曼哈顿FOV笔记

曼哈顿FoV. CR笔记

目录

1.All about the Argument (1)

Sound argument vs. valid argument (1)

On the GMAT (2)

The arguer’s job and your job (2)

List of the twelve flaws (2)

Details of the twelve flaws (3)

A. Unjustified Assumptions (3)

B. Causation Errors (4)

C. Comparison Errors (5)

D. Math Errors (6)

E. Communication Errors (7)

Find the gaps in arguments (7)

2.Decoding the Question Stem and Stratege (8)

1. All about the Argument

Sound argument vs.valid argument

Every complete argument has two components written down on paper:

• Premises—supporting statements

• Conclusion— the main point or biggest claim of the argument

A sound argument is successful on every level: the premises are true, and the conclusion logically follows from the premises. When a conclusion follows logically from true premises, that conclusion is therefore true.

A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises—but the premises may or may not be true. In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion will also be true.

In a good, valid argument, the premises lead to the conclusion in a direct way. They provide enough evidence to guarantee the truth of the conclusion (which is occasionally implied rather than stated explicitly).

On the GMAT

While soundness is the goal in real-life reasoning, GMAT questions tend to be more about validity.So, on the GMAT, avoid challenging the truth of the premises themselves.

Focus on whether the argument is valid.

The arguer’s job and your job

People’s brains are desi gned to make connections and to go beyond the arguer’s conclusi on.

On the GMAT, however, you should note the speaker’s conclusion precisely.

It’s the job of the arguer to prove his or her case to you by building a sound argument backed by appropriate evidence. Your job is simply to recognize flaws and omissions.

List of the twelve flaws

These flaws overlap somewhat; it doesn’t really matter.This isn’t a full course in formal logic. What’s more important is that you understand the typicalversion of each flaw. This way, you can spot any of them on the test.

A. Unjustified Assumptions

1. Assumes Shared Beliefs

2. Draws Extreme Conclusion

3. Assumes Skill and/or Will

4. Uses Vague or Altered Terms

5. Assumes Signs of a Thing = Thing Itself

B. Causation Errors – 1. causal oversimplification

6. Mixes up Correlation and Causation

7. Assumes the Future = the Past – 4. all things are equal

8. Assumes the Best Means Success

C. Comparison Errors

9. Has Selection Bias(Unrepresentative sample, survivor bias, ever-changing pool) – 6. Survey

is doubtful

10. The Troubled Analogy – 3. false analogy

D. Math Errors

11. Confuses the Quantities (percent, rates, ratios)

E. Communication Errors

12. Missing the Point