语言学考研资料

The traditional Subject-Predicate distinction may over-lap with that between the Theme-Rheme,but they are not always the same.Look at the following examples:a) Jane stands on the table.Subject PredicateTheme Rhemeb)On the table stands Jane.Predicate SubjectTheme RhemeAnother verson of the same analysis is carried out in terms of Communicative Dynasmism ,CD for short,proposed by Firbas.By CD, Firbas means the extent to which the senence element contributes to the development of the communication.Firbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.In his view,the initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD and with each step forward,the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest.传统语法中主语----谓语的区别可能和主位----述位重叠，但他们并不总是一致的。

看下面的例子：a) 简站在桌子上。

主语谓语主位述位b)桌子上站着简。

谓语主语主位述位这种分析法的另一种版本是交际能力。

它是由费尔巴斯首次提出的。

费尔巴斯用交际动力表示句子成分对交技发展所起的作用。

费尔巴斯把功能句子观解释为不同程度的交际力的分布。

他认为，句子前面部分承载的交际力最低，然后逐步增加，直到交际力最大的成分。

3.The London School1)IntroductionThe London school refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England.J.R.Firth turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academeic subject in Britain.Firth,under the influence of the anthropolosgist B;Malinowski,influenced his student M.A.K.Halliday.They all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language.Thus,London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.3.伦敦学派1）简介伦敦学派专门用来称呼独具英国特色的语言学研究。

J.R.弗斯使语言学在英国完全成为一门公认的科学。

弗斯主要受人类学家B.马林诺夫斯基影响，而他又影响了他的学生M.A.K.韩礼德。

三人都强调“语言环境”和语言“系统”的重要性。

因此，伦敦学派也被称为系统语言学和功能语言学。

2）Malinowski’s TheoriesThough a professor of Anthropology,Malinowski made great contributions concerning the functions of language,According to him:nguage is a mode of action,rather than a counterpart of thought.2.The meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of the words comprising it butfrom its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs3.There are three types of context of situation:situations in which speech interrelates with bodilyactivity;narrative situations;situations in which is used to fill a speech vacuum—phatic communion.2)马林诺夫斯基的理论尽管马林诺夫斯基是人类学的教授，但他在语言功能方面却作出了很大贡献。

马林诺夫斯基认为：1.语言是一种行为模式，而不是什么与思想相对应的东西。

2.话语的意义并不来自于构成话语的词的意义，而是来自于话语发生的上下文之间的关系。

3.语言环境有三种：言语与当时的身体活动有直接关系的活动：叙述环境；言语仅被用来填补言语空白的环境-----寒暄交谈。

3）Firth’s TheoriesInfluenced by Malinowski,Firth regarded language as a social process,rather than simply as a set of agreed-upon semiotics and signs.According to him,language is a means of participation in social activities,a means of doing things and of making others do things,a means of acting and living.Firth saw language as both inborn and acquired,thus the object of linguistic study is language in actual use.Firth held that meaning is use,and he defined that meaning is the relationship between an element at any level and its context on that level,thus the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the meaning.Firth’s own study focused on the context of situation as Malinowski did.By context of situation,Firth meant a series of contexts of situation,each smaller one being embedded into a larger,to the extent that all the contexts of situation play essential parts in the whole of the context of culture.He believed that when analyzing a specific context of situation .one has to take both the situational context as well as the linguistic context into consideration:3）弗斯的理论受马林诺夫斯基的影响，弗斯认为语言是种社会过程，而非仅仅一套约定俗成的符号和信号。

他认为，语言是参与社会生活的工具，是自己做事和使他人做事的手段，是一种行为和生活手段。

弗斯认为，语言既有先天成分又有后天成分。

因此语言学的研究对象是实际中使用的语言。

弗斯认为意义就是使用，是不同层次上的成分和该层次上此成分的情景之间的关系。

因此，要理解意义，情景是不可缺少的。

像马林诺夫斯基一样，弗斯也将语言情景作为研究的重点。

关于情景，弗斯还指出在一系列的情景中每一个较小的情景都存在于另一个更大的语言情景之中，因此，所有的语言情景都是整个文化情景的一个基本组成部分。

弗斯认为在进行典型语言情境分析时，还要考虑情景语境和语言环境：1.The internal relations of the text itselfThe syntagmatic relations between the elements in the structure;The paradigmatic relations between units in the system.2.The internal relations of the context of situationThe relations between text and non-linguistic elements,and the general effects;The analytical relations betweenwords,parts of words,phrases and the special elements of the context of situation.1.文本本身的内部关系结构的成分间的组合关系；系统中的单位的聚合关系。

2.语言情境的内部关系文本和非语言成分之间的关系，以及总体效果；单词、词的部分以及短语与情境的特殊组成部分直接的分析性关系。

4）Halliday and Systemic-Functional GrammarSystemic-Functional Grammar,developed by M.A.K.Halliday,is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistics theories in the twentieth century.Systemic-Functional Grammar is based on two facts:nguage users are actually making choices in a set of systems and trying to realizedifferent semantic functions in social interaction;nguage is inseparable from social activities of man.Thus,it takes actual uses oflanguage as the object of study.One point to notice is that it takes clause as the basicunit.3.It consists of two inseparable parts:systemic grammar and functional grammar.4)韩礼德与系统功能语法韩礼德的系统功能语法是一种具有社会学倾向的功能语言学方法，是二十世纪最具影响力的语言学理论之一。