国际经济学双语习题3说课材料

国际经济学双语习题3International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model3.1The Concept of Comparative Advantage1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries ifA) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods.E) Both C and D.Answe r:AQuestionPrevious EditionStatus:2) In order to know whether a country has a comparativeadvantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit laborrequirementsoneA)twoB)threeC)fourD)fiveE)AnsweDr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles ofcomparative advantage gains from trade because it is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than itA)could alternatively.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than itB)could domestically.is producing exports using fewer labor units.C)is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.D)None of the above.E)BAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:4) Given the information in the table above, if it isascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldexport cloth.A)export widgets.B)export both and import nothing.C)export and import nothing.D)E)All of the above.AAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:5) Given the information in the table above, if the Homeeconomy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets then home shouldA)export cloth.export widgets.B)C)export both and import nothing.export and import nothing.D)All of the above.E)AAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:6) The earliest statement of the principle of comparativeadvantage is associated withDavid Hume.A)B)David Ricardo.Adam Smith.C)D)Eli Heckscher.Bertil Ohlin.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:7) The Gains from Trade associated with the principle ofComparative Advantage depends onA)the trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.there can be no more goods traded than the number ofB)trade partners.there may be no more trade partners than goods traded.C)D)All of the above.None of the above.E)Answe r:AQuestionPrevious EditionStatus:8) The Ricardian model demonstrates thattrade between two countries will benefit both countries.A)trade between two countries may benefit both regardlessB)of which good each exports.trade between two countries may benefit both if eachC)exports the product in which it has a comparativeadvantage.trade between two countries may benefit one but harm theD)other.None of the above.E)CAnswer:NewQuestionStatus:3.2A One-Factor Economy1) Given the following information:(a) What is the marginal cost of a toy in each country?(b) How might you demonstrate (quantitatively) that acountry with absolute productivity advantage in a productmay find that its production is more costly than in theother (unproductive) country?(c) Demonstrate the fact that trade produces imports(indirectly) cheaper, even in the relatively unproductivecountry.Answer:(a) 3 units of Soy in the U.S., and 1 Soy unit inCroatia.(b) The U.S. have absolute productivity advantage intoys. Nevertheless, toys are three times more costlythan they are in Croatia.(c) In Croatia, one unit of soy will cost one toy.However, if the terms of trade fall between the twoautarkic price ratios (a condition necessary for bothcountries to enjoy gains from trade), say at 2 Soy unitsper toy, then Croatia will gain each Soy unit with lessof a sacrifice of toy production.QuestionStatus:Previous Edition3.3Trade in a One-Factor World1) Given the information in the table aboveneither country has a comparative advantage.A)Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.B)Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.C)Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.D)Home has a comparative advantage in both products.E)AnsweBr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:2) Given the information in the table above, if wages were todouble in Home, then Home shouldA)export cloth.export widgets.B)export both and import nothing.C)export and import nothing.D)All of the above.E)AAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:3) Given the information in the table aboveneither country has a comparative advantage.A)Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.B)Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.C)Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.D)Home has a comparative advantage in both products.E)CAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:4) Given the information in the table above, the opportunitycost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldexport cloth.A)export widgets.B)export both and import nothing.C)D)export and import nothing.All of the above.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:5) Given the information in the table above, if wages were todouble in Home, then Home shouldexport cloth.A)B)export widgets.export both and import nothing.C)export and import nothing.D)All of the above.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:6) Given the information in the table above, if the worldequilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, thenA)both countries could benefit from trade with each other.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.B)each country will want to export the good in which itC)enjoys comparative advantage.neither country will want to export the good in which itD)enjoys comparative advantage.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.E)AnsweAr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:7) Given the information in the table above, if the worldequilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, thenboth countries could benefit from trade with each other.A)neither country could benefit from trade with each other.B)C)each country will want to export the good in which itenjoys comparative advantage.neither country will want to export the good in which itD)enjoys comparative advantage.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.E)AnsweAr:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:8) In a two product two country world, international trade canlead to increases inconsumer welfare only if output of both products isA)increased.output of both products and consumer welfare in bothB)countries.total production of both products but not consumerC)welfare in both countries.consumer welfare in both countries but not totalD)production of both products.E)None of the above.BAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:9) As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian modeltends to becomplete with constant costs and with increasing costs.A)complete with constant costs and incomplete withB)increasing costs.incomplete with constant costs and complete withC)increasing costs.incomplete with constant costs and incomplete withD)increasing costs.E)None of the above.BAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:10) As a result of trade between two countries which are ofcompletely different economic sizes, specialization in the Ricardian 2X2 model tends to beA)incomplete in both countriescomplete in both countriesB)complete in the small country but incomplete in the largeC)countrycomplete in the large country but incomplete in the smallD)countryNone of the above.E)CAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:11) A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian modelwill find its consumption bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.on its production possibilities frontier.B)outside its production possibilities frontier.C)inside its trade-partner's production possibilitiesD)frontier.on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)CAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:12) In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted,this will cause all except which?limit specialization and the division of laborA)reduce the volume of trade and the gains from tradeB)cause nations to produce inside their productionC)possibilities curvesmay result in a country producing some of the product ofD)its comparative disadvantageNone of the above.E)AnsweCr:Previous Edition QuestionStatus:13) If a very small country trades with a very large countryaccording to the Ricardian model, thenthe small country will suffer a decrease in economicA)welfare.the large country will suffer a decrease in economicB)welfare.the small country only will enjoy gains from trade.C)the large country will enjoy gains from trade.D)None of the above.E)CAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:14) If the world terms of trade for a country are somewherebetween the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, then country H but not country F will gain from trade.A)country H and country F will both gain from trade.B)neither country H nor F will gain from trade.C)only the country whose government subsidizes its exportsD)will gain.None of the above.E)AnsweBr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:15) If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, thencountry H but not country F will gain from trade.A)country H and country F will both gain from trade.B)neither country H nor F will gain from trade.C)only the country whose government subsidizes its exportsD)will gain.None of the above.E)AnsweAr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:16) If the world terms of trade equal those of country H, thencountry H but not country F will gain from trade.A)country H and country F will both gain from trade.B)neither country H nor F will gain from trade.C)only the country whose government subsidizes its exportsD)will gain.None of the above.E)EAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:17) According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparativeadvantage in the product in which itslabor productivity is relatively low.A)labor productivity is relatively high.B)labor mobility is relatively low.C)D)labor mobility is relatively high.None of the above.E)BAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:18) Assume that labor is the only factor of production and thatwages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifU.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour andA)Japan's 15 units per hour.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereasB)Japan's was 20.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 unitsD)per hour.E)None of the above.AAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:19) If two countries engage in Free Trade following theprinciples of comparative advantage, thenneither relative prices nor relative marginal costsA)(marginal rates of transformation-MRTs) in one countrywill equal those in the other country.B)both relative prices and MRTs will become equal in bothcountries.relative prices but not MRTs will become equal in bothC)countries.MRTs but not relative prices will become equal in bothD)countries.None of the above.E)CAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:20) Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of onehour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model, if two countries under autarky engage in trade thenthe real wage will not be affected since this is aA)financial variable.the real wage will increase only if a country attainsB)full specialization.the real wage will increase in one country only if itC)decreases in the other.D)the real wage will rise in both countries.None of the above.E)DAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:21) In a two country and two product Ricardian model, a smallcountry is likely to benefit more than the large countrybecausethe large country will wield greater political power, andA)hence will not yield to market signals.the small country is less likely to trade at price equalB)or close to its autarkic (domestic) relative prices.the small country is more likely to fully specialize.C)the small country is less likely to fully specialize.D)None of the above.E)AnsweBr:QuestionNewStatus:22) In the Ricardian model, comparative advantage is not likelybe due toscale economies.A)home product taste bias.B)greater capital availability per worker.C)All of the above.D)None of the above.E)AnsweDr:QuestionNewStatus:23) An examination of the Ricardian model of comparativeadvantage yields the clear result that trade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since itallows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of theother, so that it is not clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole? Explain.Answe r: If we were to combine the production possibilityfrontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true thatany change in production points (from autarky to specialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for another from the world's perspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly involvethe production of more of both goods. However, since we know that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true that the original points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in fact possible to make some people better off without making others worse off, so that the newsolution does indeed represent a welfare improvementfrom the world's perspective.QuestionStatus:Previous Edition24) It is generally claimed that a movement from autarky to freetrade consistent with Ricardian comparative advantageincreases the economic welfare of each of the trade partners.However, it may be demonstrated that under certaincircumstances, not everyone in each country is made betteroff. Illustrate such a case.Answe r: (a) If inter-generational, or economic growth considerations are taken into account, then a country may end up specializing in a good that has no or few growth linkages with the rest of the economy (e.g. an "enclave" sector).(b) If some of the residents of a country have tastes biased toward their exportable, then they may suffer due to the trade-affected increase in the market price of the exportable good.QuestionStatus:Previous Edition25) It is generally claimed that state trading, or centrallycontrolled trading will tend to reach a lower economicwelfare than would be reached by allowing market forces to determine trade flow directions and terms of trade.Illustrate a counter-example to this proposition.Answe r: In general, if we begin with any suboptimal distortion, the theory of the second best tells us that anadditional "distortion" may move a country in thecorrect direction of a welfare improvement. For example, If a country has an overvalued exchange rate (that is, its currency is overpriced in the foreign exchange markets), it is possible that it will find itself in an autarkic equilibrium (that is, it might "overpriceitself out of the international market"). In such a case it is easy to demonstrate that if the government exports the goods in which the country enjoys comparative advantage, and imports the other (bypassing market prices and mechanisms), the country's economic welfare will improve.Question Status:Previous Edition26) The Ricardian proposition that international trade willbenefit any country ("gains from trade") as long as theworld terms of trade do not equal its autarkic relativeprices is a straightforward and powerful concept.Nevertheless, it is impossible to demonstrate empirically.Why?Answe r: This is because there is no way of knowing exactly what are, or would have been, the autarky MRTs or MRSs. Thisis because there is no single example in the world of a country that is totally unengaged in international trade.QuestionStatus:Previous Edition27) Given the information in the table above. What is theopportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?One half a widget.Answer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:28) Given the information in the table above. If these twocountries trade these two goods in the context of theRicardian model of comparative advantage, then what is thelower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets?Answe1/2 Cloths.r:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:29) Given the information in the table above. If these twocountries trade these two goods with each other in contextof the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth?AnsweOne half a widget.r:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:30) Given the information in the table above. What is theopportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?2 widgets.Answer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:3.4Mi sconceptions About Comparative Advantage1) If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concaveto the origin), then production occurs under conditions of constant opportunity costs.A)increasing opportunity costs.B)decreasing opportunity costs.C)infinite opportunity costs.D)E)None of the above.BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:2) If the production possibilities frontier of one the tradepartners ("Country A") is bowed out (concave to the origin), then increased specialization in production by that country willincrease the economic welfare of both countries.A)increase the economic welfare of only Country A.B)decrease the economic welfare of Country A.C)decrease the economic welfare of Country B.D)E)None of the above.AAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:3) If two countries have identical production possibilityfrontiers, then trade between them is not likely if their supply curves are identical.A)their cost functions are identical.B)C)their demand conditions are identical.their incomes are identical.D)None of the above.E)EAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:4) If two countries have identical production possibilityfrontiers, then trade between them is not likely ifA)their supply curves are identical.their cost functions are identical.B)their demand functions differ.C)their incomes are identical.D)None of the above.E)CAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:5) If one country's wage level is very high relative to theother's (the relative wage exceeding the relativeproductivity ratios), then if they both use the samecurrencyneither country has a comparative advantage.A)only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.B)only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.C)consumers will still find trade worth while from theirD)perspective.None of the above.E)AnsweEr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:6) If one country's wage level is very high relative to theother's (the relative wage exceeding the relativeproductivity ratios), thenit is not possible that producers in each will findA)export markets profitable.it is not possible that consumers in both countries willB)enhance their respective welfares through imports.it is not possible that both countries will find gainsC)from trade.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventionalD)gains from trade.E)None of the above.DAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:7) If one country's wage level is very high relative to theother's (the relative wage exceeding the relativeproductivity ratios) then it is probable thatfree trade will improve both countries' welfare.A)free trade will result in no trade taking place.B)free trade will result in each country exporting the goodC)in which it enjoys comparative advantage.free trade will result in each country exporting the goodD)in which it suffers the greatest comparative disadvantage.None of the above.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious Edition Status:8) In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germanyenjoys a comparative advantage over France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent toFrance having a comparative advantage over Germany inA)ships.France having a comparative disadvantage compared toB)Germany in autos and ships.Germany having a comparative advantage over France inC)autos and ships.France having no comparative advantage over Germany.D)None of the above.E)AAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:9) If the United States' production possibility frontier wasflatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatthe United States has no comparative advantageA)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.B)C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.Not enough information is given.D)None of the above.E)AnsweBr:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:10) Suppose the United States' production possibility frontierwas flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's wasflatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the Germanmark sharply depreciates against the U.S. dollar. We nowknow thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageGermany has a comparative advantage in butter.B)the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.C)D)Not enough information is given.None of the above.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:11) Suppose the United states production possibility frontierwas flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's wasflatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the Germanwage doubles, but U.S. wages do not change at all. We now know thatthe United States has no comparative advantage.A)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.B)the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.C)D)Not enough information is given.None of the above.E)BAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:12) Which of the following statements is true?Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strongA)enough to stand up to foreign competition.Free trade is beneficial only if your competitor does notB)pay unreasonably low wages.Free trade is beneficial only if both countries haveC)access to the same technology.All of the above.D)None of the above.E)AnsweEr:Previous Edition QuestionStatus:13) Mahatma Ghandi exhorted his followers in India to promoteeconomic welfare by decreasing imports. This approach makes no sense.A)makes no economic sense.B)is consistent with the the Ricardian model of comparativeC)advantage.is not consistent with the Ricardian model of comparativeD)advantage.E)None of the above.DAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:14) The Country of Rhozundia is blessed with rich copperdeposits. The cost of Copper produced (relative to the cost of Widgets produced) is therefore very low. From thisinformation we know thatA)Rhozundia has a comparative advantage in CopperRhozundia should export Copper and import WidgetsB)Rhozundia should export Widgets and export CopperC)Both A and B are true.D)None of the above.E)EAnswer:QuestionPrevious EditionStatus:15) We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how to produce this product.From this information we learn thatA)China enjoyed a comparative advantage in silk.China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not aB)comparative advantage in silk.no comparative advantage exists because technology wasC)not diffused.China should have exported silk even though it had noD)comparative advantage.E)None of the above.AAnswer:Previous EditionQuestionStatus:16) The pauper labor theory, and the exploitation argumentare theoretical weaknesses that limit the applicabilityA)of the Ricardian concept of comparative advantage.are theoretically irrelevant to the Ricardian model, andB)do not limit its logical cogency.are not relevant because the Ricardian model is based onC)the labor theory of value.are not relevant because the Ricardian model allows forD)different technologies in different countries.E)None of the above.BAnswer:NewQuestionStatus:17) If labor productivities were exactly proportional to wagelevels internationally, this wouldnot negate the logical basis for trade in the RicardianA)model.render the Ricardian model theoretically correct butB)practically useless.negate the logical basis for trade in the Ricardian model.C)negate the applicability of the Ricardian model if theD)number of products were greater than the number of。