语言学期末复习资料.doc

Chapter 1: Introduction

is generally defined as the scientific hypotheses about the language

2、 L anguage is a

system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication （语言是一套用于人类交流的任意的口 语系统）. 3、 G eneral linguistics （通用语言学）：the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

4、 P honetics （语言学），morphology （咅位），syntax （形态）， semantics （句法），pragmatics （语用），sociolinguistics （社 会语言学），psycholinguistics （心理语言学），applied linguistics （应用语言学）

5> Prescriptive （规定的）vs. Descriptive （描写的）

Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ・ If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for ^correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. structured fully prove their validity ）

1> Linguistics （语言学）

study of language. （☆ to observe and collect language

facts^formulates some

6、Synchronic （共时的）vs・ Diachronic （历时的）

Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic・A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

7、Langue （语言）vs. Parole （言语）

The distinction between langue and parole was made by Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century. Langue and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system （抽象的语言系统）shared by all the members of a speech community （言语社区），and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use・

8、Competence （语言能力）vs. Performance （言语行为）

It was proposed by the American linguist N. CHOMSKY in the late 1950s. Chomsky （乔姆斯基）defines competence as the ideal user^ knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

9^ while Saussure?s distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure （索绪尔）took a

view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky （乔姆斯 looks at language from a psychological （心理逻辑学） point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

10、Design features of language （区别性特征）：

Arbitrariness （任意性 this means that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds, on the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated. The best examples are the onomatopoeic words 拟声词 and some compound words 混合词 ）

productivity （能产性）,duality （二重性），displacement （移位），cultural transmission （文化传递）

llx Functions of language （语言的功能）

Descriptive function （描写功自£）, expressive function （表 达功能），social function （社会功能）

Jakobson （雅各布逊）：emotive （表情功能）,conative （意动功能），referential （指称功能），poetic （组诗功能）， phatic communion （寒暄功能），metalinguistic （元语言功能） Halliday （韩礼德）：ideational （概念功能 ‘interpersonal

sociological （社会逻辑学） 基）