AP测验考试真题解析宏观。微观经济学FR部分
AP微观经济模拟题二答案AnswersandExplanations
AP微观经济模拟题⼆答案AnswersandExplanations Answers and Explanations1.E—Know the four scarce economic resources.2.D—A concave PPF exhibits the Law of Increasing Costs. As more ofa good is produced, opportunity costs rise. This is becauseresources are not perfectly substitutable between the production of different goods.3.E—Demand is more elastic if there are more substitute goods. Amonopolist has no close substitutes so is likely the least elastic demand.4.A—Nation A has comparative advantage in crab production and NationB has comparative advantage in cake production. Nation Aspecializes in crabs, Nation B specializes in cakes, so avoid any option suggesting the opposite. Choice A is the only one that allows both to consume beyond the PPF.5.B—Nations that invest in research and technology expect the PPFto expand; the key to economic growth.6.B—Rational decision makers consume right up to the point where theMB of the next cookie is exactly equal to the MC of the next cookie.7.B—Tea is a coffee substitute. Higher tea prices increase coffeedemand.8.C—Leftward demand shifts, coupled with rightward supply shifts putdownward pressure on prices.9.B—Price ceilings are legal maximum prices set below theequilibrium price. A shortage results.10.A—The more narrowly a good is defined, the more elastic demand.11.C—Private property is fundamental to the free market economy.12.E—The supply curve is more elastic as more time elapses.13.D—If the demand curve is more inelastic (more vertical) a greaterburden of an excise tax falls upon consumers and less uponproducers.14.C—The opportunity cost of starting a small store is the salarygiven up in the next best alternative for the entrepreneur's skills.15.A—A price floor is a legal minimum price set above the equilibriumprice. Higher coffee prices decrease the demand for complementary goods like coffee machines.16.E—P * MP L = MRP L..17.B—At the second worker, wage = MRPL18.E—In perfect competition, short-run profits may be positive ornegative, or normal, but long-run profits are always normal.19.D—This is the equilibrium price.20.C—When the price falls and quantity demanded rises, consumerspending on the good (P * Q) can change in two directions. If E d >0, a percent decrease in price increases quantity demanded by a greater percent, increasing spending on the good.21.D—PS is the area under the price and above supply.22.A—Substitution and income effects explain the Law of Demand.23.D—Using the utility maximizing rule, set MU c/$1 = MU s/$4. There arethree options where the MU c is four times the MU s, and only one of those options uses exactly $20 of daily income.24.A—The Gini coefficient measures income inequality. The closer itgets to one, the more unequal the income distribution. Oneexplanation for inequality is more market power in product and input markets. This redistributes CS to monopoly producers and/oremployers.25.B—Quickly look at the graph to eliminate some possibilities. Withdollars on the y axis, this curve cannot represent TPL (output on the y axis) or total utility (utility on the y axis). The other key is that this curve has a value of zero dollars at an output of zero.TC = TFC at zero output and short-run economic losses equal TFC at zero output.26.C—If the price of eggs rises, demand for bacon falls if they arecomplementary; E xy < 0.27.D—Labor is a variable cost so there is no change in TFC, but anincrease in TVC and TC.28.E—This defines diminishing marginal returns and is often missed, rather by students, who make the mistake of identifying falling TPL than falling MP, with diminishing returns.L29.A—Know the characteristics of all market structures.than the worker 30.E—The 4th worker is the first to have lower MPLbefore.31.C—Constant returns exist when a larger firm has constant LRAC.32.E—All other choices would produce a decrease in the demand for goodX and would therefore decrease both the price and quantity. You are looking for the only choice that would NOT. More consumers for good X would increase demand and increase both the price and quantity 33.E—Since you know that AVC is$25 at Q = 10, TVC is $250. Addingthis to the given $100 of TFC produces $350 of total cost at Q =10.34.A—The vertical distance between TC and TVC is TFC.curve. Higher labor productivity 35.A—Demand for labor is the MRPLincreases labor demand.36.D—AFC declines as output rises.37.C—The shutdown point is at P < AVC.38.A—With no externality, MSB = MSC. With a negative externality MSC >MPC = MSB for the good.39.B—Barriers to entry are a defining characteristic of monopoly.40.B—Economies of scale are a common barrier to entry; a key tomaintaining long-run positive profits.41.A—Find the output level where MR = MC and locate the price fromthe demand curve. Profit is equal to Q * (P–ATC) at that output.42.C—CS is the area above price and under demand.43.C—A four-firm concentration ratio is the sum of the market shareof the four largest firms in an industry.44.D—Utility-maximizing consumers do not equate the units of twogoods, they equate MU/P for each good.45.D—As industries approach monopoly, prices rise, lowering CS.46.E—Negative externalities, like "fowl" odors, impose spillovercosts upon third parties. These costs, ignored by the market, reflect an over-allocation of resources to chicken production.47.B—Know the characteristics of all market structures.48.A—Product differentiation results in a small degree ofprice-setting ability, and downward sloping demand curves for the firms. P = ATC and profits are normal in the long run, this output level does not occur where ATC is minimized. This defines excess capacity.49.B—DWL emerges when output is moved away from where P = MC.50.C—If P = ATC, economic profit is zero, or normal.51.D—Allowing more foreign competition lessens market power of amonopolist and improves efficiency as the price falls closer to MC.52.E—Semitrucks are a complementary resource to the truck drivers.If the price falls, demand for the labor rises.53.C—The monopsony hiring decision.54.C—Use the least-cost rule of MPL /$5 = MPK/$10 to find the optimalcombination of labor and capital. There are three combinations oflabor and capital where the MPK is twice the MPLbut only one choiceproduces 18 units of output. Remember that adding the marginal products provides the total product.55.B—This describes a cartel.56.A—Certification exams decrease labor supply and raise the wage inthe market. A higher wage increases the MC of producing the good, which raises the price of the good.57.E—If the price of a substitute resource falls, labor demand canincrease if the output effect is greater than the substitution effect.58.D—Know your public goods.59.B—You are the recipient of a spillover benefit from your neighbor'spurchase of a pool.60.D—The private marketplace underprovides for a public good becausefree riders benefit from the good without paying for it. Government must provide the public good.Free-Response Grading RubricNote:Based on my experience, these point allocations roughly approximate the weighting on similar questions on the AP examinations. Be aware that every year the point allocations differ and partial credit is awarded differently.Question 1 (12 points)Part (A): 2 pointsThese points are graphing points. A perfect response shows the salmon supply curve shifting to the left, increasing the price, and decreasing equilibrium quantity in the market. These prices and quantities must be labeled.Part (B): 5 pointsThis part of the question asks you to explain something, which means a graph is not required. However, a graph may assist your explanations.1 point: Explain that higher salmon prices increase the demand for tuna,a substitute.i. 1 point: The higher demand for tuna increases the price of tuna. ii. 1 point: Increased demand increases the market quantity.iii. 1 point: Charlie increases his production as the price rises. iv. 1 point: The price is now above average total cost so Charlie's economic profit is greater than zero.Part (C): 5 points1 point: Because positive economic profits were being made in part (B), firms enter the tuna fishing industry.i. 1 point: The higher supply for tuna decreases the price of tuna. ii. 1 point: Increased supply increases the market quantity. iii. 1 point: Charlie decreases his production as the price falls. iv. 1 point: In the long run P = ATC so Charlie's economic profit is equal to zero. You can also say that he earns normal profits.Question: OK, so what if I screwed up part (B)? Am I doomed in part (C)?Answer: Maybe not, but you cannot bank your hopes for a 5 on generous partial credit.Suppose in part (B) (iv), that you said Charlie would suffer economic losses because the price is below ATC. This is incorrect and so the last point in part (B) cannot be given.But … and here is where the partial credit may differ from year to year. If in part (C) you correctly described the long-run adjustment to losses, you may (and I stress may) receive some or all of the five points in part C.Part (C): alternative scoring to an incorrect presumption of losses in part (B)1 point: Because negative economic losses were being made in part (B), firms exit the tuna fishing industry.i. 1 point: The lessened supply for tuna increases the price of tuna. ii. 1 point: Decreased supply decreases the market quantity.iii. 1 point: Charlie increases his production as the price rises. iv. 1 point: In the long run P = ATC so Charlie's economic profit is equal to zero. You can also say that he earns normal profits.Question 2 (7 points)Part (A): 5 pointsThese are all graphing points so to get all five points, all curves, axes, and directional shifts must be perfectly identified.1 point: A correctly labeled graph showing the supply curve shifting upward by the amount of a tax.i. 1 point: Showing that the price increases after the tax.ii. 1 point: Showing that the quantity decreases after the tax.iii. 1 point: Tax revenue is the area of the rectangle yP2DW.iv. 1 point: Dead weight loss is the area of the triangle DWL shown above.TIP: In a question like this, there are very little partial credit possibilities. You either get the graphing points or you do not. Part (B): 2 points1 point: Consumer spending increases.1 point: Because the percent increase in the price is greater than the percent decrease in quantity. It is also accurate to refer to proportional changes.TIP: The last point is the more difficult of the two and serves to differentiate students. In the past you might have also received credit for saying "a large increase in the price outweighs a small decrease in quantity." It is much more accurate to refer to proportional or percentage changes and in future years the rubric might be more stringent on this point.Question 3: (7 points)Part (A): 2 pointsThese are points for just being able to read the payoff matrix in this game. Since we know that Firm 1 is choosing Costly Ads, then you must focuson the top half of the matrix. If Firm 2 is choosing Cheap Ads, then the game ends in the top right square.i. 1 point: $250ii. 1 point: $75Part (B): 2 pointsThe key here is obviously to know what it means to have a dominant strategy.A dominant strategy is one that is always superior to the other option, no matter what the rival firm is doing. For example, if Firm 2 plays Costly Ads, Firm 1 should do the same because $100 (Costly Ads) beats $75 (Cheap Ads). If Firm 2 were to play Cheap Ads, Firm 1 would play Costly Ads because $250 (Costly Ads) beats $200 (Cheap Ads). So Firm 1 would always play Costly Ads. The same is true of Firm 2.i. 1 point: Yes, playing Costly Ads is a dominant strategy for bothfirms.ii. 1 point: Because, no matter what the rival firm is doing, this strategy always beats Cheap Ads.Part (C): 1 pointThe outcome is that both firms earn $100 because, without collusion, both will play the dominant strategy, Costly Ads.Part (D): 2 pointsA prisoners' dilemma is a situation where playing the dominant strategy produces an outcome that, in hindsight, could have been better for both if the firms could have colluded and coordinated their strategies.1 point: Yes, it is an example of a prisoners' dilemma.1 point: Both firms could have improved profits ($200 each vs. $100 each) by colluding with a selection of Cheap Ads. Scoring and InterpretationAP Microeconomics Practice Exam 2Multiple-Choice Questions:Number of correct answers: ___Number of incorrect answers: ___Number of blank answers: ___Did you complete this part of the test in the allotted time? Yes/No Free-Response Questions:1.___/122.___/73.___/7Did you complete this part of the test in the allotted time? Yes/No Calculate Your Score:Multiple-Choice Questions:Free-Response Questions:Free-Response Raw Score = (1.25 * Score #1) + (1.0714 * Score #2) + (1.0714 * Score #3) = ___Add the raw scores from the multiple-choice and free-response sections to obtain your total raw score for the practice exam. Use the table below to determine your grade, remembering these are rough estimates using questions that are not actually from AP exams, so do not read too much into this conversion from raw score to AP score.。
2019年AP宏观经济学真题解析【第一题】
2019年AP宏观经济学真题解析【第一题】【分析】这个题继2016年考察了菲利普斯曲线之后，又再一次考察了这个知识点。
历年较常考的总需求和总供给曲线也有涉及。
同样涉及的还有财政政策和外汇市场。
题目条件中给出了X国经济的失业率和通胀率数据。
自然失业率为5%，实际失业率为7%，通胀率为5%。
从实际失业率高于自然失业率这个条件中，我们可得知X国当前处于recession经济衰退时期。
【考点】Short run & long run Philips Curveaggregate demand and short run aggregate supply curveFiscal policyForeign exchange marketDeterminants of exchange rate【答案】(a)2016年FR第一题a问出现了不太常规的考点Philipscurve(菲利普斯曲线)之后,2017年又一次在第一题a问中考察了这个考点。
菲利普斯曲线展示的是失业率和通胀率之间的关系，横轴为unemployment rate失业率,纵轴为inflation rate通胀率。
短期菲利普斯曲线(SRPC)展示了失业率和通胀率之间负相关的关系，而长期菲利普斯曲线(LRPC)则是一条垂直的直线，对应的失业率为自然失业率。
因为当前X国处于经济衰退时期，实际失业率7%高于自然失业率5%。
短期均衡点B应该位于长期菲利普斯曲线右边，对应7%的失业率和3%的通胀率。
如图所示(b)(i) 如果政府不采取任何措施干预，长期经济能够自动调回到充分就业的状态。
原因是人们的通胀预期降低。
当经济处于衰退时期，物价长期处于低迷水平，人们会逐渐调整对工资的预期，接受更低的工资。
所以公司成本下降，总供给增加。
SRAS短期总供给曲线会右移回到长期均衡。
另一方面，因为短期总供给增加，会导致更低的通胀率和更低失业率。
所以若是反映在菲利普斯曲线上，在长期，短期菲利普斯曲线会左移。
AP微观经济学考试内容
AP微观经济学考试内容三立AP频道为大家带来AP微观经济学考试内容一文，希望对大家AP备考有所帮助。
AP微观经济学考查内容：(1) 经济学基本概念(8-14%)(2) 供给、需求与市场均衡(15-20%)(3) 消费者行为(5-10%)(4) 生产者产量以及成本(10-15%)(5) 市场结构(完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头)(25-35%)(6) 要素市场(10-18%)(7) 市场失灵和政府行为(12-18%)AP微观经济学分为选择题以及简答题两个部分。
选择题总共为60道，时间为70分钟，分数占比为2/3;简答题3道，时间为50分钟，分数占比为1/3。
卷面分数为90分，一般来说，学生需要考到70分以上，才有可能获得5分，即优秀水平，可见要求相对较高。
第一：微观经济学基本概念(Basic Concepts)1. 经济学研究的问题?重点：稀缺性(Scarcity),金钱稀缺+时间稀缺。
合理利用有限的资源(Limited Resources)去满足无限的需求(Unlimited Wants)。
2. 机会成本(Opportunity Cost)的定义重点：定义。
机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而所要放弃最好的选择的成本。
考试中必考某件事的机会成本的选择题。
3. 机会成本递增原则(Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost)重点：定义。
是指在生产两种产品的条件下，为增加其中一种产品的生产量而不得不放弃的另外一种产品的价值,那么生产成本不是不变，而是不断增加。
4. 生产可能性曲线(Production Possibilities Frontier)重点：4.1 搞清楚PPF曲线线上的点，曲线内部的点，曲线外部的点各自有什么意义。
4.2 搞清楚何时PPF是曲线还是直线(资源可以完美替代去生产另一种产品)。
5. 绝对优势(Absolute advantage)，比较优势(Comparative advantage)，专门化(Specialization)重点：5.1 绝对优势和比较优势各自比较的是什么：Absolute Cost计算的是生产某物品的成本,Comparative Cost计算的是生产某物品的机会成本。
AP拯救计划第四弹！微观经济PK宏观经济？资料免费领！
AP拯救计划第四弹！微观经济PK宏观经济？资料免费领！在美国，经济学的地位很高，如同在中国人人都会学习政治一样，经济学是美国学生的必修课程。
到了大学，金融、工商管理、市场营销、公共管理等专业都需要一定的经济学知识，因此预备本科留学美国的国际生们也越来越多开始学习经济学。
有人说，经济学很枯燥、很抽象，果真如此吗？经济学教授薛兆丰在综艺《奇葩说》里看起来严肃呆板，格格不入，但总能活用经济学知识，把节目里的辩题解释得既通透易懂，又接地气，杀出一片人气。
他让棕榈君知道，其实经济学渗透在生活的方方面面，它很具象，也可以很有趣。
比如当他讨论“什么样的工作，更可能996？”时，引用了经济学里“相对价值”的概念。
他是这样解释这个概念的：做饺子的时候，面粉多了，肉就贵；男孩多的地方，女孩贵；资本密集的地方，劳动力的价值高。
由于资源搭配，那些“资本多、变化大、机会特别多”的工作岗位愿意付给“劳动力时间”的费用更高，人们也就更愿意多付时间去工作，更愿意996。
经济学是一门实用的学问，是研究关于个人、机构和社会在资源稀缺的背景下如何做出最佳选择的学科。
由于资源有限，我们要利用已有的资源办最多的事情，要学会合理分配资源。
经济学要教给我们的即是如何合理使用、分配有限资源。
薛兆丰在他的著作《经济学通识》写道：用什么样的眼光，就有什么样的世界。
用经济学的眼光，说不定能看见另一个精彩纷呈的世界。
AP经济学考试经济学是一门文理科生都适合学习的学科，AP经济学考试则是一个零基础起步、拿五分难度也不大的考试。
AP微观经济和宏观经济，同微积分、统计学一起，为中国最早引进的4门AP课程，也是中国学生报考人数较多的AP科目。
2019年AP微观经济学全球五分率22.2%、四分率28.4%，2019年AP宏观经济学五分率17.6%、四分率22.9%，两门都属于在AP考试中较容易获得高分的科目，是中国学生的热门选择。
那么报考AP经济学，是选择微观经济还是宏观经济呢？我们先来看一下两者的区别。
2015年AP考试真题解析(宏观。微观经济学FR部分)
2015年AP考试真题解析(宏观经济学FR部分)AP宏观经济学的FR题目每年都是三道题，其中第一题问到的内容也相对较多，所占比重比较高，总分30分的简答题中，第一题占到了将近一半的分值。
AP宏观经济学的FR真题每年涉及的知识点大同小异，包括AD-AS、菲利普斯曲线、货币市场、可贷资金市场、外汇市场等模型，同时会涉及到财政政策、货币政策和国际贸易等政策性内容。
“2015年AP宏观经济学考试涉及的考点还是基本沿袭了之前的风格，AD-AS模型、可贷资金市场、货币市场、外汇市场都有所涉及，重要的图形中唯一没有考到的是菲利普斯曲线，财政政策和货币政策也都考到了，相对冷门的考点是第二题中的国际贸易。
另外，三道题中都可以看出每一小问之间的连带性，很多时候某一问做错了，后面连续就都做错了，这也是让考生们头疼的地方。
大家在2016年的AP宏观经济学考试中，一定要特别注意这种题目之间的连带性，每问得出结论是都要格外仔细。
第一题这是一道非常非常典型的AP宏观经济学FR第一题，涉及到了一个国家的运行以及如何使用政策改变现在的运行状态。
第一问：几乎每年都会让考生用AD-AS模型画出一个国家的运行状态。
题目中说到美国的经济正运行在充分就业以下，说明国家正处在衰退状态，这时在AD-AS模型中，我们要把长期AS曲线画在短期AS与AD曲线交点的右方，如下图：*注意横纵轴要写实际GDP和价格水平，短期均衡点对应Y1，而长期AS对应Yf第二问：说到美联储想要让经济回到充分就业，也就是经济不要继续衰退，那么它应该使用扩张型的货币政策，让利率下降，从而使得投资增加，达到扩张经济的效果。
（这里要强调的是，题目中提到的federal funds rate是指美国商业银行间的同业借贷利率，在题目中如果没有特意提到这个意思，考生们只要理解成美国最基准的利率就可以了。
所以在这道题中，只要回答应该以低的federal funds rate为目标就可以了。
ap考试真题解析（宏观。微观经济学fr部分）教学文稿
ap考试真题解析（宏观。
微观经济学fr部分）教学文稿2015 年AP 考试真题解析（宏观经济学FR 部分）AP 宏观经济学的FR 题目每年都是三道题，其中第一题问到的内容也相对较多，所占比重比较高，总分30 分的简答题中，第一题占到了将近一半的分值。
AP宏观经济学的FR真题每年涉及的知识点大同小异，包括AD-AS、菲利普斯曲线、货币市场、可贷资金市场、外汇市场等模型，同时会涉及到财政政策、货币政策和国际贸易等政策性内容。
“年AP宏观经济学考试涉及的考点还是基本沿袭了之前的风格，AD-AS 模型、可贷资金市场、货币市场、外汇市场都有所涉及，重要的图形中唯一没有考到的是菲利普斯曲线，财政政策和货币政策也都考到了，相对冷门的考点是第二题中的国际贸易。
另外，三道题中都可以看出每一小问之间的连带性，很多时候某一问做错了，后面连续就都做错了，这也是让考生们头疼的地方。
大家在2016 年的AP 宏观经济学考试中，一定要特别注意这种题目之间的连带性，每问得出结论是都要格外仔细。
第一题Afihume Utat ihc United Stales economy k operating below fuh employment(a) Draw a correctly labeled graph of k)Q{-nin a^gieg^ie^upply.骂horvrun 瞻呂re英加￡ supply, aitd a^gregale dciiinruL and^howcarh oFihc follow itip.(i) Cuircnr equilibrium ouipuc and price 3cveL iahciccl Yi 讣口4 Pl,((ii) F IL I\-C ri-ipli)yment<="">th) T\SSUIIK ihdt die Federal Rvscn v 1皿上札讣u i忙讥federal fundti nite to reuch hdi employ mcnl. Should the bcdcruJ Retene urgki a |)ig.htrnr tuwer fcdcnjl funds rale?(c) Given the FedeniJ Re serve nation you icku Lifind in part(bK dmw a oorroctly Lubcled graph of Lhe money market and show the effect cm the nominal iiuerest rule.(d) The policy makers pursue a fiscal policy rather than the moneur^ policy in part (1)>. Assume that the marginaJ pm pen 巫Ey iocon!>unic is (}.S anti ihe viiJue of the recessionary puph biltion.(i) LI the ^everntnem changes its spending withoti! changing taxc^ to eliminate die ircosionary gap1 cakulair ibe minimum requiaxi irh时世亡in government spending{ii) I『ihc government chiinge\ i^c\ u ithnui chang tng govern mem sfx^ndin^ incliminiiic the rect^i^nar) gitp, will {he minimum required change in tuo he grvititr ihyn, >niiillcr Lhan, ur equal io Che Hiinimuni required c hsnge in govern me nt spending irt pan MHi 丨?Lx 卩hiin,(e) Assume lhe govcrtimem luwcni incotne la^ ra【e& io the rcccisiaimy g^p. Will e^ch of thelolloping decreiM：. or sijy Lhe s^mc 'J(i) A.g^rcga<="" ilcniand,="" p="">(ii) Umg-rxin aggregate supply. Eitphin.。
微观经济学考试题答案(画图分析)
总效应与边际效应的关系TU特点：1.曲线 TU 为自原点出发TU先曾后减的倒 V 型曲线 2.曲线MU 为单调递减的曲线关系：O X当 MU 为正时，曲线TU 单调MU递增；当 MU 为负时，曲线 TU单调递减；当 MU=0时，曲线TU 的最后、高点即TU 最大OXMU消费者均衡在消费者均衡点 E 上，无差异曲线X2U2 同预算线 AB 相切，其斜率相A等。
而 AB 的斜率用两商品的价格之比表示。
U2 斜率用用边际替代率表示，故消费者均衡的条件为：E边际替代率=两商品的价格比MRS12=P1/P2 。
由于边际替代率可U 3以用两商品的边际效用来表示表U2示： MRS12=MU1/MU2故U1MU1/MU2=P1/P2 则消费者均衡O X 1条件为两商品的边际效用之比等B于两商品的价格之比生产曲线精选文库TP L MP L AP LCB特点：先曾后减的倒U 型曲线关系：（1）TPL和APL ① MPL=dTPL/dL ，知 MPL 在数值上等于曲线 TPL上对应点的斜率②若 A 点前 MPL 单调递增， A 点后 MPL单调递减， A 点对应 MPL 的最高点③若 C 为曲线的最高点，则 C 点之前 MPL>0 ， TPL 增加；C 点后 MPL<0 ，TPL 减少；C 点处 MPL=0 ，对应 TPL TP LA最高点（ 2）TPL 与 APL ①APL=TPL/L ，知 APL 在数值上等于 TPL 上对应点与原点连线的斜率②若BI II III点为 TPL 上与原点连线的斜率的最高点，则 B 点前APL 增加； B 点后 APL 减少， B 点对应着 APL 最高点（ 3） APL 和 MPL 当 MPL>APL 时， APL 增加；OAP L当 MPL<APL 时 APL 下降。
MPL 与 APL 交于 APLL 最高点生产三个阶段（ 1）如图所示，第II 阶段的MP L起点为 APL 的最高点即为 APL 与 MPL 的交点，终点为 MPL=0 的点即 TPL 的最高点，从而将整个区域划分为 I、II 、III 三个阶段（ 2）生产者会把生产落在第 II 阶段（ 3）原因 1.在第 I 阶段 MPL>APL ， APL增加 TPL 增加，说明此时可变生产要素的投入与固定生产要素的投入相比较少，还远没有达到最佳搭配比例，因此理性消费者会增加对可变生产要素的投入量，将生产推进到第II 阶段 2.第 III 阶段 APL<MPL ，MPL<0 ， TPL 减少，说明此时可变投入要素的投入量与固定投入要素相比较多，远远超过了最佳搭配比例，理性消费者会减少可变要素的投入量，将生产回到第二阶段精选文库短期成本曲线CTC特征：① PC 为一条平行于横轴的直线 FC=b ② VC 为由原点出发的单调递增的曲线，递增速度VC先慢后快③ TC 为固定成本和可变成本的加和，平行于曲线ACb FC上移 b 个单位得到④ AC ，AVC ，MC 为先减后增的 U 型曲线⑤QAFC 为单调递减的曲线关系：①O MC 与 AC ：当 MC<AC 时， ACQ3C Q1AC 减少；当 MC>AC 时 AC 增加；Q2MC AVCMC 交于 AC 的最低点处② MC与 AVC ：当 MC<AVC 时， AVC减少；当 MC>A VC 时 AVC 增加；MC 交于 AVC 的最低点处③ AC与 AVC （ 1）AC=VC+AFC ，AC与 AVC 之间的垂直距离为AFC AFC ，AFC 减少，故 AC 与 AVC之间的距离越来越小（2）AV 在OQ1Q2 Q3Q AVC 上方（ 3）AVC 的最低点总在 AC 最低点的左方完全竞争市场的均衡问题MC PP1E1ACd1(P1=AR1=MR)AVCAOQ1Q 由 MC=MR 知E1 为均衡点，Q1为均衡产量。
2019年AP宏观经济学真题解析【第一题】
2019年AP宏观经济学真题解析【第一题】【分析】这个题继2016年考察了菲利普斯曲线之后，又再一次考察了这个知识点。
历年较常考的总需求和总供给曲线也有涉及。
同样涉及的还有财政政策和外汇市场。
题目条件中给出了X国经济的失业率和通胀率数据。
自然失业率为5%，实际失业率为7%，通胀率为5%。
从实际失业率高于自然失业率这个条件中，我们可得知X国当前处于recession经济衰退时期。
【考点】Short run & long run Philips Curveaggregate demand and short run aggregate supply curveFiscal policyForeign exchange marketDeterminants of exchange rate【答案】(a)2016年FR第一题a问出现了不太常规的考点Philipscurve(菲利普斯曲线)之后,2017年又一次在第一题a问中考察了这个考点。
菲利普斯曲线展示的是失业率和通胀率之间的关系，横轴为unemployment rate失业率,纵轴为inflation rate通胀率。
短期菲利普斯曲线(SRPC)展示了失业率和通胀率之间负相关的关系，而长期菲利普斯曲线(LRPC)则是一条垂直的直线，对应的失业率为自然失业率。
因为当前X国处于经济衰退时期，实际失业率7%高于自然失业率5%。
短期均衡点B应该位于长期菲利普斯曲线右边，对应7%的失业率和3%的通胀率。
如图所示(b)(i) 如果政府不采取任何措施干预，长期经济能够自动调回到充分就业的状态。
原因是人们的通胀预期降低。
当经济处于衰退时期，物价长期处于低迷水平，人们会逐渐调整对工资的预期，接受更低的工资。
所以公司成本下降，总供给增加。
SRAS短期总供给曲线会右移回到长期均衡。
另一方面，因为短期总供给增加，会导致更低的通胀率和更低失业率。
所以若是反映在菲利普斯曲线上，在长期，短期菲利普斯曲线会左移。
ap微观经济真题-05
AP® Microeconomics2005 Free-Response QuestionsForm BThe College Board: Connecting Students to College SuccessThe College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,700 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves over three and a half million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns.Copyright © 2005 by College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, AP Central, APCD, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Vertical Teams, Pre-AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. Admitted Class Evaluation Service, CollegeEd, Connect to college success, MyRoad, SAT Professional Development, SAT Readiness Program, and Setting the Cornerstones are trademarks owned by the College Entrance Examination Board.PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. Other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: /inquiry/cbpermit.html.Visit the College Board on the Web: .AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program and Pre-AP: .MICROECONOMICSSECTION IIPlanning time—10 minutesWriting time—50 minutesDirections: You have fifty minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is suggested that you spend approximately half your time on the first question and divide the remaining time equally between the next two questions. In answering the questions, you should emphasize the line of reasoning that generated your results; it is not enough to list the results of your analysis. Include correctly labeled diagrams, if useful or required, in explaining your answers. A correctly labeled diagram must have all axes and curves clearly labeled and must show directional changes. Use a pen with black or dark-blue ink.1. Petsall Corporation is a profit-maximizing monopolist. It sells a patented rabies vaccine for pets and earnseconomic profits.(a) Draw a correctly labeled graph that shows each of the following for Petsall.(i) Output and price of the vaccine(ii) Area of economic profits(b) Assume that Petsall hires its production workers in a perfectly competitive labor market at the wage rateof $20 per hour.(i) State the marginal conditions for hiring the profit-maximizing amount of labor.(ii) Draw a correctly labeled graph that shows the labor supply and demand curves for Petsall and indicate the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.(c) Suppose that the market wage rate now falls to $15 per hour. Show on your diagram in (b) (ii) how each ofthe following would be affected.(i) The supply of labor to Petsall(ii) The amount of labor Petsall would hire(d) Given the lower wage rate in (c), indicate how each of the following would change.(i) Total fixed cost(ii) Marginal cost(iii) Price of the product2. The graph above shows the short-run cost structure of a firm in a perfectly competitive industry.(a) Identify the cost curves that are denoted by each of the following labels.(i) Curve 1(ii) Curve 2(iii) Curve 3(b) Explain why curve 1 does each of the following as output increases.(i) Initially decreases(ii) Finally increases(c) What measure of cost is represented by the vertical distance between curve 2 and curve 3 ?(d) Explain why the vertical distance between curve 2 and curve 3 decreases as output increases.(e) Using the letters on the graph, identify two points on the firm’s short-run supply curve.3. Assume that bread and butter are complementary goods. The government begins to subsidize the productionof wheat, which is an input in the production of bread.(a)For each of the following markets, draw correctly labeled supply and demand graphs and show the effectof the subsidy on the equilibrium price and quantity in the short run.(i) The wheat market(ii) The bread market(iii) The butter market(b) If the demand for bread is price elastic, how will total revenues for the bread producers change as a resultof the government subsidy?END OF EXAMINATION。
AP微观经济学真题与答案
K
3 8
5
8
（3 分）
进一步得：K=L=10（2 分）
∴MinTC=3×10+5×10=80（2 分）
⑵已知：Q=25 ③
由①、②、③式可得：
K=L=25（1 分）
MinTC=3×25+5×25=200（2 分）
⑶已知：TC=160,
K=L、TC=3L+5K
得：K＝L=20（1 分）
Q= L3/8K5/8=20（1 分）
3.保持所有其它因素不变，某种商品的价格下降将导致（ ）
A、失业
B、有用性资源增加或技术进步
C、通货膨胀
D、经济能力增长惟一决定于劳动力数量
4.若某行业中许多生产者生产一种标准化产品，我们可以估计到其中任何一个生产者的需求
将是：（ ）
A、毫无弹性
B、有单元弹性
C、缺乏弹性
D、富有弹性
5、如果人们收入水平提高，食物在总支出中的比重将（ ）
A、大大增加
B、稍有增加
C、下降
D、不变
6、若无差异曲线上任一点的斜率为：－1/2，这意味着消费者有更多 x 的时，他更愿意放弃
（ ）单位 x 而获得一单位 y。
A、1/2
B、2
C、1
D、1.5
7、恩线
C、需求曲线
D、无差异曲线
8、使用自有资金也应计算利息收入，这种利息从成本角度看是（ ）
2、证明：⑴给定一个大于 0 的正整数λ，设把各投入要素的量翻λ倍，
则新的产量为：
1
1
11
Q (L) 2 (K ) 2 L2 K 2 Q
A、固定成本
B、隐含成本
C、会计成本
AP微观经济学考试各部分占的比重
AP微观经济学考试各部分占的比重AP微观经济学考试各部分占的比重三立为大家整理了AP微观经济学考试各部分占的比重，分享给大家，供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助!I. Basic Economic Concepts . . . . . . . . . (8–14%)A. Scarcity, choice, and opportunity costB. Production possibilities curveC. Comparative advantage, absolute advantage, specialization, and tradeD. Circulate Flow DiagramE. Resources and advantagesF. Opportunity cost (curve and point)G. Economy systems (social and command)II. The Nature and Functions of Product Markets . . . (55–70%)A. Supply and demand (15–20%)1. Market equilibrium2. Determinants of supply and demand (the change of supply and demand)3. Price controls (price floor and ceiling)4. Elasticitya. Price, income, and cross-price elasticity of demandb. types of productsc. Price elasticity of supply5. Tax incidenceB. Theory of consumer choice (5–10%)1. Total utility and marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utilities(DMU)2. Utility maximization: equalizing marginal utility per dollar3. Individual and market demand curves4. Income and substitution effects5. Consumer surplus, producer surplus, and market efficiencyC. Production and costs (10–15%)1. Production functions: short and long run2. Marginal product and diminishing returns3. Short-run costs Verse Long-run costs4. Economies of scale5. Cost minimizing input combination(as factor market)D. Firm behavior and market structure (25–35%)1. Profit:a. Accounting versus economic profitsb. Normal profitc. Profit maximization: MR=MC rule2. Perfect competitiona. Profit maximizationb. Short-run supply and shutdown decisionc. Behavior of firms and markets in the short run and in the long rund. Efficiency and perfect competition3. Monopolya. Sources of market powerb. Profit maximizationc. Inefficiency of monopolyd. Price discriminatione. Deadweight loss (will be cover in monopolist market)f. Natural monopoly4. Oligopolya. Interdependence, collusion, and cartelsb. Game theory and strategic behavior5. Monopolistic competitiona. Product differentiation and role of advertisingb. The monopolistic and competitive featuresc. Short-run and long-run equilibriumd. Excess capacity and inefficiencyIII. Factor Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (10–18%)A. Derived factor demandB. Marginal revenue product (formula)C. Combination of products to achieve maximum profit and minimum profitD. Wage decision for competition and monopolistic marketsIV. Market Failure and the Role of Government . . . . . . . (12–18%)A. Externalities1. Marginal social benefit and marginal social cost2. Positive externalities3. Negative externalities4. Remedies in Graph.B. Public goods1. Public versus private goods2. Quasi-public goods3. Provision of public goodsC. Market Failure1. Reasons2. Public policy to promote completion: Antitrust policy, RegulationD. Income distribution1. Lorenz curve2. Initiator for income inequality。
ap微观经济真题-05
AP® Microeconomics2006 Free-Response QuestionsForm BThe College Board: Connecting Students to College SuccessThe College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns.© 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, AP Central, APCD, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Vertical Teams, Pre-AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. Admitted Class Evaluation Service, CollegeEd, connect to college success, MyRoad, SAT Professional Development, SAT Readiness Program, and Setting the Cornerstones are trademarks owned by the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at:/inquiry/cbpermit.html.Visit the College Board on the Web: .AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: .MICROECONOMICSSection IIPlanning time—10 minutesWriting time—50 minutesDirections: You have 50 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is suggested that you spend approximately half your time on the first question and divide the remaining time equally between the next two questions. In answering the questions, you should emphasize the line of reasoning that generated your results; it is not enough to list the results of your analysis. Include correctly labeled diagrams, if useful or required, in explaining your answers. A correctly labeled diagram must have all axes and curves clearly labeled and must show directional changes. Use a pen with black or dark blue ink.1. Assume that Clark Electronics has a monopoly in the production and sale of a new device for detecting anddestroying a computer virus. Clark Electronics currently incurs short-run losses, but it continues to operate.(a) What must be true for Clark to continue to operate in the short run?(b) Draw a correctly labeled graph, and show each of the following for Clark.(i) The profit-maximizing price and output(ii) Area of loss(c) Assume Clark is maximizing profit. What will happen to its total revenue if Clark raises its price? Explain.(d) If demand for the new device increases, explain what will happen to each of the following in the short run.(i) Profit-ma ximizing output(ii) Total cost2. Assume that the market for home security systems is perfectly competitive and currently in equilibrium.(a) Using a correctly labeled graph of supply and demand, show each of the following.(i) The equilibrium price and quantity, labeled as P* and Q*, respectively(ii) The area representing consumer surplus, labeled as CS(iii) The area representing producer surplus, labeled as PS(b) Suppose that the government imposes an effective (binding) price ceiling. Redraw your graph in part (a),and label the ceiling price as P2. Completely shade the area representing the sum of the consumer surplusand the producer surplus after the imposition of the price ceiling.(c) Suppose the demand for home security systems decreases and the price ceiling remains binding. Indicatewhat will happen to each of the following.(i) Consumer surplus(ii) Producer surplus© 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved.Visit (for AP professionals) and /apstudents (for students and parents).GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.23. Pride Textiles produces and sells towels in a perfectly competitive market. Pride Textiles hires its workers in aperfectly competitive labor market. Assume that the market wage rate for workers is $80 per day.(a) State the conditions necessary for hiring the profit-maximizing amount of labor.(b) At the profit-maximizing level of output, suppose that the marginal product of the last worker hired is20 towels per day. Calculate the price of a towel.(c) Draw a correctly labeled graph of the labor supply and demand curves for Pride Textiles, and show theequilibrium amount of labor hired.(d) Given your answer to part (b), if the price of a towel increases, explain how Pride’s profit-maximizingquantity of labor will be affected.STOPEND OF EXAM© 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved.Visit (for AP professionals) and /apstudents (for students and parents).3。
AP ECON 微观经济
清华研究生云舟AP支教队冯娈I. Basic Economic Concepts 经济学基础概念 (8–14%) 这部分宏观微观都会考，多在选择题里出现。
A. Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost稀缺性（概念），选择（概念），机会成本（计算）稀缺性指资源是有限的，相对的说，人类的欲望是无限的，所以经济学正是研究资源应该如何有效efficiently配置的学科。
因为精力有限，人类总是面临选择，为了得到某种东西或做某件事所放弃的另一最优选择叫机会成本。
比如我花50块钱去看话剧，成本好像只有50元，但从机会成本的角度考虑，我选择了看话剧，放弃了用这50块钱和时间去做另一件能给我带来很高价值的事情，如金融投资能赚到200元，200元就是机会成本。
速记公式：Opportunity Cost of doing A=loss in B/gain in AB. Production possibilities curve生产可能性边界曲线（识图，计算）横纵坐标轴分别是两种产品的产量；曲线边界上的点是有效的efficient、边界内的点可以实现但效率低attainable but inefficient、边界外的点代表用现有资源无法生产u nattainable（但经济扩张以后可以实现）；依据一般情况画出的曲线应该是弯的，因为存在着机会成本递增规律law of increasing opportunity cost（生产鞋和电脑的资源不可相互替代），特殊情况下是直的，那就是当生产两种物品的资源可替代sub stitutable的时候（如冰柜和冰箱），机会成本是恒定的。
C. Comparative advantage, absolute advantage, specialization and trade比较优势（计算），绝对优势（计算），专业化（概念），贸易（概念）难点是绝对优势和比较优势的区别：前者指用比另一个生产者更少的成本生产某种物品的能力，后者指用比另一个生产者更少的机会成本生产某种物品的能力。
《微观经济学》考试试题及参考答案
《微观经济学》考试试题及参考答案微观经济学试题微观经济学一、选择一个正确答案，并简单说明选择理由（每小题2分，共16分）1. 如果某一时期消费者对空调的需求量沿需求曲线突然增加，其原因可能是：.…....….（）A.空调价格大幅下跌B.持续高温天气C.预期空调价格上涨D.以上原因都有可能理由——2. 如果彩电的需求曲线向右平移，其原因可能是：……....................……………….....…（）A.彩电价格下降 B.彩电预期价格下降 C.黑白电视机价格上涨 D.以上原因都不可能理由——3. 如果鸡蛋的供给曲线向左平移，其原因可能是：.........……………………....................（）A.鸡蛋售价上涨B.预期鸭蛋售价上涨C.饲料价格下跌D.以上原因都不可能理由——4. 如果一份肯德鸡的边际效用为3，一件金利来衬衫的边际效用为20，当二者的价格分别为15元和150元时，消费者的消费行为应该是：………………....................（）A.增加衬衫或减少肯德鸡的消费B.增加肯德鸡或减少衬衫的消费C.同时增加或减少二者的消费D.对二者的消费量不变理由——5. 在总产量曲线的拐点处，有：............................……………………........ ..…………......（）A.总产量最大B.平均产量最大C.边际产量为零D.边际产量最大理由——6. 如果某厂商的需求曲线D=P=AR＞MR，则可判断该厂商为：..............……………...（）A.完全垄断B.垄断竞争C.寡头垄断D.以上情况都有可能理由——7. 在下列图形中，厂商均衡生产的位置应为：…………………………………………..…( )A.P1Q1PMC B.P2Q2P1AC C.P3Q3P2AVC D.以上答案都正确P30 Q3 Q2 Q1P理由——8. 如果市场容量为9000单位，则古尔诺模型中一个寡头垄断厂商的均衡产量应为：..（）A.9000B.6000C.4500D. 3000理由——二、判断正误，并简单说明判断理由。
2014年厦门大学806宏微观经济学考研真题及详解《微观经济学》(共80分)
2014年厦门大学806宏微观经济学考研真题及详解《微观经济学》（共80分)一、名词解释（总分值：16分，每小题分值：4分）1.边际产量递减答：在技术水平不变的条件下，在连续等量地把某一种可变生产要素増加到其他一种或几种数量不变的生产要素上去的过程中，当这种可变生产要素的投入量小于某一特定值时，増加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递増的；当这种可变要素的投入量连续増加并超过这个特定值时，増加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。
这就是边际产量递减规律，或称为边际报酬递减规律。
从理论上讲，边际产量递减规律成立的原因在于：对于任何产品的短期生产来说，可变要素投入和固定要素投入之间都存在着一个最佳的数量组合比例。
一旦生产要素的投入量达到最佳的组合比例时，可变要素的边际产量达到最大值。
在这一点之后，随着可变要素投入量的继续増加，生产要素的投入量越来越偏离最佳的组合比例，相应的可变要素的边际产量便呈现出递减的趋势了。
边际产量递减规律强调的是：在任何一种产品的短期生产中，随着一种可变要素投入量的増加，边际产量最终必然会呈现出递减的特征。
2.垄断竞争答：垄断竞争市场是这样一种市场组织，一个市场中有许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同种产品。
具体地说，垄断竞争市场的条件主要有以下三点：(1)在生产集团中有大量的企业生产有差别的同种产品，这些产品彼此之间都是非常接近的替代品。
(2)—个生产集团中的企业数量非常多，以至于每个厂商都认为自己的行为影响很小，不会引起竞争对手的注意和反应，因而自己也不会受到竞争对手的任何报复措施的影响。
(3)厂商的生产规模比较小，因此，进入和退出一个生产集团比较容易。
许多经济学家认为，垄断竞争的存在从总体上说是利大于弊，现实中垄断竞争也是一种普遍存在的市场结构，如轻工业品市场等。
3. 三级价格歧视答：价格歧视可分为一级价格歧视、二级价格歧视和三级价格歧视。
其中，三级价格歧视是指垄断厂商对同一种产品在不同的市场上（或对不同的消费群）收取不同的价格。
AP宏观经济学真题解析
AP宏观经济学真题解析下面小编就AP宏观经济学真题解析（一）来给考生们详细说明Assume that the United States economy is operating at full employment.(a) Using a correctly labeled graph of the long-run aggregate supply, short-run aggregate supply, and aggregate demand, show each of the following.(i) Current price level, labeled PL1(ii) Current output level, labeled Y1(b) Assume that personal savings in the United States increase. Using a correctly labeled graph of the loanable funds market, show the impact of the increase in personal savings on the real interest rate.(c) Based on the real interest rate change identified in part (b),(i) will interest-sensitive expenditures increase, decrease, or remain unchanged?(ii) what will happen to the rate of economic growth? Explain.。
(d) Assume that the real interest rate of the euro zone increases relative to the real interest rate of the United States. Draw a correctly labeled graph of the foreign exchange market for the euro and show the impact of the change in the real interest rate in the euro zone on each of the following.(i) Demand for the euro. Explain.(ii) Value of the euro relative to the United States dollar(e) Assume that the United States current account balance is zero. Based on the change in the value of the euro identified in part (d)(ii), will the United States current account balance now be in surplus, be in deficit, or remain at zero?(a)此题考察的是总供给-总需求模型的概念。
AP 宏观经济 考试纲要 MacroEcon topic outline
Students should be able to use the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model to determine equilibrium income and price level and to analyze the impact of economic fluctuations on the economy's output and price level, both in the short run and in the long run.
I. Basic Economic Concepts
A macroeconomics course introduces students to fundamental economic concepts such as scarcity and opportunity costs. Students understand the distinction between absolute and comparative advantage and apply the principle of comparative advantage to determine the basis on which mutually advantageous trade can take place between individuals and/or countries and to identify comparative advantage from differences in opportunity costs. Other basic concepts that are explored include the functions performed by an economic system and the way the tools of supply and demand are used to analyze the workings of a free market economy. The course should also introduce the concept of the business cycle to give students an overview of economic fluctuations and to highlight the dynamics of unemployment, inflation, and economic growth. Coverage of these concepts provides students with the foundation for a thorough understanding of macroeconomic concepts and issues.
ap微观经济真题-05
AP® Microeconomics2005 Free-Response QuestionsForm BThe College Board: Connecting Students to College SuccessThe College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,700 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves over three and a half million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns.Copyright © 2005 by College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, AP Central, APCD, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Vertical Teams, Pre-AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. Admitted Class Evaluation Service, CollegeEd, Connect to college success, MyRoad, SAT Professional Development, SAT Readiness Program, and Setting the Cornerstones are trademarks owned by the College Entrance Examination Board.PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. Other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: /inquiry/cbpermit.html.Visit the College Board on the Web: .AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program and Pre-AP: .MICROECONOMICSSECTION IIPlanning time—10 minutesWriting time—50 minutesDirections: You have fifty minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is suggested that you spend approximately half your time on the first question and divide the remaining time equally between the next two questions. In answering the questions, you should emphasize the line of reasoning that generated your results; it is not enough to list the results of your analysis. Include correctly labeled diagrams, if useful or required, in explaining your answers. A correctly labeled diagram must have all axes and curves clearly labeled and must show directional changes. Use a pen with black or dark-blue ink.1. Petsall Corporation is a profit-maximizing monopolist. It sells a patented rabies vaccine for pets and earnseconomic profits.(a) Draw a correctly labeled graph that shows each of the following for Petsall.(i) Output and price of the vaccine(ii) Area of economic profits(b) Assume that Petsall hires its production workers in a perfectly competitive labor market at the wage rateof $20 per hour.(i) State the marginal conditions for hiring the profit-maximizing amount of labor.(ii) Draw a correctly labeled graph that shows the labor supply and demand curves for Petsall and indicate the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.(c) Suppose that the market wage rate now falls to $15 per hour. Show on your diagram in (b) (ii) how each ofthe following would be affected.(i) The supply of labor to Petsall(ii) The amount of labor Petsall would hire(d) Given the lower wage rate in (c), indicate how each of the following would change.(i) Total fixed cost(ii) Marginal cost(iii) Price of the product2. The graph above shows the short-run cost structure of a firm in a perfectly competitive industry.(a) Identify the cost curves that are denoted by each of the following labels.(i) Curve 1(ii) Curve 2(iii) Curve 3(b) Explain why curve 1 does each of the following as output increases.(i) Initially decreases(ii) Finally increases(c) What measure of cost is represented by the vertical distance between curve 2 and curve 3 ?(d) Explain why the vertical distance between curve 2 and curve 3 decreases as output increases.(e) Using the letters on the graph, identify two points on the firm’s short-run supply curve.3. Assume that bread and butter are complementary goods. The government begins to subsidize the productionof wheat, which is an input in the production of bread.(a)For each of the following markets, draw correctly labeled supply and demand graphs and show the effectof the subsidy on the equilibrium price and quantity in the short run.(i) The wheat market(ii) The bread market(iii) The butter market(b) If the demand for bread is price elastic, how will total revenues for the bread producers change as a resultof the government subsidy?END OF EXAMINATION。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2015年AP考试真题解析(宏观经济学FR部分)AP宏观经济学的FR题目每年都是三道题，其中第一题问到的内容也相对较多，所占比重比较高，总分30分的简答题中，第一题占到了将近一半的分值。
AP宏观经济学的FR真题每年涉及的知识点大同小异，包括AD-AS、菲利普斯曲线、货币市场、可贷资金市场、外汇市场等模型，同时会涉及到财政政策、货币政策和国际贸易等政策性内容。
“2015年AP宏观经济学考试涉及的考点还是基本沿袭了之前的风格，AD-AS模型、可贷资金市场、货币市场、外汇市场都有所涉及，重要的图形中唯一没有考到的是菲利普斯曲线，财政政策和货币政策也都考到了，相对冷门的考点是第二题中的国际贸易。
另外，三道题中都可以看出每一小问之间的连带性，很多时候某一问做错了，后面连续就都做错了，这也是让考生们头疼的地方。
大家在2016年的AP宏观经济学考试中，一定要特别注意这种题目之间的连带性，每问得出结论是都要格外仔细。
第一题这是一道非常非常典型的AP宏观经济学FR第一题，涉及到了一个国家的运行以及如何使用政策改变现在的运行状态。
第一问：几乎每年都会让考生用AD-AS模型画出一个国家的运行状态。
题目中说到美国的经济正运行在充分就业以下，说明国家正处在衰退状态，这时在AD-AS模型中，我们要把长期AS曲线画在短期AS与AD曲线交点的右方，如下图：*注意横纵轴要写实际GDP和价格水平，短期均衡点对应Y1，而长期AS对应Yf第二问：说到美联储想要让经济回到充分就业，也就是经济不要继续衰退，那么它应该使用扩张型的货币政策，让利率下降，从而使得投资增加，达到扩张经济的效果。
（这里要强调的是，题目中提到的federal funds rate是指美国商业银行间的同业借贷利率，在题目中如果没有特意提到这个意思，考生们只要理解成美国最基准的利率就可以了。
所以在这道题中，只要回答应该以低的federal funds rate 为目标就可以了。
）第三问：就是把第二问细化，CB很喜欢这种出题方式。
我们从第二问中已经知道美联储应该使用扩张型的货币政策，也就是要增加货币供给，才能使得名义利率降低，所以只要在货币市场的图像中画出MS曲线的右移使得利率降低就可以了，如下图：*注意横轴纵轴的坐标，一般货币市场的纵轴我们要用名义利率，不要写实际利率。
两个箭头也要标出来说明是MS右移了，利率下降了。
第四问：考查财政政策了，这也是惯用的出题方式，财政政策和货币政策穿插着考。
题目中告诉我们边际消费倾向(MPC)是0.8，并且要弥补的衰退缺口是300 billions，第1小问问到需要多少政府支出能够弥补衰退缺口，显然是在考查乘数。
乘数的公式是1/(1-MPC)，在本题中的乘数就是5。
也就是说政府支出的变化会对GDP产生5倍的放大效果，所以只需要60billions 的政府支出就能弥补300billions的衰退缺口。
第2小问问到如果改成通过调整税收的财政政策来弥补衰退缺口，那么税收的变化和之前的政府支出变化哪个更大。
这问就涉及到税收乘数和支出乘数的比较问题，税收乘数等于-MPC/(1-MPC)，不仅是个负值，由于MPC<1，它的绝对值也要比政府支出乘数小，所以要想弥补同样水平的衰退缺口，税收的改变量需要更大。
第五问：问到减少衰退缺口的税收变化如何影响总需求和长期总供给。
从第四问我们知道，税收的GDP是反向关系，所以问了扩张经济，税收应该减少，这样会增加人们的可支配收入，从而刺激消费，是的总需求增加。
而一般我们认为能够影响长期总供给曲线的应该是资源以及科技方面的投入性因素，税收改变的消费和总需求，对于长期总供给曲线没有影响。
第二题考查了国际贸易，涉及机会成本、绝对优势以及相对优势的概念，这个考点以前在FR题中出的次数比较少，不过赶上这个考点的学生其实是赚到了，因为这类问题绝大多数情况下不难。
第一问：问到哪个国家在生产solar panel上有对绝对优势。
绝对优势概念比较简单，就是使用同样的资源，哪个国家生产的产品多哪个国家就在这个产品上有绝对优势。
从题目中的数据可以看出，明显是Y国家生产solar panel的数量要更多一些，所以国家Y在生产solar panel上有绝对优势。
第二问：要我们计算国家Y生产一个furnace的机会成本，也就是计算生产一个furnace需要放弃的solar panel的数量。
使用同样的资源，国家Y可以生产6个furnace或者12个solar panel，也就是说多生产1个furnace要放弃12/6=2个solar panel，即国家Y生产一个furnace的机会成本是两个solar panel。
第三问：哪个国家在生产furnace上有比较优势。
比较优势是指一国在生产某商品上的机会成本低于另外一国，所以判断比较优势需要我们计算每个国家生产商品的机会成本。
第二问中我们已经计算出国家Y生产furnace的机会成本是两个solar panel，而国家X可以生产6个furnace或者8个solar panel，生产一个furnace的机会成本是8/6=4/3个solar panel，这个数字显然低于国家Y，所以国家X在生产furnace上有比较优势。
第四问：是本题相对比较难的一问，问到了如果国际贸易中要求两个furnace交换一个solar panel，那么国家X应该进口solar panel还是自己生产。
很多考生可能都知道，国际贸易中，每个国家应该专业化生产自己有比较优势的产品，然后与其他国家通过贸易来获得其他的商品，这样大家都可以获益。
从第三问中我们可以看出，国家X在furnace上有比较优势，所以应该专业生产furnace，再进口solar panel。
这中分析方式当然没有问题，但是各位要注意，在这道题中规定了交换的比例，两个furnace交换一个solar panel，如果国家X本国生产solar panel，那么多生产一个solar panel需要放弃6/8=3/4个furnace，但是如果进行国际贸易，交换到一个solar panel却需要放弃两个furnace，这个数字比自己生产的成本数字还要高，也就是说按照题目中的比例进行交换还不如自己生产。
这道题告诉我们，在考虑能否从贸易中获利时，不仅要考查比较成本，还要看一下交换的比例。
第三题考查利率和汇率这两个核心概念，涉及到这两个变量的模型可能包括可贷资金市场、货币市场以及外汇市场，这三个图是大家一定要熟悉的。
第一问：说到日本政府的财政赤字会如何影响利率和投资。
这是常见的考法了，需要大家知道只要问到政府行为对于实际利率的影响，一定要用可贷资金市场来进行解释。
政府赤字说明政府储蓄减少，而储蓄对应的是可贷资金的供给，所以可贷资金供给减少，供给曲线左移，是的均衡的实际利率上升，这里在解释时考生们也可以画一个图，当然语言解释也是可以接受的。
而随着利率的上升，私人投资的数量肯定会下降，实际上是变相考查了所谓的挤出效应。
第二问：也是常见问法，在确定利率变化的基础之上判断外汇市场中出现的变化。
日本的利率升高，这说明日本的金融资产价值会增加，也就是说欧洲人在日本的投资收益会增加，所以欧洲人会愿意拿出更多的欧元兑换日元从而增加在日本的投资。
从欧元市场来看，欧元的供给会增加，从而导致欧元的日元价值，也就是欧元兑换日元的汇率下降，如下图：在画图时要注意纵轴的汇率要写成yen/euro这样的形式，这是AP宏观经济学的规定写法，用日元来衡量欧元的价值。
供给曲线右移以及汇率下降要画箭头来表示。
最后一问：问到如果欧盟的中央银行不愿意欧元贬值，它们是应该在外汇市场上购买还是卖出欧元。
在第二问中，因为欧元的供给增加导致欧元贬值，逆转这种变化的方式自然就是减少欧元的供给，所以中央银行应该购买欧元把外汇市场上的欧元回收，从而减小供给，供给曲线左移，汇率又会升高。
从这道题中我们可以看出，分析汇率变化的时候无论因素为何，最后一定要落脚到外汇市场的供给和需求的分析上，有些学生只是记住了一些因素对汇率会产生何种影响，但是却没有理解影响的机制，选择题可能还能应付，但是简答题就难说了。
同往年一样，Collegeboard在官网上放出了AP各科考试的FR真题，供学生下载备考使用。
本文着重分析其中AP微观经济学的FR真题，希望对正在备考2016年AP微观经济学考试的学生提供一定的帮助。
一般来说，历年AP微观经济学考试的第一道大题最有可能出的就是垄断或者完全竞争的知识点，2015年考查的是完全竞争。
题干中首先提到完全竞争市场是成本不边行业，而且厂商正在获得经济利润，这些条件大家做题的时候一定要注意，很有可能会在后面的题目中起到重要的作用。
1.第一问问到市场价格和厂商价格之间的关系，由于在完全竞争市场中，厂商是价格接受者，所以每个厂商的几个和市场供需关系决定的价格是完全一致的，非常简单的一个小问。
第二问就要画图了，这个就要用到我们在题干中看到的内容了。
题干中说到这个厂商正在获得正的经济利润。
所以我们在画图的时候要注意，厂商的价格水平要高于平均总成本呢，如下图：左边的图是市场的供需关系图像，右边的图则是厂商的图像，首先要注意市场的价格和厂商的价格水平要相等，MR=MC的点对应了Qf和Pf，保证利润最大化，MC曲线一定要穿过ATC的最低点，总成本就是ATC*Qf所对应的矩形区域的面积，最后就是D或者说MR曲线一定要在ATC的上方。
第三问问到如果一个厂商提升了价格，它的总收入会有什么样的变化。
我们知道对于完全竞争市场中的厂商来说，它们是价格接受者，所以消费者对它们的需求是完全弹性的，一旦提升价格，无论提升多少，需求量马上就会降为零，此时收入自然也会降低为零。
第四问提到如果现在现在整个完全竞争市场处于长期均衡，这个时候厂商的利润为零，厂商的图形中D和ATC应该正好切于ATC的最低点。
这些内容应该在读到题干的时候就要想到。
当然，这道题的重点在后面，题干中提到政府给了厂商lump-sum subsidy，也就是总额补贴。
这里要说明的一点就是lump-sum和per-unit，也就是总额和单位的区别。
如果政府收单位税或者给单位补贴，这样厂商的边际成本、平均可变成本以及平均总成本都会发生变化，但如果政府收总额税或者给总额补贴，那么厂商的边际成本和平均可变成本是不会变化的，只有平均总成本会发生变化。
在这道题中，第一小问问到厂商在短期生产的数量的变化，我们知道数量是由MR=MC这个利润最大化的条件来决定的，而由于只是总额补贴，MR 和MC都不会发生变化，那么利润最大化对应的生产数量就不会发生变化。
第二小问问到长期市场的价格和数量的变化，刚才提到过，虽然总额补贴不会影响边际成本，但是会影响平均总成本，补贴的发放使得厂商的平均总成本降低，ATC曲线下移，使得本来和ATC相等的价格高于ATC，也就是厂商在短期会获得利润。