自考《现代语言学》试题题型
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
现代语言学自考题-5
现代语言学自考题-5(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.______ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.∙ A. Psycholinguistics∙ B. Applied linguistics∙ C. Sociolinguistics∙ D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。
它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。
2.In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.∙ A. acoustic phonetics∙ B. articulatory phonetics∙ C. auditory phonetics∙ D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。
其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。
3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.∙ A. speeches∙ B. utterances∙ C. events∙ D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。
《现代语言学》试题
《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。
现代语言学自考题-25_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-25(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ______ system of language.A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative2. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.3. Children follow a similar ______ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures.A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring4. In general, children's holophrastic sentences begin ______.A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old D. between four and five years old5. In general, the ______ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword6. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with **plex grammatical structures.A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word7. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word8. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words9. It is suggested that children begin to develop the articulatory movements needed to produce the phonemic distinctions of their language ______.A. after they master the phonemic contrasts B. before they master the phonemic contrasts C. long before they master the phonemic contrasts D. while they were mastering the phonemic contrasts10. Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that ______.A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. children's babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. children's babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring11. Children learning the Chinese language usually start to produce some of the tonal patterns typical of the language ______.A. before they utter any genuine words B. after they utter any genuine words C. while they are uttering any genuine wordsD. none of the above12. At the ______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word13. Negative words occur at the beginning of expressions in child language acquisition ______.A. at some point during the late multiword stage B. at some point after the multiword stage C. when children's language develops towards the early multiword stage D. when children's language develops after the early multiword stage14. In children's utterances, "two feets", "goed", "corned", etc. occur although some children are aware of the irregular forms of them. These inflectional errors are the result of ______.A. children's carelessness B. improper instruction C. the wrong input D. children's overgeneralizing a constructed rule15. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement16. ______ transfer is a process that is **monly known as interference.A. Intentional B. Positive C. Negative D. Interrogative17. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ______.A. second language B. first language C. foreign languageD. interlanguage18. The Chinese sound /d/ in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to ______ error.A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization19. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on SLA show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation20. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. SocialPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The development of a first or native language is called first language a______.2. All normal human beings acquire their n______ language at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.3. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for **munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.4. C______ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.5. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i______ on the part of adults.6. R______ has been found to occur usually in children's pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences.7. Imitation plays at best a very m______ role in the child's mastery of language.8. It is normally assumed that, by the age of f______, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children **pleted the greater part of the language acquistion process.9. The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce b______ sounds.10. The pre-school years are a c______ period for first language acquisition.11. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age s______ is around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.12. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t______ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.13. In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t______.14. According to the Contrastive Analysis approach, L2 errors were predominantly the result of n______ transfer.15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i______ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning **municative strategies of the learner.16. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.17. When learners take a second language in order to integrate themselves with the second**munity, their motivation in the second language learning is called i______ motivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false1. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.A. 正确B. 错误2. There is no biological basis for humans to prefer one particular language over any other. Our language faculty permits us to acquire any human language to which we are exposed.A. 正确B. 错误3. Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.A. 正确B. 错误4. The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.A. 正确B. 错误5. The acquisition of case and gender forms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.A. 正确B. 错误6. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.A. 正确B. 错误7. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, and this is sufficient for language development.A. 正确B. 错误8. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误9. In natural settings, parents always correct young children's utterances that violate the rules of the grammar.A. 正确B. 错误10. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.A. 正确B. 错误11. According to the coursebook, conscious instruction on the part of adults is altogether futile in child language development from the stage of a babbler to that of a fluent speaker.A. 正确B. 错误12. According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of **munity when their "bad" speech gets corrected and when their "good" speech gets positively reinforced.A. 正确B. 错误13. Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.A. 正确B. 错误14. The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language.A. 正确B. 错误15. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or underextension of reference.A. 正确B. 错误16. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.A. 正确B. 错误17. Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.A. 正确B. 错误18. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.A. 正确B. 错误19. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar.A. 正确B. 错误20. Positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.A. 正确B. 错误21. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误22. Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.A. 正确B. 错误23. Now the exact causes of fossilization and the ways to unfossilize the fossilized language are well-known.A. 正确B. 错误24. By researches of language acquisition, significant relationship has been found between talkativeness on the one hand and overall proficiency in a L2 on the other.A. 正确B. 错误Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1. language acquisition2. input3. caretaker speech4. over-extension5. telegraphic speech6. interference7. language transfer8. error analysis9. interlanguage10. fossilization11. formal instruction12. acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.1. Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.2. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.。
现代语言学自考题-19_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-19(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ______.• A. naming• B. meaning• C. communication• D. contextSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。
2."There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)". This is the ______ view concerning the study of meaning.• A. naming theory• B. conceptualist• C. contextualist• D. behaviouristSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 意念论认为语言形式与其所指事物之间(即语言与现实世界之间)的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是在对意义的解释过程中以人脑中的概念为中介而联系起来的。
这一点可以通过语义三角加以阐明：3.Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.• A. contextual• B. conceptualist• C. behaviorist• D. namingSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:C[解析] 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。
自考《现代语言学》试题题型培训课件
自考《现代语言学》试题题型现代语言学试题题型举例Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ):1.duality-----2.free morpheme----3.phonology ------4.context-------5.polysemy ------Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language.( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken.( )5. English is a typical tone language.Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks):1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the a_________ of that phoneme.2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; itis p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, whilep____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________.5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study.6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a languageuse sentences to effect successful communication.7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.8. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s__________________ andp_________________.9. Morphology is the study of the internal s____________________ of words and the way inwhich w______________ are formed.10. G______________ antonyms may be seen in terms of degrees of the qualityinvolved.Ⅳ. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 %; 20 statements):1._______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then releasedslowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricates2.The words “autumn” and “fall” are ____________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. collocationally-restrictedsynonymsC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in styles3.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.The word “girls” has ______________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English, “un-” and “dis-” are called ______________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. grammatical words6. A word with several meaning is called _____________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordc. a synonymous word D. none of the abovenguage is _________________, which means that there is no logicalconnection between meanings and sound.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. dualD. universal8.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]9.The pair of words “buy” and “sell” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms10.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________________.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary (20%; 5 from 7 questions):1.What are the differences between a root and a stem?2.What does pragmatics study? How are pragmatics and traditional semanticsrelated, and how do they differ?3.What are the major differences between modern linguistics and traditionalgrammar?4.What is the semantic triangle?5.Exemplify the CP and maxims proposed by P. Grice?6.Why is speech considered prior to writing in modern linguistics?7.Draw a tree diagram for each of the following statements:(1)He lives a tranquil life in the country.(2)I know he will come tomorrow.。
现代语言学自考题-3
现代语言学自考题-3(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.∙ A. langue∙ B. linguist∙ C. language∙ D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.∙ A. vowels∙ B. consonants∙ C. sounds∙ D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.∙ A. the internal structure∙ B. morpheme∙ C. the rules by which words are formed∙ D. word（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分：58.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正：When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
英语自考现代语言学简答题
第一章 绪论Because there are words in every language that imitate natural sounds, such as crash, bang in English .besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary .these words cannot be made freely .Because the details of any language are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned anew . it is passed on from one generation to another through teachingand learning rather than by instinct . in contrast ,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, so animals call system are genetically transmitted. The duality nature of language means that language is system ,which consists off two sets of structures ,or two levels ,one of sounds and the other of meanings . at the lower or thebasic level ,there is the structure of sounds , which are meaningless. At the higherlevel ,the units can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences .Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretationof new signal by its users. The users can send message which no one else has ever sent before. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present ,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-awayplaces . in other words language can be used to refer context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar . traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on high written language . it sets models for language users to follow . but modern linguistics is descriptive ,its investigation are based on authentic ,and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific andobjective and the task of linguistics is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. Language exists in time and changes trough time. The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study, the description of a language as it changes though time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describe a language as it is at some particular point in time ,while a diachronic study language is a historical stud ; it studies the historical development of language over a period.speech and writing are the two major media of communication . modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary , but not the written form ,because thespoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from spoken form of language. Langue and parole are French words, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communication ,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actural use. Langue is the set ofconventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conversation and the application of the rules. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguisticscommunication. 第二章 音系学1. speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary ,but not the written form ,because the spoken for id prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.the basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that the pronunciation of a vowel,the air stream from the lung meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant , the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.Which allophone is to be used is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed . one of the tasks of the phonologist is to find out these rules.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental phonemes; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable , the word ,and the sentence. The main suprasegmental featuresinclude stress, tone, and intonation.第三章 形态学Morphology is divided into sub-branches : inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. Free morphemes are themorphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes .bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound ,to form a word.derivational affixes are added to an exciting form to create a word . prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and. Prefixes modify the meaning of he stem .suffixes are added to the end of the stems ;they modifythe meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech o the second element, e.g. icy-cold adj. head —strong adv. Greenhouse n. but there are many exception ,especially with hose compounds ending with a verb or an adverb or a preposition . for example,follow up , crackdown ,kickoff are allnouns instead of adverbs.and toothpick, snowfall,and facelift arenoun instead of verbs.semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components. For example ,a greenhouse is not a house that is green .in order to find out the meaning of a compound, one sometimes hasto consult the dictionary instead of doing some guess work.第四章 句法学 As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set o abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentences is considered grammatical when it is in agreement with thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. Universally found in the grammars of all human language ,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The word language in this definition implies that linguistics studies not any particular language ,but investigate or examine. And the word scientific refers to the way in which language is studied.Chomsky thinks that linguistics should study the ideal speaker ’s competence, but not his performance. For any natural language ,a set of syntactic rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language .that is ,the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence,coordinate sentence,and complex sentences.When a sentence is uttered or written down ,the words of the sentences are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile,they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence.therfore, the structure of a sentence is linear.major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories becausethe number of lexical items in this categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule. Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may chang the syntactic representation of a sentence.parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistics variation between and among natural language. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of case assignment ,i.e the directionality parameter. This parameter offers a neat and consist account forthe typological difference in the word order within the VP category between English and Japanese第五章 语义学Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of contest are recognized :the situational context and the Linguistic context.Obviously, linguistic forms with the same sense may have different references in different situation. For example, in the following exchange, the two speakers are surely talking about two different references, i.e. two different gogs.But because of their differentorigin ,there are often subtle differences between thesesynonyms .synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called complete synonyms . however, complete synonyms are rare.Dialectal synonyms which are used in different regional dialects .stylistic synonyms which differ in style. Synonyms hat siffer in their emotive or evaluation meaning collocational synonymssemantically different synonyms.A polysemic word i.e. a word with several meanings, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning o the word ,the various meaning of the word are related to some degree ,as is discussed in the previous section.There is one advantage of componential analysis . by specifying the semantic features of certain words I will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.there are three kinds. they are gradable antonyms,complementary antonyms and relational opposites. 第六章语用学Without this shared knowledge, linguistics communication would be impossible, and without considering this knowledge , linguistics communication cannot satisfactorily accounted for in apragmatic sense.If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication , it becomes an utterance ,and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.Therefore ,while themeaning of a sentence is abstract ,and decontextualized, the meaning of an utterance is concrete ,and context-dependent. the act theory is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. It is the ac of conveying literal meaning by meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology.第七章 历史语言学Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants ofthe same language ,andprovide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of difference languages.it is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the period of old English ,middle English and modern English.3.The most vigorous and no-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.They are the Indo-European Family, The Sino-Tibetan Family, the Austronesian Family ,and the Afroasiatic Family.Grimm ’s major contribution to historical is his explanation of the relationships among cognates in terms of a sound shift, the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.Language do not change without reasons . a linguistics change is caused either by the inherent nature of language , or by external contacts of speakers of one language with the speakers of the other language.第八章 社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. Sociolinguistics are also concern with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender, profession, and social statue.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts . in view of language as a primary means of communication among individual speakers of a society , sociolinguists are concerned with he social significance of language variation and languageuse indifferent speech communities including regional ,ethnic and social groups . sociolinguists are also concerned with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender,profession ,and social statue.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must ,in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community .they may share closely related language varieties, as wellas attitudes towards linguistic norms.they are regional dialects ,sociolects or social dialects ,and registers.第九章 心理语言学psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.By mean of dichotic listening tests, we can analyze the characteristic of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.3. I has been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing , understanding andthen saying a word would follow a definite pattern. 4.A safe conclusion from Genie ’s case for the moment is that the labguage faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently ,most linguistic skills cannot develop.The most provocative position to date on the relationship between language and thought has been what is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.第十章 语言习得the study of language acquisition enables linguistics ,psychologists and applied linguists to better understand the nature of human language and the developmental processes oflanguage acquisition.The biological, ornativist, view of language acquisition means that human are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. 3.In principle ,no human brain can store all the words and expressions of a language . what happens is that when processing the language the hear ,children construct the grammar and make sense of the expression according to the grammar . when producing utterances, they follow the internalizedgrammatical rules.Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and babbling stage ,children move through the one-word ,two-word and multiword stage ,gradually acquiringphonology ,morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and discourse skills of the adult language system as they grow.Although SLA is not entirely different from FLA.some problems experienced in L2development by teenage or adult learners simply donot exist in children ’s L1. According toKrashen ,acquisition refersto the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicativesituation .learning ,however,is defined as a conscous process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.It has been claimed that the optimum age for SLA is early teenage.。
现代语言学自考题-7
现代语言学自考题-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。
其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。
人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。
2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。
声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。
横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。
声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。
英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如[b]，[z]，[m]等都是浊音。
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案
自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous ation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal munication2.Of the following sound binations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( ) A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。
( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assig____ent that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to mit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )A.misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.parativeD.historical parativeA.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neuralprerequisites for language and language useⅡ.Blank FillingDirections:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.In the course of time， the study of language has e to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear [1] and dark[]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound binations， thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word，but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.Ⅲ.True of False questionDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. I (2%×10=20%)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A pound is the bination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “Thestuden t liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition，unlike entailment，is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English，Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as wellas attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguisticenviro____ent， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.Ⅳ.DefinitionDirections: Explain the following terms, using one or two exles if necessary.(3%×10=30%)31.cultural transmission (as a design feature of human language)32.phonic medium of language33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemesn35.reference36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship amonglinguistic elements Support your statement with exles.42.Describe the process of language perception，prehension and production.参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分)11.social12.plementary13.root14.plex15.plementary1 6.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer三、判断题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)21.F 22.T 23.F 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分)31.One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not geically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication， i.e.the speech sounds. Voicing is a phoic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-(e)s ，-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers toin the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For exle ，if we say，“The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。
自考语言学试题及答案
自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。
答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。
答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。
答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。
答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。
答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。
答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。
答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。
现代语言学自考题-4
现代语言学自考题-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The study of language as a whole is often called ______ linguistics.∙ A. particular∙ B. general∙ C. ordinary∙ D. generative（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ______ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.∙ A. oral∙ B. mental∙ C. physical∙ D. recorded（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语音学研究中，有一种方法是人们通过观察声音通过空气从一个人传给另一个人的物质手段——音波，来研究声音传导的方式，它叫做声学语音学。
3.In the word suitable, "______ able" is a morpheme.∙ A. derivational∙ B. inflectional∙ C. root∙ D. stem（分数：2.00）A. √B.D.解析：[解析] 英语中黏着词素分为词根和词缀。
词根有较清晰、确切的意思。
词缀分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes)。
屈折词缀表示诸如数、时态等的语法关系。
很显然题干中-able并没有语法范畴含义，它只是加到suit后使其改变为形容词，所以它是派生词素。
2022年自考专业(英语)现代语言学考试真题及答案20
2022年自考专业(英语)现代语言学考试真题及答案一、单项选择题 Multiple Choice Questions (10 points, 2 points for each)Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statements or questions, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statements or answers the question. Blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1、There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance.( )A.creationmunicationprehensionD.perception2、The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( )A.affricatesB.stopsC.velarsD.palatals3、Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )A.freeB.boundC.derivationalD.inflectional4、XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )A.modifierB.determinerC.qualifierD.specifier5、 ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.( )A.Reference, senseB.Sense, referentC.Sense, referenceD.Referent, sense6、According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.perlocutionary7、 Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A.in word-initialB.in word-middleC.in word-finalD.in syllable-initial8、 In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA.We regard Black English as________. ( )A.a regional dialectB.a social dialectC.a situational dialectD.an ethnic dialect9、 Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A.the motor areaB.Broca’s areaC.Wernicke’s areaD.the angular gyrus10、 The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multiword参考答案：【一、单项选择题】1~5CADDC6~10CCDA。
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案
2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2023年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is posed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasA. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refersto in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intent ion; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech munity is thus defined as a group of people who form a munity (which may have few membersas a family or as many members as a country), andshare the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful munication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups ofpeople from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between petence and performance?petence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in t he late 1950’s. Chomsky defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?四、阐述题(每题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with exles.。
现代语言学试题及答案
现代语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 现代语言学研究的核心是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的功能答案：C2. 以下哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学中的“phoneme”指的是什么？A. 音位B. 音素C. 音节D. 音标答案：A4. 下列哪个选项是“语言接触”的结果？A. 语言的消亡B. 语言的产生C. 语言的融合D. 语言的孤立答案：C5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于词汇变化？A. 合成B. 派生C. 借用D. 语音变化答案：D6. 语言学中的“transformational grammar”是什么？A. 转换语法B. 句法分析C. 语义分析D. 语音学答案：A7. 以下哪个术语与语言的“社会功能”无关？A. 语言的规范B. 语言的变异C. 语言的习得D. 语言的交际答案：C8. “语言的普遍语法”是哪位语言学家提出的？A. 费尔迪南·德·索绪尔B. 诺姆·乔姆斯基C. 爱德华·萨丕尔D. 威廉·冯·洪堡特答案：B9. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语用学研究范畴？A. 言语行为B. 语境分析C. 语音变化D. 隐喻答案：C10. “语言的相对性原则”是哪种语言理论的核心？A. 结构主义B. 形式主义C. 功能主义D. 心理语言学答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的创始人是________。
答案：费尔迪南·德·索绪尔2. 语言学中，________是指语言的最小意义单位。
答案：语素3. 语言的________是指语言在特定社会环境中的使用。
答案：语境4. 语言学中的________是指语言的音韵结构。
答案：音韵学5. 语言的________是指语言的词汇和语法结构。
答案：形式6. 语言学中的________是指语言的规则系统。
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] A famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” may well illustrate the ______nature of language.A.arbitraryB.motivatedC.socialD.cultural2.[单选题] According to_________, vowels can be classified into three groups: front, central, and back.A.the openness of the mouthB.the shape of the lipsC.the position of the tongueD.the length of the vowels3.[单选题] The number of morphemes contained in the word “underdeveloped” is ________ .A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the complement in the phrase “regularly check his E-mail box” is .A.regularlyB.checkC.boxD.his E-mail box5.[单选题] When we say “The book has a finger”, it is a typical example of a sentence which is .A.semantically well-formedB.semantically inconsistentC.semantically contradictedD.semantically anomalous6.[单选题] According to John Searle, the illocutionary act of the utterance “I promise to come” belongs to________.A.directivesmissivesC.declarationsD.expressives7.[单选题] The following topics fall into the scope of historical linguistics EXCEPT_______.A.sound changeB.morphological changeC.syntactic changeD.register varieties8.[单选题] It is the ___________differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic” of Black English.A.morphologicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.semantic9.[单选题] According to the lateralization theory, which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A.CalculationB.Analytic reasoningC.Temporal orderingD.Visual and spatial skills10.[单选题] In general, children's two-word stage begins roughly .A.in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second yearB.in the second half of the second yearC.between two and three years oldD.between four and five years old11.[案例题] S ___________descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language as it exists at the present day and mostlinguistic studies are of this type.12.[案例题] The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in the pharyngeal, o_________, and nasal cavities.13.[案例题] Phonetically, the stress of a compound word usually falls on the f___ element.14.[案例题] A simple sentence consists of a single c____ which containsa subject and a predicate.15.[案例题] The sentence “Green clouds are sleeping furiously” is not s____ meaningful but grammatically well-formed.16.[案例题] All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i___ point.17.[案例题] Physiologically, vowels tend to be n___ before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.18.[案例题] S_________is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.19.[案例题] Much evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in d___ listening tasks.20.[案例题] Adults are motivated to learn a second language because ofa communicative need. They may learn a second language in order touse it functionally, in which case i____ motivation occurs.21.[案例题] While Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.22.[案例题] When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as tone.23.[案例题] Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: lexical morphology and derivational morphology.24.[案例题] Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 25.[案例题] The sentence “The cat are barking at the dog” only violates semantic rules.26.[案例题] The five types of general categories of speech acts distinguished by John Austin are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.27.[案例题] Modern English has an elaborate system of case marking through overt morphological changes, thus its word order is more variable than that of Old English.28.[案例题] Pidgins are rule-governed, simplified language with reduced grammatical features.29.[案例题] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he or she is converting one mode of thinking intothe other.30.[案例题] The sounds and syllables that children utter at the babbling stage are meaningless.31.[案例题] duality (of structure)32.[案例题] minimal pair33.[案例题] inflectional morpheme34.[案例题] syntactic movement35.[案例题] argument36.[案例题] conversational implicature37.[案例题] diachronic linguistics38.[案例题] diglossia39.[案例题] linguistic relativism40.[案例题] interference41.[案例题] Describe the features that most compounds share.42.[案例题] Discuss with examples the differences between language acquisition and language learning.。
全国自考(现代语言学)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题单项选择题1．According to F．de Saussure，________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community．( ) A．paroleB．performanceC．langueD．language正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查索绪尔关于语言的定义。
根据索绪尔的观点，语言指的是某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统。
2．In general，the ________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year．( )A．babbingB．one-wordC．two-wordD．multiword正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查双词句阶段。
一般说来，双词句阶段大概开始于儿童一岁半到两岁期间。
3．Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ________ set on UG principles to particular values．( )A．principlesB．rulesC．parametersD．theories正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查普遍语法原则上的参数值对语言变化的影响。
我们可以认为，自然语言是按照设定在普遍语法原则上的参数值而变化的。
4．In the following four choices，________ is a pair of homophone．( ) A．sight and siteB．lead(n．)and lead(v．)C．wind(n．)and wind(v．)D．blue and blown正确答案：A解析：本题主要考查同音异形异义词的定义及其辨认。
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现代语言学试题
题型举例
Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ):
1.duality-----
2.free morpheme----
3.phonology ------
4.context-------
5.polysemy ------
Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.
( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language.
( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.
( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken. ( )5. English is a typical tone language.
Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks):
1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments are called the a_________ of that phoneme.
2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; it
is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.
3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, while
p____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.
4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________.
5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study.
6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences
to effect successful communication.
7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
8. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s__________________ and p_________________.
9. Morphology is the study of the internal s____________________ of words and the way in
which w______________ are formed.
10. G______________ antonyms may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.
Ⅳ. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 %; 20 statements):
1._______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then released
slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.
A. Nasals
B. Glides
C. Fricatives
D. Affricates
2.The words “autumn” and “fall” are ____________.
A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning
B. collocationally-restricted synonyms
C. dialectal synonyms
D. synonyms differing in styles
3.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morphemes.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
4.The word “girls” has ______________ morphemes.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
5.In English, “un-” and “dis-” are called ______________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. grammatical words
6. A word with several meaning is called _____________.
A. an abnormal word
B. a polysemous word
c. a synonymous word D. none of the above
nguage is _________________, which means that there is no logical connection
between meanings and sound.
A. productive
B. arbitrary
C. dual
D. universal
8.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?
A. [p]
B. [m]
C. [b]
D. [t]
9.The pair of words “buy” and “sell” are ___________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. synonyms
D. co-hyponyms
10.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________________.
A. American
B. British
C. Swiss
D. Russian
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary (20%; 5 from 7 questions):
1.What are the differences between a root and a stem?
2.What does pragmatics study? How are pragmatics and traditional semantics
related, and how do they differ?
3.What are the major differences between modern linguistics and traditional
grammar?
4.What is the semantic triangle?
5.Exemplify the CP and maxims proposed by P. Grice?
6.Why is speech considered prior to writing in modern linguistics?
7.Draw a tree diagram for each of the following statements:
(1)He lives a tranquil life in the country.
(2)I know he will come tomorrow.。