跨文化交际2

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跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 2 communication and culture

跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 2 communication and culture

The Selected Scene ---Conflicts Across Border
Task:
(1) Is there an effective communication between Santiago and the police?
(2) What caused the conflicts between them and how to avoid such conflicts?
Decode
Physical
Message Channel
Channel Message Feedback
Encode Receiver
Encode
Reasons for Misunderstanding
Encoding & Decoding
Not all communication could
Section 2 1. Basics of Communication
Warm-up questions
What is communication? How would two people in love let each
other know about their feelings? How many Chinese words can you
通信
传通
1.1 Definition of Communication
Communication
Latin word “communicare”
Act and process of sending and receiving messages among people
Means of Communication

跨文化交际学-2

跨文化交际学-2

2.1.6 过去取向 / 将来取向Past / Future
中:“性本善”→过去取向→圆式时间观 →充裕的时间意识,使用时间随意,节奏 慢。 圆形时间观:时间的变化协调与自然状态, 向自身复归以及始终沿着自身运动的周期 性成圆弧运动。 西:“性本恶”→未来取向→线式时间观 →时间紧缺意识,使用时间精确。

西:“天人相立”→企图征服、战胜自然 → “做事”有所成就 Social attitudes as expressions of this value Achieve specific goals Show the world what you can do Pay attention to actions back
2.1.1 天人合一 / 天人相分
中:天人合一 人对自然规律的顺从和对自然的崇拜。 西:天人相分 人与自然相分对立,人处在支配和改造 自然的位置。
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
2.1.3 求变 / 求稳
美:“变化”---打破常规,不断创新 体现在不同形态的流动方面:职业、社会 地位,地域等的流动。 体现在家庭危机,婚姻解体等方面。 中:“稳定”---家族、家庭、社会和国家 乃至个人社会地位、地域、社会关系等方 面的稳定。 back

2.1.4 做人 / 做事 Being/Doing

Basically Good: Protect people’s virtue Reward good behavior Find the most virtuous people Basically Evil: Expect to find evil and fight against it Punish bad behavior Save people from their evil nature

跨文化交际基础 (2)

跨文化交际基础 (2)

Key Terms
38.Internal / External 39. Triandis’s Cultural Dimensions 40. Four attributes of individualism–collectivism 41. Horizontal individualist (HI) 42. Vertical individualist (VI) 43. Horizontal collectivist (HC) 44. Vertical collectivist (VC) 45. Schwartz´ Universal Values Orientations
Neuliep’s Contextual Model
CHAPTER 2 2 Key Terms
Key Terms
1. Low-context culture 2. High-context culture 3. Values orientation theory 4. Five Basic Types of Problem and Three
Chapter 2
Theories and Research on Intercultural Communication
CHAPTER 2
A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people.
Mahatma Gandhi
Key Terms
15. Uncertainty Avoidance 16. High uncertainty avoidance culture 17. Low uncertainty avoidance culture 18. Long-Term Orientation (LTO) 19. Time Value Dimension 20. Long-term orientation culture 21. Short-term Orientation culture 22. Indulgence versus Restraint (IVR)

跨文化交际2

跨文化交际2

While in Japanese, you can only understand the affirmative or negative meaning after the speaker has finished the sentences.
Tense The dog bit the man in English Dog bite man in Chinese
Synonyms 同义词 Idioms习惯用语 Proverbs谚语 Styles / Varieties Slang, Taboo Expressions俚语 禁忌语 Euphemisms委婉语
2.1.2 MORPHOLOGY
A morpheme if the small unit of a language that has a meaning.
-s in dogs, means plural un- means negative in undo er-means who does it in teacher

Even the natives speak different sublanguages with utterly different sounds.
b (便), 2. p (边), 3. p' (片), 4. m (面), 5. f (火), 6. v (武), 7. d (电), 8. t (店), 9. t' (天), 10. n (呢), 11. l (连), 12. g (个), 13. k (该), 14. k' (开), 15. h (海), 16. ɦ (孩), 17. ŋ (呆), 18. tɕ (尖), 19. tɕ' (千), 20. ɕ (先), 21. dʑ (健), 22. ȵ (念), 23. j (夜), 24. ts (鸡), 25. ts' (溪), 26. s (输), 27. dz (住), 28. z (事), 29. 0 (无声母) 韵母 1. ɿ (志), 2. i (天), 3. u (火), 4. y (女), 5. a (板), 6. ia (晓), 7. ua (弯), 8. ɛ (杏), 9. iɛ (叫), 10. uiɛ (奣), 11. e (改), 12. ə (毛), 13. ø (看), 14. uɔ (炒), 15. yɔ (重), 16. o (巴), 17. yo (玉), 18. ai (北), 19. iai (吸), 20. uai (㾯), 21. ei (非), 22. au (斗), 23. iau (久), 24. ɣu (左), 25. ieu (手), 26. øy (夫), 27. aŋ (本), 28. ianŋ (斤), 29. uaŋ (温), 30. eŋ (井), 31. oŋ (送), 32. yoŋ (中), 33. m (?(轻 音)), 34. n (唔(轻音)), 35. ŋ (儿(轻音))

跨文化交际2讲

跨文化交际2讲

Start to Read
Culture
1. Metaphors for Culture
In order to define“culture”, we can approach the complex, ill⁃defined nature of this abstract concept by working with metaphors(隐喻), which can help us explore the dimensions(维度)from different approaches. The Culture Iceberg(44-45) Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable(可观察的) and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible (observable behavior) is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine⁃tenths of culture is below the surface.
2.To an anthropologist the word culture means all t he ways in which a group of people act, dress, think , and feel. 3.People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with.

Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际 PPT课件 (2)

Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际 PPT课件 (2)

5.Case studies
Mutual Monitoring Process
Xiu went to a BC buffet reception in the BC headquarters in Beijing. It just so happened that Xiu arrived a little too early. The waiting lounge was almost empty except a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of unbearable silence Xiu decided to break the silence by approaching the lady.
Yes, but not good
1.An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. 3. You send an e-mail message to an American friend. 4.Jane lies in bed reading a novel.
Model Two: unilateral-cultural model
(one knows another’s language and cultural environment but the other one doesn’t)
Lu Bing ,a Chinese tour guide is talking in English with George Luke, a British tourist who does not know Chinese at all.
Activity 3: Meanings in communication

跨文化交际 课件2

跨文化交际  课件2

party that would be attended by other Filipinos. Maneul said that he would try to stop by sometime during Bart’s party. Bart was quite upset. He complained, “If this is supposedly a Catholic country, why would they not place a value on this?” why would he turn down a once-in-a-lifetime gathering, my daughter’s Communion, to go to a party with friends he admits to seeing all the time? After the party, Bart was merely cordial to Manuel– there were no longer indications of friendliness. Manuel was puzzled, and had no idea what the problem was.
Case 2 The Cancellation of the Dinner ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้arty
Called to a staff meeting by his principal, Stan Brown from New Zealand reviewed the materials on a mathematics curriculum development project that he wished to see incorporated into the high school at which he taught. Stan had been teaching in the Philippines for two years and was enjoying his stay at this international school in Manila. Jose, who had developed a close relationship with Stan, was also asked to the meeting. The Principal asked Stan to discuss his proposal, the content of which was already known to the others at the meeting.

跨文化交际2:文化

跨文化交际2:文化
actions speak louder than words the sqeeky wheel gets the grease
(会叫的轮子先上油)
Culture
is our software
culture is to human beings what software is to computer the basic operating system that makes us human. our physical selves: hardware
Social tribes...) ...
organizations(family, government, schools,
Language
What is culture?
Culture
is like an iceberg

objective culture: the part of culture that is visible, e.g. history, literature, customs. subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be. Most of what we call culture is below the surface, automatic and subconscious. The visible parts of culture are just expressions of its invisible parts.

2. culture is learned culture is not genetically predetermined or instinctive. We learn our culture in many ways and from a variety of sources. e.g. eye contact, ABC,

跨文化交际英语口语教程2

跨文化交际英语口语教程2

跨文化交际英语口语教程21.英语怎样说?错误:Howtosay?正确:HowdoyousaythisinEnglish?记住howtosay只能作为句子里的一部分,不能够单独出现!2.明天我有事儿。

3.我想我并不行。

错误:IthinkIcan't.正确:Idon'tthinkIcan.英语否定前置和汉语的习惯大不相同。

汉语里面说“我想我不会”时,英语里说“我不认为我会”。

4.舞跳得不好。

错误:Idon’tdancewell.正确:Iamnotaverygooddancer.当说不擅长做什么事情时,英语里面通常用notgoodatsomething。

5.现在是几点了?6.我没经验。

错误:Ihavenoexperience.正确:IamIdon’tknowmuchaboutthat.Ihavenoexperience这句话会让老外听来很奇怪。

只要说:那方面懂得不多,或者我不在行,就行了:IamIdon’tknowmuchaboutthat.Iamnotreallyanexpertint hisarea.7.他的身体很健康。

错误:Hisbodyishealthy.正确:Heisingoodhealth./He’shealthy.8.价钱很昂贵或者很便宜。

错误:Thepriceistooexpensive/cheap.正确:Thepriceistoohigh/ratherlow.9.当然。

10.我觉得右手疼。

错误:Ifeelverypainfulinmyrighthand.正确:Myrighthandhurts(aches).”这是一句直译的地道中式英语。

避免此类错误的法宝就是三多一少:多听、多读、多看、少“创作”!交际英语口语:碰到友人嗨!你好!Hi!.Hello随便,用于比较熟悉的人,男女都可以用。

Hi!(嗨!)Hi!(嗨!你好!)你好!Hello..天中常用的寒暄用语。

A)Hello,Mr.Smith.(史密斯先生,您好!)B)Oh,hiJohn.(嗨,约翰,你好!).为学生,B为老师。

Culture Shock跨文化交际2

Culture Shock跨文化交际2
(跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己 的适应能力,以期达到新文化环境 的需要。)
Honeymoon phase
Reverse culture shock
Rejection phase
Regression phase Kalvero Oberg
The first 3 stages
Level 1
Cultural differences are exotic
More negative attitudes towards the new culture
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Take energy to express frustration and anger
Reject the new culture
and escape
Practicing English
P330
One night a Chinese student majoring in English sat on the steps of the foreign students’ residence and talked with 2 young male foreign students, one German and one American. They did not speak a word to her on their own initiative, but she asked many questions to get a conversation started. Every time they answered her with only one or two
Become more optimistic
Improve in their language skills

跨文化交际unit 2 课件

跨文化交际unit 2 课件

Unit parison of Chinese and Western cultural values Section 1. Definition of values▪What are values?▪V alues are broad, abstract concepts which provide the foundation that underlies a people‘s entire way of life.▪V alues are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. These "rules" and guideposts are normative and teach us what is useful, good, right, wrong, what to strive for, how to live our life, and even what to die for.Types of values▪1. Universal values▪2. culture-specific values▪3. individual valuesExercise: point out the values reflected in the following proverbs▪1. Blood is thicker than water. (origin: Scotland)▪(the bonds of family and common ancestry are stronger than those bonds between unrelated people ,such as friendship) family, loyalty▪2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. (origin: England)▪(if a particular type of behavior is acceptable for one person, it should also be acceptable for another person ) fairness▪3. Too many cooks spoil the broth. (origin: England)▪(The combined efforts of the group end up with something that is not so pleasant to eat) the individual4. The early bird catches the worm. (origin: England)▪(Success comes to those who prepare well and put in effort.) action▪5. God helps those who help themselves. (origin: Greece)▪(We can rely on nobody but ourselves) self-helpCautionTwo noteworthy features of values▪1. Contradictory values are found in a particular cultue.▪E.g.All people are created equal.▪E.g Sweep the snow in front of his door, and not bother about the frost on his neighbor‘s roof.▪A gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality)▪2. V alues of a culture change with time.V alues▪Five orientations proposed by American anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn▪Human NatureChinese value on human nature▪Man, by nature, is good; people‘s inborn characters are similar, but learning makes them different;▪The story of Mencius‘ mother moving three tim es in order that her son could be in a good neighborhood;▪Y our character will be tinted ―red‖ if you are in the company of redness, but ―black‖ if you are in close contact with ink.▪安于现状,知足常乐,仁者爱人,仁至义尽▪Relationship of human to natureChinese traditional medicine shows the cultural value of harmony with nature▪Westerners: A minor illness like cold - work as usual; human body is an object that can be studied and then controlled---leading to the invention of powerful medicines, but the medicines may have unpleasant or even dangerous died effects.▪Chinese: cold- stayed home to give body a chance to recover. The human body is part of nature and needs to be brought back into balance. Medi cine should work with the body‘s own resources. It should be integrated with the body, so it will take longer to work.▪Sense of timeActivity---case study▪When a middle age American couple showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea.▪Why?▪Activityconflict▪Westerners: experience the talk and behavior of Chinese people as performance, as dramatization of the self and as not very relevant to what is important; their conversation is lacking in information.▪Chinese: showing that they are friendly, virtuous, or sufficiently important; they are educated, polite, humble, high-ranking or hospitable.▪―我爸是李刚。

跨文化交际PPT 2-6

跨文化交际PPT 2-6
How did we become the leader?
Social Relations Orientation



He was born in a log cabin. His parents made living by farming and hunting. Through hard working and self teaching, he became a layer in 1850s and later became President in 1860. Abraham Lincoln is a good example of the person who rises from rags to riches.

Summary of Activity Orientation
Being &avity is not surely connected to external products or actions. No clear cut separation between work and play
5. Doing orientation believes that : it is important to get things done. When faced with adversity, people would encourage each other to fight on, to work hard and not give up. It is a striving culture. E.g.: European American
Doing
evaluating an activity by evaluating some observable action a separate activity from play and an end in itself what people do and how they solve problems

大学英语跨文化交际 chapter2

大学英语跨文化交际 chapter2

Chapter 2 Communication and InterculturalCommunicationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. know different definitions of communication.2. identify nine components of communication.3. identify the characteristics of communication.4. know the relationship between culture and communication.5. know the definition of intercultural communication.6. identify the 4 forms of intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.(信息发出者/信息源:信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。

)(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.(信息:信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

)(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. (编码:编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。

跨文化交际Chapter 2

跨文化交际Chapter 2

Definition of value
the Concise Oxford Dictionary:
One’s principles or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life.
normative
Definition of value
Peculiar expression or deviations of individuals within cultures
Aspects of subjective culture.
An individual’s cognitive structure consists of many values, which are arranged into a hierarchical order that is highly organized, and that exists along a continuum of relative important.
Classification of the culture
1. Artifact
2. Concepts 3. behavior
Culture consists of two level
1. Invisible level 2. Visible level
Influence biological processes
Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Culture is adaptive
Metaphors of culture --- culture is like an iceberg

《跨文化交际学》第2章(第2节)

《跨文化交际学》第2章(第2节)

第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
2.分析思维的特征
西方的思维模式以逻辑、分析、线性为特点,这是一种“无领 域依附”型的思维活动。
把整体分解为部分并加以分门别类,把复杂现象和事物分解为
具体细节或简单要素,然后深入考察各部分、各细节、各要素在整 体中的性质、地位、作用和联系,从而了解其特殊本质。
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
在中国,所谓个人的隐私在不同程度上具有“公共性”,他们 往往受到社会、他人的关心。人们不经允许可以涉足他人的生活领
域,人们可以事先不打招呼突然到朋友家串门,领导可以在任何时
候去下属家看望„„ 人们喜欢议论别人,不少人喜欢传递“小道消息”。议论者从 未有侵犯别人隐私的感觉,“侵犯隐私者”也会安全无恙,因为法 律上没有侵犯隐私的明文规定。因此在中国的人际关系处理中最怕 的是“众口铄金”、“人言可畏”。
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
2.民族中心主义
民族中心主义是民族自尊、民族优越感的极端心态所产生的一 种定势与偏见;指某个民族把自己视为世界的中心,把本民族的文 化作为对待其他民族的参照系,以本民族的文化标准来衡量其他民 族的行为,并把本民族的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第二章
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
3.两种思维方式在文字上的表现
世界上的文字总体上可以分为两大类:表音文字和表意文字。
西方文字属于表音文字系统,拼音字母与语言中的声音单位(音
素或音节)相联系,以形标音,是线性文字。西方文字的这种特点是 西方人重抽象思维的必然结果。
汉字是典型的表意文字,字形与语言中的意义单位(语素)相联

跨文化交际Unit-2第二讲PPT课件

跨文化交际Unit-2第二讲PPT课件
chapter13chapterinterculturalcommunicationg霍夫斯坦德教授是社会人文学博士曾主管过ibm欧洲分公司的人事调查工作荷兰马城maastricht大学国际管理系名誉教授在欧洲多所大学任教并担任香港大学荣誉教授从事组织机构人类学和国际管理organizationalanthropologyinternataionalmanagement
2021/3/12
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Chapter 1 Culture and Intercultural Communication
(2) How do you think of “self-reliance”?
• The American Creed is something of a doubleedged sword: it fosters a high sense of personal responsibility, independent initiative, and voluntarism ; it also encourages self-serving behavior, atomism, and a disregard for communal good. More specifically, its emphasis on individualism threatens traditional forms of community morality, and thus has historically promoted a particularly virulent strain of greedy behavior”
• Play a role • To feel an obligation toward
2021/3/12

跨文化交际英语教程2吕鸿雁课后答案

跨文化交际英语教程2吕鸿雁课后答案

跨文化交际英语教程2吕鸿雁课后答案考试时间:120分钟满分:100分姓名:____________班级:_____________学号:_____________1、_____from far away, the 600-meter tower is stretching into the sky. [单选题] *A. SeeB. SeeingC. To seeD. Seen(正确答案)2、He _______ walks to school, because he lives near school. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. neverC. doesn’tD. don’t3、I’m not sure whether we’ll go on ______ foot or by _____ bike? [单选题] *A. the; theB. /; theC. /; /(正确答案)D. the; /4、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.()[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)5、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. ()[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me6、42.—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A.How much(正确答案)B.How manyC.WhatD.Which7、43.How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] * A.pay(正确答案)B.takeC.spendD.buy8、How many subjects are you _______ this year? [单选题] *A. takesB. takeC. taking(正确答案)D. took9、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念10、( ) ____ eye exercises ___ good __ your eyes. [单选题] *A. Doing, is, for(正确答案)B. Doing, are, forC. Do, is, forD. Do, are, at11、23.Hurry up! The train ________ in two minutes. [单选题] *A.will go(正确答案)B.goC.goesD.went12、Jim is a(n) _______. He is very careful and likes to work with numbers. [单选题] *A. secretaryB. tour guideC. accountant(正确答案)D. English teacher13、--Miss Li, could you please help me _______ math problem?--OK. Let me try. [单选题] *A. look upB. work out(正确答案)C. set upD. put up14、Whatever difficulties you have, you should not _______ your hope. [单选题] *A. give inB. give outC. give up(正确答案)D. give back15、54.—________?—Yes, please. I'd like some beef. [单选题] *A.What do you wantB.May I try it onC.Can I help you(正确答案)D.What else do you want16、Mr. Bliss became the first person to die in a car accident. [单选题] *A. 事故(正确答案)B. 竞赛C. 检阅D. 交易17、You can't see many _____ in a hospital. [单选题] *A. man nurseB. men nurses(正确答案)C. men nurseD. man nurses18、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)19、They may not be very exciting, but you can expect ______ a lot from them.()[单选题] *A. to learn(正确答案)B. learnC. learningD. learned20、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation21、She passed me in the street, but took no()of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. careD. notice22、41.—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A.What size(正确答案)B.What colourC.How manyD.How much23、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *A. choice(正确答案)B. reasonC. habitD. decision24、The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her()attitude towards customers. [单选题] *A. impartialB. mildC. hostile(正确答案)D. opposing25、I don’t like snakes, so I ______ read anything about snakes.()[单选题] *A. alwaysB. usuallyC. oftenD. never(正确答案)26、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom27、44.—Hi, Lucy. You ________ very beautiful in the new dress today.—Thank you very much. [单选题] *A.look(正确答案)B.watchC.look atD.see28、Many young people like to _______ at weekends. [单选题] *A. eat out(正确答案)B. eat upC. eat onD. eat with29、15.This kind of bread is terrible. I do not want to eat it ________. [单选题] * A.any more(正确答案)B.some moreC.no longerD.some longer30、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.()[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent。

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【知识点归纳】1.重点概念:(1)文化:culture,涉及内容十分广泛,不同研究者有不同定义。

广义文化:指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。

狭义文化:精神生产能力和精神产品,包括一切社会意识形式;自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。

英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。

总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。

可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。

总的来说,文化是人类社会创造的财富,包括食物、器具,也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。

可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。

其特性是:人类独有;来自后天习得;大部分存在于人的潜意识;是行动的指南;动态,与一定历史时期相联系。

(2)交际:就是人与人之间的往来交际活动,文化在交际中得到发展与传播。

跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。

(3)编码与解码交际是一个编码和解码的过程;编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程,解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。

(4)言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介;非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介,例如:文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。

(5)跨文化交际广义:具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。

狭义:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。

影响跨文化交际的主要因素:民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段;阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。

(6)文化模式分为特殊的文化模式和普遍的文化模式两类。

特殊的文化模式是指各民族或国家具有的独特的文化体系。

普遍的文化模式是指一切文化都是由各个不同的部分组成的,这种文化构造适用于任何一个民族的文化。

美国人类学家C.威斯勒尔认为,普遍的文化模式包括:①语言;②物质特质;③美术;④神话与科学知识;⑤宗教习惯;⑥家庭与社会体制;⑦财产;⑧政府;⑨战争。

(7)文化深层结构亦称为“文化潜意识”,相对于文化表层结构而言。

指一个民族族体在历史的积淀中形成的固定心态,在一种文化中既不产生律动也不产生突变的心理层次。

有些学者认为,西方文化的深层结构是“不断地追求变动,渴望不断地超越”;而中国文化,乃至东方文化则具有静态的目的性,寻求天下太平,维持整个结构的平稳和不变(8)文化定势“定势”的概念,最先是由美国政治评论家 Lippmann 在1922 年出版的《公众舆论》一书中提出的,指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象”,个体对一定情形作出反映的某种心理准备状态和确定的心理倾向。

又分“自定势”和“他定势”定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后,称为文化定势(又译文化定型或刻板印象),是指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的、先验的看法。

(9)文化冲突指两种或者两种以上的文化相互接触所产生的竞争和对抗状态。

最早由由哈佛大学国际关系教授萨缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel Huntington )在《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》中提出。

(10)文化曲解不同民族、社区和集团的的文化,有不同的价值目标和价值取向,并且常常各自以自己的文化为优越,视其他文化为危险物;当其他文化在传播、接触的时候,便会有不顾客观事实歪曲原意或作错误理解。

文化曲解既是文化冲突的诱发因素,也是文化冲突的表现。

(11)主流文化与亚文化主流文化是一个社会、一个时代受到倡导的、起着主要影响、具有群体认同的文化。

亚文化(subculture):又称小文化、集体文化或副文化,指某一文化群体所属次级群体的成员共有的独特信念、价值观和生活习惯,与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象。

(12)文化距离是指不同文化之间的差异程度,主要包括语言方面的差异、生活习惯的差异、社会文化方面的差异等。

(13)文化休克“文化休克”,Cultural Shock,是1958年美国人类学家奥博格(Kalvero Oberg)提出来的概念。

是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时,因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉。

文化休克常见于移民当中或者是在一个社会内,不同文化背景的民族因文化生活环境发生根本性改变的时候。

大体经历4个阶段:蜜月阶段、沮丧(或敌意)阶段、恢复调整阶段和适应阶段(14)异文化感知文化感知是人们借助感官感知文化信息的过程,是人们对来自社会物质、制度和观念等方面信息形成的有意义的经验。

异文化感知即人们对于其他文化的感知而形成的对于其他文化的认知的过程。

(15)文化适应当不同文化群体的人们进行持续不断的直接接触时,一方或双方的原文化类型为适应对方所产生的变化称为文化适应。

(雷德菲尔德和赫斯科维茨,1936)分为四个阶段:同化、分离、融合、微小化(16)移情作用“移情”最早是西方美学中的概念,日本语言学家库诺(Kuno)于 1987年首先把移情用于语言学研究中。

顾嘉祖教授认为:“移情不仅指觉察和认识他人的情感、情绪状态,而且还包括对他人情感、情绪状态的正确反馈或反应”。

跨文化交际中的移情,即有意识地超越本民族语言文化定势的心理束缚,站在另一种文化模式中进行思维的心理倾向;它是一个心理适应和行为认同的潜移默化的漫长过程,它直接影响跨文化交际的质量、效果和进程。

(17)文化融合指具有的不同特质的文化通过相互间接触、交流沟通进而相互吸收、渗透,趋于统一的过程;是文化调整的方式之一。

主要过程:接触-----碰撞、筛选-----整合。

(18)第三文化研究异文化沟通的美国学者西特拉姆特地把由外国移民构成的下位文化称做“第三文化”。

(19)传播传播是人与人之间、人与社会之间,通过有意义的符号进行信息传递、信息接受或信息反馈活动的总称。

实现信息有效的传递的即是有效传播。

影响有效传播的有语言障碍、非语言障碍、心理障碍、理念障碍等。

2.重要的跨文化交际理论(1)文化交际环境理论 Hall(1976)为了区别不同文化中交际对其环境的依赖程度,提出了强交际环境文化和弱交际环境文化的概念。

在强交际环境文化中,有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中,或者内化于交际者的心中,因此暗码信息相对较多,明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。

说者倾向于采取间接的表达方式表达自己的意图,因此听者需要体会字里行间的意思才能避免误会。

在弱交际环境文化中,信息的大部分由显性的语码负载,只有少量信息蕴含在隐性的环境之中,尽可能清楚直接地表达思想以使听者明白是说话者的责任。

个人主义文化中的人们在交际过程中倾向弱交际环境, 即对环境依赖较低, 说话直接明了。

而集体主义文化中的人们倾向强交际环境, 即对环境依赖较高, 说话习惯以间接的方式, 甚至绕弯子。

(3)建构理论(Constructivist Theory)Applegate and Sypher(1983, 1988)把文化概念引入结构主义理论中。

他们指出交际是指个人"分享、交换信息的相互识别的交流过程"。

该过程受到一定目标的驱动,个人进行其认为有助于实现目标的交流活动。

主要观点:复杂信息行为(信息中包含许多目标和环境因素)导致"个人中心"的交际。

"认知结构"不一样,交际观念和相关的目标也不尽相同,这影响个体对环境的定义,并指导他们的策略性的行为。

"文化决定交际逻辑",不同文化侧重的目标和实现目标的方式都不一样。

跨文化交际培训"应当着重培养灵活、整合的策略手段,以达成目标"。

(4)期望违背理论期望违背理论(Expectancy Violations Theory,EVT)是朱迪·伯贡(Judee Burgoon,1987)为了解释非语言传播及其在谈话中对信息的影响而提出的。

是指传播效果与传播意图产生了差错甚至违背,可能是传播过程中的噪音造成的,或者是传播手段有问题,或者由于接受者既有的神会、团体、心理背景。

与非语言传播相关的,首先要提到的是空间距离,也称为个人空间和人们期望的交谈距离。

在交谈过程中,人们可以感知空间的使用和他人空间的使用。

比如教师走进自习课堂中,开始辅导学生时,学生有一种紧张感;开始与学生进行互动时,学生对他们之间空间的变化感到不安。

在辅导过程中教师向学生靠近,学生会感到不舒服。

但是,当辅导内容转向学生当前学习的内容时,学生就不再把教师与他们的接近看成是威胁。

空间距离包括亲密距离、个人距离、社会距离及公共距离。

这些距离在教师与学生的交流中都适用,关键是在什么情况下使用哪种。

比如,公共距离适合如课堂上教师和学生之间比较正式的讨论。

教学过程中,教师与学生的交谈距离、目光控制、手势、身体动作、面部表情等语言以外的行为发生期望以外的变化,会造成生理唤起,也经常会产生模糊的意义。

跨文化交际概论第一章1.文化的定义:文化作为一个专门概念,有狭义和广义之分。

狭义的理解着眼于精神方面,指社会的意识形态,风俗习惯,语用规范以及与之相适应的社会制度和社会组织。

广义的理解,文化包括精神和物质两个方面,即指人类在历史发展中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

2. 文化的特征:1.交际的符号性。

2.民族的选择性。

3.观念的整合性。

4.动态的可变性。

3. 信息传播系统构成的七个环节:传播者,编码,信息,通道,接受者,解码,反馈。

4. 语言是交际工具和思维工具。

5. 跨文化交际:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行口语交际。

它包含以下几点:1.交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景。

2.交际双方必须使用同一种语言交际。

3.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际。

4.交际双方进行的是直接的言语交际。

6. 跨文化交际的学科背景:文化语言学,社会语言学,言语交际学。

7.交际的本质属性是什么?交际的本质属性可以从三方面理解:1.有意识行为和无意识行为。

在交际过程中,任何性质的符号都可以用来交际,人们交流除了语言符号外,更多的是非语言符号,包括各类行为。

人们的行为有些是有意识的,有些是无意识的。

当这些行为一旦被注意到,客观上传递了信息,交际也就发生了。

2.编码过程和解码过程。

交际是一个编码和解码的过程,信息交流是一个编码和解码的心理活动。

有效的沟通,只有在发出信息的人和接受信息的人共享一个或相似的语码系统时才能实现,也就是说交际双方使用同一种语言说话。

3.语法规则和语用规则。

交际活动中交际双方必须遵循某些规则,除了固定词法句法等语法规则外,还有具体的文化规范及其制约下的语用规则。

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