to participate and originally only free-born Greeks were allowed to participate. Eventually the athletes became specialists in preparing for the games which has become very controversial. This article has explained many different aspects related to the history of the Olympic games as well as many of the changes that have taken place over the years.More SummarizingAt the beginning of this semester you had to write a summary of an article. I have copied this article out and printed it on your handout. You were asked to write a 150 word summary of this article. Today we are going to look at this article and see a few examples of summaries.Preparing to write a summaryI am going to give you around five minutes to read this article. The first thing you want to do is establish the main purpose.Spoken ExerciseIn groups of 2-3 I want you to discuss what you think the main purpose of this article is.What is confusing about this article? Can you explain the main ideas in spoken English?SummariesAt times you will need to write a summary for an article you do not fully understand. In this case you need to do your best to write what you believe to be the main purpose. At times, summaries will be subjective as one persons understanding can be different than another persons understanding of an article. This will usually only happen when the structure of an article is relatively poor.Example of a SummaryBy the end of the thirteenth century, noticeable changes in weather patterns were occurring as Europe entered a period that has been called a “little ice age.” A small drop in overall temperature resulted in shortened growing seasons and disastrous weather conditions. The great famine expanded to other parts of Europe in an all-too-familiar pattern. By 1300, indications are that Europe had reached the upper limit of its population. Virtually all productive land was being farmed. There was also a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. There is no certainty thatthese migrants found better economic opportunities in urban areas. Europe seemed to have reached an upper limit to population growth, and the number of poor appeared to have increased noticeably. Some historians have pointed out that famine may have led to chronic malnutrition. They argue this helps explain the high mortality of the great plague known as the Black Death.Another ExampleThis article shows us about the weather change in the thirteenth century In Europe and its great influence on the whole Europe, that is the great famine. In the following parts, the author explains the reason of the big change. At first, population increased greatly in Europe and reached its upper limit by the thirteenth century. In order to support the people, more and more lands are farmed including that which needed protection. This leads to weak resistence to the weather change. Second, people’s movement from rural areas to urban areas also make the cities over-populated. Instead of getting opportunities, more and more poor people in the cities in the one hand, and on the other hand, peasants have a smaller size farm on average. Because of the population growth and the people’s movement lead to the weather change and result in severe famine. The famine lead to chronic malnutrition which makes people unable to resist disease.Another ExampleTo explain the high mortality of Black Death, historians studied the great famine which occurred in the 14th century. It was found that Europehad reached the upper limit of its population by 1300. And there was a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. Between 1315 and 1317 extremely bad weather caused a great famine in Europe and 10 percent of the European population was killed by it. Many people were hungry and poor. Historians pointed out that the famine might have led to increased infant mortality, lower birthrates and higher susceptibility to disease. All those findings proved that the great famine might be the promoter of Black Death.Rest of the SemesterNext week will be our last day of class. We will spend one hour reviewing different things from this semester and we will spend the second hour talking about Christmas in the United States. I have prepared some songs that I will teach you and that we will sing together.Rest of the SemesterNext week you will need to give me your journal assignments. Altogether I will be asking you to hand in 30 journal entries. I will not accept journal entries that are emailed to me.Two weeks from today there will be no class. However, I will be going to my office from 8-12 in the morning on that day, December 27th , to answer any questions students might have. My office is in Classroom 4 room 418. I will answer questions on a first come first serve basis. I will also be returning your journals at that time if you would like to pick them up.。
2023年北师大版高三英语高考一轮复习U7 Careers词句文精讲精练答案版
U7 Careers一.核心词精讲1. …they feel that their IQ is what determines how well they are going to do in life. determine vt. 1) if something determines something else, it directly influences or decides it决定，直接影响;2) to find out the facts about something测定，确定eg In order to pass the exam to be held next month, Mary determines to study hard.The aim of our research is to determine what is true, not what is reasonable. (确定)【拓展】determination n．决心determined adj. 下定决心的，决意的be determined to do ... 下决心做……eg Young as Alina was, she was a determined girl.Helen is determined to voice her opinions.I was determined that I would take part in the match.2. …at work, it is IQ that gets you employed, but it is EQ that gets your promoted.employ vt. to pay someone to work for you雇佣employ sb. as ...雇用某人作为……employ sb. to do sth.雇用某人做某事eg Jenny has been employed as a secretary in the company.We have been employed to look at ways of reducing waste.employ vt. to spend your time doing a particular thing花时间做，忙于做(某事)be employed in(doing) sth. 忙于（做某事），从事（某活动）eg She was employed in making a list of all the jobs to be done.3. …Professor Salovery suggests that when predicting someone’s future success…predict vt. to say that something will happen, before it happens预言，预料，预测eg The high temperature is predicted to last for days.【拓展】prediction n.预言，预测，预告predictable adj.可预见的，可预料的eg Not many people agree with his prediction that the economy will improve.The snow had a predictable effect on traffic.4. …who you think deserve good grades, sometimes end up failing exams?deserve vt. to have earned something by good or bad actions or behavior应得到(奖赏或惩罚)deserve to do 值得做……；应该做eg She deserved to win because she was the best.5. …hence they have a harder time adjusting in life and in their careers.adjust vi. to gradually become familiar with a new situation适应;（使）习惯;adjust to sth. / doing sth.eg They'll soon settle in – kids are very good at adjusting.It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness.adjust vt. to change or move something slightly to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose 调整，调节；改变……以适应adjust oneself to sth.eg As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children.6. …recently announced the results of a study on senior secondary school students.announce vt. to officially tell people about something, especially about a plan or a decision 宣布，宣告，公布announce sth. to sb.; announce that ...eg The government announced its new economic policies.【拓展】announcer n.播音员announcement n.宣告；通告，通知8. To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life requires getting on well with other people and being able to understand and react to situations in the best way possible. (翻译)要在这个世界上出人头地，过上快乐又成功的生活，必须要与他人相处融洽，能够以最好的方式理解和应对各种状况。
2023年最新北师大版高三英语综合练习
2023年最新北师大版高三英语综合练习2023年最新北师大版高三英语综合练习本次英语综合练习旨在帮助学生复习巩固所学知识，提高英语应用能力。
练习内容涵盖了听力、阅读、完形填空、语法填空、短文改错、书面表达、词汇、句子翻译、口语表达和拓展阅读等多个方面。
请同学们在规定时间内完成练习，并参照答案进行自我评估。
一、听力练习1.听一段对话，回答以下问题：2.What is the conversation mainly about?3. A. Shopping B. Traveling C. Seeing a movie D. Having a meal4.听一段对话，完成以下填空：5.What is the name of the person who will ___the concert?二、阅读理解阅读以下短文，回答以下问题：1.What is the main idea of the passage?2. A. To introduce a new technology.3. B. To discuss a social issue.4. C. To describe a person or event.5. D. To present arguments for a position.6.Who can be the best candidate for the job?7. A. John has experience in the field and is easy to get along with.8. B. Sarah is less qualified but has a pleasant personality.9. C. Michael has no experience but is a hard worker.10. D. Emily is a master's degree holder but has no relevant experience.三、完形填空阅读以下短文，根据上下文选择最佳答案：...it's not easy to ___a car these days. Prices are so high and it's so hard to find a parking space!...A. buyB. parkC. driveD. rent答案：A。
考博英语北京师范大学summary讲解课件1
You will want to especially pay close attention to the first and last sentence of each paragraph. Usually the first sentence is the topic sentence and the last a summary of the paragraph so they will have the most important ideas.
In his/her/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.
The First Sentence
In his/her/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.
Writing a Summary
The First Sentence: An easy way to begin writing a summary is to refer to the author and what they have written about. A general format for the first sentence is as follows:
Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking Class
北师大02-08考博Summary真题及部分答案总结
（2007）Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceThe word (过于具体) Renaissance means “rebirth.” (与下文重复) A number of people who lived in (过于具体) Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed (过于具体) a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture (铺垫). Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. (铺垫) The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860 (举例) . He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”) (与前文重复) and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（详细陈述或让步）; nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（与主题不直接相联）. Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（让步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, （铺垫，或属于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（详细陈述或举例论证）. This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（举例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（详细陈述）. The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（与上文重复）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible. （详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语（2006）（2005）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 wordsA tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety ofsingle-purpose tools came into being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago. The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools. And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implementsas the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others. Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool. The nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence. At home U.S. businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers; middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of theirorganization’s culture; and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S. corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance. The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand formore fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market (such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the IndustrialRevolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）（2006）Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature. The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age. Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques. Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature. The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art; and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color. Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote. Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival. The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool. Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace. It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations. Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts. The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy. Itssuccessful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century. The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries. Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science. In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general. Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations. Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones. He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature. As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power. Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.。
北京师范大学考博英语阅读理解真题摘录
北京师范大学考博英语阅读理解真题摘录In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about theworld are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently followsan ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but wecannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Priorknowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we thinkour experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deceptionabound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of asprotoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are fullof potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance totransform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is thecredibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receivesintellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the communitytakes control of what happens next.Within the complex socialstructure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling thepublication process;other scientists use the new finding to suittheir own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier hasdescribed as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge, revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its[A]uncertainty and complexity.[B]misconception and deceptiveness.[C]logicality and objectivity.[D]systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires[A]strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C]individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph3shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A]has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A]scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now36%do.In2009the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sectorworkers who earn well above$250,000a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京师范大学考博英语历年真题及详解专业课考试试题
A. Carving changed the texture and strength of the wood.
B. It took the canoe makers several months to build a canoe.
4.D 推理判断题。文章最后一句提到“With harpoons of yew wood, baited hooks of red cedar, and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers, they fished for cod, sturgeon, and halibut, and hunted whales, seals, and sea otters.”，由此可知，木材为海达人提供了重要的捕食工具，故D项正 确。A项过于绝对；B、C两项文中没有提及。
目 录
2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2013年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版） 2012年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版） 2008年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2007年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2005年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2004年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2003年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2002年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解 2001年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
B. To shorten the work of carving wood from the inside.
C. To avoid having to paint the bottom of the canoe.
summary(北师大外教主讲考博英语)PPT教学课件
4. Reports 5. Shows
6. Insists
7. Explains 8. Describes 9. Suggests
Note: Many of these verbs will often be followed
2020/12/10 by the word “that”.
5
Other First Sentence Examples
Example: In his article “Children and Video Games,” Steve Peterson strongly recommends that parents should not allow their children to play video games.
In his/her/the article {“Article name,”}
{Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main
idea}.
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The First Sentence
In his/her/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.
all sentences should be stated in YOUR OWN
WORDS. If you absolutely must use a sentence
or phrase from the original text, make sure that it
is put within quotation marks (" "). Also
2023北京大学考博英语模拟题2(考卷附答案)
2012北京大学考博英语模拟题2（考卷）一、阅读理解（每题2分，共40分）Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed ten questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:To protect online privacy, individuals should takecertain measures. Firstly, they should use strong passwords and change them regularly. Secondly, they should be cautious about sharing personal information on social media. Thirdly, it is important to keep software and antivirus programs updated to prevent hacking.1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A) The Internet is a powerful tool.B) The Internet has negative effects.C) The Internet connects people.2. Which of the following is NOT a negative effect of the Internet?A) Invasion of privacyB) Financial lossesC) StalkingD) Sharing information3. What is the consequence of identity theft?A) Financial lossesB) Damage to reputationC) StalkingD) All of the above4. Which of the following measures can protect online privacy?A) Using weak passwordsB) Sharing personal information on social mediaC) Keeping software updated5. Who should be responsible for protecting users' privacy?A) IndividualsC) HackersD) Social media platformsPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. It refers to significant changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other measuresof climate that occur over several decades or longer. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have contributed to the acceleration of climate change.To mitigate the effects of climate change, it is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One effective way is to transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Governments should also implement policies to promote energy conservation and sustainable transportation.6. What is the main cause of climate change?A) Natural disastersB) Human activitiesC) Solar radiationD) Wind patterns7. Which of the following is a consequence of climate change?A) HeatwavesB) HurricanesC) DroughtsD) All of the above8. What is the solution to mitigate climate change?A) Burning more fossil fuelsB) Transitioning to renewable energyC) Promoting deforestationD) Using more plastic9. Why is international cooperation important in addressing climate change?A) To share technology and resourcesB) To promote economic growthC) To increase greenhouse gas emissionsD) To ignore the issueA) Energy conservationB) Sustainable transportationC) DeforestationD) Transitioning to renewable energySection BDirections: In this section, there is one passage followed five questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a一、阅读理解答案Section A1. B2. D3. D4. C5. B6. B7. D8. B9. A10. CSection B（因题目未给出，故无法提供答案）1. 理论基础部分知识点分类（1）互联网隐私权（2）气候变化及其影响（3）可再生能源与可持续发展2. 各题型所考察学生的知识点详解及示例（1）细节理解题（如第1、3、4题）考察学生对文章细节信息的捕捉能力。
北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析
北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析23.D解析：推断题。
本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。
从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。
第四段开头作者提到，devoted concertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devoted concertgoers are missing the point(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。
[D]项overestimate the value of live performances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devoted concertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。
干扰项：选项[A]意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到These recordings are cheap，但是这个选项片面，没有概括性。
选项[B]意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devoted concertgoers的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devoted concertgoers的描述Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance…存在误差。
选项[C]意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)24.D解析：推断题。
summary范文200字
ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Right from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions.There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but nonemore prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called―decision-making,‖ wasintroduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced ―character education. (品格教育)‖ Character educationdidn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they1worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethicaldilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are indispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. Theassumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little morethan courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs arebased on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anythingwrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything2bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的),as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the lasttwo and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education,sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated ―feel-good‖ approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—yougo with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about anyconclusion—can be reached and justified using thedecision-making method.It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of―decision-making‖ and ―non-judgmentalism‖ to the ashheap of failed policies, and return to a proved method.3Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of ―Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong‖In his essay ―,‖ fervently that the approach to the moraledu cation of American youth, which replaced ―character education‖ 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles frombehaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even about what should be clearly right or wrong.are the unexpected outcomes of that subscribe to the ―non-judgmental‖ mindset dominating . that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.emphasizing practice instead of discussion.篇二:summary写法一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
北师大工程博士入学英语考试真题2023
北师大工程博士入学英语考试真题2023North China Normal University (NCNU) is one of the top universities in China, especially known for its strong engineering programs. For students aspiring to pursue a doctoral degree in engineering at NCNU, the entrance exam is a crucial step in the application process. The following are the actual exam questions from the 2023 NCNU engineering doctoral entrance exam:1. Essay question: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainable infrastructure development. Discuss the role of engineers in promoting sustainability in infrastructure projects, and provide examples of innovative sustainable engineering solutions.2. Mathematics question: Solve the following differential equation: dy/dx = 2x + 3y.3. Materials science question: Describe the properties and applications of shape memory alloys, and discuss their potential in engineering applications.4. Civil engineering question: Explain the concept of resilience in the context of civil engineering, and discuss how it can be integrated into the design of infrastructure systems.5. Electrical engineering question: Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources compared to traditional fossil fuels in power generation.6. Mechanical engineering question: Discuss the principles of thermodynamics and their relevance in the design and operation of mechanical systems.7. Computer science question: Describe the basic principles of artificial intelligence and its applications in engineering.8. Structural engineering question: Explain the concept of structural stability and its importance in the design of buildings and bridges.Overall, the 2023 NCNU engineering doctoral entrance exam questions are designed to assess candidates' knowledge, analytical skills, and critical thinking abilities in various areas of engineering. Candidates who perform well on the exam demonstrate their readiness for advanced studies and research in the field of engineering at NCNU.。
老高考适用2023高考英语一轮总复习第一编教材回眸Unit23Confliet北师大版
Unit 23 Confliet晨起第一事背诵经典句1．With uncertainties and destabilizing factors growing in the region, we need to work together to uphold regional peace and stability.当前，地区形势中不稳定、不确定因素增多，我们要共同努力维护地区和平与稳定。
2．The opportunity to do this kind of genome editing raises various ethical issues that we have to consider.这个充满契机的基因组编辑技术引发了各种我们必须认真思考的道德争议。
3．If we are all willing to make a compromise with each other when we are in dispute, quarrels and conflicts will be avoided and we will surely live in peace.当我们有争论的时候，如果我们能够相互妥协，争吵和冲突就能避免，大家自然可以和平共处。
4．Instead of blaming each other, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others' places.我们应该多交流并设身处地为他人着想，而不是互相埋怨。
Ⅰ核心单词(1)betray (vt.) 出卖，背叛→betrayer (n.) 叛徒；背信者；告密者(2)furnished (adj.) 配有家具的→furniture (n.) 家具→furnish (vt.) 提供；供应(3)expose (vt.) 使置身于危险中；暴露→exposure (n.) 暴露→exposed (adj.) 暴露的；无掩蔽的(4)departure (n.) 离开，离去→depart (vi.) 离开，离去(5)classify (vt.) 把……分类→classified (adj.) 分类的；机密的→classification (n.) 分类；类别；等级(6)subscribe (vi.) 订阅(杂志或报纸)(7)appoint (vt.) 任命，委任→appointment (n.) 任命，约定(8)possession (n.) 私有物品→possess (vt.) 占有，拥有(9)allowance (n.) 津贴，零用钱(10)criticise (v.) 批评(11)contradict (v.) 反驳；与……矛盾/抵触(12)sarcastic (adj.) 讽刺的，挖苦的(13)unconscious (adj.) 失去知觉的→consciousness (n.) 知觉，清醒(14)representative (n.) 代表→represent (vt.) 代表，象征(15)greet (vt.) 问候，致意→greeting (n.) 问候，致意→greetings (pl.) 问候的话；贺词(16)remark (vt.) 说起；谈到 (n.) 言论，注意→remarkable (adj.) 值得注意的；非凡的(17)distribute (vt.) 分发，分配→distribution (n.) 分发，分配(18)consume (vt.) 吃，喝；消耗，消费→consumption (n.) 消费，消耗→consumer (n.) 消费者(19)acquaintance (n.) 相识的人→acquaint (vt.) 相识，结识(20)strengthen (vt.) (使)变强，加强→strength (n.) 力气，力量(21)despite (prep.) 不管(22)intend (v.) 想要，打算→intention (n.) 目的，意图(23)expense (n.) 费用，开支→expensive (adj.) 贵的，昂贵的(24)arbitrary (adj.) 任意的(25)confidential (adj.) 秘密的Ⅱ阅读单词(1)friction (n.) 不和，冲突；摩擦(2)holy (adj.) 圣洁的(3)memorial (n.) 纪念碑→memory (n.) 记忆；记忆力→memorize (vt.) 记住；记忆(4)justice (n.) 公正，正义→just (adj.) 公平的；公正的(5)immigration (n.) 移居→immigrate (vt.) 移入；使移居入境(6)civilian (n.) 平民→civil (adj.) 公民的；民事的(7)prejudice (n.) 偏见(8)racial (adj.) 种族的；人种的→race (n.) 种族(9)adolescent (adj.) 青春期的→adolescent (n.) 青少年→adolescence (n.) 青春期(10)statesman (n.) 政治家→statesmanship (n.) 政治才能(11)security (n.) 安全→secure (vt.) 使安全 (adj.) 安全的(12)weep (v.) 流泪，哭泣(13)shoot (v.) 射击(14)salute (v.) 向……致敬(15)sob (v.) 抽泣，呜咽(16)swear (v.) 发誓[单句语法填空]1.“Nothing in this letter shall be considered as a licence to use the artist's personal (possess)”， the judge declared on the court.答案：possessions2．By 2025, when the number of (consume) worldwide has reached 4.2 billion, people with high income will be, for the first time, more than those struggling to meet basic needs.答案：consumers3．Having stated his (intend) to resign from the company, Mr Lee left the hall angrily.答案：intention4．Our bodies are (strength) by taking exercise; similarly, our minds are developed by learning.答案：strengthened5．I had been too busy to apply for an (appoint), so I didn't go to Shanghai last week.答案：appointment6．I felt lucky to have been chosen as a (represent) of Canada and joined in the cultural tour to Pompeii and Loulan.答案：representative7．—Peter, have you got your new flat (furnish)?—Yes. I bought some used furniture and it was a real bargain.答案：furnished8．The visit to the (memory) of Jiao Yulu, a late model official who worked in Lankao in the 1960s was a highlight of Secretary Xi's trip.答案：memorial9．This part of the community needs to be protected from (race) prejudice.答案：racial10．The approach was condemned by many as a (depart) from normal scientific method.答案：departure1．后缀为al的名词家族展①memorial 纪念碑②commercial 商业广告③rival 竞争者④cereal 谷物⑤dismissal 解雇⑥withdrawal 撤退；撤销⑦approval 批准，认可⑧refusal 拒绝⑨proposal 提议，建议；求婚⑩survival 生存，幸存⑪arrival 到来；到达；到达者⑫criminal 犯罪2．后缀ance构成的名词①acquaint ance 熟悉，熟知；相识的人，熟人②allowance 津贴，补贴，零用钱③appearance 出现；外观，外貌④assistance 帮助，协助，援助⑤advance 前进⑥significance 意义⑦disturbance 扰乱⑧vengeance 复仇⑨reliance 信赖⑩resemblance 相像⑪perseverance 坚持不懈⑫guidance 指引⑬entrance 入口⑭insurance 保险⑮ignorance 无知；愚昧⑯performance 执行，演出⑰importance 重要；重要性⑱annoyance 烦恼1．hand over 把……交给2．be exposed to 暴露于；接触3．stand up for 支持，维护4．put forward 提议，提出5．give in 让步，屈服6．from then on 从那时起，从那以后7．send for 派人去叫8．call in 派人去请(某人)9．have a gift for 有……的天赋10．keep off 减去11．hold out (在困境中)坚持12．call on 要求……介入；呼吁；号召13．look down on 看不起……14．come about 发生15．look into 调查16．sort out 解决(问题或困难)；分类[单句写作]1.In order to reduce pollution, we should (将……分类) the rubbish.答案：sort out2．After the old man retired, he (移交) his business to his son.答案：handed over3． (暴露于) sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.答案：Being exposed to4．We (拥护) the cause of liberty and justice.答案：stand up for5．He (有很强的天赋) languages and persuasion.答案：has a great gift for6．A lot of suggestions were (提出) at the meeting, but none was practical.答案：put forward7．He said it was in this classroom that he found his lost watch and that he would take good care of it (从那时候起)．答案：from then on8．The workers insisted that they be given a free lunch every noon, and the bosshad to (屈服)．答案：give in9．It was at the very beginning that Mr Smith made a decision that we should (派人去请) a doctor.答案：send for10．You'd better (减去) fatty food if you want to stay slim.答案：keep off1．look构成的短语一览①look down on/upon 轻视；看不起②look int o 研究；调查；审查；朝……里看③look out for 注意；留神④look round/around/about 四下环顾⑤look through 浏览⑥look up 查找；抬头看⑦look on ... as ... 把……看作……⑧look forward to 盼望⑨look up to 尊重⑩look after 照顾2．call的短语①call in 召来，找来②call at 拜访某地③call up 给……打电话；征召入伍；使回忆起④call on sb t o do ... 号召某人做……⑤call off 取消⑥call out 大声地说；召唤某人⑦call for 需要⑧call back 回电话；再打电话课文原句句式梳理仿写训练1.No sooner had they movedin than the noise began and rarely did they get a full night's sleep.他们刚一搬进去，噪音就开始了，他们几乎没有睡过一个囫囵觉。
北师大版英语考查常识和习语专题练习(及答案)
北师大版英语考查常识和习语专题练习(及答案)一、选择题1．—Ben, you need to face fears and get over them.—That’s right. ________.A．It is easier said than done B．Better late than neverC．No pain, no gain D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart 2．—All the people of Yancheng should work together to make our hometown more beautiful.—Yes. ________.A．Many hands make light work B．Practice makes perfectC．Burn the candle at both ends D．Don’t put all your eggs in one basket 3．—Look at this mess! How much time do you think we need to clear it up?—It is a big job, but _________. Let’s all get started now.A．many hands make light work B．a friend in need is a friend indeedC．the early bird catches the worm D．actions speak louder than words4．My father never says he is good at cooking, but in fact he is. He always cooks delicious meals for us, that is, ________ .A．no pain, no gain B．actions speak louder than words C．practice makes perfect D．a friend in need is a friend indeed5．—It took me ten years to build up my business, and it almost killed me.—Well, you know what they say, ________.A．there is no smoke without fire B．practice makes perfectC．all roads lead to Rome D．no pains, no gains6．—I promise I will work harder next week, Mum.—Well, just as the saying goes, “________ .” I do hope that you’ll act right away.A．A friend in need is a friend indeed B．Many hands make light workC．The grass is greener on the other side D．Actions speak louder than words 7．—Some people now think there is no need to wear masks when going out.—We can’t b e too careful. ________.A．Many hands make light work B．Prevention is better than cureC．Actions speak louder than words D．Don’t put all your eggs in one basket 8．—All the people of Binhai should work together to make our hometown more beautiful.—Yes. ________.A．Many hands make light work B．Practice makes perfectC．Burn the candle at both ends D．Don’t put all your eggs in one basket 9．—Never give up. If you keep practicing speaking English every day. you’ll make great progress.---Thanks for encouraging me. I know .A．practice makes perfectB．it never rains but it poursC．many hands make light workD．the grass is always greener on the other side10．—Good news! China’s women’s football team has entered the Tokyo 2020 Olympics after winning South Korea.—Just as the saying goes, “________.” We can do anything if we keep working hard.A．Burn the candle at both ends B．A miss is as good as a mileC．A friend in need is a friend indeed D．Where there is a will, there is a way11．－The Chinese government has started to teach good manners to tourists travelling abroad.－Very necessary. Good manners will .A．win respect（尊重) B．take you farC．never go out of style D．A, B and C12．In England, if you think that other people are always in a better situation than you, even when they are not, we say “________”.A．the grass is always greener on the other side B．every dog has its dayC．the early bird catches the worm D．actions speak louder than words13．—Is the air pollution getting better these days?—No. ________ , water in the rivers nearby is becoming worse and worse. Can you find out the reason?A．It never rains but it pours B．A miss is as good as a mileC．The early bird catches the worm D．Burn the candle at both ends14．________. My cousin has realized his dream after years of hard work.A．No pain, no gain B．Burn the candle at both endsC．Actions speak louder than words D．Many hands make light work15．—I promise I'll work harder for the final exam.—Well, ________. You should act right now.A．Many hands make light work B．Put all your eggs in one basketC．The grass is always greener than the other side D．Actions speak louder than words 16．—You know what? Susan has won a third scholarship.—That’s not surprising. ________. She devotes so much time to her study.A．The early bird catches the worm B．No pain, no gainC．Actions speak louder than words D．Practice makes perfect17．—We must work hard as a team or we will fail a second time.—Yes. Just as a saying goes, “________.”A．One finger can’t lift a small stone B．He who laughs last laughs bestC．One stone kills two birds D．One is never too old to learn 18．—Steve, to improve your spoken English, you should speak English as often as possible.—I agree. ______A．It’s a piece of cake.B．Practice makes perfect. C．It serves you right.D．Well done.19．—I never thought Eddie did so good a job in the competition.—How lucky he is! Just as the saying goes “ ________”.A．Every dog has its day B．Practice makes perfectC．Actions speak louder than words D．The early bird catches the worm20．“_________”means that you have to do something before others in order to be successful. A．A miss is as good as a mile. B．A friend in need is a friend indeed. C．The early bird catches the worm. D．When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 21．—The year 2019 marks the 70th anniversary (周年)of the founding of the People's Republic of China.—As we know, ____. We have made great achievements in many fields.A．many hands make light work B．money isn’t everythingC．well begun is half done D．something is better than nothing 22．—It’s easy to clean up all the trash if we each offer to help.—Yes. ______.A．Many hands make light workB．There is no smoke without fireC．Where there is a will, there is a wayD．A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart23．—I stayed up late to finish my report last night and I feel tired now.—________. Sleep is also important.A．Don’t burn the candle at both ends B．Actions speak louder than words C．Don’t put all your eggs in one basket D．Many hands make light work24．Dad never says that he is good at cooking, but in fact he is. He always cooks delicious meals for us, that is ________.A．every dog has its day B．put all your eggs in one basketC．a miss is as good as a mile D．actions speak louder than words 25．—Dad, it’s difficult for me to clean the whole yard on my own.— Why not ask your brother for help? ________A．Use it or lose it! B．Knowledge is power!C．Practice makes perfect! D．Many hands make light work! 26．Which of the following sentences is a fact?A．Beijing is the capital of China. B．The new park looks beautiful.C．Some subjects are difficult. D．I think my pet dog is very cute. 27．—Mary got the first prize in the writing competition after years of hard work.—_________.A．No pain, no gain B．A miss is as good as a mileC．Don't burn the candle at both ends D．A friend in need is a friend indeed 28．— My friend Tony is always behind me to encourage and help me to get over all the difficulties.—He is so kind. This is _________A．Many hands make light work. B．A friend in need is a friend indeed.C．No pains, no gains. D．East and west, home is the best. 29．—Hurry up, we must be the first to interview the pop star.—Sure.____________.A．East or west, home is the best B．The early bird catches the worm C．Many hands make light work D．Don’t put all your eggs in one basket 30．—Mom, I spent a whole night preparing for the exam.—My God.___don't stay up too late, or you' ll be tired out.A．You can't put your eggs in one basketB．The grass is always greener on the other sideC．You can't burn the candle at both endsD．Do as Romans do when in Rome31．—How can I get along well with the local people if I go to Germany?—________.A．The early bird catches the worm B．It never rains but it poursC．When in Rome, do as the Romans do D．A friend in need is a friend indeed 32．–I have spent several nights preparing for the coming exam.-It’s bad for you to stay up too late. As the saying goes, "____________".A．You are never too old to learn. B．Actions speak louder than words. C．You can’t burn the candle at both ends. D．You can't put all your eggs in one basket. 33．— , could you tell me where to park my car?—Sure. There’s an underground parking lot over there.A．Let it go B．Pardon me C．Excuse me D．On the way 34．—I spent the whole night preparing my report.—Don’t stay up too late, or you will be tired out. Remember, .A．it never rains but it poursB．you can’t burn the candle at both endsC．you can’t put all your eggs in one basketD．the grass is always greener on the other side35．（2016湖北咸宁中考）——It shouldn’t take long to clear up after the party if we all volunteer to help.——That’s right. _________________________.A．Many hands make light work. B．Something is better than nothing. C．The sooner begun, the sooner done. D．Practice makes perfect.36．“______”means that you have to do something before others in order to be successful. A．A miss is as good as a mile B．A friend in need is a friend indeed C．The early bird catches the worm D．When in Rome, do as the Romans do 37．—Steve, I hear that Peter has won another championship.—It’s not surprising. _____________. He practises hardest in the team.A．Every dog has its dayB．No pain, no gainC．Many hands make light workD．Actions speak louder than words38．—How is everything going? --_________.A．Everything is finished B．Nothing has been doneC．Not so bad, you know D．Not doing wrong, you see39．---All the people of Taizhou need to work together to make our city more beautiful.---That’s it . __________.A．Practice makes perfectB．Many hands make light work.C．When in Rome, do as the Romans doD．A friend in need is a friend indeed.40．Here we are in India. So why not try on the saris, dear?A．When in Rome, do as the Romans do. B．No pain, no gain.C．You’ re never too old to learn.D．Practice makes perfect.【参考答案】一、选择题1．D解析：D【详解】句意：——Ben，你需要面对恐惧，克服恐惧。
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北师大考博英语summary的典型语句练习一．介绍作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句(1).论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质Physical and chemical properties of this crystal are reported.(2).简述了性能目的与测量方法The performance goals and its measuring methods are briefly described.(3).临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反映The chain reaction caused by the uranium nuclei is explained in the critical experiment. (4).说明了这种技术对核探测的应用The application of this technique to nuclear detection is described.(5).立即引入了研究与开发的工具Research and development tools are induced immediately.(6).给出了基本概念与收集的数据Basic ideas and data collected are given.2. 文章研究课题的常用语句(1).用这种超低频测量分析了重要的实验问题The main experimental problems are analyzed with the ultra-low-frequency measurements.(2).与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件Phenomena associated with the breakdown phase are regarded as the initial conditions. (3).导出了混凝土结构互相作用的集总参数Lumped parameter of the concrete-structure interaction is derived(4).简要的讨论了反映堆里两相流的一些应用Applications of the two-phase flow in the reactor are briefly discussed.(5).对一特定系统进行了数值性研究A particular system is investigated numerically.(6).简述了自然界中质量与能量之间的关系Relationship between mass and energy in nature is briefly described.(7).研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性The function continuity under a certain boundary is studied.3. 文章涉及范围的语句(1).本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成This paper consists of 4 parts: introduction, theory experimental method and conclusion.(2).本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果The paper includes the configuration as well as the structural design and the results of parameter structural optimization analysis.(3).本文涉及了反映堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒的组建的测试结果This paper covers the testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core.(4).所引用的报告涉及示踪元素研究大气层污染移动的研究The cited reports cover the research on the lower atmospheric air pollution movements by using the tracer elements.(5).本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格The research concerns the asphaltic products and their specifications.(6).此项目涉及了像Fe、Au、Ag、Al、Cu等许多元素Many elements are involved in this program such as Fe, Au, Ag, Cu and so on.(7).此课题涉及了煤的性质、锅炉的运营、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统The topic covers the coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation and the sidestream system.4. 综述于概括对某一个领域的研究课题常用语句(1).所有的运营规程如总规程（GP）、异常运营规程（AOP）、应急运营规程（EOP）都撰写了摘要All the operating procedures are abstracted such as the general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP).(2).对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述The experimental technique is outlined for measuring these properties.(3).评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计（CAD）的发展过程The development of CAD is reviewed in the mechanical engineering(4).简朴概述了基本材料科学的理论The theory based on basic material science is summarized.(5).具体地总结了要采用的设计规则The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.5. 文章重点的常用语句(1).重点是在掌握量子理论上Attention is concentrated on the quantum theory.(2).重点是把时间延长到24hThe point is to extend the lead time to 24h.(3).现在到处都重视节能Focus is on energy reserving everywhere.(4).本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞The research is concentrated on the collisions of neutrons and uranium nuclei.(5).现在到处都重视环境污水的管理和对有害废物的解决Attention is being paid to the management of environmental effluent and disposal of hazardous wastes.(6).很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估Much attention is paid on the economic current density in the conductor.(7).特别重视核反映堆的启动规程Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.(8).及其重视核能的和平运用The greatest emphasis is paid on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.(9).重点还在于对核电所采用的态度Attention is concentrated on the implications of attitudes to nuclear power.6. 文章目的的常用语句(1).此研究的目的是在零功率反映堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数This research aims to carry out the experiment on the zero power reactor and obtain import critical parameters.(2).许多研究者都在寻求这个问题的答案The answer to this question is sought for by many investigators.(3).本文追求的目的是从安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的对的性The paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).(4).这项研究试图为保健规则人员就体系上的变化提供有用的信息The research is to provide healthy planners with useful information on systematic changes. (5).本研究的目的就是要表白先前提到的方法有前程The purpose of this study is to show the methods mentioned above/aforesaid are promising. (6).本研究的目的是要获得具有很高稳定性的重混凝土The purpose of this study is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.二．介绍文章成果的语句1. 成果的获取和开发等常用语句1）正常工作压力值在夏季也能达成。
The normal operating pressure value can also be achieved in summer.2）绘制了用于热解决的溶解图。
A dissolution diagram is constructed to be used in heat treatment.3）基于量子理论，推导了这些特殊的方程式。
The special equations are derived based on the quantum theory.4）此系统要设计成能传输出从反映堆堆芯产生的热量。