跨文化交际导论期末试题B卷

I Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words on your answer paper next to the number of the sentence. Do not change the forms of the words on the box.
1 s
2 m
3 q
4 k
5 j
6 t
7 o
8 n 9e 10 p
11 h 12 a 13 l 14 c 15 r 16 d 17i 18g 19 b 20 f
II Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)
1 Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.
2This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’s welfare.
3 This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.
III Answer the following questions.
1. In the direct style, associated with individualism, the wants, needs, and desires of the speaker are embodied in the spoken message. In the indirect style, associated with collectivism, the wants, needs, and goals of the speaker are not obvious in the spoken message.
2. Translation problems usually arise when communicators speak different languages and hold different cultures. They are the lack of vocabulary equivalence, the lack of idiomatic equivalence, the lack of grammatical- syntactical equivalence, lack of experiential equivalence, the lack of conceptual equivalence.
3. The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.
Part V English-Chinese translation: translate these two paragraphs into Chinese.
假如你不了解另一种文化，在交际过程中就会很容易出现假定一致性。

假定另一种文化与你的文化相同，就会很容易让你忽略文化之间的重要区别。

即使假定不同文化都是相同的，也不会帮助你进行有效的交际，因为它会让你忽略不同文化之间的相同点。

当你进入到一个新的文化当中时，最好的选择就是什么都不假设，而是要询问具体的风俗是什么样的。

种族中心主义是指用自己的文化标准消极评价另一种文化的行为。

认为自己的文化方式优于另一种文化就是种族中心主义的表现。

虽然种族中心主义是引起跨文化交际障碍的一个因素，但对于经历文化冲击（休克）的那些人，很容易认为自己的文化优于其它的文化。

当对于新的文化有所了解之后，就会经历这样的一个阶段，在这个阶段中他们会认为新的文化中的一切都不如自己的文化。

但经历了这个阶段后通常会开始认为某个文化并没有比另一个文化强也没有比另一个文化差，只是文化与文化之间不同而已。

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