研究生学术英语读写译期末论文试卷举例
【优质】江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷
课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX
1.What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%）
A1:There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit,accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work.
“Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.”
When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened.
“Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.”
A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.
introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.
大学英语读写译（3）期末测试题及答案1
大学英语读写译（3）期末测试题及答案1大学英语读写译(3)期末测试题及答案1大学英语读写译（三）期末测试题（1）Part I Reading Comprehension （55%）Part I. Skimming and Scanning (10 Points)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on The Answer Sheet. For questions 1-7, markY ( for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG ( for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with information given in the passage.The Joy of SOHO: Making a Life While Makinga LivingA Better ChoiceThe next time you hear a friend or co-worker talking excitedly about SOHO, don’t assume that they are talking about N ew York. In today’sbusiness world, SOHO refers to “Small Office/ Home Office”, one of today’s biggest explosions in the economy. The home-based business has been born out of necessity. In an era when large corporations always think of downsizing, what are your other choices?Your choices are usually limited: to find a suitable place inthe small business world, to stand in line at Unemployment Center, or to accept a cut in pay and benefits. We are forced to give nine hours’ work for eight hours’ pay, and we are not backing away from that. Bosses don’t understand that you have many things to pay for. In this economic climate, where cost-cutting measures are the order of the day, setting up a home office on your own may just be the way to beat the odds.How to StartLet’s congratulate you on your decision to start your won business. But where do you start? Paper clips, writing pad, phone, and table? Almost, but not quite. One of the faultscommitted by many home-based business owners is that they fail to consider the possibilities of expansion.It is fine to start working from the kitchen table, but what happens when things start to take off and you still do not want to have an office space? Where do you place the home office? If you have the space, I highly suggest a room to itself. This permits you to close the door and separate your personal life from business. You are able to leave everything you are working on right where it is instead of removing it to have dinner or to go to bed. These clean-up steps can lead to problems down the road. Where you locate the home office is important for your future success. A corner in the living room, bedroom or attic (阁楼) is preferable if you do not have a room solely for your business. Reasons for the separation include fewer distractions and the ability to think more clearly and focus more easily.And you may have to have one or two clientscome to your “office” in the lifetime of your business. Even though it is for your home, you need to present the best professional environment possible, which is especially importantif you have people working with you. Their productivity is important to your business. Invest in the appropriate chairs, tables, lighting and ventilation（通风）before you invest in the paper clips and writing pads. If the working environment is not comfortable, neither you nor your employees will stay there and finish the job. It is fine to have employees in your home, but just make sure you supply them with the best working atmosphere possible.The Popularity of Being SOHOToday, researchers and marketers have identified a segment that is now labeled SOHO, which gives a strong impetus to America’s economic growth and has created most of the new jobs in the last 20 years.3%of companies provided 6 million of the 7.7million jobs that were added to the economy between 1991 and1995. Small businesses account for over 90% of all businesses in the U.S., with an economic output greater than that of Germany or France or the UK.Reportedly, home-based workers earn more money. The 46 million home-based workers in the United States, including a large number of women working at home in an attempt to better balance work and family, earn 28% more than the average office workers, and spend less time earning their pay. Of course this is due, in part, to the fact hat more and more experienced and aggressive workers tend to start their own businesses.Remember, going into business on your own, for form a home office may mean harder work. But it can also mean more independence, more challenge, and better results. In the long run, it may mean more money of you and your family. In a word, starting your own business means freedom, growth,expe rimenting and learning. If you are successful, you won’t have to go and askfor a rise or accep t what you’re given or worry about being fired when a younger colleague comes along. You will have the freedom to enjoy the profits that come form your growing business. Good luck and enjoy the journey. Questions:1.Many people have no choice but to set uphome-based businesses because large corporations are expanding.2.The term SOHO, which means “SmallOffice/Home Office”, originates in New York.3.Many home-based business owners failed totake into account the possible expansion of their businesses.4.It is highly recommended that we make aseparate room as the office so as to avoid distractions.5.It is very important to provide theemployees with the best working environment.6.America’s small businesses are veryproductive, but their economic output is smaller than that of Germany.7.The number of home-based workers in theUnited States has reached 46 million.8.Small businesses make up________________________of all business in the U.S.9.The SOHO workers earn more money thanthe average office workers partly because more and more experienced and aggressive workers tend to ___________________________.10.We can achieve________________________ and better results by starting yourwon business.Section B Careful Reading (30%)Directions: In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The best kept secret in San Diego is waiting to offer you a delightful getaway —without leaving town.Less than three years ago, the Parisi Hotel was just an office building above the shops on the corner of Prospect Street. Now, that valuable space is an intimate luxury hotel —with several rooms overlooking the ocean. You’ll be amazed when you enter from the corner and ascend the curving staircase to the second-floor lobby. It will take you into a different world.What will you find when you enter the large contemporary lobby is a handsome and peaceful space that was designed with a hint of Tuscany in its modern Mediterranean (地中海式的) style. The lobby has a large fireplace with comfortable sofas in warm neutral colors surrounding it. You’ll feel relaxed just sitting there — with its skylight overhead letting in the morning sun.All the rooms are more like suites (套房), with large comfortable beds, beautiful baths and stylish custom-designed furnishings and art throughout.The Parisi Hotel is the perfect place for seniors because it’s quiet and restful —with only 20 rooms. You won’t find many hotels like this in the center of a tourist town.The shops are all around you. Likewise for som e of the city’s best restaurants, you will never have to take your car out of the garage during your stay. And, by the way, the underground parking lot at the Parisi Hotel is free for hotel guests.Once you stay at this little gem (珍品), you’ll want to retu rn again and again. I know we do. It’s a perfect place for seniors.Rates for standard suites begin at $275. You can call the hotel for reservation at (858) 454-1513. The Parisi Hotel is located at 1111 Prospect St. right across from La Valencia.11. The Parisi Hotel is described as _________.A. a luxury hotel with comfortable facilitiesB. a large hotel famous for its rooms facing the oceanC. a good place for escaping away from the noisy cityD. a tourist attraction full of amazing corners12. When you enter the lobby, you will find that ________.A.it is decorated with Mediterranean furnitureB.the walls are painted in warm neutral bright colorsC.there is a large fireplace burning all the timeD.sunlight comes through the window in the sloping roof13. Why is the Parisi Hotel suitable for old people?A.Because all the rooms are like suites.B.Because it has fashionable furnishings.C.Because it is in the center of the town.D.Because it is peaceful to stay there.14. What special benefit can people get while staying in the Parisi Hotel?A.They don’t need to drive to eat out in a restaurant.B.They can enjoy free parking.C.They can buy things cheaper in nearby shops.D.They can make a reservation by phone.15. Which of the following statements is True?A.The Parisi Hotel is a small restful hotel.B.Most guests staying in the hotel are old people.C.The Parisi Hotel is in a secret place in San Diego.D.You must make a reservation before entering the hotel.Passage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Extremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people hot, it can cause medical problems and death.Health experts say that since the year 1900, extremely hot weather has killed more people in the United States than any other natural event. One year, the unusually hot summer of 1980-heat caused about 1,700 deaths in the United States. In 1995, more than 600 people died in a similar heat wave in one city—Chicago.To measure extreme heat, government weather experts have developed the MeanHeat Index. It measures the average of how hot it is felt all day on an extremely hot day. Experts say it is the total heat of a hot day or several hot days that can affect health. Several hot days are considered a heat wave. Experts say heat waves often become deadly when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature.The most common medical problem caused by hot weather is heat stress. Usually, it also is the least severe. For most people, the only result of heat stress is muscle pain. The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. Doctors say drinking water will help the pain disappear after the body again has the right amounts of water and salt. For some people, however, the resultis much more serious.For example, doctors say some people face a greatly increased danger from heat stress. These people have a weak or damaged heart, high blood pressure, or other problems of the blood system. Severe heat can help cause a heart attack or stroke. Health experts say this is the most common cause of death linked to hot weather.16. How many people died from heat in Chicago in 1995?A. About 1700.B. Nearly 1900.C. Around 1100.D. Over 600.17. What can people learn from the Mean Heat Index?A. The average temperature of an extremely hot day.B. The highest temperature of an extremely hot day.C. The lowest temperature of an extremely hot day.D. The nighttime temperature of an extremely hot day.18. A heat wave is a period of time during whichA. the weather is much better than usual.B. the nights are much longer than usual.C. the weather is much hotter than usual.D. the days are much longer than usual.19. Muscle pain in hot weather means that your body needsA. more exercise.B. more water.C. less oxygen.D. less sugar.20. For people who are in extremely poor health, heat can beA. deadly.B. painful.C. helpful.D. stressful.Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly （Although your eyelids are closed）. This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!21. A good title for this passage is ____.A. SleepB. Good HealthC. DreamsD. Work and Rest22. The word “drowsy” in the last paragraph means ____.A. SickB. stand upC. asleepD. a little sleepy23. This passage suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____.A. dream more oftenB. have poor healthC. nervousD. breathe quickly24. During REM, ____.A. your eyes move quicklyB. you dreamC. you are restlessD. both A and B25. The average number of hours of sleep that an adult needs is ______ .A. approximately six hoursB. around ten hoursC. about eight hoursD. not stated hereSection C Reading in Depth (15%)Directions: In this section, there is a passage withten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.(注意：以下题目按所学教材选做，并按序号对应在答题卡上填涂：学《新视野大学英语》教材的同学做A；学《全新版大学英语》的同学做B)A(《新视野大学英语》教材必做)Bartholdi’s47 celebrating US independence was a statue of a woman his mother did not 48 of. But when assembling the statue in his artist’s mind, he only had his eyes on his wife. S o, “my daughter, Liberty” has his mother’s face combined with his wife’s body. The 49 _ for Barbie comes from an exaggerated version of an older doll sold in Germany. It’s 50 seen as the Queen of dolls. The 51 faces in Grant Wood’s American Gothic of a 52 farmer and the woman standing alongside him, with their stretched necks, derive from the painter’s d entist and sister. When American coins honor 53 figures of the US government –mostly famous former presidents, the Buffalo nickel was 54 in memory of the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians. It was James Earle Fraser that went 55 tradition by using actual American Indians as models for his creation. Uncle Sam may have the name of a meat inspector with a 56 for honesty or because Sam Wil son’s stamp was “EA-US”, it happens to stand for the initials of the United States.A. improveB. ProminentC. graveD. funnyE. approveF. universallyG. monumentH. modelI. EssentialJ. famousK. designed L. Publication M. against N. reputation O. greedy B(《全新版大学英语》教材必做)I _47_ not everyone who loves the country would be happy living _48_ we do. It _49_ a couple of special qualities. One is a _50_ for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a _51_ budget, we don't entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too _52_ most of their time at home.The other is _53_ energy -- a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small _54_ is to resist the _55_ to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. _56_, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw.A. labor-saving F. takes K. farB. tight G. temptation L. requirementC. inventions H. scale M. InsteadD. suspect I. the way N. spendE. are involved in J.Certainly O. tolerancePart Ⅱ.Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre57. American women were _____ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.A. ignoredB. neglectedC. refusedD. denied58. There's little chance that mankind would _____ a nuclear war.A. retainB. endureC. maintainD. survive59. Our company decided to _____ the contractbecause a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A. destroyB.endureC. assumeD. cancel60. The _____ of blood always makes him feel sick.A. formB. viewC. lookD. sight61. The price of beer _____ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season.A. alteredB. rangedC. separatedD. differed62. The French pianist who had been praised very highly _____ to be a great disappointment.A. turned upB. turned inC. turned outD. turned down63. When a fire _____ at the National Exhibitionin London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.A. broke offB. broke downC. broke outD. broke up64. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _____.A. stand up toB. put up withC. come up withD. make up for65. He's watching TV? He's _____ to be cleaning his room.A. knownB. consideredC. regardedD. supposed66. The sports meet, originally due to be heldlast Friday, was finally _____ because of the bad weather.A. set offB. broken offC. worn offD. called off67. They decided to chase the cow away _____ it did more damage.A. unlessB. untilC. beforeD. although68.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin.A. regardless ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. with the exception of69. _____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A. ForB. sinceC. Now.D.Despite70. The bridge was named _____ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A. afterB. withC. byD. from71. It was difficult to guess what her _____ to the news would be.A. impressionB. reactionC. commentD. opinionPart III. Cloze (20%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the20th century. 72 in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was 73 on both sides with many 74 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. 75 , some shops offered 76 .These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.77 in the 1950s, a change began to 78 .T oo many automobiles had crowded into Main Street 79 too few parking places were 80 shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces 81 the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers needed. And open space is what they got 82 the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 83 as a collection of small new stores 84 crowded city centers. 85 by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from 86 areas to outlying malls. And the growing 87 of shopping centers led 88 to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. 89 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 90 of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, 91 benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.72. A. As early as B. Early C. Early asD. Earlier73. A. built B. designed C. intentedD. lined74. A. varied B. various C. sortedD. mixed up75. A. Apart from B. However C. In addition D. As well76. A. medical care B. food C. cosmetics D. services77. A. suddenly B. Abruptly C. Contrarily D. But。
重庆大学研究生英语期末考试A卷大作文
重庆大学研究生英语期末考试A卷大作文Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be 12.5 billion. This is a lot of people to feed. We need more food.One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years farmers have made plants better. Every season they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983 scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material. Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods or GM foods.By changing the genetic material of a plant it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help with our diseases: a kind of rice is being prepared for example which stops people from becoming blind.Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food.GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against thembecause they are unnatural. They may feed people then hurt them or their children later. But both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use and they are not going to go away. In 2050 We may think differently about them.。
研究生英语期末考试——简约版：翻译、词汇、完形
1、And medical researchers…。
几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好—医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的复杂的生理机能。
2、Contrary to the notion…. 与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反,腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。
3、It will be decades…。
医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。
医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗.萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。
体形实在不容忽视。
"4、The globe’s… 这个全球最大的在线社交网站拥有逾3.5亿用户，如果把它看成一个国家的话，Facebook…。
的人口仅次于中国和印度.这不是唯一与此行业相关的令人震惊的数据。
5、To skeptics…。
对怀疑论者们而言，所有这些关于社交网站的讨论都预示着另一个互联网泡沫的形成。
他们争论到，即使如Facebook这么大的社交网站也将为赚钱而挣扎，因为变幻无常的网民们不会在一个地方呆很长时间，例子就是MySpace。
MySpace曾经风行一时，而现在只能算是以前的影子。
6、This special…。
这份特别报告将细致地检验这些事情.报告表示，尽管不会每个网站都繁荣，社交网站要比其批评者们认为得要更具生机。
而社交网络技术让欢迎它们的公司受益匪浅，不管这些企业大还是小。
7、As a child…。
. 他回忆起自己孩提时,非常专注地看爷爷做柜子,柜子之精致与简洁,让他惊叹不已。
二战之后，怀着完善自我的新德国精神，他去艺术学校学习建筑，但同时他仍传承了家族传统，学了一年木匠。
8、For the first time…。
. 在电子产品领域，既有精湛技术又有卓越设计的公司,这还是头一家。
设计成了品牌。
它唯一的竞争对手是意大利的奥利韦蒂公司。
江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷
江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时间：XXXXXXDirections:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet.1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%)2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%)3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%)4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can theabstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%)5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%)6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%)Basic Point-Set TopologyOne way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it isqualitative geometry. The idea is that if one geometric object can be continuously transformed into another, then the two objects are to be viewed as being topologically the same. For example, a circle and a square are topologically equivalent. Physically, a rubber band can be stretched into the form of either a circle or a square, as well as many other shapes which are also viewed as being topologically equivalent. On the other hand, a figure eight curve formed by two circles touching at a point is to be regarded as topologically distinct from a circle or square. A qualitative property that distinguishes the circle from the figure eight is the number of connected pieces that remain when a single point is removed: When a point is removed from a circle what remains is still connected, a single arc, whereas for a figure eight if one removes the point of contact of its two circles, what remains is two separate arcs, two separate pieces.The term used to describe two geometric objects that are topologically equivalent is homeomorphic. Thus a circle and a square are homeomorphic. Concretely, if we place a circle C inside a square S with the same center point, then projecting the circle radially outward to the square defines a function f :C→S, and this function is continuous: small changes in x produce small changes in f(x). The function f has an inverse f -1:S→C obtained by projecting the square radially inward to the circle, and this is continuous as well. One says that f is a homeomorphism between C and S.One of the basic problems of Topology is to determine when two given geometric objects are homeomorphic. This can be quite difficult in general.Our first goal will be to define exactly what the ‘geometric objects’are that one studies in Topology. These are called topological spaces. The definition turns out to be extremely general, so that many objects that are topological spaces are not very geometric at all, in fact.7. Match the phrase in the first column with its translation in the second column.(10%)1. Full length paper a.征稿启事2. Sponsoring organization b.会务组3. Call for papers c.全文4. Submission of papers d.提交论文5. Conference venue and fees e.信息牌/布告栏6. Conference editorial board f.主办单位7. Review g.研讨会8. Limousine service h.评审、审稿9. Message board i.客车设施10. Audio visual facilities j.会址和会费11. Colloquia k.视听设施8. How do you understand Yan Fu’s three-word guide xing, da,ya? What’s youropinion on the principles of translation? (10%)9. It is very common that one word has more than one meaning.The proper choice of word meaning is essential to translation.Choose the correct meaning of the word “story ” in thefollowing sentences. (5%)(1) This war is becoming the most important story of thisgeneration.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke thestory.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.[The meanings of STORY: a. situation; b. inside information; c. experience; d. law case; e. statement; f. event]10. Put the following abstract into Chinese. (10%)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoorair pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and sub microgram amount of nicotine is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS. Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.11.Put the following passage into English. (10%)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。
研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考
研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考第一篇：研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考选择答案参考____1.B AppreciativeAsudden5.B.intensification A love6.BresultinA vast6.D laid outA____ 6.A sequenceAlienation is6.C potentialityAllthe ourished As an7.B overlook At first 4.B switched China 7.A embark onComputer 10.A fully-fledgedDevelopment 9.B principleDue to2.D devastation During the6.C compact Duties and2.D barrierEfforts are1.A diplomaticGroups of7.C dispersed Hardworking3.A admirableHeformed10.D solitaryHeresigned5.D on the grounds of He had 5.B communionHe used8.B.mobilizeHe____8.C checked intoHiseyes1.C unalterableHis ideas 1.B in line withI am used7.A intimacyI don’t like5.A straightforwardI tried3.Dalbeit I’m not7.C definiteIfallowed1.CexacerbateIt is5.AextensiveJustbe8.D supportiveMaggie bought9.A in anticipation of Many farmers 6.D.subsistence Maryfound1.C compromiseMary received 8.C enormousMy onvertedinto No matter3.Dmake sense People6.A tend toReading this 3.Bidentify.Scientists can10.Dcommissions She has2.C inceptionSome old8.CtolerateSuch opinions 4.B.pave the way forSweet__4.B discourseTalkingto10.Dperspective The ___attention7.Dmedia The agreement 4.B result in The children9.Cturned in The chinese5.A heritageThe driver 10.D multipleThe fact that4.B distressingThe govenment2.A sensitiveThe law7.D in response toThe most 2.D incentive The news9.A infuseThe society8.Afurthering The soup was 5.Aorherwise The wonderful9.C shotsThe__ 4.B access toThe___ 9.B ethics These figures 3.A previousThis is3.A.unprecedentedThis job8.A entailThis theme9.BalternateVietnam has 3.A emergedWe need4.B cohesion We tried 10.C bribery What strikes2.A tersenessWherever there 10 Coppression第二篇：研究生英语读写译杨瑾瑜期末考试必考cloze答案参考A :ADB is……1.finance2.reduce3.improve4.agencies5.sustainable6.regional7.integration8.instruments9.enterprises10.mobilize I:In1933when……1.dispute2.alternative3.searching for4.ethnic5.lifestyle6.on behalf of7.corruption 8.opportunity 9.vision 10.look forward toL:Love is an activity……1.sphere2.realm3.sacrifices4.manifestations5.exquisite6.involved7.exchange8.accomplished9.object10.misfortune PE:Personalhealthdepends……1.partially2.linked3.positive4.increase5.impact6.management7.tolerance8.relieve9.builds10.reaction PR:PresidentObamas……5.priority 7.crisis6.Recovery 4.spur3.Investments2.infrastructure 9.alternative 1.expand puterize10.sustainable T:Theeffect of……1.declining2.brought on3.raise4.predecessors5.to5.although7.determinant 8.flood9.overtaxed 10.moreoverW:Whensettlers……1.dominate2.symbol3.contrast4.populated5.finished6.tied7.connected8.exceeded9.along10.because第三篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love i s not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essayby telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.MichaelCraig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is s tarting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the dua lity of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greaterimpact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第四篇：研究生英语读写译教程课文小结小结 Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a s hort story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left andstill hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit TwoIgnorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a prettygood antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit FiveIt is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue thatthe standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil can not exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.第五篇：《研究生英语读写》试题考试时间：2014年1月7日下午2:30-4:302013-2014学年第一学期期末考试2013级《研究生英语读写》试题Section A（请将题号1— 35 题的答案用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上）Part I.Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part.Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet.Part II.Vocabulary(10%)Directions: T here’re 20 incomplete sentences, for each one there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the most appropriate to complete them.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line in pencil through the center.课后练习Part IIITranslation(20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences from Chinese to English and English to Chinese.5个英语句子，5个汉语句子，都是课文里的Part IVWriting(10%)写推荐信或者简历，注意课后应用文。
研究生英语期末考试-翻译及部分答案
(仅供参考)第一课1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Y et English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually) all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and W elsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.1. 因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。
这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。
s2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism [a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about) three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。
2016研究生学术英语写作期末考试试卷
2016研究生学术英语写作期末考试试卷Part I Recognizing topic sentences (20%)Directions: Read the sentences in each group, and decide which one is the best topic sentence. Write best TS on the line next to it and decide what is wrong with the other sentences, too general, too specific or incomplete? (P.6)Part II Identifying the parts of a topic sentence (20%)Directions: Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea(s) in each of the following sentences.(P.9)Part III Specific supporting details (20%)Directions: Decide which of the following statements is an opinion (O), a fact that needs proof (F-NP), or a specific supporting detail (SSD). (P.40)Part IV Choosing the best paraphrase (20%)Directions: Read the original passages. Choose the best paraphrase from the choices given and mark it “Best.” Mark the others “Too sim.” for too similar, “No cit.” if there is no in-text citation, or “Inc./Inacc.” for incomplete and/or inaccurate information. (P.130)Part V Introductory paragraphs (20%)Directions: Read each of the following sets of sentences and put them in a logical order to form introductory paragraphs. Write the thesis statement last.(P.62)。
研究生英语读写译教程第二学期口语期末考试
1.Please talk about your consuming habits with concrete examples. Do you preferthe old brands or the new ones? And why? And also explain how you usually manage your money.刘:Today we’re going to talk about consuming habits.As consumers,we need to buy many brands of goods.how do you make a choice when you consuming?Do you prefer the old brands or the new ones? And why?王：Compared with the new brands, I prefer to buy some old brands. The main reason is that I have been accustomed to use the products I have been using. In addition, the quality of old brands are reliable.朱：I’m afraid I can’t agree with you. I always choose some new brands instead of old brands. I think the new brands may increase more functions than the old ones. That’s To say ,new brands are better than the old brands in the terms of quality.刘：What you said is reasonable. But I prefer the old brands than the new ones. Then, how do you usually manage your money?王：I usually make a spending plan and budget before buying anything. In addition, I also take accord of each a sum of money. Only by this way can I know all the money where are used and control the cost to achieve the management of money.2Please introduce the educational system in China briefly. Do you think academic excellence will necessarily lead to success in the real life? If not, what else do you need?刘：As we all known ,China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system ,which means all children are required to attend school for at least nine years. Higher education is only for those students who have passed the examination for admission to universities. University education is very important for a person and a country, so most of people think highly of university education.王：Really ,we have to admit, to a large extent, elite education promotes the development of country and person. However, in my perspective, some people misunderstand it , and it makes little or no difference to whether or not he or she is successful in other areas of life. What’s your opinion ,Zhujiahua ?朱：I agree with you. For example, without work-related experience, a higher degree can not realize one’s aspiration. There is no exaggeration in saying that a graduate is still a freshman in society with no-working experience and can not survive in this complicated community.刘：In my perspective, the determining factors in the final success of one’s career is his ability. Only the true ability will lead to the ultimate success and the high degree doesn’t necessarily equal to high ability.王：Yeah, I can’t agree more with you. So academic excellence isn’t equal to success in the real life. We should look at education objectively. Everyone has the power and possibility to achieve success. In a word, we should take a rational and objective attitude about the education system of our country.3What does happiness mean to you? Please explain your understanding of it, and the road to happiness.朱：Moning , teather . Today we will talk about the happiness . Everyone has their own definition of happiness. So, 王，What does happiness mean to you?王：Happiness is what everyone always pursues .A lot of people envy the happiness of others , but ignore the happiness of their own. Some believe what they can’t get or haven’t got is happiness. In my eyes, happiness is just a feeling from heart. Actually, it is always in our side, just not easy to be found. What about you ,刘？刘：You are right ! From my perspective, happiness means every time I go back home calling mom and dad, I can get response .Happiness is when I am in bad mood, my fri ends can give me a big embrace. Happiness is when I am in trouble, someone can tell me go ahead strongly, everything will be all right.朱：Certainly ，both of you are right ! Life is not what other people's thinking, but is your inside feeling. Do you know how to get happiness? Let's discuss this issue. First of all , I think health is the key to happiness. Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life王：Yes.We should try to keep health by doing some exercise every day. Besides, In my opinion , happiness consists in contentment. A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in distress. Thus ,we need to try to enjoy what you have and don’t long for what you can not obtain.刘：Additional,the hope is the way that you pursue in your life. You can not have a dream beyond your reach but you must always have hope and try to make it come true. In sum,you will feel happy if you try to keep these in your mind.朱，王：Yes, certainly!4What’s your understanding of beauty? What do you think of plastic surgery?Would you like to have one? What are the benefits and possible risks of plastic surgery?朱：Moning , teather . Beauty is God-given, but everyone wants to have a perfect face，and the development of science and technology and the change of the ideas created the conditions for plastic surgery. In recent years, more and more people, especially some young girls choose to take plastic surgeries.王，What do you think of plastic surgery?王：In my opinion , I do believe that plastic surgery bring people beauty ,confidenceand benefit for ones who need it. Here I mean the ones who need it. I t just can’t be denied .But at the same time ,there is no doubt that disadvantages can also be found in it .刘：Yes ,you are right! On one hand, plastic surgery costs people a lot. Many people can’t afford the huge charge of it , thus may causing people’s breaking up with their families . At the same time , there is a high risk in plastic surgery. The government figures shows that many people have become the victim of plastic surgery in the past 10 years. They don’t become beautiful as they once dreamed ,but unfortunately, become ugly opposite['ɑpəzət].朱：Wow ，that’s so terrible ! It is not advisable for people to take plastic surgeries. 王：Yes，we can get what we want by improving our inner qualities, such as our personality and ability, and there is no need to endure the pains and economic loss of a plastic surgery.刘：Certainly, the natural beauty plays a more and more important role in our real life. Though , plastic surgery can fix a person's body and improve a person's life, but it can't replace it just like all the other things. Your fortune is in your hand, and just do your best to seize it!5Do you like reading literature? Who is your favorite? Why do you like him/her?May you please introduce one of his/her works to us?朱：Moning , teather . Our topic is my favorite writer. So ，王，do you like reading literature in your sparetime ?王：(海伦凯勒，假如给我三天光明)Do you know the book If I had the power of sight for 3 days? It was written by an American writer. Her name is Helen Keller. Because of illness, she became blind and deaf when she was only 19 months old. Even worse, it was so difficult for her to speak because she couldn’t hear. Luckily, her parents didn’t give up. Soon Helen learnt to explore the world by using her other senses. Before her seventh birthday, a tutor called Anne Sullivan came. With the help of Anne, Helen learnt to smile to life. And then she grew up to become a world-famous writer and public speaker. Later, many books were written about her and lots of plays and films were made about her life. Her unusual story made me moved. And it taught me to be braver and more confident in the life.刘：I want to tell something about a legendary woman named Sanmao. Do you know her? She is my favorite writer. In my eyes, she was a rare extraordinary woman, who had the courage of the explorers, the romance of the travelers and the quality of the artists. Here are some of her works. <Plays hooky for Studies》, 〈Lonely Long-distance race〉, 〈Sob Camel》,《Back》, 《Straw Manpower Records》, 《Delivers You a Horse》Her works deals mainly with her own experiences studying and living abroad. And her stories are always vivid and moving. She herself was just a legend. However, she chose to kill herself with a pair of silk stockings in Taibei in 1991. She didn't give any reasons so a lot of people didn't believe that's a suicide. But for me, I think Sanmaowas a special woman, she had different attitude toward life. Her limited life was much more colorful than others who can live longer. There must be her reasons for her to choose suicide. Anyway that may be a great chance for her to meet her darling Jose again.朱：(徐志摩，再别康桥)I’ve read all kinds of books which are written by many famous writers from all over the world. But I like a Chinese writer best. His name is Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo still kept on reading in all his life, because he always believed that “Reading makes a full man, a ready man and an exact man.”In his time, not only Chinese but also people from other countries worshiped Xu Zhimo. His writing was enjoyed by all the people. Everybody thought that Xu’s works were s o nice and great. From his writing, people can understand a lot. I have learnt that if someone wants to be a great person, he must work hard!Now, let’s enjoy one of Xu’s verses:On Leaving Cambridge Again Quietly I leave, Just as I quietly come, I quietly wave, Saying goodbye to the bright clouds of the western sky.6Do you think English is a global language? Why or why not? And please state why you should study English and how to learn it well.朱: Moning , teather . Our topic is English as a global language . As we known, we have learn English for many years. So , 王, do you think English is a global language?王: I think English is a global language. People all over the world use to communicate, and that it is gradually replacing other languages. When people need a common language , they often use English .Think about it . English is often used at tourist information centers, in international hotels, at airports, and international sports events. 刘: Well ,I don’t agree with your opinion .There are about three times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language . And people all over the world may use some English for work or other situations. Nevertheless , this doesn’t mean they are fluent in English . They still use their first language for daily communication. English is not their main language. Exactly , I think it’s safe to say that English is a common language in the world ,which is the dominant language of business, travel, and science .朱: Certainly , what you have stated are indeed very reasonable. Besides, every year about 1 billon people study English , which also support that the English is a global language . Why do so many people learn English , they don’t use them all day ?王: Many people study English for all reasons. For example, someone want to be in international business , someone just think it will be helpfull in the future. In sum , people want and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.刘: Yeah ! In order to study further knowledge , we----the younger generation ,need to learn it well.And the best way to improve our English is to improve our English skills-listening,speaking, reading ,and writing. Don’t you think so ?朱，王: Yes , obsolutely.7Do you like watching TV? What programs do you like most? Please describe your favorite TV program and then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV.王: Nowadays, TV is a popular entertainment tool which is favored by all people around the world. With a television connected to some channels such as CCTV, we can easily access available programs that surely matches our own hobbies. So ,朱，what TV programs do you like most ?朱：In terms of my interests, I concern about life of wild animals, and like the beauty of nature in remote places, as well as want to improve my English skills by listening to records spoken in English; therefore, “Discovery” seems to be the most favorite TV program to me. In the first place, usually watching “Discovery” will help us to have wide knowledge about wild nature in all over the place .Besides, “Discovery” deserves to be one of the best TV program for people to improve their English skills, especially listening skills. And how about you ,liushan?Well, News Report is my favourite TV programme. From this programme I learn what is going on in the world. The programme tells me important news of the day about our city, our country and the world. With this News Report availabe at any time of the day, I can get well informed, and can have a lot to talk about with my friends. In other words, I prefer News Report to any other programme on TV, and it is part of my life, for sure.华哥，上面两个，你自己选一个哈。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷(历年真题)
AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试分A, B两种试卷，请考生拿到试卷后在答题卡的试卷类型一栏标明。
如：拿到A卷就在试卷类型一栏的字母[A]上划横线，拿到B卷在[B]上划横线。
不标明A、B卷的试卷将以作废处理。
请考生在机读卡的“学号”一栏填涂学号。
二、A、B卷都分别由两份试卷组成：试卷一(Paper One) 包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按序号统一编号；试卷二(Paper Two) 包括翻译与写作两部分，共3题。
三、试卷一(题号1-80 )为客观评分题，答案一律用中性2B铅笔做在机读卡上, 在对应题号下所选字母中间划黑道。
四、卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上，答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
五、答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
六、本考试全部时间为180分钟。
其中，试卷一为100分钟，听力理解部分的时间以放完录音为准，大约20分钟；其余部分所占时间与得分标准标在试卷上，由考生自行掌握。
试卷二为80分钟。
每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
考试终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，将试卷和答案留在座位上，待监考老师收点无误后，经主考老师宣布本考试结束后方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause, during the pause, you must read the suggested answer marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A. He can't read French novels without the help of his teacher.B. He has no problems understanding French novels.C. He cannot do away with dictionaries when he reads French novels.D. He fell on a dictionary when he is reading a French novel.2. A. She'd like to take a later flight.B. They won't arrive late.C. They should leave for the airport immediately.D. She isn't afraid to travel alone.3. A. To apply for a job.B. To find out her position in the company.C. To offer her a position in the company.D. To make an appointment with the sales manager.4. A. She has to get ready for her speech.B. She doesn't like sea food.C. She thinks the restaurant is too expensive.D. She will accompany the man to the restaurant.5. A. It's no longer of any use to her.B. She feels the man's apology is enough.C. It does have a back cover.D. She is a generous woman by nature.6. A. To a guest house.B. To the theater.C. To a hotel.D.To a restaurant.7. A. To remind him of the time for the film.B. To tell him she is busy.C. To ask him to go to the movies.D.To invite him to sing.8. A. He is curious.B .He is satisfied.C. He is exhausted.D.He is impatient.9. A. Looking for a job.B. Looking for an apartment.C. Taking a suburban excursion.D.Asking the man for his opinions.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 10~12 are based on the following passage:10.A. Intellectual challenge.B. Social challenge.C. Physical challengeD. Economic challenge..11.A. Building pyramids.B. Exploring the spaceC. Making plans for transportation.D. Painting a picture.12. A. They face them.B. They are interested in them.C. They accept and enjoy them.D. They ignore themQuestions 13 — 15 are based on the following passage:13. A. It's a new method to measure a country's production.B. It's a way to study the economies of different countries.C. It's a new system to help make economic decisions.D. It's a means to understand a country's economic changes.14. A. GDP does not include earnings of companies operating in foreign countries.B. GDP counts only goods and services produced within the nation's borders.C. GDP refers to earnings from home-made products.D. Earnings by foreign-owned companies are not included in GDP.15. A. Because economic experts generally approve GDP.B. Because most industrial countries used GDP.C. Because GDP provides a truer measure of a country's economy.D. Because GDP is easier to be understood.PART II VOCABULARY ( 15 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. Reports of torture and mass execution in the concentration camps have outragedthe world religious leaders.A. irritatedB. slashedC. ragedD. reminded17.Thousands of English words derive from Latin.A. obtainB. detectC. decodeD. originate18.I have always regarded him as a man of integrity.A. characterB. integrationC. kindnessD. uprightness19. What a tremendous party it's been! I have enjoyed every minute of it.A. humorousB. fortunateC. contentD. wonderful20. Jefferson believed in human rights. He approved of the French Revolution.A. joinedB. opposedC. devotedD. was in favor of21.People are understandably wary of the new government.A. gratefulB. hostileC. cautiousD. ironic22.She gave a cordial reception to her guest.A. welcomeB. partyC. invitationD. overcoat23. This is one of several extraordinary scenes in the movie, including the suddenmurder of a young man that triggers the suppressed desire between George and Lucy.A. activatedB. wipedC. meddledD. posed24. William E. Boeing, founder of the company that designed the 747, had to resort tomanufacturing bedroom furniture to survive some lean years.A. come toB. turn toC. add toD. apply to25. These changes have made the campus an easier place for people with handicaps.A. disabilitiesB. casualtiesC. obstaclesD. injuriesSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. If you want to know the train schedule, please ______ at the booking office.A. acquireB. inquireC. requestD. require27. One of the rumors ____ at the moment is that the company is about to gobankrupt.A. evaporatingB. circulatingC. emittingD. elaborating28. This candidate has an impressively _____ range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. reverseC. adverseD. controversial29. China will continue to be the most ______ economic region in Asia.A. effectiveB. intermediateC. practicalD. dynamic30. May I _____ that if we don't leave now we shall miss the bus?A. point outB. pick outC. wipe outD. make out31. The patient condition has _______ since he had a heart attack.A. deterioratedB. decreasedB. treated D. diagnosed32.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and ______ him ofspeeding.A. chargedB.accusedC. blamedD. weary33.The poverty of some of the districts is an _____ to good education.A. objectionB. obstacle:C. obligationD. obsession34. It has become necessary to develop new and better tools of market research inorder to _____sales with greater certainty because production and purchasing has to be adjusted to sales expectations.A. foster C. forecastB. calculate D. promote35. In the past few years the workers have_____ a lot of suggestions, some of whichare being put into practice.A. put downB. put offC. put outD. put forwardPART III CLOZE TEST ( 20 minutes 15 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36. A. in charge of B. responsible for C. controlling D. accused of37. A. setbacks B. troubles C. crisis D. difficulties38. A. promote B. enhance C. raise D. speed up39. A. in line with B. according to C. based on D. depended on40. A. If B. Since C. While D. Although41. A. requirement B. demand C. necessity D. possibility42. A. lift B. boost C. develop D. accelerate43. A. versatile B. susceptible C. flexible D. fresh44. A. make B. take C. assign D. allocate45. A. items B. terms C. lists D. projects46. A. well-off B. well-being C. well-to-do D. welfare47. A. insurance B. funds C. coverage D. reports48. A. despite B. as C. supposing D. given49. A. As a result B. In a word C. Generally D. all in all50. A. instead of B. would rather C. as well as D. rather thanPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Gopher Prairie, in which the action of Sinclair Lewis' Main Street (1920) takes place, is a town of 3, 000 inhabitants, smug, dull people whose one idea is to get on materially. They have no use for anyone who wishes something better for them; they oppose civic（市政的）reform, cultural and educational projects. The most honored citizens are bankers. Carol, who has been to college and held a position as a librarian, comes to Gopher Prairie to live with her doctor husband. Appalled by the stagnant（停滞的）life of the town, and failing to become adjusted to it, she tries a number of cultural ideas. Her efforts to establish a little theater meet with no encouragement. Indeed, the people merely think she is putting on airs. Her affection for her husband wanes（衰落）, and she takes up with Erik Valborg, in whom she sees a spirit akin（类似的）to her own. She leaves the little town for Washington, D. C., where she works as a government clerk. Later she returns to Gopher Prairie, better equipped than before to understand the forces which shape Main Street.At the time of its first appearance, Main Street provoked a storm of protest on the ground that the novelist libeled（诽谤）good Americans. Today, no one thinks of repeating this charge. Indeed, as Lewis Gannett points out, Main Street has in no way changed except externally; it is the same Main Street; yet, doubtless it reads Sinclair Lewis' novels as eagerly as the rest of the nation. At the time when Main Street was published Lewis was accused of hating dull people. The novelist retorted that he did not hate them: he loved them. The truth is, the world of 1920 could not stand criticism. The Pulitzer Prize committee refused to award Main Street a prize. The novelist was to have his revenge six years later, when he rejected the same award for Arro w smith .51. Which of the following is the central preoccupation of the people of GopherPrairie?A. Progressive education.B. Material possessions.C. Cultural activity.D. Civic reform.52. When the people of Gopher Prairie thought that Carol was "putting on airs, " theymeant that she ______.A. talkativeB. pretentiousC. organizedD. overdressed53. In the first paragraph, Erik Valborg's spirit is said to be "akin" to Carol's, because they ______ .A. are related by marriageB. share a common religionC. have mutual interestsD. are emotional people54. According to the passage, why was there such adverse reaction to Main Street in1920?A. People were reluctant to admit their faults.B. Sinclair Lewis did not like honorable citizens.C. Gopher Prairie was portrayed inaccurately.D. The main character led an unconventional life.55. According to the passage, which of the following statements best explains whySinclair Lewis rejected the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith?A. He thought Arrowsmith was not worthy of the honor.B. He disapproved of the composition of the Pulitzer Prize committee.C. He claimed that the Pulitzer Prize had no status.D. He felt the committee had unjustly overlooked his previous work.Passage 2It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, butnowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.56. According to the passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by _____.A. people's attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modern lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions57. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule. " (para. 1) impliesthat ________.A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists58. By "good sense", the writer means _______ .A. the driver's ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behaviorD. the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations59. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,______.A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesD. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others60. In the writer's opinion, ______.A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage 3As a medium of exchange, money permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa（反之亦然）. Hence, producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value — that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy（物物交换经济）it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to image saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages — imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.61. Using money as a medium of exchange means that ______.A. you have to sell something in order to buy somethingB. you have to buy something in order to sell somethingC. you don't have to buy something in order to sell somethingD. the seller and the purchaser are the same person62. Specialization is encouraged because _______.A. people can use their money to buy whatever they wantB. people do not need to make a complete product for exchangeC. people make a great contribution to the manufacture of a productD. people can not use their money to buy whatever they want63. A barter economy is one in which _______.A. value is decided by weightB. value is decided by numberC. money is used and goods are not exchangedD. goods are exchanged and money is not used26164. If one had to save products instead of money, _______.A. this would need years of practiceB. coal, for example, would lose its valueC. they could not be stored for years on endD. many products would lose their value65.How many advantages of money are mentioned in this passage?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.Passage 4Kristina Mercier noticed her ten-year-old son, Brad, was becoming a nervous wreck（精神脆弱者）the closer it got to test day. A high school English teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, says Brad was terrified he'd flunk（不及格） a state-mandated test（州统考）. "He didn't want to go to school and started crying about every little thing," she says. "For a while, he was even having nightmares. I thought I'd have to take him to a psychiatrist. Then I found out the school principal was getting on the intercom every morning and saying, ' I want you to work really hard today so you'll pass the test. ' Brad has always been a bit of a worrier. He really took it to heart."The rise of standardized tests has had some unfortunate results. Now mandated （规定）by 48 states, such tests are intended to raise standards, providing parents —and legislators — with a measuring stick of how well teachers are doing. School district budgets, teacher pay and bonuses（奖金）, and student grade advancement are tied to test performance in a growing number of communities. As educators feel the heat, so do the kids — and some can't handle it. "Kids see their teachers' anxiety over the tests and that makes them feel there's something to really worry about," says Leo Mickey Fenzel, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology at Loyola College in Maryland, and author of several studies on children's stress. "Even the best students get nervous because they're afraid they'll mess up and disappoint teachers, parents, and themselves."Devin O'Leary of Bloomington, Indiana, had a full-fledged（全面的）meltdown （垮台）, thanks to his statewide third-grade test. "For weeks, teachers let the children know that this was a very serious test — the school had placed below the state averagein the past, so everyone was uptight（紧张的）, " says Debby O'Leary, his mother. Then, on test day, Devin was scolded for leaving his chair to help another child who was whining（嘀咕）because he couldn't do the math problems. "Devin got hysterical（歇斯底里）; he was crying and shaking so much he had to be sent to the principal's office, " she says. Although her son scored in the ninety-seventh percentile, Debby is relieved to know that he won't have another such test until he's in the sixth grade.Ramirez Miller has seen kids cry, get sick to their stomachs, even wet their pants over such pressure. But she's found ways to ease the strain on the kids in her class. "We used to give the tests cold turkey, but now we teach basic test skills, like how to fill out an answer bubble, and give practice exams, so kids become comfortable with the questions, " she says."I try to make the two weeks before the test very relaxed, because if I'm showing stress, it will be transmitted to the children." The result? Relaxed children and higher scores. Which proves that, with some insight and creativity, school stress need not be a required part of the curriculum.66. Which of the following applies to the description of Kristina Mercier's son afterhis examination?A. He was completely destroyed by the horrible stated-mandated test.B. He showed certain symptoms of nervous breakdown.C. He couldn't concentrate on doing things related to the exam.D. He was brought to the hospital for advice from a psychiatrist.67. What is the purpose of the increase of standardized tests in 48 states in the USA?A. To improve the standards of teaching and help offering a reference framework.B. To help raise the school region budgets, teacher's salary and his or her bonuses.C. T o make the examination more complicated to be handled with by the students.D. To put both the teachers and students under certain pressure for furtheradvancement.68. The first sentence in the third paragraph refers to that ______.A. Devin got a perfect mark in the state-mandated test when he was in the thirdgradeB. Devin melt a full cup of ice when he participated in his third grade test in thestateC. Devin was thoroughly destroyed in his mind because of his behavior in the testD. Devin was very grateful for the statewide test in that he fled from themeltdown69. What is the probable meaning of "cold turkey" in the last paragraph?A. A large, widely domesticated North American bird with cold body.B. An uncooked cold dish provided in the test like salad.C. A retarded child who acted like a dumb cold turkey.D. A sudden or unprepared administration of certain examination.70.What's the author's attitude towards the rise of American standardized tests?A. Approval.B. Objection.C. Objectivity.D. Indifference.Passage 5Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one's gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one's conversation partner."The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.71. The author is convinced that the eyes are ______ .A. of extreme importance in expressing feeling and exchanging ideasB. something through which one can see a person's inner worldC. of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD. something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate72. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _______ .A. whose front view is fully perceivedB. whose face is covered with a maskC. whose face is seen from the sideD. whose face is free of any covering73. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner's neck because _______.A. they don't like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB. they need not communicate through eye contactC. they don't think it polite to have eye contactD. t hey didn't have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact inbabyhood74. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down。
研究生学术英语读写译期末论文试卷举例
西南交通大学研究生2015-2016学年 第(1)学期期末考试试卷 课程名称 研究生学术英语读写译 课程代码 51321001 考试形式 课程论文院 系 学 号 姓 名 密封装订线 密封装订线 密封装订线Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at a tunnel conference in 1970, at which tunnel was defined as ‘A underground cavity, whose cross-sectional area is larger than 2, that is(1993), the initial stress can be calculated by:where is the gravity stress; is the tectonic stress (Guo, Ma, & Xue, 1983).The tectonic stress is so complicated that…This paper ignores tectonic stress, in otherIn Figure 1, 、are both the gravity stress in the center of tunnel. They are calculated by: where is the depth of the center of tunnel…the solution of stress and relative tunnel; E is the elastic modulus;is the Poisson’s ratio…The scale of the model is . The parameters of the rock are.radial distance is smaller than 5 to 6 times of the tunnel radius… The impact of lateral pressure coefficient has not been studied. The software of ABAQUS can be used to solve thisi Several scholars have offered their explanations on…。
新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文
新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文精选英文新时代研究生学术英语期末考试作文：Title: Navigating the Frontiers of Knowledge: The Role of Graduate Students in the New Era of Academic EnglishIn the dawn of the new era, where technology intertwines seamlessly with every facet of human endeavor, the realm of academic research has undergone a paradigm shift. As graduate students embarking on this exhilarating journey of intellectual exploration, mastering the nuances of academic English becomes paramount in navigating the frontiers of knowledge. This essay delves into the significance of academic English for contemporary graduate students, the challenges we face, and the strategies we can adopt to excel in this increasingly globalized and interconnected academic landscape.The Significance of Academic EnglishAcademic English, a precise and rigorous form of communication, serves as the lingua franca of scientific discovery and scholarly discourse. It enables researchers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds to collaborate effectively, sharing ideas, theories, and empirical findings without barriers. In the new era, where research is increasingly interdisciplinary and international, fluency in academic English is not merely a skill; it is a gateway to accessing the vast ocean of knowledge, participating in global debates, and contributing meaningfully to the advancement of human understanding.Challenges Faced by Graduate Students1. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Graduate classrooms and research teams oftencomprise individuals from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, posing challenges in terms of comprehension and expression.2. Technical Precision: The demand for accuracy and precision in academic writing, especially in fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), can be daunting for non-native speakers.3. Rapidly Evolving Fields: Keeping abreast of the latest terminology and discursive conventions in rapidly evolving disciplines can be challenging.4. Publication Pressures: The pressure to publish in high-impact journals, often in English, adds another layer of complexity to the graduate student experience.Strategies for Excellence1. Immersive Learning: Engage actively in English-speaking academic environments, such as attending international conferences, workshops, and seminars. This immersion helps develop a nuanced understanding of academic discourse and enhances linguistic proficiency.2. Targeted Language Practice: Utilize resources specifically designed for academic English, including writing centers, online courses, and style guides. Focus on mastering grammar, vocabulary, and citation styles relevant to your field.3. Collaborative Learning: Form study groups with peers from different linguistic backgrounds. This not only facilitates language exchange but also encourages cross-cultural understanding and perspective-taking.4. Mentorship and Networking: Seek out mentors and establish professional networks with senior scholars who can provide guidance on academic writing, publication strategies,and navigating the academic ecosystem.5. Critical Reading and Writing: Cultivate a habit of critically reading and analyzing academic texts. This will not only improve your comprehension skills but also inform your own writing style, ensuring clarity, coherence, and adherence to discipline-specific conventions.6. Embracing Technology: Leverage technological tools, such as grammar-checking software, citation managers, and online databases, to streamline your research and writing processes.ConclusionIn conclusion, the new era of academic research demands that graduate students not only possess deep domain knowledge but also excel in academic English. By embracing challenges head-on, adopting effective strategies, and continuously refining our linguistic skills, we can confidently navigate the frontiers of knowledge, contributing to the global conversation and advancing the boundaries of human understanding. As we embark on this journey, let us remember that academic English is not just a means to an end; it is the very language of discovery, innovation, and collaboration that unites us in our quest for truth and wisdom.中文对照翻译：标题：探索知识前沿：研究生在学术英语新时代的作用在新时代的黎明，技术与人类努力的各个方面无缝交织，学术研究领域发生了范式转变。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷(历年真题)
AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试分A, B两种试卷，请考生拿到试卷后在答题卡的试卷类型一栏标明。
如：拿到A卷就在试卷类型一栏的字母[A]上划横线，拿到B卷在[B]上划横线。
不标明A、B卷的试卷将以作废处理。
请考生在机读卡的“学号”一栏填涂学号。
二、A、B卷都分别由两份试卷组成：试卷一(Paper One) 包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按序号统一编号；试卷二(Paper Two) 包括翻译与写作两部分，共3题。
三、试卷一(题号1-80 )为客观评分题，答案一律用中性2B铅笔做在机读卡上, 在对应题号下所选字母中间划黑道。
四、卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上，答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
五、答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
六、本考试全部时间为180分钟。
其中，试卷一为100分钟，听力理解部分的时间以放完录音为准，大约20分钟；其余部分所占时间与得分标准标在试卷上，由考生自行掌握。
试卷二为80分钟。
每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
考试终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，将试卷和答案留在座位上，待监考老师收点无误后，经主考老师宣布本考试结束后方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause, during the pause, you must read the suggested answer marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A. He can't read French novels without the help of his teacher.B. He has no problems understanding French novels.C. He cannot do away with dictionaries when he reads French novels.D. He fell on a dictionary when he is reading a French novel.2. A. She'd like to take a later flight.B. They won't arrive late.C. They should leave for the airport immediately.D. She isn't afraid to travel alone.3. A. To apply for a job.B. To find out her position in the company.C. To offer her a position in the company.D. To make an appointment with the sales manager.4. A. She has to get ready for her speech.B. She doesn't like sea food.C. She thinks the restaurant is too expensive.D. She will accompany the man to the restaurant.5. A. It's no longer of any use to her.B. She feels the man's apology is enough.C. It does have a back cover.D. She is a generous woman by nature.6. A. To a guest house.B. To the theater.C. To a hotel.D.To a restaurant.7. A. To remind him of the time for the film.B. To tell him she is busy.C. To ask him to go to the movies.D.To invite him to sing.8. A. He is curious.B .He is satisfied.C. He is exhausted.D.He is impatient.9. A. Looking for a job.B. Looking for an apartment.C. Taking a suburban excursion.D.Asking the man for his opinions.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 10~12 are based on the following passage:10.A. Intellectual challenge.B. Social challenge.C. Physical challengeD. Economic challenge..11.A. Building pyramids.B. Exploring the spaceC. Making plans for transportation.D. Painting a picture.12. A. They face them.B. They are interested in them.C. They accept and enjoy them.D. They ignore themQuestions 13 — 15 are based on the following passage:13. A. It's a new method to measure a country's production.B. It's a way to study the economies of different countries.C. It's a new system to help make economic decisions.D. It's a means to understand a country's economic changes.14. A. GDP does not include earnings of companies operating in foreign countries.B. GDP counts only goods and services produced within the nation's borders.C. GDP refers to earnings from home-made products.D. Earnings by foreign-owned companies are not included in GDP.15. A. Because economic experts generally approve GDP.B. Because most industrial countries used GDP.C. Because GDP provides a truer measure of a country's economy.D. Because GDP is easier to be understood.PART II VOCABULARY ( 15 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. Reports of torture and mass execution in the concentration camps have outragedthe world religious leaders.A. irritatedB. slashedC. ragedD. reminded17.Thousands of English words derive from Latin.A. obtainB. detectC. decodeD. originate18.I have always regarded him as a man of integrity.A. characterB. integrationC. kindnessD. uprightness19. What a tremendous party it's been! I have enjoyed every minute of it.A. humorousB. fortunateC. contentD. wonderful20. Jefferson believed in human rights. He approved of the French Revolution.A. joinedB. opposedC. devotedD. was in favor of21.People are understandably wary of the new government.A. gratefulB. hostileC. cautiousD. ironic22.She gave a cordial reception to her guest.A. welcomeB. partyC. invitationD. overcoat23. This is one of several extraordinary scenes in the movie, including the suddenmurder of a young man that triggers the suppressed desire between George and Lucy.A. activatedB. wipedC. meddledD. posed24. William E. Boeing, founder of the company that designed the 747, had to resort tomanufacturing bedroom furniture to survive some lean years.A. come toB. turn toC. add toD. apply to25. These changes have made the campus an easier place for people with handicaps.A. disabilitiesB. casualtiesC. obstaclesD. injuriesSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. If you want to know the train schedule, please ______ at the booking office.A. acquireB. inquireC. requestD. require27. One of the rumors ____ at the moment is that the company is about to gobankrupt.A. evaporatingB. circulatingC. emittingD. elaborating28. This candidate has an impressively _____ range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. reverseC. adverseD. controversial29. China will continue to be the most ______ economic region in Asia.A. effectiveB. intermediateC. practicalD. dynamic30. May I _____ that if we don't leave now we shall miss the bus?A. point outB. pick outC. wipe outD. make out31. The patient condition has _______ since he had a heart attack.A. deterioratedB. decreasedB. treated D. diagnosed32.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and ______ him ofspeeding.A. chargedB.accusedC. blamedD. weary33.The poverty of some of the districts is an _____ to good education.A. objectionB. obstacle:C. obligationD. obsession34. It has become necessary to develop new and better tools of market research inorder to _____sales with greater certainty because production and purchasing has to be adjusted to sales expectations.A. foster C. forecastB. calculate D. promote35. In the past few years the workers have_____ a lot of suggestions, some of whichare being put into practice.A. put downB. put offC. put outD. put forwardPART III CLOZE TEST ( 20 minutes 15 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36. A. in charge of B. responsible for C. controlling D. accused of37. A. setbacks B. troubles C. crisis D. difficulties38. A. promote B. enhance C. raise D. speed up39. A. in line with B. according to C. based on D. depended on40. A. If B. Since C. While D. Although41. A. requirement B. demand C. necessity D. possibility42. A. lift B. boost C. develop D. accelerate43. A. versatile B. susceptible C. flexible D. fresh44. A. make B. take C. assign D. allocate45. A. items B. terms C. lists D. projects46. A. well-off B. well-being C. well-to-do D. welfare47. A. insurance B. funds C. coverage D. reports48. A. despite B. as C. supposing D. given49. A. As a result B. In a word C. Generally D. all in all50. A. instead of B. would rather C. as well as D. rather thanPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Gopher Prairie, in which the action of Sinclair Lewis' Main Street (1920) takes place, is a town of 3, 000 inhabitants, smug, dull people whose one idea is to get on materially. They have no use for anyone who wishes something better for them; they oppose civic（市政的）reform, cultural and educational projects. The most honored citizens are bankers. Carol, who has been to college and held a position as a librarian, comes to Gopher Prairie to live with her doctor husband. Appalled by the stagnant（停滞的）life of the town, and failing to become adjusted to it, she tries a number of cultural ideas. Her efforts to establish a little theater meet with no encouragement. Indeed, the people merely think she is putting on airs. Her affection for her husband wanes（衰落）, and she takes up with Erik Valborg, in whom she sees a spirit akin（类似的）to her own. She leaves the little town for Washington, D. C., where she works as a government clerk. Later she returns to Gopher Prairie, better equipped than before to understand the forces which shape Main Street.At the time of its first appearance, Main Street provoked a storm of protest on the ground that the novelist libeled（诽谤）good Americans. Today, no one thinks of repeating this charge. Indeed, as Lewis Gannett points out, Main Street has in no way changed except externally; it is the same Main Street; yet, doubtless it reads Sinclair Lewis' novels as eagerly as the rest of the nation. At the time when Main Street was published Lewis was accused of hating dull people. The novelist retorted that he did not hate them: he loved them. The truth is, the world of 1920 could not stand criticism. The Pulitzer Prize committee refused to award Main Street a prize. The novelist was to have his revenge six years later, when he rejected the same award for Arro w smith .51. Which of the following is the central preoccupation of the people of GopherPrairie?A. Progressive education.B. Material possessions.C. Cultural activity.D. Civic reform.52. When the people of Gopher Prairie thought that Carol was "putting on airs, " theymeant that she ______.A. talkativeB. pretentiousC. organizedD. overdressed53. In the first paragraph, Erik Valborg's spirit is said to be "akin" to Carol's, because they ______ .A. are related by marriageB. share a common religionC. have mutual interestsD. are emotional people54. According to the passage, why was there such adverse reaction to Main Street in1920?A. People were reluctant to admit their faults.B. Sinclair Lewis did not like honorable citizens.C. Gopher Prairie was portrayed inaccurately.D. The main character led an unconventional life.55. According to the passage, which of the following statements best explains whySinclair Lewis rejected the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith?A. He thought Arrowsmith was not worthy of the honor.B. He disapproved of the composition of the Pulitzer Prize committee.C. He claimed that the Pulitzer Prize had no status.D. He felt the committee had unjustly overlooked his previous work.Passage 2It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, butnowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.56. According to the passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by _____.A. people's attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modern lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions57. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule. " (para. 1) impliesthat ________.A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists58. By "good sense", the writer means _______ .A. the driver's ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behaviorD. the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations59. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,______.A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesD. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others60. In the writer's opinion, ______.A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage 3As a medium of exchange, money permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa（反之亦然）. Hence, producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value — that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy（物物交换经济）it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to image saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages — imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.61. Using money as a medium of exchange means that ______.A. you have to sell something in order to buy somethingB. you have to buy something in order to sell somethingC. you don't have to buy something in order to sell somethingD. the seller and the purchaser are the same person62. Specialization is encouraged because _______.A. people can use their money to buy whatever they wantB. people do not need to make a complete product for exchangeC. people make a great contribution to the manufacture of a productD. people can not use their money to buy whatever they want63. A barter economy is one in which _______.A. value is decided by weightB. value is decided by numberC. money is used and goods are not exchangedD. goods are exchanged and money is not used26164. If one had to save products instead of money, _______.A. this would need years of practiceB. coal, for example, would lose its valueC. they could not be stored for years on endD. many products would lose their value65.How many advantages of money are mentioned in this passage?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.Passage 4Kristina Mercier noticed her ten-year-old son, Brad, was becoming a nervous wreck（精神脆弱者）the closer it got to test day. A high school English teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, says Brad was terrified he'd flunk（不及格） a state-mandated test（州统考）. "He didn't want to go to school and started crying about every little thing," she says. "For a while, he was even having nightmares. I thought I'd have to take him to a psychiatrist. Then I found out the school principal was getting on the intercom every morning and saying, ' I want you to work really hard today so you'll pass the test. ' Brad has always been a bit of a worrier. He really took it to heart."The rise of standardized tests has had some unfortunate results. Now mandated （规定）by 48 states, such tests are intended to raise standards, providing parents —and legislators — with a measuring stick of how well teachers are doing. School district budgets, teacher pay and bonuses（奖金）, and student grade advancement are tied to test performance in a growing number of communities. As educators feel the heat, so do the kids — and some can't handle it. "Kids see their teachers' anxiety over the tests and that makes them feel there's something to really worry about," says Leo Mickey Fenzel, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology at Loyola College in Maryland, and author of several studies on children's stress. "Even the best students get nervous because they're afraid they'll mess up and disappoint teachers, parents, and themselves."Devin O'Leary of Bloomington, Indiana, had a full-fledged（全面的）meltdown （垮台）, thanks to his statewide third-grade test. "For weeks, teachers let the children know that this was a very serious test — the school had placed below the state averagein the past, so everyone was uptight（紧张的）, " says Debby O'Leary, his mother. Then, on test day, Devin was scolded for leaving his chair to help another child who was whining（嘀咕）because he couldn't do the math problems. "Devin got hysterical（歇斯底里）; he was crying and shaking so much he had to be sent to the principal's office, " she says. Although her son scored in the ninety-seventh percentile, Debby is relieved to know that he won't have another such test until he's in the sixth grade.Ramirez Miller has seen kids cry, get sick to their stomachs, even wet their pants over such pressure. But she's found ways to ease the strain on the kids in her class. "We used to give the tests cold turkey, but now we teach basic test skills, like how to fill out an answer bubble, and give practice exams, so kids become comfortable with the questions, " she says."I try to make the two weeks before the test very relaxed, because if I'm showing stress, it will be transmitted to the children." The result? Relaxed children and higher scores. Which proves that, with some insight and creativity, school stress need not be a required part of the curriculum.66. Which of the following applies to the description of Kristina Mercier's son afterhis examination?A. He was completely destroyed by the horrible stated-mandated test.B. He showed certain symptoms of nervous breakdown.C. He couldn't concentrate on doing things related to the exam.D. He was brought to the hospital for advice from a psychiatrist.67. What is the purpose of the increase of standardized tests in 48 states in the USA?A. To improve the standards of teaching and help offering a reference framework.B. To help raise the school region budgets, teacher's salary and his or her bonuses.C. T o make the examination more complicated to be handled with by the students.D. To put both the teachers and students under certain pressure for furtheradvancement.68. The first sentence in the third paragraph refers to that ______.A. Devin got a perfect mark in the state-mandated test when he was in the thirdgradeB. Devin melt a full cup of ice when he participated in his third grade test in thestateC. Devin was thoroughly destroyed in his mind because of his behavior in the testD. Devin was very grateful for the statewide test in that he fled from themeltdown69. What is the probable meaning of "cold turkey" in the last paragraph?A. A large, widely domesticated North American bird with cold body.B. An uncooked cold dish provided in the test like salad.C. A retarded child who acted like a dumb cold turkey.D. A sudden or unprepared administration of certain examination.70.What's the author's attitude towards the rise of American standardized tests?A. Approval.B. Objection.C. Objectivity.D. Indifference.Passage 5Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one's gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one's conversation partner."The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.71. The author is convinced that the eyes are ______ .A. of extreme importance in expressing feeling and exchanging ideasB. something through which one can see a person's inner worldC. of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD. something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate72. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _______ .A. whose front view is fully perceivedB. whose face is covered with a maskC. whose face is seen from the sideD. whose face is free of any covering73. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner's neck because _______.A. they don't like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB. they need not communicate through eye contactC. they don't think it polite to have eye contactD. t hey didn't have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact inbabyhood74. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down。
04研究生期末统考英译汉
研究生期末统考英译汉真题举例1. The number of people vulnerable to floods around the world is expected to rise toat least two billion by 2050, particularly in Asia, due to climate change and population growth. The causes are extreme weather that develops as the climate changes, rising sea levels, continuing deforestation and a rise of the number of people working in flood-prone areas as the population increases. Most at risk is Asia, where more than 400 million people have been exposed to floods each year on average over the last two decades. Floods already kill as many as 25,000 people a year and –along with other weather-related disasters—cost the world economy up to &60 billion a year, much of it in developing nations ill-equipped to cope with such huge costs. Most urgently needed to adapt to the growing risk of flood disasters is greater global capacity to monitor and forecast extreme events.Armed with better information, superior early warning systems and infrastructure can be installed and new planning strategies devised. (168 words)2. The book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. Itis based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to specialists and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone.Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.(GET Jun 05, 122 words)3. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than that of individual choice, forsmoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with. The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases. (GET Jan 05, 122 words)4. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry andelaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification. When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes. In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children tonative speakers as early as possible. However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light. The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question. (GET Jun 04, 123 words)。
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文《研究生英语读写译教程》是一本专门为研究生编写的学习教材，旨在提高学生的英语读写译能力。
本教程包括多个单元，每个单元都有不同的主题和内容。
以下是其中几个单元的练习参考答案及参考译文，供大家参考。
单元一：练习一：原文：The new student is from Russia. She is a very intelligent girl. She likes math and science. 问题：What nationality is the new student? 答案：The new student is from Russia.练习二：原文：My name is John. I am a student at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I am majoring in Business Administration. 问题：What is the name of the university where John is studying? 答案：The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).练习三：原文：He usually gets up at 7 o'clock in the morning. He takes a shower and eats breakfast at 7:30. He leaves for work at 8:00. 问题：When does he usually leave for work? 答案：He leaves for work at 8:00.单元二：练习一：原文：He is a talented artist. He can paint and draw very well. 问题：What can he do well? 答案：He can paint and draw very well.练习二：原文：I love to play tennis. It is my favorite sport.I play it every weekend. 问题：What is the author's favorite sport? 答案：Tennis.练习三：原文：My favorite food is pizza. I like to eat it with salad and French fries. 问题：What is the author's favorite food? 答案：Pizza.单元三：练习一：原文：She is a successful businesswoman. She has her own company. She is very hardworking and determined. 问题：What are the two key qualities that made her a successful businesswoman? 答案：Hardworking and determined.研究生英语读写教程课后答案《研究生英语读写教程》课后答案解析《研究生英语读写教程》是一本为研究生编写的英语读写课程教材，旨在提高学生的英语阅读和写作能力。
江南大学研究生英语期末考试写作试题库
江南大学研究生英语期末考试写作试题库Sample 1 (156)No Alcoholic Beverages on CampusAlcoholic Beverages should be banned from campuses for two reasons. The first reason is that drinking can cause academic failure. If students drink before class or have hangover from drinking too much the night before, they will be unable to concentrate on their school work. They may miss classes, fail exams and miss term-paper deadlines. This behavior could force them to drop out of school. For example, last semester, my friend Dan, who liked to party every night, dropped out of school. He failed organic chemistry twice and barely passed other classes. Therefore, his parents refuse to pay for his education any longer. Out of 90 cases reported, 65 percent dropped out because they had failing grades due to excessive drinking. Therefore, it is true that drinking can interfere with college success.这篇文章通过举例和数字统计，较充分地说明了校园内应禁酒的原因。
大学英语读写译(1)期末测试题及答案(1)
大学英语读写译（一）期末测试题（1）PartI. Reading prehension (50%)Section A. Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For question 8-10, plete the sentences with the information given in the passage.SpidersSpiders can be distinguished from other Arachnids because the prosoma (bined head and thorax) is only separated from the opisthosoma (abdomen) by a narrow waist, in other Arachnids the whole body appears to be much more of a single unit. All spiders produce silk, but only some construct webs to catch their homes and to protect their eggs.All spiders possess poison glands but very few of them are dangerous to humans, of the 600+species in Britain only 12 (at least one of these is a recent human assisted colonist) are strong enough to pierce the human skin, and apart from allergies, none are more dangerous than a mon wasp. Most spiders have 8 eyes (though some have 6, 4, 2 or 0), as well as 8 legs. (By the way if you cou nt the claws as separate leg section [which you shouldn’t really] then their legs have 8 parts as well [coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, tarsus, metatarus, and claws]) There are more than 32000 known species of spider in the world. No human being has ever been officially recorder as having died as the result of a ‘tarantula’ bite.All spiders are carnivorous and feed only on liquids, i.e. their preys’ natural juices and the breakdown products of external digestion (meaning they spit, exude or inject digestive juices onto/into their prey ad suck up the resulting soup). So why not invite some to your next social do? What’s In a NameThe word ‘Arachnida’ es from the Greek word ‘Arachne’ who was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer by trade. Arachne herself was a weaver, the best in all the known world. However in a foolish moment she challenged Athena, the daughter of Zeus and goddess of, among other things, waving to a weaving petition. Arachne wove so perfect a cloth that she tore it to shreds. Arachne became depressed after this and in the end she hung herself. Athena stirred to remorse at the knowledge of what her anger had wrought turned the rope Arachne had used to hang herself into a web and Arachne herself into a spider so that the beauty of her spinning shouldnot be lost to the world ever again.The Great Household Spider SafariThere are just over six hundred different sorts of spider in the British Isles. But of these only a handful are monly found in houses. At the front of the head are a pair of what appear to be small legs. These are called palps and are used to guide food to the spider’s mouth. The front of the head also has a group of six or eight eyes. On the underside of the body at the rear, are four or six small conical bumps or cylinders. There are the spinnerets from which the spider produces the silk to make its webs.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by looking at their pales. Males have swollen ends to their pales which make them look as if they are wearing boxing gloves, these are often strange shapes if looked at with a hand lens. Females have normal looking pales that are not swollen at the ends.The largest spider is the Goliath spider, the female of which grows to reach a leg span of ten inches. The largest spider in Britain is the Cardinal spider which is a close cousin of Tim Tegenaria. Females can achieve a leg span of four and a half inches. It is known as the Cardinal spider as it was mon in Hampton Court when Cardinal Wolsey lived there. The sight of these long legged spiders wandering around the palace at night used to frighten him. So far 32000 different kinds of spider have been discovered from all over the world. Britain has 630 different kinds of spider of which 250 are tiny Money spiders. The smallest of which has a body less than one millimeter long.Questions:1. All the silk produced by spiders construct webs to catch their food.2. Not all the poison glands possessed by spiders are dangerous to human beings.3. Spiders often kill humans in Britain when they pierce human skin.4. After seeing her enemy mits suicide, Arachne turned Athena into a spider.5. TimTegenaria spiders are closely related to tarantula spiders; both are found in Britain.6. So far31000 different kinds of spiders have been discovered from all over the world.7. Money spiders are the smallest spiders found in the Arachnids family.8. There are more than_______ known species of spider in the world.9. Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by_______________.10. The largest spider is_____________.Section B prehensive Reading (30%)Directions:In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleline through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.One of the strongest reasons for the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) has been that it will bring us nearer to the idea of “equal opportunity”.Many people like to think of our present system of schooling as providing plenty of steps up the ladder of success for clever children. It would be good to think that no one who is really bright can be missed out when the state system is apparently so thorough. It is obvious, for instance, that many children from less rich homes reach university or do well in other ways.Unfortunately, we now have plenty of evidence that many children of every level of ability do much less well than they could. For instance, during the years of national military service it was possible to test the intelligence of all male 18-20 year olds. Half of those soldiers who were placed in the two highest ability groups had left schools at 15.It has also been shown that the percentage of working class children going to university is almost the same now as it was in 1939. One study of 5000 children from birth to 21 years old indicated that up to half the bright pupils from working class homes left school when they reached 16 years old. Moreover, there is no difference in intelligence between the sexes, but far more boys than girls stay in education after16.It is clear from this and much other evidence that many children are still leaving school too early to benefit the prizes—money, social respectability, and interesting jobs, which higher education gives. It is clear too that the reasons why such children leave have much to do with their social circumstances. Their parents often need the extra money another wage-earner can bring in; they do not value education for itself because their own was probably dull and unhappy. It is not so much that they force their sons and daug hters to leave school, rather that they tend to say, “It’s up to you”.11. It is hoped that ROSLA will give all children________.A. a more enjoyable time at schoolB. the same chances in societyC. the right to a better schoolD. higher scores in intelligence tests12. People would like to think that _________.A. equal numbers of poor and rich children reach universityB. those with the least money get the best educationC. intelligent children are always chosen by the systemD. only clever children do well13. Working class children are felt to be at a disadvantage because_______.A. many of the clever ones leave school earlyB. fewer go to university than ever beforeC. more than half leave school when they are 16D. fewer boys than girls stay at school after 1614. Many children leave school early because_______.A. their social circumstances make them unhappyB. they have to work to support their family’s ineC. their school is a dull and unhappy placeD. their parents don’t allow them to make their own decisions15. This article shows that equal opportunity in education______.A. is a thing of the pastB. has not yet been achievedC. is there for those who merit itD. has greatly improved our societyPassage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Life really should be one long journey of joy for children who are born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet. But experts on psychological research now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are a sign of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the rich who most often do away with themselves.Dr. Robert Coles, an internationally famous doctor, is the world’s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-received book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. “Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich,” says the 53-year-old doctor, ‘such as better health, education and future work expectation. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can’t buy love.”It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that’s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so mu ch to choose from that they often bee confused. Their parents’ over favoring can make them spoiled. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which often makes them feel restless.“But privileged children do ha ve a better sense of their positions in the world,” adds Mr. Coles, “and they are more self-assured.”Today’s rich parents perhaps have realized that their riches can be more of a burden than a favor to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money16. According to the passage, children of rich families_______A. enjoy travelingB. can buy loveC. usually mit suicideD. are not always happy17. Dr. Robert Coles believes that________A being rich has as many advantages as being poorB. rich children often get too little entertainmentC. rich children sometimes can’t enjoy the thing they are most in need ofD. rich children aren’t given enough things18. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?A. It is love that is always lacking in rich and poor families alike.B. Silver spoons can sometimes leave a bitter taste.C. Money can’t buy everything.D. Rich children are often confused because they have so much to choose from.19. The expression “silver spoons” in Paragraph 1 means______.A. very expensive spoonsB. rich peopleC. wealthD. spoons made of silver20. This article is written mainly to tell readers that _________.A. the rich are more likely to do away with themselvesB. money can bring a lot of things, including loveC. life is always happy for children of rich parentsD. rich parents should realize what is important in the family is love rather than moneyPassage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The term “flying saucer” refers to strange objects traveling through the earth’s atmosphere at very high speeds. Thousands of people all over the world claim to have seen them. Some believe them to be spaceships from other planets. Others insist that they are a secret type of aircraft being built on earth. Many people maintain that they are only natural phenomena happening under special temperature, light, or weather conditions All reports, however, agree that the strange objects move at extremely high speeds and fail to follow the laws of motion by reversing(逆转) direction instantly without slowing down.In the United States, the first flying saucers were reported on June 4, 1947, by a private plane pilot. He saw nine objects traveling in the sky. Each was disk-shaped and very bright. Because their movements were pared to those of a “saucer skimming across the water”, newspaper reporters called them “flying saucers”.Some weeks after the first reported sighting, the United States Air Force was given the job of investigating all the reports of flying saucers. Because of the confusing variety of shapes, sizes, and colors reported, the Air Force adopted the term Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) to describe them.Since the Air Force officials began their investigation of flying saucers, they have identified most of the objects as stars, planes, manmade satellites, experimental missiles(导弹),or weather phenomena. Some of the UFO reports, including photographs, were deliberate(蓄意的)tricks made to cheat people.All the research so far has failed to prove that UFOs are spaceships ing from outside the earth. Most investigators agree, however, that more study is needed before the question of whether or not flying saucers really exist can be answered.21. The term “flying saucer” is generally used to refer to______.A. spaceships from other planetsB. a secret type of aircraft being builtC. some natural phenomenaD. strange objects flying very fast in the sky22. The first flying saucers got their name______.A. from a private plane pilot who saw themB. for their brightness in colorC. because they looked like disks moving in the airD. because they skimmed across the water23. The Air Force preferred the term UFO because______.A. newspaper reporters used itB. the term “flying saucer” was very confusingC. UFO is a general term that can refer to a larger variety of objectsD. the Air Force didn’t find any objects that looked like flying saucers24. All the research has failed to identify any UFOs as_____.A. man made satellitesB. aircraftC. experimental missilesD. spaceships sent from other planets25. From this passage we know that______.A. the US Air Force was the first reporter of flying saucersB. the term UFO was first used by the US Air Force investigatorsC. UFOs are not worth further investigationD. the question of whether there exist flying saucers has already been answeredSection C Reading in Depth (10%)Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Here are a few tips for reading college textbooks.Read the chapters before the lecture. Reading the chapters of the text before the lecture will help you build background knowledge on the topic, learn the basic organizational structure of the material, and 47 better lecture notes.Pace your reading. Spread chunks（大块）of the text out over one or two days. Take breaks between sections or read one chunk in the morning,48 in the evening, and the third chunk the next day.Preview the chapter before you read. Read the title, introduction, and headings, glance 49 charts and pictures, and read the summary. A two-to-five-minute preview 50 the total time you spend reading and increases your prehension.Mark the text or take notes as you read. Highlight, 51 , or take notes at the end of each section. Wait 52 you fini sh the paragraph of a “headed” section before you begin to mark your text.Monitor your prehension. Stop to check your understanding of the material at regular 53 . If the material is easy to understand, you may be able to wait until the end of each main division of the chapter to do a mental or verbal (reciting) check of your understanding. If the text is difficult, you may need to 54 at the end of each paragraph.Review what you read. After you plete your reading 55 , take five to ten minutes to review what you have just read. Think about the main points that the author made in the chapter. Develop a recall column in your notebook or summarize the 56 information.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Section ADirections: There are 10 inplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer26. With longer working hours, David decided to ___his resignation even though the pay wasgood.A) hand out B) hand in C) hand over D) hand on27. As Kate’s close friend, I introduce an interesting book to her in order to ___her from whatshe is worrying about.A) attract B) distract C) direct D) prevent28. It was very ____of you to turn off the TV when I was working on my report.A) friendly B) considerate C) helpful D) generous29. These figures are a______. The real situation is much more plicated than this.A) plication B) simplification C) Diversification D) certification30. Besides ability, the other essential______ in political success is luck.A) element B) portion C) role D) percentage31. He is the______ owner of the enterprise. He doesn’t like to deal with business partners.A) one B) sole C) Single D) special32. They had_____ someone to watch me twenty-four hours a day.A) put B) given C) Assign D) contributed33. I will____ if he is the right person for the postA) check out B) check in C) Check up D) check through34. The mother was angry to see her favorite glass broken into pieces, and what made her muchangrier was that none of her three kids was willing to take the____A) error B) mistake C) responsibility D) result35. We will meet at nine tomorrow morning at the school gate. Be____, or the school bus willleave without those who are late.A) quick B) sure C) Punctual D) carefulSection B Directions: Try to find the meaning of the underlined parts in the following sentences. Then choose the one with the closest meaning from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).57. Although there are almost 3,000 languages in the world, English is the most universal.A) understandable B) acceptable C) widespread D) general58.For example, a French worker looks forward to le weekend.A) sees clearly B) expects excitedlyC) understands pletely D) waits patiently for59.No other language is borrowed from more often than English.A) born B) developed C) taken D) copied60.Some people think that the use of English words is threatening the purity of their nativelanguage.A) limiting B) harming C) influencing D) protecting61.Some countries have tried to eliminate English as their official language in order to save theirnative tongue.A) remove B) defeat C) promote D) maintain62.What is certain, however, is that English words will continue to pop up everywhere.A) develop quickly B) appear unexpectedly C) spread widely D) changesuddenly63.The boats in the MaricabanStrait of the Philippinesdim their lights and bring in their nets.A) make their lights fade B) turn off their lightsC) switch on their lights D) make their lights brighter64.There, you can buy fresh tuna, along with many other kinds of fish.A) instead of B) in addition to C) except for D) in spite of65.Even though rich countries have enough money to help solve the problem, the fish aredisappearing from these areas as well.A) work out B) work on C) work at D) work off66.Canadian scientists estimate that 53% of the world’s boats are not needed.A) believe it true B) consider it impossible C) hold it firm D) think it probable.Part III Error Recognition (10%)Directions:For each of the following sentences, there are four underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. You should find out ONE error from the four and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.67. Many different types of self-help books advise the reader to develop the skills, goals, andA Battitudes that will both promote success and provide to a healthy lifestyle.C D68. Some examples of the changes it has madeis giving more group homework and schedulingA B C Dclasses later in the day.69. The study showed that most of the students who asked for help improved their grades, whileA B Cthose who didn’t get a bad grade or failed.D70. Those in the Harvard studywho did well at school spent more time study than those who didA B C Dnot.71. And, if you make a schedule and keep on it, you can have fun and enjoy yourselfwith theA B Cstudents in your classes.D72. If we don’t know what the proper words are, then we must use sensitivities, respect, andA B Ceven a little imagination.D73. Women have fought long and hardto treat equally in language as well as in society,A B Cbecause they know that changes in language can cause changes in attitudes.D74. Of course, most of us want all of these things, but often we think that achieving these goals,A B Cwe need to drink a magical potion!D75. If you don’t have that much time all at once, then break down your exercise into ten-minuteA B Croutines spread out over the day.D76. Their search led them to wastewater reclamation ---- using purified water from sewersA B Cinstead of treat water for certain purposes.DPart IV. Cloze (20%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.The task of being accepted and enrolled (招收) in a university begins early for some students. Long 77 they graduate from high school. These Students take special 78 to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how 79 prepared they are for the university. In the final year of high school, they 80 applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to 81 .Some high school students may be 82 to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly, 83, and usually very frightened, they are 84 to show that they have agood attitude and the 85 to succeed. When the new students are finally 86 ，there may be one more step they have to 87 before registering for classes and 88 to work.Many colleges and universities 89 an orientation (情况介绍) program for new students.90 these programs, the young people get to know the 91 for registration and student advising, university rules, the 92 of the library and all the other 93 services of the college or university. Beginning a new life in a new place can be very 94. The more knowledge students have 95 the school, the easier it will be for them to 96 to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.77. A) as B) after C) since D) before78. A) courses B) disciplines C) majors D) subjects79. A) deeply B) widely C) well D) much80. A) fulfill B) finish C) plete D) acplish81. A) attend B) participate C) study D) belong82. A) acquired B) considered C) ordered D) required83. A) decorated B) dressed C) coated D) worn84. A) decided B) intended C) settled D) determined85. A) power B) ability C) possibility D) quality86. A) adopted B) accepted C) received D) permitted87. A) make B) undergo C) take D) pass88. A) getting B) putting C) falling D) sitting89. A) offer B) afford C) grant D) supply90. A) For B) Among C) In D) On91. A) processes B) procedures C) projects D) provisions92. A) application B) usage C) use D) utility93. A) major B) prominent C) key D) great94. A) amusing B) misleading C) alarming D) confusing95. A) before B) about C) on D) at96. A) fit B) suit C) yield D) adaptPart V. Translation (10%)Directions:There are 5 inplete sentences in this part. plete them by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English.97. The old lady has been in bad health these years，_________________________________(她对天气变化很敏感).98. The girl told her mother that she did not get along well with her roommates，____________________( 所以总是躲着她们).99. The local government is worried that _______________________(这个地区每年的干旱会导致许多人背井离乡).100. Small, independent bookstores simply _____________________(不能与大型的全国连锁店竞争).101. Traditional festivals, the cultural legacy of a nation, should be celebrated _____________(而不应被忽略).答案：PartI. Reading prehension (50%)Section A Skimming and Scanning (10%, 每题1分)1. N2.Y3. N4. N5. NG6. N7. NG8. 320009. looking at their pales10. the Goliath spiderSection B prehensive Reading (30%, 每题2分)11-15 BCABB 16-20 DCACD 21-25 DCCDBSection C Reading in Depth (10%, 每题1分)47-51 DEOBH 52-56 LJAMIPart II. Vocabulary (10%, 每题0.5分)26-31 ABCBC 32-37 BCACC57-61 CBCBA 62-66 BABADPart III. Error Recognition (10%, 每题1分)67-71 DCDDA 72-76 CBCCDPart IV. Cloze (20%, 每题1分)77-81 DACCA 82-86 DBDBB 87-91CAACB 92-96 CADBDPart V. Translation (10%, 每题2分，2个单词以上拼写错误扣1分)97. She is sensitive to the weather change.98. so she stayed away from them.99. the drought in this region every year may lead to many people being forced to leave theirhometown.100. can’t pete with the big national chains.101. rather than be neglected..。
研究生英语考试(读写3)
UNIT1Vocabulary1landmark（地标，标志性建筑）merge（合并）trigger（发动,引发）transformation（改变,转变）convergence（聚合的场所）manuscript（草稿，手稿）reconstruct（重建）rummage（搜寻，翻找）encode（将……编码）amass（积聚，积累）evolutionary（进化的，发展的）feast（尽情享受，参加宴会）1.The Newberry Library in Chicago, one of the most prestigious research libraries in the nation, contains numerous collections of rare books, maps, and manuscript.2.The sun is a difficult landmark for navigation because of its apparent motion from east to west, but bees are born knowing how to compensate for that.3.To our dialogue the baby paid no attention, he simply feasted on the music of the words and seemed to have been greatly delighted to pull uncle Jonah’s gray mustache.4.More than 90 percent of Warsaw was destroyed during World War II (1939-1945), but the historic Old Town section was painstakingly reconstructed.5.During the 14th century in Italy, the rise of commerce created a new class of wealthy merchants who amassed large collections of sculptures, paintings, and the art of antiquity.6.Modern Canada was formed in an event that Canadians call Confederation, in 1867, when three colonies of Britain merge to create a partially independent state of four provinces.7.Discussion continued about the role of gold in the structure of international reserves and about the transformation of the IMF into an international central bank for national central banks.8.Whenever people successfully recall a prior experience, they must have encoded, stored, and retrieved information about the experience.9.Simple sugars, refined from naturally occurring sugars and added to processed foods, require little digestion and are quickly absorbed by the body, triggering an unhealthy chain of events.10.The concept of cultural convergence suggests that different groups at different times and places might create or use similar materials or tools in similar ways.1.芝加哥的纽伯里图书馆是美国最负盛名的研究图书馆之一，收藏了大量的珍本书籍、地图和手稿。
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西南交通大学研究生2015-2016学年 第(1)学期期末考试试卷 课程名称 研究生学术英语读写译 课程代码 51321001 考试形式 课程论文院 系 学 号 姓 名 密封装订线 密封装订线 密封装订线KEY WORDS: circular tunnel; stress state; analytical method; numerical method1 INTRODUCTIONAccording to Li (2004), the definition of tunnel was officially proposed by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at a tunnel conference in 1970, at which tunnel was defined as ‘A underground cavity, whose cross -sectional area is larger than 2, that is constructed by an arbitrary method in accordance with the prescribed shape and scale’. The tunne l can be differently sorted out in terms of its function, depth, location, sectional area, length and geological condition separately (Tan, 2001). However, this research focuses on the traffic tunnel, including hig hway tunnel and railway tunnel…The software ANSYS and FLAC3D are used in the numerical methods and t he shape of tunnel is circular…2 ANALYTICAL METHODThis chapter will explore the stress and displacement in wall rock at every step on the basis of elastic and plastic mechanics. Specific expressions of them will be given.2.1 Initial stress stateGenerally speaking, the initial stress is mainly constituted by gravity stress and tectonic stress. It is also related to the tectonic geometry, depth, and history of tectonic movement. According to Guan (1993), the initial stress can be calculated by:=Z T σσσ+ (1)where is the gravity stress; is the tectonic stress (Guo, Ma, & Xue, 1983).The tectonic stress is so complicated that…This paper ignores tectonic stress, in other words, the initial stress is equal to gravity stress.When the ground is horizontal and the rock mass is an isotropic semi-infinite body...The test indicates the Poisson's ratio of most rocks ranges from 0.15 to 0.35, so the horizontal gravity stresses are less than the vertical ones.2.2 Secondary stress stateThe factors that can affect the secondar y stress state are complicated…The practicable strategy is to take the main factors into consideration.The state in wall rock can be totally elastic or partly plastic. For the former, the stress in wall rock … For the latter, the stress in surrounding wall rock… is less than the strength.To simplify the problem, some assumptions are made as follows:1) The wall rock can be regarded as a homogeneous isotropic continuum;2) The initial stress is equal to gravity stress, if ignoring the tectonic stress;3) The shape of tunnel is circuit and it is a deep-buried tunnel;4) The plane strain conditions are satisfied.2.3 Totally elasticThe principle of elastic mechanics shows that the secondary stress field in wall rock can employ the following model (in which the gravity is ignored and whose scale is 2 to 3 times larger than the tunnel diameter) shown in Figure 1, when the depth is 10 times bigger than the tunnel diameter.Figure 1. The analysis model of stress in wall rock In Figure 1, 、 are both the gravity stress in the center of tunnel. They are calculated by: z c H σγ= (4) z x σλσ= (5) where is the depth of the center of tunnel …the solution of stress and relative tunnel; E is the elastic modulus; is the Poisson’s ratio…3 NUMERICAL METHODThe software ANSYS10.0 is used to simulate the factors which can affect the initial stress state. FLAC3D is used to get the stress and displacement of secondary stress state and third stress state. Then comparison between the numerical solution and the analytical one is made.3.1 Initial Stress StateAccording to Guan (1993), the initial stress state is related to the following factors: depth, tectonic movement (fault and fold), the surrounding terrain, and so on.3.1.1 DepthThe scale of the model is . The parameters of the rock are .the radius of plasticity zone is smaller than the one of secondary stress state …4 CONCLUSIONThe stress and displacement in wall rock during tunnel construction are analyzed through analytical method and numerical method in this paper. The elastic-plastic mechanics theory, the ANSYS and FLAC3D software are used to generate the solutions.ANSYS is a kind of suitable software to simulate the tectonic fold and fault, which is in line with the mechanical principle.FLAC3D can well model the wall rock in terms of its stress and displacement fields. When radial distance is smaller than 5 to 6 times of the tunnel radius … The impact of lateral pressure coefficient has not been studied. The software of ABAQUS can be used to solve this problem …ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers from the School of Civil Engineering. I equally owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and help me work out my problems and overcome difficulties in the study i .i Several scholars have offered their explanations on…。