建筑英语论文--建筑材料的应用--英汉对照

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建筑材料外文翻译及译文

Building materialsBuilding materials must have certain structural use.it physical properties. First, they must be able to bear load or weight without permanent deformation. When the load on the structural components, components will deformation, it means rope will be stretching or beam will bend. However, when the load is removed, ropes and beams will return to its original position. This kind of material properties is called elasticity. If material is not elastic, then on removing load deformation exist, repeat the loading and unloading eventually increase deformation to structural lose action.All used in building structure in the materials such as stone, brick, wood, aluminum, reinforced concrete and plastic within a certain range of load performance of flexibility. If loading beyond the scope, two things will happen: brittle and plastic. If it is the former, the material will suddenly destruction; If the latter, in certain load (yield strength) material has begun to yield flow, resulting in destruction. For example, steel, stone material is brittle present plastic. Materials by the damage occurred when the ultimate strength of stress decision.Construction materials and an important characteristic is its stiffness. This feature by elastic modulus decision. Stress (per unit of area, the force) and the strain (per unit length ratio of the deformation) is elastic modulus. Elastic modulus is characterize material under load shape-shifting abilities. For two have the same area and load of the same material. Elastic modulus big materials little deformation. Structure with steel of elastic modulus is pounds per square inch or kg per square centimeter, aluminum, concrete 3 times of ten times, wood 15 times.Masonry. Masonry from natural materials such as stone and artificial materials such as brick, concrete blocks composed. Masonry in ancient times is used. Bricks used in city of Babylon not religious buildings, stone material used in large temples of the Nile valley. The pyramids of Egypt, high 481 feet (147m), is the most spectacular masonry structure. Masonry unit initial without using any binding materials piled up, and modern masonry structure as binder materials. Water mud Modern structure material including stone, red-roast clay brick or tiles, the concrete blocks.Masonry is essentially a pressurized material, it can't sustain tension, ultimate strength concrete-block masonry depends on and mud. Last strength in 1000 to 4,000 pounds per inch (70 to 280 kg per square centimeter) range change, depends on the block and mud bonding situation.Wood. Wood is a kind of the earliest building materials and is a kind of rare tensile performance good natural material. The world find hundreds of wood, and each have different physical properties. Only some use in architectural structures as framework components. In the United States, for example, in over 600 kinds of lumber, only 20 used in structure. These are generally conifers or cork, both because rich and wood easy molding. In the United States, more common in the structure of lumber sort is the loose, spruce and annatto. These timber tensile strength in 50 to 80 pounds per square inch (350 to 5.6 kg per square meter) range. Hardwood initially used as fine wood furniture and interior decoration such as floor.Due to the wood texture characteristics, it along the intensity of transverse texture texture is greater than the intensity. Wood tensile strength,trans-monounsaturated grain compressive strength is particularly big, and it has a lot of flexural strength. These characteristics make it very suitable for structure of the column and beam. Wood, as truss tensile component is invalid, because the truss structures tensile strength depends on component between node, although has produced many USES lumber tensile strength of metal fittings, but it is difficult to design the arrange grain direction of shear strength or tensile strength little relation of components.Steel. Steel is an important structural materials. When compared to the other materials by such as weight, it has high intensity, even if it volumetric weight is lumber ten times. Its elastic modulus is very big, the results under load deformation is small. It can be rolled into many structural forms such as work fonts beam, plate. It can also cast complex style, it also can produce into ropes type used in cable suspension bridge and condole top, production into elevator rope and prestressed concrete in the rods. Steel components are many ways of link together like bolt connection, riveting and welding. Carbon steels are vulnerable to oxidation corrosiontherefore must rely on paint or inserted into the concrete to avoid contact with air. More than steel soon lose strength, so we must set a fire-proof material (usually concrete) in order to increase its refractory ability.Add like silicon or manganese such alloying elements, you'll get tensile strength of 250,000 pounds per square inch (17500 kg/cm2) of high strength steel. These steel on the structure of key parts, such as skyscrapers pillars.Aluminum. When light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance has become an important factor, aluminum became a particularly useful building materials. Because pure aluminum is extremely soft and ductility of, so, the composition of the alloy, such as mn, silicon, zinc and copper must add increase structure required strength. Structural use of aluminium alloy performance of flexibility. Their elastic modulus is steel 1/3, therefore in the same loads deformation is 3 times of steel. Each unit of aluminum alloy is weight steel 1/3. Therefore the same intensities, aluminum alloy component than steel components in weight. Aluminum alloy limit tensile strength variation in 20,000 to 60,000 pounds per square inch (14 to 4,200 kg/cm2) between.Aluminum can fashioned many shapes, it can be extrusion forming strander liang, pull string and stem, rolled into foil and plate. Aluminum component can like steel use the same method, riveting, bolt connection, low strength welded together. Besides being used for architectural framework and prefabrecated house, aluminum also widely used as an window frame and structure curtain box.Concrete. Concrete is water, sand, stone and ordinary Portland cement mixture. Gravel, artificial light stone, and shells were used in natural ShiLiaoChang. Ordinary silicate cement is contains calcium and clay mixtures. In the heating furnace, and then to a fine powder. Concrete strength comes from mixing water farinaceous ordinary Portland cement, then atherosclerosis. In an ideal mixture, concrete by 3/4 volume of sand and stone and 1/4 volume of water mud. The physical characteristics of concrete mixture composition is sensitive to changes, therefore according to strength or contraction design composition ratio to achieve special results. When concrete dump in template, it contains free water, and no need water action of water will evaporate.With concrete sclerosis, it in a certain period of releasing excess water and shrinking. As a result of shrinkage, the fine cracks. In order to minimize the shrinkage crack, concrete sclerosis must protect wet at least five days. Concrete strength increased over time, because the hydration processes will last for years, In fact, 28 days intensity is considered the standard.Concrete under load is elastic deformation. Although its elastic modulus is steel one-tenth, but distortion is same, because its strength also only steel 10. Concrete is essentially a compressive material, its tensile strength can be neglected.Reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete by placed to undertake in reinforced concrete pulling force. These reinforced in 1/4 inch in diameter (0.64 cm) and 225 inches (5.7 cm) between, the surface has Nick to ensure binding live concrete. Although reinforced concrete in many countries have development, but its discovery should be attributed to a French gardeners, Joseph in 1868 reinforcement strengthening concrete with a cone. The operation is possible, because when a change in temperature, reinforcement and concrete are equal to expansion and contraction. If this is not the case, the temperature changes, the connection between the reinforcement and concrete is destroyed, because the two materials react differently. Reinforced concrete can be pouring into various shapes, for example liang, column, the board and arch. Therefore, it is suitable for construction of special structure. Although most merchandise concrete strength around 6,000 pounds per square inch (4.2 kg/cm2), but the reinforced concrete limit tensile strength than 10,000 pounds per square inch (700 kilograms/cm2) is possible.Plastic. Because of many varieties, high strength, endurance and lightweight, plastic quickly become important structural materials. Plastics are synthetic materials or resin, can be configured to expect any shape and use organic matter for cementing agent. Organic plastic into two categories: thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermosetting plastic when heated through chemical change is strong, once forming, these plastic can no longer be cast. Thermoplastic in high temperature is weak, strong cooling, the former must not generally used for structural plastic material. Although nylon tensile achieves 60,000 pounds per square inch, but most plastics of ultimatestrength in 7000 to 12,000 pounds per square inch (490 to 840 kg/cm2) range.建筑材料建筑材料必须有一定结构上的使用性的物理特性。

建筑英语论文(汉英对照)

建筑文化根植于人居自然环境之中不同的地域自然有不同的自然环境：地形地貌、日照角度、日月潮汐、水流风势、气温、气压、食物、土地、水质、植被等等。

作为人与自然中介的建筑,对外应有利于形成小区外部环境，对内应有利于保障人居的室内环境。

这些建筑像植物一样，落地生根,合天时,合地利，适宜于地区自然环境的要求,与大自然融为一体。

在东南亚和南亚各国,在中国的海南岛和台湾岛，椰林茂密，气候炎热,人们用椰树叶、棕榈叶盖起了适应热带雨林的茅草房、小木楼,通风、凉爽、轻盈、简洁,建起了热带雨林建筑。

在中亚、西亚，在中国的西部高寒地区,人们用石块垒砌、依山就势盖起了石板建筑，避风、挡雪、保温、御寒,筑成了高原山地建筑。

如中国的西藏、青海、四川等少数民族在中国西部依山就势建起了各式各样的山地建筑群。

在中国的黄土高原，漠北戈壁，雨量稀少，气候干燥，人们利用山边、土坡挖洞筑房,建起了具有鲜明特色的生土建筑。

甘肃敦煌艺术陈列馆把建筑埋入山坡下,半开敞式入口,山坡挡墙甬道,生土式建筑特征十分明显。

在美国的东部，在澳大利亚,在中国的南方,雨量充沛，气候温和，人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势，因地制宜,盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。

这些建筑形式多样，风格各异，适宜于不同地区自然环境,与风景、林木、地形融为一体，形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。

建筑既要根植于自然环境,又要服从于自然环境,这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。

社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族,有不同的社会历史形态。

欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家，国度不同，宗教信仰不同，经济发展状况不同,各地区的文化习俗也不同。

不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异，造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性，因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。

欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。

建筑结构设计及材料中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Structure in Design of ArchitectureAnd Structural MaterialWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic,preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic ofhis or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasiswill be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specificform of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile forcewhich, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting.A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel materialbetween them under high heat.Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material.Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.建筑中的结构设计及建筑材料建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。

英文介绍建筑材料的作文

英文介绍建筑材料的作文英文回答：When it comes to building materials, there are various options available in the market. Each material has its own unique properties and advantages. In this essay, I will introduce three commonly used building materials: concrete, steel, and timber.Concrete is a versatile and durable material that is widely used in construction. It is made by mixing cement, sand, gravel, and water. One of the benefits of using concrete is its strength and stability. It can withstand heavy loads and is resistant to fire and weather conditions. For example, when building a high-rise building, concreteis often used for its ability to support the weight of the structure. Additionally, concrete is a good insulator,which helps in regulating the temperature inside the building. However, one drawback of using concrete is thatit takes time to cure and harden, which can delay theconstruction process.Steel is another popular building material due to its strength and flexibility. It is commonly used in the construction of bridges, skyscrapers, and other large structures. Steel is known for its high tensile strength, which means it can withstand heavy loads without bending or breaking. For instance, when building a suspension bridge, steel cables are used to support the weight of the bridge deck. Moreover, steel is a sustainable material as it can be recycled and reused. However, steel is susceptible to corrosion, especially in coastal areas where there is exposure to saltwater.Timber is a traditional building material that is still widely used today. It is derived from trees and offers a natural and warm aesthetic to buildings. Timber is lightweight, easy to work with, and has good insulation properties. For example, when constructing a wooden house, timber is often used for its ability to provide a cozy and comfortable living environment. Additionally, timber is a renewable resource and has a lower carbon footprintcompared to other building materials. However, timber is prone to rotting and insect infestation, which requires regular maintenance and treatment.中文回答：说到建筑材料，市场上有各种各样的选择。

建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

建筑装饰材料的选择与运用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

建筑装饰材料的选择与运用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the changes of the times and the continuous updating of people's aesthetic concepts, the selection and application of building decoration materials are also changing with each passing day. In architectural design, the selection of materials is often a complex and rigorous process, which needs to take into account the functions, aesthetic effects and sustainability of materials. This article will discuss the selection and application of architectural decoration materials, and analyze their impact on architectural design.1. Classification of building decoration materialsBuilding decoration materials can be classified according to their properties and uses, the following are several common building decoration materials:1. Stone: marble, granite, limestone, etc.2. Wood: solid wood, wood-based panels, etc.3. Metal materials: steel, aluminum alloy, copper, etc.4. Glass: ordinary glass, laminated glass, reflective glass, etc.5. Bricks and tiles: ceramic tiles, floor tiles, mosaics, etc.6. Plastic material: PVC, ABS, etc.7. Wallpaper, paint, etc.The above are several common building decoration materials. Different materials have different advantages and disadvantages, and they need to be selected according to different purposes.Second, the choice of building decoration materials1. Functional requirementsThe choice of building decoration materials first needs to consider the functional requirements of the materials. For example, floor materials need to be wear-resistant and easy to clean; wall materials need to be durable and not easy to fade, etc. These factors need to be considered comprehensively when selecting materials to ensure that the materials meet the requirements of use.2. Aesthetic effectThe choice of building decoration materials also needs to consider its aesthetic effect. Different materials can bring different visual effects, for example, stone can bring noble and elegant effects, and wood can bring warm and comfortable effects. When choosing materials, you need to choose according to the design requirements and style to ensure that the desired effect is achieved.3. SustainabilityAs people pay more and more attention to the environment, sustainability has become one of the important considerations in the selection of building decoration materials. Sustainability includes aspects such as environmental protection, recyclability, and regeneration of materials. Choosing more sustainable materials can reduce the impact on the environment and contribute to the future development of human beings.4. EconomyThe choice of building decoration materials also needs to consider economy, including the price of materials and maintenance costs. Cost and performance need to be considered comprehensively when selecting materials to ensure an economical and practical balance.3. Application of building decoration materials1. ShapeBuilding decoration materials can achieve design requirements through different modeling methods. For example, stone can be cut and carved to achieve complex modeling effects, and wood can be spliced and carved to achieve unique decorative effects.2. ColorThe color of building decoration materials can also be achieved in different ways, such as using paint, coloring, etc. to achieve different color effects. When choosing materials, you need to consider whether the color of the material meets the design requirements, and you need to consider the durability of the color.3. TextureThe texture of building decoration materials can also be achieved in different ways, for example, wood can achieve unique decorative effects through different textures, and stone can also achieve noble and elegant effects through different textures. When choosing materials, you need to consider whether the texture of the material meets the design requirements, and you need to consider the durability of the texture.Fourth, the influence of building decoration materialsThe selection and application of architectural decoration materials have a profound impact on architectural design. It can change the look, style and ambiance of a building, as well as its usability and comfort. Therefore, it is necessary to think deeply when selecting and applying architectural decoration materials to ensure the quality of material selection and application.1. Affect the appearance and style of the buildingThe selection and application of building decoration materials can directly affect the appearance and style of the building. For example, the use of stone can make the building look more noble and elegant, and the use of wood can make the building look warmer and more comfortable. Therefore, when choosing architectural decoration materials, it is necessary to choose according to the design requirements and style to ensure that the desired effect is achieved.2. Affect the practicality and comfort of the buildingThe selection and application of building decoration materials can also affect the practicality and comfort of the building. For example, choosing the right sound insulation material can improve the sound insulation effect of the building, and choosing the right insulation material can improve the thermal insulation performance of the building, thereby improving the practicality and comfort of the building. Therefore, when choosing architectural decoration materials, in addition to considering aesthetics and economy, it is also necessary to consider the performance of the material to ensure that the expected practical effect is achieved.3. Impact on the environment and sustainabilityThe selection and application of building decoration materials will also have an impact on the environment and sustainability. For example, choosing environmentally friendly materials can reduce pollution and damage to the environment, and choosing sustainable materials can prolong the service life of materials and reduce waste of resources. Therefore, when choosing architectural decoration materials, it is also necessary to consider its impact on the environment and sustainability, so as to achieve more sustainable architectural design and development.In short, the selection and application of architectural decoration materials need to consider multiple factors such as aesthetics, performance, economy, practicality, comfort, environment and sustainability. Only after in-depth thinking and weighing can we make the most suitable choice and contribute to the future development of architectural design and human beings.随着时代的变迁和人们审美观念的不断更新，建筑装饰材料的选择与运用也日新月异。

建筑类文章中英文对照

建筑类文章中英文对照建筑装饰活动在我国是一项既古老又新兴的活动。

早在人类开始有建筑活动的时候就有了建筑装饰活动，新中国成立以后，随着我国经济的腾飞，当代的建筑装饰活动日益繁荣，并逐渐形成了一个独立的行业。

下面是店铺带来的建筑类文章中英文对照，欢迎阅读!建筑类文章中英文对照1Ecological building and rather well-known foreign architects Abstract Generally stating theconcept and the expression of ecological buldings and comparing Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster'stheories and works of ecological buildings to learn and acknowledge ecological buildings，this articIe wants to stimuIate Chinese architect s’ attention and consideration of ecological buildings by the Outstanding achievement of the two masters.Key Words Thomas Herzog，Norman Foster，EcologicaI building，Expressjon form of ecological building，Theory Of ecological bullding.Ecological estheticNow, with the people continue to enhance the prevention of environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance awareness, as well as urban greening, increasing development, to create low energy, sustainable development of eco-building environment of the new building research, more and more attention and respected. So, what kind of building could be called eco-buildings?The concept of eco-building The so-called eco-building, according to the local natural environment, the use of the principle of ecology, building technology, science and other relevant subject knowledge, reasonably arrange and organize the relationship between buildings and other relevant factors in thefield and the environment form an organic combination ofoverall, and suitable for human dwelling. Ecological building must meet the following four points: first, to be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and has protective effects on the surrounding ecological environment; buildings must not be on the natural environment caused by pollution or destruction of buildings within the usercan better to enjoy nature and feel that conferred comfortable and pleasant;The interior design should try to return to nature, such as natural lighting,natural ventilation, use of solar energy, the ideal indoor green; Fourth, a variety of substances, the source within the building systems can be orderedcycle of conversion. To sum up is to achieve respect for the environment andreturn to nature Manifestations of ecological building.For the above definition, the present ecological architecture instance,manifestations of ecological building can be summarized as follows:2.1 building energy efficiencyView to the current architectural trend, low-power has become one of theimportant symbol of ecological building. The more common way to solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and other non-polluting energy, directly or throughtechnology transfer, building use form, to help the building to reduce energy consumption in lighting, ventilation, heating, etc..2.2 Building pollution prevention and controlPollution prevention and control of the building is an important part of the ecological construction. The core issue of environmental protection has always been one of the waste problem. People's concept of pollution controlto focus only on production, the life process in sewagmagradually turned to thebuilding from construction to operation andmaintenance of pollution control in the process.2.3 building re-use resourcesIn the entire world's energy consumption 50% in building construction,maintenance and use of consumption, so efficient use of resources,recycling and reduce the impact on the natural environment is the construction of resource use in ecological building to be rapidly improving link.In recent years, the emergence of ecological building materials ③ alleviatethis problem. First of all the main characteristics of saving resources and energy, followed by reducing environmental pollution, and finally the easyrecovery and recycling.Above discussion, a certain understanding of the ecological building.However, in order to further study the ecological building, is not enough torely on theoretical explanations, we need to analyze some examples, theory and practice, scientific research and understanding of ecological building.Below through the analysis and comparison of eco-building ideas and works of two masters (Thomas Herzog and Norman Foster), to further understanding and study of ecological architecture, and learn from themaster of thought and practice nutrition, explore the development and prospects of ecological construction in China.3.Thomas HerzogThomas Herzog is a perfect combination of technology and the arts, have a deep sense of mission at the same time on the ecology and environment of the German masters of architecture. His architectural works have a high level of technology, the essential meaning of his work lies in its ecological concern, notonly in his design, in the course of teaching, often exhibitions, a large number of works, in cooperation with other architects, he personally.He goes beyond the paradigm of modern architecture, and replaced with more eco-dumping Value orientation, and this orientation is bound to replace the old paradigm.3.1 Thomas Herzog, ecological building thoughtThomas Herzog rarely impose their own creative aspirations on the environment above, but to speculate and listen to the change process and the cycle of the ecological environment, the spirit of participation and cooperation to complete his work. His ecological building human and artificial matter to a natural and man-made natural cordial and harmonious situation. He always adhere to the principle of "from ecology to architecture, from technology to nature", he has eco sublimated into a mental and spiritual, and throughout his life, the building design process.Thomas Herzog's design is not considered an isolated internal and external form, on the contrary, his designs expanded to all aspects of the built environment and the relationship between the shape. In addition, he attaches great importance to work closely with other professionals to give greater freedom of architectural design activities through the development of new materials, new components, the new system and appropriate design tools, and ultimately to achieve the unity of the building and the natural environment coordination, as well as building its own sustainable development.Thomas Herzog in the architectural activities in addition to transportIn a variety of new materials, new components, the new system, has been updated in the research and development, more ecological, more reasonable materials, components andsystems. Such as: Peituo Kaposi external wall system, Fischer facade assembly system, solar grid system, and so on. Thomas Herzog is more concerned about the accuracy and efficiency of the buildings in harmony with their surroundings on the basis of their own energy-saving technologyThomas Herzog rarely own creative desire to impose. Architectural detail through carefully designed to improve resource and energy use efficiency, and reduce the cost of non-renewable resources to focus on the ecological environment.Thomas believes that architects should take advantage of the technology, because of high efficiency by using much less material than conventional practice materials to meet the same functional requirements. Of course, the introduction of new technology, they must be correct and proper. He also is very concerned about the flexibility of the design flexibility and architectural elements, not only emphasizes the flexibility of the building function, but also stressed that the flexibility and versatility of the architectural details.4.1 Norman Foster ecological building thinkingThe introduction of some of the ecological building exist today, and many architects of ecological building creative ideas, the vast majority focused on the use and adaptation of the material aspects of the construction of the external environment, such as solar energy, use of groundwater. These mostly belong to the understanding and use of building physics. Norman Foster building constructed as a space and place is established not merely meet the physical meaning of comfort should be a higher level of development to meet the cultural needs of the people, aesthetic orientation.His concern for the environment can be seen from the London Guildhall,and the transformation ofmodern technology and aesthetic orientation, theperfect combination of ecology and art is the perfect embodiment of a new aesthetic - Ecological Aesthetics.In addition to the above concerns, Norman Foster also paid great attention to micro-climate inside the building, he can focus on buildingmicro-climate specific grouped into three areas: First, a suitabletemperature and humidity (to meet the thermal comfort and health requirements); as far as possible, the most access to natural light (reducingthe energy consumption of artificial lighting); maximize natural ventilation (to reduce air conditioning energy consumption). However, under different climatic conditions different focus and approach of the above three elements. Thus, by the most efficient artificial means to achieve these objectives, or to achieve a balance between the various elements of Foster's relentless pursuit direction. In the two works in the south of France:Cary Center for the Arts and the Frederick Eustace place middle vocational schools is the full performance of his raw state climate concept. His design not only runs through the concept of ecological design, but also fully embodies the attention and respect of traditional cultural and geographical culture, compared with the past completely self-centered high-tech school ",this change is undoubtedly is very profound. It makes high-tech school "goes beyond a simple external style and step into a deeper realm. It can be said at this point he pointed out the direction for the future of high-techschool ", but also provided valuable experience for our commitment to eco-building architects in the field. 5 comparison of two mastersCan be seen through the eco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture:5.1 in commonThe two masters of architecture in the field of ecological building made outstanding contributions to advocate with the new materials, new technologies, new systems and the appropriate design tools to complete their ecological construction works; emphasized in man and nature,architecture and nature harmony on the basis of up to create a morecomfortable working and living environment of mankind; for the same target from different aspects of making unremitting efforts to create a better environment to human beings, more spiritual and material wealth to leave our future generations .5.2 The differenceThomas Herzog in ecological architecture is mainly from the overall environment of staff (including the surrounding environment and buildingtheir own environment), and ecological building design and research; he has been emphasized from the human point of view of sustainable development, rather than short when the viewpoint of local issues; he not only cares about the past and present, he is more concerned about the future; he not only cares about the local area, but also with relevant regionaland even the future may impact the area; him more is the use of new technologies, building detail and from different disciplines collaborate to reach the building and the surrounding environment and the people and the natural harmony and symbiosis; he stressed that eco-construction is not anarchitectural form, but Ecology as an attitude and spirit throughout the design process and its life;more comprehensive and thorough research in ecological construction,ecological building design in the true sense of the truly harmony with their surroundings, and the surrounding eco-environmentalprotection, respect for the environment and return to nature.In ecological architecture, Norman Foster mainly to meet the cultural needs of the people's, aesthetic orientation to achieve the perfect combination ofecology and art; space creation through technical support and building internal and external body to respond to nature, integration of large natural.Ecological building design and works a greater degree of purpose to reach people yearning to nature and enjoy nature, the concept of micro-ecological climate to some extent, more in line with the ecological concept of "high-tech school" building. He is the use of ecological building epidermis and flexible, applicable to the internal space between the perfect combination to achieve the building itself and the coordination and integration of the surrounding environment.ConclusionEco-building ideas and works of two masters of architecture to there velation: eco-building is not a fashionable style and labels, not just a slogan. In such an economic and technological levels in China are not very advanced countries, all aspects of the construction industry should carry out ecological architectural thinking. In fact, there are some to adapt to thenatural environment, building products, such as: the cave of the northwest -pure green buildings, low energy consumption, low pollution, cool and pleasant environment, as well as a yurt in the steppes, the wind tower inXinjiang and so on. China's future construction should not blindly follow the example of all the foreign genre, this simply from the formal transfer, is not conducive to the formation of China's architectural features and is also astifle the creativity of the construction workers. As Thomas Herzog said:"We can not simply develop an ecology ofinternational standards in different countries have different conditions at different times, or should beaccording to national circumstances."China is a populous country, the state of the environment It is worrying, the relative lack of resources in China. It is not possible in a short time with the developed countries havethe technology, materials, systems, and theoretical support, which we need to proceed from reality, with the experience of other countries seeking eco-construction of roads suitable for China.At present, our research, practice and understanding of the ecological building there are many deficiencies, therefore, a targeted strategy is particularly necessary. Combined with our own situation, I believe that to try from the following points: First, strengthen the propaganda of ecologicalawareness and ecological building, in order to arouse the attention of the whole people, to cultivate ecological awareness; theb organization ofecological building research institutions, ecological building and its related areas of research and development, provide strong support for the practice of Chinese architects; outline of the college of Architecture Education to increase the proportion of eco-construction of knowledge and design courses; through the establishment of mechanisms to encourage and promote the development of eco-building . Many developed countries areor have already done so, and have achieved good results.ReferencesDiao Wenyi. Frankfurt Commercial Bank Building. Central building, 1999 (3):48-51. Xi Yu cheng. Construction, ecological building, digital eco-building. Huazhong Architecture, 2005 (5) :68-69.3 jin cheng. Ecological studies of Mistakes Architecture, 2001(5): 184 Zheng Wei mai the ecological high-tech construction. Huazhong Architecture 19995 wan yuan books of contemporary Western architectural aesthetics. Nanjing: Southeast University Press. 2 () 01.6 for Thomas Herzog - Architecture +technology. Li Baofeng translated Beijing: China Architecture & BuildingPublishing House. 2003国外著名建筑师的生态建筑思想比较[摘要]该文通过简要阐述生态建筑的概念和表现形式，以及对托马斯·赫尔佐格和诺曼·福斯特两位建筑大师的生态建筑思想和作品的比较，来学习和理解生态建筑，最后希望借助两位大师的突出成就来引起我国建筑师对生态建筑的重视和思考。

建筑类外文翻译+译文

Architecture in a Climate of ChangePage52-Page62Low energy techniques for housingIt would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the best chance of rescue lies with the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erection are the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burning fossil fuels,accounting for over 50 per cent of total emissions.If you add the transport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.It is the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairly rapid change without pain.In fact,upgrading buildings, especially the lower end of the housing stock,creates a cluster of interlocking virtuous circles. Construction systemsHaving considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunities to generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the demand side of the energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is the greatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in pole position accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920s this has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that a saturated external leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apart from wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proof course level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initially deemed necessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice to introduce insulation into the cavity.For a long time it was mandatory to preserve a space within the cavity and a long rearguard battle was fought by the traditionalists to preserve this‘sacred space’.Defeat was finally conceded when some extensive research by the Building Research Establishment found that there was no greater risk of damp penetration with filled cavities and in fact damp through condensation was reduced.Solid masonry walls with external insulation are common practice in continental Europe and are beginning to make an appearance in the UK.In Cornwall the Penwith Housing Association has built apartments of this construction on the sea front, perhaps the most challenging of situations.The advantages of masonry construction are:● It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes.● It is durable and generally risk free as regards catastrophic failure–though not entirely.A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded.● Exposed brickwork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish.● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonryinternal walls and concrete floors.Framed constructionVolume house builders are increasingly resorting to timber-framed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry construction.The attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfortunate history behind this system due to shortcomings in quality control.This can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or seasoned.Framed buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs. With timber framing it is difficult to avoid piercing the barrier.There can also be problems achieving internal fixings.For the purist,the ultimate criticism is that it is illogical to have a framed building clad in masonry when it cries out for a panel,boarded,slate or tile hung external finish.Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry.The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material.From the energy point of view,framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls.Innovative techniquesPermanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in Britain.The principle behind PIFS is the use of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded polystyrene.They can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade concrete.When the concrete has set the result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior finishes.They can achieve a U-value as low as 0.11 W/m2K.Above three storeys the addition of steel reinforcement is necessary. The advantages of this system are:● Design flexibility; almost any plan shape is possible.● Ease and speed of erection;skill requirements are modest which is why it has proved popular with the self-build sector.Experienced erectors can achieve 5 m2 per man hour for erection and placement of concrete.● The finished product has high structural strength together with considerable thermal mass and high insulation value.Solar designPassive solar designSince the sun drives every aspect of the climate it is logical to describe the techniques adopted in buildings to take advantage of this fact as‘solar design’. The most basic response is referred to as‘passive solar design’.In this case buildings are designed to take full advantage of solar gain without any intermediate operations.Access to solar radiation is determined by a number of conditions:● the sun’s position relative to the principal facades of the building(solar altitude and azimuth);● site orientation and slope;● existing obstructions on the site;● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary.One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form of sun chart.Most often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be plotted.On the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are also drawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month); also marked are the times of the day.The intersection of the obstructions’outlines and the solar trajectories indicate times of transition between sunlight and shade. Normally a different chart is constructed for use at different latitudes (at about two degree intervals).Sunlight and shade patterns cast by the proposed building itself should also be considered.Graphical and computer prediction techniques may be employed as well as techniques such as the testing of physical models with a heliodon.Computer modelling of shadows cast by the sun from any position is offered by Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) with its‘Suncast’program.This is a user-friendly program which should be well within normal undergraduate competence. The spacing between buildings is important if overshading is to be avoided during winter months when the benefit of solar heat gain reaches its peak.On sloping sites there is a critical relationship between the angle of slope and the level of overshading.For example, if overshading is to be avoided at a latitude of 50 N,rows of houses on a 10 north-facing slope must be more than twice as far apart than on 10 south-facing slope.Trees can obviously obstruct sunlight.However,if they are deciduous,they perform the dual function of permitting solar penetration during the winter whilst providing a degree of shading in the summer.Again spacing between trees and buildings is critical.Passive solar design can be divided into three broad categories:● direct gain;● indirect gain;● attached sunspace or conservatory.Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effect’as a means of absorbing and retaining heat.The greenhouse effect in buildings is that process which is mimicked by global environmental warming.In buildings,the incident solar radiation is transmitted by facade glazing to the interior where it is absorbed by the internal surfaces causing warming.However,re-emission of heat back through the glazing is blocked by the fact that the radiation is of a much longer wavelength than the incoming radiation.This is because the re-emission is from surfaces at a much lower temperature and the glazing reflects back such radiation to the interior.Direct gainDirect gain is the design technique in which one attempts to concentrate the majority of the building’s glazing on the sun-facing facade.Solar radiation is admitted directly into the space concerned.Two examples 30 years apart are the author’s housein Sheffield,designed in 1967 and the Hockerton Project of 1998 by Robert and Brenda Vale.The main design characteristics are:● Apertures through which sunlight is admitted should be on the solar side of the building, within about 30 of south for the northern hemisphere.● Windows facing west may pose a summer overheating risk.● Windows should be at least double glazed with low emissivity glass (Low E) as now required by the UK Building Regulations.● The main occupied living spaces should be located on the solar side of the building.● The floor should be of a high thermal mass to absorb the heat and provide thermal inertia,which reduces temperature fluctuations inside the building.● As regards the benefits of thermal mass,for the normal daily cycle of heat absorption and emission,it is only about the first 100 mm of thickness which is involved in the storage process.Thickness greater than this provides marginal improvements in performance but can be useful in some longer-term storage options.● In the case of solid floors,insulation should be beneath the slab.● A vapour barrier should always be on the warm side of any insulation.● Thick carpets should be avoided over the main sunlit and heatabsorbing portion of the floor if it serves as a thermal store.However,with suspended timber floors a carpet is an advantage in excluding draughts from a ventilated underfloor zone. During the day and into the evening the warmed floor should slowly release its heat, and the time period over which it happens makes it a very suitable match to domestic circumstances when the main demand for heat is in the early evening.As far as the glazing is concerned,the following features are recommended: ● Use of external shutters and/or internal insulating panels might be considered to reduce night-time heat loss.● To reduce the potential of overheating in the summer,shading may be provided by designing deep eaves or external louvres. Internal blinds are the most common technique but have the disadvantage of absorbing radiant heat thus adding to the internal temperature.● Heat reflecting or absorbing glass may be used to limit overheating.The downside is that it also reduces heat gain at times of the year when it is beneficial. ● Light shelves can help reduce summer overheating whilst improving daylight distribution.Direct gain is also possible through the glazing located between the building interior and attached sunspace or conservatory;it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory designs.In each of these cases some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces.In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a half times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area.Indirect gainIn this form of design a heat absorbing element is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated;thus the heat is transferred in an indirectway.This often consists of a wall placed behind glazing facing towards the sun,and this thermal storage wall controls the flow of heat into the building.The main elements● High thermal mass element positioned between sun and internal spaces,the heat absorbed slowly conducts across the wall and is liberated to the interior some time later.● Materials and thickness of the wall are chosen to modify the heat flow.In homes the flow can be delayed so that it arrives in the evening matched to occupancy periods. Typical thicknesses of the thermal wall are 20–30 cm.● Glazing on the outer side of the thermal wall is used to provide some insulation against heat loss and help retain the solar gain by making use of the greenhouse effect.● The area of the thermal storage wall element should be about 15–20 per cent of the floor area of the space into which it emits heat.● In order to derive more immediate heat benefit,air can be circulated from the building through the air gap between wall and glazing and back into the room.In this modified form this element is usually referred to as a Trombe wall. Heat reflecting blinds should be inserted between the glazing and the thermal wall to limit heat build-up in summer.In countries which receive inconsistent levels of solar radiation throughout the day because of climatic factors (such as in the UK),the option to circulate air is likely to be of greater benefit than awaiting its arrival after passage through the thermal storage wall.At times of excess heat gain the system can provide alternative benefits with the air circulation vented directly to the exterior carrying away its heat,at the same time drawing in outside air to the building from cooler external spaces.Indirect gain options are often viewed as being the least aesthetically pleasing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out from remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces.As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely used as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest.Attached sunspace/conservatoryThis has become a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing homes.It can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for plants.On balance it is considered that conservatories are a net contributor to global warming since they are often heated.Ideally the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in summer.The area of glazing in the sunspace should be 20–30 per cent of the area of the room to which it is attached.The most adventurous sunspace so far encountered is in the Hockerton housing development which will feature later.Ideally the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter.At the very least,air flow paths between the conservatory and the main building should be carefully controlled.Active solar thermal systemsA distinction must be drawn between passive means of utilising the thermal heat of the sun, discussed earlier,and those of a more‘active’nature Active systems take solar gain a step further than passive solar.They convert direct solar radiation into another form of energy.Solar collectors preheat water using a closed circuit calorifier.The emergence of Legionella has highlighted the need to store hot water at a temperature above 60 C which means that for most of the year in temperate climes active solar heating must be supplemented by some form of heating.Active systems are able to deliver high quality energy.However,a penalty is incurred since energy is required to control and operate the system known as the ‘parasitic energy requirement’.A further distinction is the difference between systems using the thermal heat of the sun,and systems,such as photovoltaic cells, which convert solar energy directly into electrical power.For solar energy to realise its full potential it needs to be installed on a district basis and coupled with seasonal storage.One of the largest projects is at Friedrichshafen.The heat from 5600 m2 of solar collectors on the roofs of eight housing blocks containing 570 apartments is transported to a central heating unit or substation.It is then distributed to the apartments as required.The heated living area amounts to 39 500 m2.Surplus summer heat is directed to the seasonal heat store which,in this case, is of the hot water variety capable of storing 12 000 m3.The scale of this storage facility is indicated by Figure 5.9.The heat delivery of the system amounts to 1915 MWh/year and the solar fraction is 47 per cent.The month by month ratio between solar and fossil-based energy indicates that from April to November inclusive,solar energy accounts for almost total demand,being principally domestic hot water.In places with high average temperatures and generous sunlight,active solar has considerable potential not just for heating water but also for electricity generation.This has particular relevance to less and least developed countries.环境变化影响下的建筑学房屋设计中的低能耗技术显而易见，在工业化国家，最好的营救机会依赖于建筑环境，因为不论是在使用的建筑或者是在建设的建筑，都是最大的、单一的、间接地由化石燃料的燃烧所引起的碳排放的源头，而这些站了所有排放的50%。

中英文对照-建筑材料

specific absorption of quality质量吸水率 specific absorption of volume体积吸水率 water percentage of quality质量含水率 hygroscopic 吸湿性 water resistance 耐水性 saturation 饱和
Chapter 4
Words and Phases
alkali-aggregate reaction: 碱－骨料反应 potassium: 钾 sodium: 钠 gravel: 碎石 scree: 卵石 insoluble matter: 不溶物
Chapter 4
Words and Phases
Chapter 3
Words and Phases
magnesium-oxy-chloride cement: 氯氧镁水泥 general cement: 通用水泥 special cement: 专用水泥 characteristic cement: 特性水泥 aluminous cement: 铝酸盐水泥 sulfoaluminate cement: 硫铝酸盐水泥
Back
Chapter 3
Cement
Back
Words and Phases
Portland cement:波特兰水泥(硅酸盐水泥) Ordinary Portland cement: 普通硅酸盐水泥 ordinary Portland cement: 普通硅酸盐水泥 furnance-slag cement: 矿渣硅酸盐水泥 Portland Pozzlana cement: 火山灰质硅酸盐水泥 Portland fly-ash cement: 粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥 composite Portland cement: 复合水泥 high-alumina cement: 高铝水泥

新型建筑材料的开发和应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

新型建筑材料的开发和应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people's requirements for building materials are also getting higher and higher. Traditional building materials such as cement and steel can no longer meet people's demands for building quality and environmental protection. Therefore, the development and application of new building materials is becoming more and more important.The development and application of new building materials is a multi-faceted work that involves multiple links such as material design, manufacture, testing and application. The following discusses the development and application of new building materials from three aspects: material design, manufacture and application.1. Material DesignMaterial design is the first step in the development of new building materials. Material design needs to consider many aspects such as the mechanical properties, durability, and environmental protection of materials. Mechanical properties refer to mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness of materials. Durability refers to the service life of a material in different environments. Environmental protection refers to the impact of materials on the environment, such as whether it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce waste generation.In material design, it is necessary to use advanced material design methods and computer simulation techniques to improve the performance of materials. For example, the use of molecular simulation technology and computer simulation methods can quickly and accurately predict the mechanical properties and chemical properties of materials, and guide the design of materials.2. Material manufacturingMaterial manufacturing is the core link in the development of new building materials. The manufacture of new building materials needs to take into account many factors such as production technology and manufacturing cost. The production process needs to be stable and controllable, and the manufacturing cost needs to be reduced as much as possible, while meeting the performance requirements of the material.In the process of material manufacturing, it is necessary to master a series of core technologies, such as the synthesis method and processing technology of materials. For example, new building materials with excellent performance can be prepared by using nanotechnology. In addition, environmental protection and energy issues need to be paid attention to during the material manufacturing process, such as reducing waste generation and energy consumption.3. Material applicationThe application of new building materials is the ultimate goal of the development of new building materials. The application of new building materials needs to take into account the actual needs of the building, such as building safety, comfort, durability, etc. At the same time, the comparison and advantages and disadvantages of new building materials and traditional building materials also need to be considered.The application of new building materials requires certain tests and practices to ensure the performance and reliability of the materials. For example, new building materials need to be strictly tested and inspected before use to verify whether their mechanical properties, durability, and environmental protection meet the requirements. In addition, it is also necessary to master the construction methods and technologies of new building materials to ensure the quality and effect of construction.Compared with traditional building materials, new building materials have many advantages. For example, new building materials can greatly reduce building energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, which is conducive to environmental protection; at the same time, the lightweight and high-strength properties of new building materials can improve the safety and durability of buildings, and reduce the cost of building maintenance and repairs . In addition, new building materials also have some properties that traditional building materials do not have, such as self-cleaning and sound absorption.However, there are still some challenges and problems in the application of new building materials. For example, new building materials are expensive to manufacture and require further research and development and cost reduction. At the same time, the safety and environmental protection of new building materials need further verification and research to ensure that they have no adverse effects on human health and the environment.In a word, the development and application of new building materials is of great significance for realizing sustainable development and building an environment-friendly society. Only through continuous technological innovation and research and development can we promote the development and application of new building materials and create a better living environment and quality of life for human beings.随着经济的不断发展和人们生活水平的提高，人们对建筑材料的要求也越来越高。

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土构造中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，伴随国民经济旳迅速、持久发展，多种钢筋混凝土建筑构造大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大旳发展。

建筑材料的革新和应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

建筑材料的革新和应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the increasing importance of sustainability, the innovation and application of building materials has become an important topic in the construction industry today. Over the past few decades, there have been many major changes in the field of building materials, and the application of new materials and technologies is changing the way we build and the environment in which we build.The history of building materialsmaterials, we need to understand the development process of building materials. In early construction, mainly natural materials such as stone, wood, earth, etc. were used. These materials were considered the most reliable at the time, as they could withstand weight and the elements very well. With the advancement of technology, building materials have begun to diversify, such as steel, cement, glass, etc. The use of these materials results in buildings that are stronger, more aesthetically pleasing, and able to withstand greater pressure and force.However, with the emphasis on sustainability, the use of construction materials has also started to have some problems. For example, the production of steel and cement produces large amounts of carbon emissions, which have a huge impact on the environment. At the same time, the mining and processing of these materials will also consume a large amount of natural resources and cause serious environmental pollution.materials has become particularly important, and the research and application of new materials has become a hot topic in today's construction industry.Application of new materialsIn the research and application of new materials, some materials have been widely used, such as ecological materials, high-performance materials and renewable materials.ecological materialEcological materials refer to those materials with environmental protection properties. These materials are often made from renewable resources and have a low environmental impact during production and use. For example, natural materials such as bamboo, hemp, and wood chips are typical representatives of ecological materials.The application of ecological materials is gaining popularity in architecture. These materials are not only environmentally friendly, but also have good thermal insulation and fire performance, which can well meet the needs of buildings. In addition, ecological materials can also help regulate indoor humidity and temperature, improving living comfort. In modern architectural design, ecological materials are widely used in walls, roofs, floors, doors, windows, furniture, etc., making buildings more environmentally friendly and sustainable.high performance materialsHigh-performance materials refer to those materials that have properties beyond traditional building materials, such as high strength, high toughness, high water resistance, high thermal insulation, etc. These materials are usually made of advanced technology, with longer service life and better environmental adaptability.The application of high-performance materials can improve the quality and efficiency of buildings, while also reducing the cost of maintenance and restoration. For example, high-strength steel structures can make buildings more stable, improve earthquake resistance and fire resistance; high thermal insulation materials can make buildings more energy-efficient and reduce energy consumption.renewable materialRenewable materials refer to those materials that can be recycled through natural cycles, such as wood, bamboo, hemp, etc. These materials can be regenerated or recycled to reduce consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution.The application of renewable materials can promote the sustainable development of the construction industry. For example, timber construction is a typical example of the use of renewable materials. This kind of building can not only reduce carbon emissions, but also absorb carbon dioxide, which has good environmental protection benefits.The Future Development Direction of Building MaterialsIn the future, the development direction of building materials will focus more on sustainability and environmental protection. With the intensification of global climate change, the environmental requirements for building materials will also become higher and higher. Therefore, the development and application of new materials will become an important trend in the construction industry.Below, we introduce the future development direction of several building materials:biodegradable materialDegradable materials refer to those substances that can be degraded to be environmentally friendly through biodegradation or other means. This material can effectively reduce the emission of construction waste, thereby reducing the impact on the environment. For example, materials such as degradable plastics and degradable cement have begun to enter the field of building materials.Smart MaterialsSmart materials refer to those materials that can respond to the external environment, such as materials that can adjust temperature, humidity, light, etc.. These materials are usually manufactured by nanotechnology and biotechnology, and have intelligent and self-healing properties. One of the development directions of building materials in the future is the application of smart materials, which can effectively improve the comfort, safety and energy saving of buildings.carbon fiber materialCarbon fiber material is a new type of material with high strength, high stiffness and low density, which can effectively improve the seismic performance and durability of building structures. In the future, with the continuous improvement of production technology and cost reduction of carbon fiber materials, it will be widely used in architectural structures and facade decoration.Biomass materialBiomass materials refer to those materials made from biomass, such as wood, bamboo, hemp, etc. These materials can be regenerated or recycled, which has good environmental benefits. One of the development directions of building materials in the future is the application of biomass materials, which can effectively reduce the discharge of construction waste, and can also improve the comfort and environmental protection of buildings.In short, the development direction of building materials in the future will pay more attention to sustainability and environmental protection. The development and application of various new materials will promote the development of the construction industry in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly direction.随着可持续性发展的重要性日益增加，建筑材料的革新和应用已成为当今建筑业的一个重要话题。

英文介绍建筑材料的作文

英文介绍建筑材料的作文Building materials play a crucial role in the construction industry. Different types of materials are used to build homes, offices, and various other structures. These materials not only provide strength and stability to the building but also contribute to its aesthetic appeal.建筑材料在建筑行业中扮演着至关重要的角色。

不同类型的材料被用来建造住宅、办公室以及各种其他建筑结构。

这些材料不仅提供了建筑物的强度和稳定性，还赋予其美观的外观。

One of the most commonly used building materials is concrete. Concrete is a composite material made up of a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. It is known for its durability and versatility, making it the go-to material for a wide range of construction projects.其中最常用的建筑材料之一是混凝土。

混凝土是一种由水泥、水以及诸如沙子和砾石等骨料混合而成的复合材料。

它以其耐用性和多功能性而闻名，成为各种建筑项目的首选材料。

Another important building material is steel. Steel is used not only for structural support but also for aesthetic purposes. It is known for its strength, durability, and ability to be shaped into various forms. Steel is commonly used in the construction of high-rise buildings, bridges, and other large structures.另一个重要的建筑材料是钢铁。

建筑英语论文建筑材料的应用英汉对照

The application of constructional material建筑材料应用The availability of suitable structural materials is one of the principal limitations on the accomplishment of an experienced structural engineer. Early builders depended almost exclusively on wood, stone, brick, and concrete. Although iron had been used by humans at least since the building of the Egyptian pyramids, use of it as a structural material was limited because of the difficulties of smelting it in large quantities. With the industrial revolution, however, came both the need for iron as a structural material and the capability of smelting it in quantity.John Smeaton, an English civil engineer, was the first to use cast iron extensively as a structural material in the mid-eighteenth century. After 1841, malleable iron was developed as a more reliable material and was widely used. Whereas malleable iron was superior to cast iron, there were still too many structural failures and there was a need for a more reliable material. Steel was the answer to this demand. The invention of the Bessemer converter in 1856 and the subsequent development of the Siemens-Martin open-hearth process for making steel made it possible to produce structuralsteel at competitive prices and triggered the tremendous developments and accomplishments in the use of structural steel over the next hundred years.The most serious disadvantage of steel is that it oxidizes easily and must be protected by paint or some other suitable coating. When steel is used in an enclosure where a fire could occur, the steel members must be encased in a suitable fire-resistant enclosure such as masonry, concrete. Normally, steel members will not fail in a brittle manner unless an unfortunate combination of metallurgical composition, low temperature, and bi-or triaxial stress exists.Structural aluminum is still not widely used in civil engineering structures, though its use is steadily increasing. By a proper selection of the aluminum alloy and its heat treatment, a wide variety of strength characteristics may be obtained. Some of the alloys exhibit stress-strain characteristics similar those of structural steel, except that the modulus of elasticity for the initial linearly elastic portion is about 10,000,000 psi (700,000 kgf/cm*cm) or about one-third that of steel. Lightness and resistance to oxidation are, of course, two of the major advantages of aluminum. Because its properties are very sensitive to its heat treatment, caremust be used when riveting or welding aluminum. Several techniques have been developed for prefabricating aluminum subassemblies that can be readily erected and bolted together in the field to form a number of beautiful and well-designed shell structures. This general procedure of prefabrication and held assembly by bolting seems to be the most promising way of utilizing structural aluminum.Reinforced and prestesses concrete share with structural material. Natural cement concretes have been used for centuries. Modern concrete construction dates from the middle of the nineteenth century, though artificial Portland cement was patented by Aspidin, an Englishman, about 1825. Although several builders and engineers experimented with the use of steel-reinforced concrete in the last half of the nineteenth century, its dominant use as a building material dates from the early decades of the twentieth century. The last fifty years have seen the rapid and vigorous development of prestressed concrete design and construction, founded largely on early work by Freyssinet in France and Magnel in Belgium.Plain (unreinforced) concrete not only is a heterogeneous material but also has one very serious defect as a structural material, namely, its very limited tensile strength, which isonly of the order of one-tenth its compressive strength. Not only is tensile failure in concrete of a brittle type, but likewise compression failure occurs in a relatively brittle fashion without being preceded by the forewarning of large deformations. (Of course, in reinforced-concrete construction, ductile behavior can be obtained by proper selection and arrangement of the reinforcement.) Unless proper care is used in the selection of aggregates and in the mixing and placing of concrete, frost action can cause serious damage to concrete masonry. Concrete creeps under long-term loading to a degree that must be considered carefully in selecting the design stress conditions. During the curing process and its early life, concrete shrinks a significant amount, which to a degree can be controlled by properly proportioning the mix and utilizing suitable construction techniques.With all these potentially serious disadvantages, engineers have learned to design and build beautiful, durable, and economical reinforced-concrete structures for practically all kinds of structural requirements. This has been accomplished by careful selection of the design dimensions and the arrangement of the steel reinforcement, development of proper cements, selection of proper aggregates and mix proportions,careful control of mixing, placing, and curing techniques and imaginative development of construction methods, equipment and procedures.The versatility of concrete, the wide availability of its component materials, the unique ease of shaping its form to meet strength and functional requirements, together with the exciting potential of further improvements and development of not only the newer prestressed and precast concrete construction but also the conventional reinforced concrete construction, combine to make concrete a strong competitor of other materials in a very large fraction of structures.In modern times, with the increased use of steel and reinforced-concrete construction, wood has been relegated largely to accessory use during construction, to use in temporary and secondary structures, and to use for secondary members of permanent construction. Modern technology in the last sixty years has revitalized wood as a structural material, however, by developing vastly improved timber connectors, various treatments to increase the durability of wood, and laminated wood made of thin layers bonded together with synthetic glues using revolutionary gluing techniques. Plywood with essentially nondirectional strength properties is themost widely used laminated wood, but techniques have also been developed for building large laminated wood members that for certain structures are competitive with concrete and steel.Materials with future possibilities are the engineering plastics and the exotic metals and their alloys, such as beryllium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, and niobium. There are many different plastics available, and the mechanical properties exhibited by this group of materials vary over a wide range that encompasses the range of properties available among the more commonly used structural materials. Thus in many specific design applications it is possible to select a suitable plastic material for an alternative design. Experience with the use of plastics outdoors is limited. Generally speaking, however, plastics must be protected from the weather. This aspect of design is therefore a major consideration in the use of plastics for primary structural elements. One of the most promising potential used of plastics is for panel and shell-type structures. Laminated or sandwich panels have been used in such structures with encouraging results that indicate an increased use in this type of construction in the future.Another materials development with interestingpossibilities is that of composites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibers or fiber like particles. Although glass-fiber-reinforced composites with a glass or plastic matrix have been used for years, they appear to have much broader possibilities for a large variety of secondary structural components. Fiber-reinforced concrete is another composite being actively studied and developed. Several experimental applications are being observed under service conditions. Experiments have been conducted with both steel and glass fibers, but most of the service experience has been with steel fibers.建筑材料应用适当有效建筑材料是限制富有经历构造工程师成就主要原因之一。

有关建筑材料的英语作文

有关建筑材料的英语作文Title: Exploring the World of Building Materials。

Introduction:Building materials play a crucial role in shaping the structures that define our cities and communities. From ancient civilizations to modern skyscrapers, the choice of materials has always influenced the durability, aesthetics, and sustainability of construction projects. In this essay, we delve into the diverse world of building materials, examining their properties, uses, and impact onarchitecture and society.1. Traditional Building Materials:Throughout history, civilizations have relied onlocally available materials for construction. Stone, clay, wood, and straw were among the earliest building materials used by ancient builders. Stone, prized for its durability,was employed in iconic structures like the Egyptian pyramids and Greek temples. Clay, readily molded into bricks or tiles, formed the basis of architectural marvels such as the Great Wall of China. Wood, abundant in forested regions, provided structural support for homes andbuildings in many cultures. Straw, a byproduct of agriculture, was utilized for thatching roofs in rural communities.2. Modern Building Materials:With advances in technology and industry, new building materials have emerged, offering enhanced properties and versatility. Concrete, a blend of cement, aggregates, and water, revolutionized construction with its strength and moldability. Steel, prized for its high strength-to-weight ratio, became the backbone of skyscrapers and bridges. Glass, transparent and reflective, transformed the aesthetics of buildings, allowing for striking facades and expansive windows. Plastics and composites introduced lightweight and corrosion-resistant alternatives for various applications.3. Sustainable Building Materials:In recent decades, the focus has shifted towards sustainable building materials that minimize environmental impact and promote resource efficiency. Timber, a renewable resource, has seen a resurgence in popularity for its low carbon footprint and biodegradability. Bamboo, known forits rapid growth and strength, offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional hardwoods. Recycled materials, such as reclaimed wood, salvaged metal, and repurposed plastics, reduce waste and conserve resources in construction projects. Additionally, innovations in green building materials, such as hempcrete and rammed earth, prioritize sustainability without compromising performance.4. Innovative Building Materials:The quest for innovation has led to the development of cutting-edge building materials that push the boundaries of design and functionality. Self-healing concrete, embedded with bacteria or capsules of healing agents, repairs cracksautonomously, extending the lifespan of structures. Transparent solar panels, integrated into building facades and windows, harness sunlight for energy generation without compromising visibility. Aerogel, a lightweight and highly insulating material, offers superior thermal performancefor energy-efficient buildings. 3D-printed construction materials, ranging from concrete to bioplastics, enable rapid prototyping and customization of architectural elements.5. Cultural and Regional Influences:Building materials often reflect the cultural heritage and regional characteristics of their surroundings. Traditional mud bricks, for example, are emblematic of vernacular architecture in arid climates, where their thermal mass helps regulate indoor temperatures. In coastal areas, buildings may utilize materials resistant to corrosion and saltwater damage, such as stainless steel or fiber-reinforced polymers. Cultural preferences also influence aesthetic choices, with certain materials favored for their symbolic significance or historical resonance.6. Conclusion:In conclusion, building materials form the foundation of architectural design and construction, shaping the built environment in profound ways. From ancient stone structures to futuristic eco-friendly buildings, the evolution of materials reflects human ingenuity and adaptability. As we face the challenges of urbanization, climate change, and resource scarcity, the quest for innovative and sustainable building materials becomes ever more imperative. By embracing new technologies and honoring traditional wisdom, we can create structures that not only endure the test of time but also harmonize with nature and enrich the lives of future generations.。

中英文对照-建筑材料

Detailed description
Building materials refer to various substances and materials used in the construction process, which can be natural or artificially synthesized, with different physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, used to meet the
requirements of building design and construction.
Classification of building materials
• Summary: Building materials can be classified according to different classification standards, such as usage location, function, material, etc.
• Meaning: With the acceleration of globalization and the deepening of the the Belt and Road Initiative, exchanges and cooperation between China and the world are increasingly frequent. Mastering the Chinese and English translations of building materials can help improve the internationalization level of China's construction industry and better participate in international competition and cooperation. At the same time, it also helps to improve the technical and management level of the construction industry, promoting the sustainable development of China's construction industry.

施工材料作文模板英语翻译

施工材料作文模板英语翻译Construction Materials。

Construction materials are essential components in building and infrastructure development. They are the basic elements used in the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. The selection of construction materials plays a crucial role in determining the quality, durability, and safety of the built environment. In this article, we will explore the various types of construction materials, their properties, and their importance in the construction industry.One of the most commonly used construction materials is concrete. Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. It is widely used in the construction of foundations, walls, columns, and slabs due to its strength, durability, and versatility. Concrete is known for its ability to withstand heavy loads and harsh environmental conditions, making it an ideal choice for structural applications.Another important construction material is steel. Steel is a strong and durable metal that is used in the construction of high-rise buildings, bridges, and other structures. It is known for its high tensile strength and ductility, which allows it to be shaped and formed into various structural elements. Steel is also resistant to corrosion, making it a preferred material for use in environments with high moisture and humidity.Wood is a traditional construction material that has been used for centuries. It is valued for its natural beauty, versatility, and sustainability. Wood is commonly used in the construction of residential buildings, interior finishes, and decorative elements. It is also used in the form of engineered wood products such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber, and particleboard, which offer enhanced strength and dimensional stability.In addition to these primary construction materials, there are various other materials that are used in construction, including masonry, glass, plastics, and composites. Each ofthese materials has its own unique properties and applications, and their selection depends on the specific requirements of the construction project.The choice of construction materials is influenced by factors such as structural design, building codes, environmental conditions, and cost. It is important to carefully consider the properties and performance of materials to ensure the safety and longevity of the built environment. For example, in seismic-prone areas, the use of reinforced concrete and steel structures is common to enhance the structural resilience of buildings against earthquakes.Sustainable construction materials are gaining popularity in the construction industry due to their environmental benefits. Materials such as recycled steel, reclaimed wood, and eco-friendly concrete are being used to reduce the environmental impact of construction projects. These materials help conserve natural resources, reduce waste, and lower carbon emissions, contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly built environment.In conclusion, construction materials are the building blocks of the built environment. Their selection and use have a significant impact on the quality, durability, and sustainability of buildings and infrastructure. With advancements in material science and technology, the construction industry continues to innovate and develop new materials that offer improved performance and environmental benefits. By understanding the properties and applications of construction materials, we can ensure the safe and efficient construction of structures that meet the needs of society.。

英文介绍建筑材料的作文

英文介绍建筑材料的作文英文回答：Building materials play a crucial role in the construction industry. They are essential for creating structures that are safe, durable, and aesthetically pleasing. There are various types of building materials available, each with its own unique properties and uses.One commonly used building material is concrete. Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. It is known for its strength and versatility. Concrete can be used for various applications, including foundations, walls, and floors. It is also acost-effective option for construction projects.Another popular building material is steel. Steel is known for its strength and durability. It is commonly used for structural components such as beams, columns, and frames. Steel is also recyclable, making it an eco-friendlychoice. Its versatility and ability to withstand extreme conditions make it a preferred material for high-rise buildings and bridges.Wood is another widely used building material. It is a renewable resource and has excellent thermal insulation properties. Wood can be used for various applications, including framing, flooring, and finishing. It adds a natural and warm aesthetic to any structure. However, wood is susceptible to moisture, pests, and fire, so it requires proper treatment and maintenance.In addition to these traditional building materials, there are also innovative materials being used in construction today. For example, glass is not only used for windows but also for creating stunning facades and interior designs. It allows natural light to enter the building while providing insulation and energy efficiency.Furthermore, sustainable building materials are gaining popularity due to their environmental benefits. Materials such as bamboo, recycled plastic, and reclaimed wood arebeing used to reduce the carbon footprint of construction projects. These materials are not only eco-friendly butalso offer unique design possibilities.中文回答：建筑材料在建筑行业中起着至关重要的作用。

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The application of constructional material建筑材料的应用The availability of suitable structural materials is one of the principal limitations on the accomplishment of an experienced structural engineer. Early builders depended almost exclusively on wood, stone, brick, and concrete. Although iron had been used by humans at least since the building of the Egyptian pyramids, use of it as a structural material was limited because of the difficulties of smelting it in large quantities. With the industrial revolution, however, came both the need for iron as a structural material and the capability of smelting it in quantity.John Smeaton, an English civil engineer, was the first to use cast iron extensively as a structural material in the mid-eighteenth century. After 1841, malleable iron was developed as a more reliable material and was widely used. Whereas malleable iron was superior to cast iron, there were still too many structural failures and there was a need for a more reliable material. Steel was the answer to this demand. The invention of the Bessemer converter in 1856 and the subsequent development of the Siemens-Martin open-hearth process for making steel made it possible to produce structural steel at competitive prices and triggered the tremendous developments and accomplishments in the use of structural steel over the next hundred years.The most serious disadvantage of steel is that it oxidizes easily and must be protected by paint or some other suitable coating. When steel is used in an enclosure where a fire could occur, the steel members must be encased in a suitable fire-resistant enclosure such as masonry, concrete. Normally, steel members will not fail in a brittle manner unless an unfortunate combination of metallurgical composition, low temperature, and bi-or triaxial stress exists.Structural aluminum is still not widely used in civil engineering structures, though its use is steadily increasing. By a proper selection of the aluminum alloy and its heat treatment, a wide variety of strength characteristics may be obtained. Some of the alloys exhibit stress-strain characteristics similar those of structural steel, except that the modulus of elasticity for the initial linearly elastic portion is about 10,000,000 psi (700,000 kgf/cm*cm) or about one-third that of steel. Lightness and resistance to oxidation are, of course, two of the major advantages of aluminum. Because its properties are very sensitive to its heat treatment, care must be used when riveting or welding aluminum. Several techniques have been developed for prefabricating aluminum subassemblies that can be readily erected and bolted together in the field to form a number of beautiful and well-designed shell structures. This general procedure of prefabrication and held assembly by bolting seems to be the most promising way of utilizing structural aluminum.Reinforced and prestesses concrete share with structural material. Natural cement concretes have been used for centuries. Modern concrete construction dates from the middle of the nineteenth century, though artificial Portland cement was patented by Aspidin, an Englishman, about 1825. Although several builders and engineers experimented with the use of steel-reinforced concrete in the last half of the nineteenth century, its dominant use as a building material dates from the early decades of the twentieth century. The last fifty years have seen the rapid and vigorous development of prestressed concrete design and construction, founded largely on early work by Freyssinet in France and Magnel in Belgium.Plain (unreinforced) concrete not only is a heterogeneous material but also has one very serious defect as a structural material, namely, its very limited tensile strength, which is only of the order of one-tenth its compressive strength. Not only is tensile failure in concrete of a brittle type, but likewise compression failure occurs in a relatively brittle fashion without being preceded by the forewarning of large deformations. (Of course, in reinforced-concrete construction, ductile behavior can be obtained by properselection and arrangement of the reinforcement.) Unless proper care is used in the selection of aggregates and in the mixing and placing of concrete, frost action can cause serious damage to concrete masonry. Concrete creeps under long-term loading to a degree that must be considered carefully in selecting the design stress conditions. During the curing process and its early life, concrete shrinks a significant amount, which to a degree can be controlled by properly proportioning the mix and utilizing suitable construction techniques.With all these potentially serious disadvantages, engineers have learned to design and build beautiful, durable, and economical reinforced-concrete structures for practically all kinds of structural requirements. This has been accomplished by careful selection of the design dimensions and the arrangement of the steel reinforcement, development of proper cements, selection of proper aggregates and mix proportions, careful control of mixing, placing, and curing techniques and imaginative development of construction methods, equipment and procedures.The versatility of concrete, the wide availability of its component materials, the unique ease of shaping its form to meet strength and functional requirements, together with the exciting potential of further improvements and development of not only the newer prestressed and precast concrete construction but also the conventional reinforced concrete construction, combine to make concrete a strong competitor of other materials in a very large fraction of structures.In modern times, with the increased use of steel and reinforced-concrete construction, wood has been relegated largely to accessory use during construction, to use in temporary and secondary structures, and to use for secondary members of permanent construction. Modern technology in the last sixty years has revitalized wood as a structural material, however, by developing vastly improved timber connectors, various treatments to increase the durability of wood, and laminated wood made of thin layers bonded together with synthetic glues using revolutionary gluing techniques. Plywood with essentially nondirectional strength properties is the most widely used laminated wood, but techniques have also been developed for building large laminated wood members that for certain structures are competitive with concrete and steel.Materials with future possibilities are the engineering plastics and the exotic metals and their alloys, such as beryllium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, and niobium. There are many different plastics available, and the mechanical properties exhibited by this group of materials vary over a wide range that encompasses the range of properties available among the more commonly used structural materials. Thus in many specific design applications it is possible to select a suitable plastic material for an alternative design. Experience with the use of plastics outdoors is limited. Generally speaking, however, plastics must be protected from the weather. This aspect of design is therefore a major consideration in the use of plastics for primary structural elements. One of the most promising potential used of plastics is for panel and shell-type structures. Laminated or sandwich panels have been used in such structures with encouraging results that indicate an increased use in this type of construction in the future.Another materials development with interesting possibilities is that of composites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibers or fiber like particles. Although glass-fiber-reinforced composites with a glass or plastic matrix have been used for years, they appear to have much broader possibilities for a large variety of secondary structural components. Fiber-reinforced concrete is another composite being actively studied and developed. Several experimental applications are being observed under service conditions. Experiments have been conducted with both steel and glass fibers, but most of the service experience has been with steel fibers.建筑材料的应用适当有效的建筑材料是限制富有经验的结构工程师成就的主要原因之一。