英语句子成分

英语句子成分分析

一、主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物

The sun rises in the east.(名词)

He likes dancing.（代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)

Seeing is believing.(动名词)

To see is to believe.(不定式)

What he needs is a book.(主语从句)

It is very clear that the elephant is bigger than the tiger.

二、谓语（predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征

We study English.

三、表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征

He is a teacher.(名词)

He is asleep.(形容词)

His father is in.(副词)

The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)

The question is whether they will come.(表语从句)

◆联系动词（Link verb）：简称系动词，本身具有词义，但它不能单独用作

谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征

等情况。

常见的系动词有：be动词（is/am/are/was/were）,感官系动词（look/smell/sound/taste/feel）,seem(似乎；好像)，appear(显得；看起来好像)，keep，remain, stay(保持)，prove（证明是），动态系动词get(变得)，grow（渐渐变得），turn（变成（与原来完全不同的色彩和性质）），go(变得)，become, come(变成为（已知的状态）)，run, make, fell

✧英语中某些动词即可用作系动词，也可用作实义动词，作为系动词用时

无被动语态。

e.g. The apple tastes good. The apple is tasted by me.

系动词除了能接adj./ n./ prep.短语和某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：①能接as if/as though引导的表语从句的系动词有：look(看起来)，smell（闻起

来），sound（听起来），feel（摸起来，感觉起来），appear(显得)，seem（似乎；好像）

e.g. It looks as if we are going to have snow.

②可用于“It+系动词+that从句的有：seem，appear，不可用look

It seemed that he had made serious mistakes in his work.

It appeared that he was talking to himself.

③用不定式作表语的系动词有：be，seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow

e.g. She looks to be a young girl of twenty.

My advice proved to be wrong.

He seems not to be her father.

四、宾语（object）：（表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词

或者介词之后）

① 动宾

e.g. I like China.(名词)

He hates you.(代词)

How many do you need? We need two.(数词)

I enjoy working with you.(动名词)

I hope to see you again.(不定式)

Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句)

②介宾

e.g. Are you afraid of the snake?

③双宾语（直接宾语指人；间接宾语指物）——give sb. sth.

e.g. He gave me a book yesterday.

五、宾语补足语（宾补）：对宾语的补充

e.g. We elected him monitor.(名词)

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名词)

We will make them happy.(形容词)

We found nobody in.(副词)

Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)

Don’t let him do that.(省to不定式)

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)

Don’t keep the lights burning.(现在分词)

六、主语补足语（主补）：对主语的补充

He was elected monitor.(名词)

She was found singing in the next room.（现在分词）

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(不定式)

七、定语（attribute）:是用来说明或限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当

于形容词的短语或从句担任，在汉语中常译为“…的”。单个的形容词作定语时通常放在所修饰词之前，而相当于形容词的短语或从句通常放在所修饰名词的后面。

e.g. He is a chemistry teacher.(名词)

He is our friend.(代词)

He is a tall boy.(形容词)

八、状语(adverbial)：状语是用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，

状语常由副词担任，状语通常可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。副词在修饰动词时可放在动词之前也可以放在动词之后；而修饰形容词和副词时放在它们之前。

e.g. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.

He studies hard to learn English well.

He did n’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.

英语五种基本句型：

① SV(主+谓)

② SVP(主+系+表)

③ SVO（主+谓+宾）

④ SVOO（主+谓+双宾）

⑤ SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）