2019年湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试.doc
湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样
湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样?
在湖南地区或者是周边的人员想报考湖南大学的人员非常多，包括现在的在职人员在选择非全日制研究生报读院校的时候，有很多也会选择报考湖南大学非全日制研究生。
那么，湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样呢?
相关老师介绍，湖南大学非全日制研究生在国家教育领域中拥有很高的地位，而且所开设的非全日制研究生专业领域也是非常的广泛，所以说湖南大学非全日制研究生是非常值得大家报考的。
湖南大学非全日制研究生师资力量：湖南大学非全日制研究生拥有强大的师资团队，不仅拥有院校最为权威的专家、教授进行授课，并且邀请了国内外著名院校的专家、教授进行授课，而且还聘请了优秀企业家专门为学员传授知识、经验。
湖南大学非全日制研究生专业领域广泛：湖南大学非全日制研究生所开设的在职研究生专业领域是相当广泛的，比如经济学在职研究生、金融学在职研究生、心理学在职研究生、人力资源管理在职研究生等等，为广大学员提供多方面的选择。
湖南大学非全日制研究生综合实力：该校是国家重点建设院校，在国家的教育领域中享有很高的地位，而且湖南大学建校多年，积淀了丰富的教学经验，各方面条件都发展迅速，可以说是湖南大学在职研究生综合实力非常的雄厚。
通过以上的介绍，相信大家对湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样有了一定的了解，如果您还有什么不明白的，可以直接咨询我们的在线老师。
在职研究生信息查询入口。
湖南大学2019考试大纲721教育学基础综合
湖南大学硕士研究生入学考试721《教育学专业基础综合》考试大纲一、考试性质教育学专业基础综合是教育学原理专业、高等教育学专业、课程与教学专业、比较教育学专业硕士生必考的专业基础课。
它的考试范围包括教育学原理、、中国教育史、外国教育史、普通心理学；它的评价标准是高等学校毕业生能达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较好的教育学理论基础。
二、考试形式1、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分（其中，教育学原理90分、中外教育史90分、教育心理学90分、教育时评30），考试时间为180分钟。
2、题型以及答题方式选择题简答题论述题材料题答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、主要参考书目1、南京师范大学教育系编：《教育学》，人民教育出版社，2005年版2、孙培青主编：《中国教育史》，华东师范大学出版社，2009年版3、吴式颖：《外国教育史教程》，人民教育出版社，2012年。
4、冯忠良：《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，2010年四、考查内容《教育学原理》一、考查目标1．系统掌握教育学原理的基础知识、基本概念、基本理论和现代教育观念。
2．理解教学、德育、管理等教育活动的任务、过程、原则和方法。
3．能够运用教育学的基本理论分析教育理论与实践问题。
二、考查范围一、教育学概述（一）教育学的对象和任务教育学的研究对象是教育现象和教育问题；教育学的任务是揭示教育规律，探讨教育价值观念和教育艺术，指导教育实践。
（二）教育学的产生和发展教育学的萌芽、教育学的独立、教育学的发展多样化、教育学的理论深化等阶段有代表性、有影响的教育家、教育著作、教育思想和教育理论。
二、教育的概念（一）教育的本质特点教育是有目的地培养人的社会活动。
有目的地培养人，是教育这一社会现象与其他社会现象的根本区别，是教育的本质特点。
（二）教育的基本要素教育者、受教育者、教育中介系统等要素的涵义、地位和作用。
（三）教育的历史发展古代教育的特点；现代教育的特点。
广义教育；狭义教育。
湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗
湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗?
湖南大学是国家的是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校。
一贯的重视高层次人才的培养，这个院校从1940年就开始招生研究生，招生研究生的历史是非常长的，现在开设的非全日制研究生也是受很多在职人员青睐的，那么，湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗?
要说湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗，我们需要看招生非全日制研究生的形式的，形式不一样的，考试的难度是不一样的，目前湖南大学在职研究生存在两种报名形式，一种是1月在职研究生，一种是5月同等学力考试。
一月湖南大学在职研究生考试科目与全日制研究生不同，难度也不同，在职研究生考试的英语科目是英语(二)，其难度不到四级的水平，比全日制研究生考试的英语(一)难度降低很多，此外就是综合能力考察，包括数学、逻辑和写作，其中数学是高中的知识。
难度是比全日制研究生的考试难度要小的。
五月湖南大学在职研究生的难度比1月份的要小，考试只考两科，外国语和综合科目的考试，只要稍加认真复习，拿到研究生的证书是不在话下的。
通过以上的介绍，相信大对湖南大学非全日制研究生是否好考有了一定的了解，如果您还有什么不明白的，可以直接咨询我们的在线老师。
在职研究生信息查询入口。
湖南大学333教育综合845教育管理考情分析
湖南大学842考情分析一、院校介绍湖南大学，坐落于历史文化名城湖南省长沙市，直属于中国教育部，是教育部、工业和信息化部、湖南省人民政府、国家国防科技工业局四方共建的全国重点大学，位列“双一流、211工程、985工程”，入选2011计划、111计划、卓越法律人才教育培养计划、卓越工程师教育培养计划、国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目、通用中国PACE教育推进伙伴计划，建有中国书院博物馆、国家超级计算长沙中心，是一所历史悠久、蜚声中外的综合类研究型大学，国际艺术、设计与媒体院校联盟和金砖国家网络大学等国际组织重要成员，AMBA国际认证成员。
千余年来，这里学脉绵延，弦歌不绝，以“千年学府”之美名而饮誉世界，新中国成立以来，湖南大学已为国家和社会培养了一大批高级专门人才。
湖大校训：“实事求是，敢为人先。
”二、参考书目845 《新编教育管理学》吴志宏华东师范大学出版社三、历年初试分数线四、真题分析（一）333教育综合1、基本要求全日制与非全日制攻读教育硕士专业学位入学考试教育综合科目考试内容包括教育学原理、中外教育史和教育心理学三门教育学科基础课程，要求考生系统掌握相关学科的基本知识、基础理论和基本方法，并能运用相关理论和方法分析、解决教育实际问题。
2、考试形式与试卷结构a.试卷成绩及考试时间试卷满分为 150 分，考试时间为 180 分钟。
b.答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
C.试卷内容结构各部分内容所占分值为：教育学原理约 60 分、中外教育史约 30 分、教育心理学约 60 分。
d.试卷题型结构名词解释题：6 小题，每小题 5 分，共 30 分简答题： 2 小题，每小题 20 分，共 40 分分析论述题：2 小题，每小题 40 分，共 80 分3、333教育综合2020年真题特点湖南大学2020年的真题，大部分题目还是较为基础的，扎扎实实理解好背好需要掌握的知识点是能取得一个较好的分数的，不过切记死记硬背，除了名词解释和简单题能够依靠死记硬背应付之外，占大比例分值的论述题和材料分析题，更多的是考察对一个事件的看法、观点、认识以及解决的思路。
湖南大学2019考试大纲832物理化学(工一)
湖南大学研究生院硕士研究生入学考试《物理化学》（工科）考试大纲本考试大纲适用于报考湖南大学研究生院化工与应化学类专业的硕士研究生入学考试。
《物理化学》是大学本科化工与应化专业的一门重要基础理论课。
它是从物质的物理现象和化学现象的联系入手探求化学变化基本规律的一门科学。
物理化学课程的主要内容包括化学热力学、化学动力学、电化学、界面化学与胶体化学等。
要求考生熟练掌握物理化学的基本概念、基本原理及计算方法，并具有综合运用所学知识分析和解决实际问题的能力。
一、指导思想及大纲依据1、指导思想为正确、客观、真实、公平的考核研究生入学前本科层次的物理化学基础，为研究生入学选拔和今后的研究生教育提供依据，采用此大纲对考生进行物理化学知识水平考试。
2、大纲依据（1）天津大学物理化学教研室编，物理化学(第五版)。
高等教育出版社出版:北京，2009年（2）中华人民共和国国家标准GB3102·8物理化学和分子物理学的量和单位。
二、考试题型主要题型可能有：是非题、选择题、填空题、简答题、计算题、综合题、作图与析图题等。
三、考试方式、考试所需时间和改卷方式1、考试方式：书面笔答形式。
2、卷面总分：150分。
3、考试时间：3小时。
4、改卷方式：封闭流水改卷。
四、考试内容（一）热力学第一定律及其应用1、热力学概论2、热力学第一定律3、准静态过程与可逆过程4、焓5、热容6、热力学第一定律对理想气体的应用7、实际气体8、热化学9、赫斯定律10、几种热效应11、反应热和温度的关系—基尔霍夫定律（二）热力学第二定律1、自发过程的共同特征—不可逆性2、热力学第二定律3、卡诺定理4、熵的概念5、克劳修斯不等式与熵增加原理6、熵变的计算7、热力学第二定律的本质和熵统计意义8、亥姆霍兹自由能和吉布斯自由能9、变化的方向和平衡条件10、 G的计算示例11、几个热力学函数间的关系12、单组分体系的两相平衡—热力学对单组分体系的应用13、多组分体系中物质的偏摩尔量和化学势14、热力学第三定律与规定熵（三）溶液—多组分体系热力学在溶液中的应用1、溶液组成的表示法2、稀溶液中的两个经验定律3、混合气体中各组分的化学势4、理想溶液的定义、通性及各组分的化学势5、稀溶液中各组分的化学势6、理想溶液和稀溶液的微观说明7、稀溶液的依数性8、非理想溶液9、分配定律—溶质在两互不相溶液相中的分配（四）相平衡1、多相体系平衡的一般条件2、相律3、单组分体系的相图及其应用4、二组分体系的相图及其应用（五）化学平衡1、化学反应的平衡条件和化学反应的亲和势2、化学反应的平衡常数与等温方程式3、平衡常数的表示式4、复相化学平衡5、平衡常数的测定和平衡转化率的计算6、标准生成吉布斯自由能7、温度、压力及惰性气体对化学平衡的影响8、同时平衡9、反应的耦合（六）电解质溶液1、电化学的基本概念与法拉第定律2、离子的电迁移和迁移数3、电导4、强电解质溶液理论简介（七）可逆电池的电动势及其应用1、可逆电池和可逆电极2、电动势的测定3、可逆电池的书写方法及电动势的取号4、可逆电池热力学5、电动势产生的机理6、电极电势和电池的电动势7、浓差电池和液体接界电势的计算公式8、电动势测定的应用9、生物电化学（八）电解与极化作用1、分解电压2、极化作用3、电解时电极上的反应4、金属的电化学腐蚀、防腐与金属的钝化5、化学电源（九）化学反应动力学基础1、化学反应速率表示法和速率方程2、具有简单级数的反应3、几种典型的复杂反应4、温度对反应速率的影响5、链反应6、拟定反应历程的一般方法7、碰撞理论8、过渡态理论9、单分子反应理论10、溶液中进行的反应11、光化学反应12、催化反应动力学（十）界面现象1、表面吉布斯自由能和表面张力2、弯曲表面下的附加压力和蒸气压3、液体界面的性质4、不溶性表面膜5、液-固界面现象6、表面活性剂及其作用7、固体表面的吸附8、吸附速率—吸附和解吸速率方程式9、气-固相表面催化反应（十一）胶体分散体系和大分子溶液1、胶体和胶体的基本特性2、溶胶的制备和净化3、溶胶的动力性质4、溶胶的光学性质5、溶胶的电学性质6、溶胶的稳定性和聚沉作用7、乳状液8、大分子概说9、大分子的相对分子质量10、唐南平衡11、天然大分子五、考试要求（一）热力学第一定律及其应用明确热力学的一些基本概念，如体系、环境、功、热、变化过程等。
【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A Vocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes thestrength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart towhich he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.race does certain During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all ofour long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more evenby the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periodsof history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons maybe good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it,or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man,she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, orit will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, itbe not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurpits throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women,by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families gropingin the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that ofthe reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tigeris probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the bodyto give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those ofthe shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animalsgrow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes healthor growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
桂林理工大学1001-英语-2019年考博真题
博士研究生入学考试专业课真题 2019年桂林理工大学考博专业课真题2019考试科目代码：1001考试科目名称：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋骨) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper bythe Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.A) breast cancerB) advanced technologyC) over-radiationD) treatment methods1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B) It has been argued in the medical profession.C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?A) Heat up.B) Draw out.C) Intensify.D) Put up.5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.A) ineffectiveB) looseC) harmfulD) unnecessaryPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.9. What was shown in Pew survey?A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arumand Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?A) The diluted college curriculum.B) The boring classroom activities.C) The absence of rigorous discipline.D) The outdated educational approach.13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C) They seem to be out of touch with society.D) They prioritize non-academic activities.14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.Part II Translation (25%)Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.西安是我国黄河流域古代文明的重要发源地之一，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四大古都。
湖南大学博士招生简章
湖南大学博士招生简章湖南大学位于中国历史文化名城长沙，坐落于湘江之滨、岳麓山下，起源于公元976年创建的岳麓书院，1926年正式定名为湖南大学，享有“千年学府，百年名校”之美誉，是教育部直属全国重点大学、国家“211工程”与“985工程”重点建设高校及国家“世界一流大学”建设高校。
一、招生计划湖南大学2022年计划面向全国招收博士研究生1000名左右（含少数民族高层次骨干人才计划、对口支援西部地区高校定向培养博士研究生计划和援疆博士师资计划），最终招生人数以教育部正式下达的招生计划为准。
二、学习方式和就业方式1.学习方式：除工程类专业博士和高校思想政治工作骨干在职攻读博士学位专项计划可招收非全日制学习方式的博士生外，其他专业只招收全日制学习方式的博士生。
2.就业方式：分为定向就业和非定向就业两种。
定向就业的博士生在录取前与我校和所在单位签订定向协议，毕业后按定向协议就业。
招收对象为“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”、“对口支援西部地区高校定向培养博士研究生计划”、“援疆博士师资计划”和“高校思想政治工作骨干在职攻读博士学位”四类专项计划以及工程类专业博士的考生。
非定向就业的博士生须将全部人事档案和工资关系转入我校，脱产在校学习。
报考前已工作的在职考生，在录取名单公示前应提供从原单位离职的证明材料。
毕业时自主择业，按国家和学校有关就业政策办理派遣手续。
三、学制申请-考核制博士生的学制为4年。
直接攻博生、硕博连读生的学制为5年（博士生阶段至少满3年）。
四、选拔方式选拔方式包括直接攻博、硕博连读和申请-考核制。
五、报考条件（一）以直接攻博方式报考博士生的条件1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。
2.已取得推免生资格的优秀应届本科毕业生。
3.身体和心理健康，符合普通高等学校招生体检标准。
（二）以硕博连读方式报考博士生的条件1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。
湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试
湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试暂行规定为保证博士研究生(简称博士生)的培养质量，博士生的基础理论课和专业课必须进行学科综合考试。
为了做好此项工作，特作出如下规定：一、学科综合考试的目的博士生的学科综合考试，是在博士学位论文开始前或初始阶段，考查博士生在本学科上是否掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，以及必要的相关学科知识。
二、考试内容综合考试内容包含基础理论和专业知识两部分，覆盖本二级学科的三至四门基础理论与专业课程，并应有一定比例的跨二级学科的内容，也应包括导师虽未指定但作为博士生应该具备的知识。
三、考试时间博士生必须在入学后的第三学期期末之前，进行学科综合考试。
相同二级学科、同一届的博士生应采用同一试卷、同时进行考试。
四、考试委员会的组成综合考试由院系指定的考试委员会负责进行，考试委员会由包括指导教师在内的三至五位教授组成。
考试委员会应在一个月前公布考试的范围、考核方法及时间，并负责命题、口试及评定成绩。
五、考试方式综合考试的形式应为笔试和口试，考试时间为二至三小时，笔试与口试各占50％。
六、考试成绩的评定考试完毕，考试委员会应就本次考试内容所涉及的领域、考生对这些领域知识掌握的程度，以及分析、解决问题的能力写出评语，并采用百分制记分，60分以下为不及格。
由秘书填写“湖南大学博士生学科综合考试成绩表”，考试委员会主席及委员审核无误后予以签名。
七、考试记录及材料保管考试秘书应对学科综合考试的过程进行记录，要求详细记录，字迹清楚。
考试结束后，应将全部材料送交学院研究生秘书，经学院主管领导审阅后，妥为保存，待博士生申请学位论文答辩时，一并报研究生院。
八、考试及格方可进入(或继续)博士学位论文工作；不及格者可随下一轮重考一次。
再次不及格者应劝其退学。
由学院提出处理意见，经研究生院审批后上报校长批准。
2019年湖南大学848,853考题分析
2019年湖南大学848/853经济学考研题型分析
考试科目
④853 经济学原理（含微观经济学、宏观经济学）
④848 经济学综合（含微观经济学、宏观经济学）
参考书
853经济学原理
《西方经济学》（微观、宏观部分）第六版，中国人民大学出版社，高鸿业；848 经济学综合
《西方经济学》（微观、宏观部分）第六版，中国人民大学出版社，高鸿业；
关于参考书
关于专业课考试题型，说明几点：
第一，名词解释和简单很基础，很多答案都可以在高鸿业书上找到，在答题时注意下答题技巧就可以了。
第二，题型中出现了判断分析题，对于这样的题目首先给给与肯定的答复，对或者错，然后再进行分析。
第三，计算和论述题稍微有点难度，但是注意平时的相关练习，把高鸿业书的课后题弄懂，再多研究下历年真题，摸清出题规律，有重点的进行复习，这部分得高分也很容易了。
湖南大学的复试线和录取线350分，作为一个985学校，分数不算高，其主要原因是由于考虑到其他院某些经济类稍冷门专业能正常招生（湖大不接受调剂生）从湖南大学的复试形式来看，理论经济学相对比较容易，应用经济学则比较难。
应用经济学里面的国际贸易和产业经济学，复试则竞争激烈得到，但是湖南大学在统计总成绩时是按考生的初试成绩加复试成绩（总分740分）直接加总，然后按总分从高到低根据各专业方向事先确定的录取指标择优录，这对于初试分数很高的考生具有很大的优势，。
湖南大学学位与研究生教育管理制度汇编
湖南大学学位与研究生教育管理制度汇编第一部分综合管理湖南大学博士、硕士学位授权学科名称及代码关于加强和改进我校研究生教育工作的若干意见湖南大学研究生奖助学实施办法湖南大学校长奖学金实施办法湖南大学研究生学术道德规范实施细则湖南大学研究生参加高水平国际学术会议资助办法湖南大学博士生指导教师遴选与招生资格审核办法湖南大学研究生指导教师工作办法湖南大学研究生教学秘书工作条例湖南大学研究生教学事故认定及处理暂行办法湖南大学研究生离校手续办理与《毕业证书》、《学位证书》发放规定第二部分学位管理湖南大学研究生学位授予工作细则湖南大学关于博士、硕士学位申请人员发表论文的规定湖南大学重点期刊目录湖南大学研究生发表科研论文署名的规定关于我校启用万方数据“相似性检测”的系统有说明湖南大学研究生学位论文评阅实施办法湖南大学专业硕士学位授予基本要求湖南大学研究生优秀学位论文评选办法湖南大学博士研究生答辩流程图（双盲评阅）湖南大学博士研究生答辩流程图（免双盲评阅）湖南大学硕士研究生答辩流程图湖南大学研究生学位论文撰写规范湖南大学专业学位硕士研究生学位论文规范第三部分培养管理湖南大学研究生学籍管理办法湖南大学博士研究生培养工作暂行规定湖南大学硕士研究生培养工作暂行规定关于严格执行研究生学制的通知湖南大学关于修订研究生培养方案的指导性意见关于制定全日制硕士专业学位研究生培养方案的补充通知湖南大学关于修订专业学位研究生培养方案的指导意见湖南大学校外专业学位硕士研究生指导教师选聘办法湖南大学研究生课程教学管理实施细则湖南大学学生注册管理办法湖南大学研究生课程修读、考核与成绩管理办法湖南大学公派出国留学研究生选派实施办法湖南大学优秀博士学位论文奖励资助办法湖南大学研究生毕业（学位）论文开题报告暂行规定湖南大学研究生学位论文中期检查办法湖南大学全日制专业学位硕士研究生专业实践管理办法湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试暂行规定湖南大学考场规则湖南大学考试违规处理办法湖南大学研究生证管理办法湖南大学教室管理规则湖南大学多媒体教室管理办法湖南大学博士研究生培养管理工作流程湖南大学全日制硕士研究生培养管理工作流程湖南大学非全日制专业学位研究生培养管理工作流程湖南大学硕士研究生教务管理工作流程湖南大学研究生信息管理系统使用说明湖南大学研究生成绩查询与成绩异动审核表关于认真做好研究生学历证书电子注册照相工作的通知第四部分研究生工作普通高等学校学生管理规定高等学校学生行为准则湖南大学优秀研究生和优秀研究生干部评选办法湖南大学学生学杂费管理办法湖南大学国家助学贷款管理办法湖南大学学生困难补助管理办法湖南大学学生勤工助学管理办法湖南大学研究生兼任助管工作实施办法湖南大学本科教学助理制度试行办法湖南大学学生请销假管理办法湖南大学学生违纪处理办法湖南大学学生申诉管理办法湖南大学学生维护校园秩序和建设文明校园的若干规定湖南大学学生宿舍管理办法湖南大学校园交通安全管理规定第一部分综合管理湖南大学博士、硕士学位授权学科名称及代码一、博士学位授权学科1.博士学位授权一级学科（25个）0201理论经济学0202应用经济学0301法学0305马克思主义理论0502外国语言文学0602中国史0701数学0702物理学0703化学0714统计学0801力学0802机械工程0805材料科学与工程0808电气工程0811控制科学与工程0812计算机科学与技术0813建筑学0814土木工程0817化学工程与技术0830环境科学与工程0833城乡规划学0835软件工程1201管理科学与工程1202工商管理1305设计学2.博士学位授权二级学科（127个）010102中国哲学020101政治经济学020102经济思想史020103经济史020104西方经济学020105世界经济020106人口、资源与环境经济学020201国民经济学020202区域经济学020203财政学020204金融学020205产业经济学020206国际贸易学020207劳动经济学020209数量经济学020210国防经济0202Z1金融工程030101法学理论030102法律史030103宪法学与行政法学030104刑法学030505民商法学030106诉讼法学030107经济法学030108环境与资源保护法学030109国际法学030110军事法学030501马克思主义基本原理030502马克思主义民展史030503马克思主义中国化研究030504国外马克思主义研究030505思想政治教育050201英语语言文学050202俄语语言文学050203法语语言文学050204德语语言文学050205日语语言文学050206印度语言文学050207西班牙语语言文学050208阿拉伯语语言文学050209欧洲语言文学0502010亚非语言文学0502011外国语言学及应用语言学060201史学理论及史学史060203历史地理学060204历史文献学060205专门史060206中国古代史060207中国近现代史060208世界史070101基础数学070102计算数学070103概率论与数理统计070104应用数学070105运筹学与控制论070201理论物理070202粒子物理与原子物理070203原子与分子物理070204等离子体物理070205凝聚态物理070206声学070207光学070208无线电物理0702Z1纳米光电子学0702Z2微纳器件与集成070301无机化学070302分析化学070303有机化学070304物理化学070305高分子化学与物理0703Z1化学生物学0714统计学080101一般力学与力学基础080102固体力学080103流体力学080104工程力学080201机械制造及其自动化080202机械电子工程080203机械设计与理论080204车辆工程080501材料物理化学080502材料学080503材料加工工程080801电机与电器080802电力系统及其自动化080803高电压与绝缘技术080804电力电子与电力传动080805电工理论与新技术080902电路与系统081101控制理论与控制工程081102检测技术与自动化装置081103系统工程081104模式识别与智能系统081105导航、制导与控制081201计算机系统结构081202计算机软件与理论081203计算机应用技术0812Z1高性能计算0812Z2信息安全与保密技术99J1物联网工程99J2智能科学与技术081301建筑历史与理论081302建筑设计及其理论081304建筑技术科学081401岩土工程081402结构工程081403市政工程081404供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程081405防灾减灾工程及防护工程081406桥梁与隧道工程081701化学工程081702化学工艺081703生物化工081704应用化学081705工业催化082301道路与铁路工程083001环境科学083002环境工程0833城乡规划学0835软件工程1201管理科学与工程120201会计学120202企业管理120203旅游管理120204技术经济及管理1305设计学一、硕士学位授权学科1.硕士学位授权一级学科（41个）0101哲学0201理论经济学0202应用经济学0301法学0302政治学0305马克思主义理论0401教育学0403体育学0501中国语言文学0502外国语言文学0503新闻传播学0601考古学0602中国史0701数学0702物理学0703化学0710生物学0714统计学0801力学0802机械工程0804仪器科学与技术0805材料科学与工程0807动力工程及工程热物理0808电气工程0809电子科学与技术0810信息与通信工程0811控制科学与工程0812计算机科学与技术0813建筑学0814土木工程0817化学工程与技术0823交通运输工程0830环境科学与工程0831生物医学工程0833城乡规划学0835软件工程1007药学1201管理科学与工程1202工商管理1204公共管理1305设计学2.硕士学位授权二级学科（205个）010101马克思主义哲学010102中国哲学010103外国哲学010104逻辑学010105伦理学010106美学010107宗教学010108科学技术哲学020101政治经济学020102经济思想史020103经济史020104西方经济学020105世界经济020106人口、资源与环境经济学020201国民经济学020202区域经济学020203财政学020204金融学020205产业经济学020206国际贸易学020207劳动经济学020209数量经济学020210国防经济0202Z1金融工程030101法学理论030102法律史030103宪法学与行政法学030104刑法学030105民商法学030106诉讼法学030107经济法学030108环境与资源保护法学030109国际法学030110军事法学030201政治学理论030202中外政治制度030203科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动030204中共党史030206国际政治030207国际关系学030208外交学030501马克思主义基本原理030502马克思主义发展史030503马克思主义中国化研究030504国外马克思主义研究030505思想政治教育040101教育学原理040102课程与教学论040103教育史040104比较教育学040105学前教育学040106高等教育学040107成人教育学040108职业技术教育学040109特殊教育学040110教育技术学040301体育人文社会学040302运动人体科学040303体育教育训练学040304民族传统体育学050101文艺学050102语言学及应用语言学050103汉语言文字学050104中国古典文献学050105中国古代文学050106中国现当代文学050107中国少数民族语言文学（分语族）050108比较文学与世界文学050201英语语言文学050202俄语语言文学050203法语语言文学050204德语语言文学050205日语语言文学050206印度语言文学050207西班牙语语言文学050208阿拉伯语语言文学050209欧洲语言文学0502010亚非语言文学0502011外国语言学及应用语言学050301新闻学050302传播学0601考古学060201史学理论及史学史060203历史地理学060204历史文献学060205专门史060206中国古代史060207中国近现代史060208世界史070101基础数学070102计算数学070103概率论与数理统计070104应用数学070105运筹学与控制论070201理论物理070202粒子物理与原子物理070203原子与分子物理070204等离子体物理070205凝聚态物理070206声学070207光学070208无线电物理0702Z1纳米光电子学0702Z2微纳器件与集成070301无机化学070302分析化学070303有机化学070304物理化学070305高分子化学与物理0703Z1化学生物学071001植物学071002动物学071003生理学071004水生生物学071005微生物学071006神经生物学071007遗传学071008发育生物学071009细胞生物学071010生物化学与分子生物学071011生物物理学071012生态学0714 统计学080101一般力学与力学基础080102固体力学080103流体力学080104工程力学080201机械制造及其自动化080202机械电子工程080203机械设计与理论080204车辆工程080401精密仪器及机械080402测试计量技术及仪器080501材料物理化学080502材料学080503材料加工工程080701工程热物理080702热能工程080803动力机械及工程080804流体机械及工程080805制冷几低温工程080806化工过程机械080801电机与电器080802电力系统及其自动化080803高电压与绝缘技术080804电力电子与电力传动080805电工理论与新技术080901物理电子学080902电路与系统080903微电子学与固体电子学080904电磁场与微波技术081001通信与信息系统081002信号与信息处理081101控制理论与控制工程081102检测技术与自动化装置081103系统工程081104模式识别与智能系统081105导航、制导与控制081201计算机系统结构081202计算机软件与理论081203计算机应用技术0812Z1高性能计算0812Z2信息安全与保密技术99J1物联网工程99J2智能科学与技术081301建筑历史与理论081302建筑设计及其理论081304建筑技术科学081401岩土工程081402结构工程081403市政工程081404供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程081405防灾减灾工程及防护工程081406桥梁与隧道工程081701化学工程081702化学工艺081703生物化工081704应用化学081705工业催化082301道路与铁路工程082302交通信息与工程及控制082303交通运输规划与管理082304载运工具运用工程083001环境科学083002环境工程0831生物医学工程0833城乡规划学0835软件工程100701药物化学100702药剂学100703生药学100704药物分析学100705微生物与生化药学100706药理学1201 管理科学与工程120201会计学120202企业管理120203旅游管理120204技术经济及管理120401行政管理120402社会医学与卫生事业管理120403教育经济与管理120404社会保障120405土地资源管理1305设计学二、专业学位（20个）工商管理硕士建筑学硕士工程硕士法律硕士公共管理硕士会计硕士教育硕士体育硕士翻译硕士艺术硕士金融学硕士应用统计硕士税务硕士国际商务硕士保险硕士资产评估硕士汉语国际教育硕士新闻传播硕士文物与博物馆硕士审计硕士关于加强和改进我校研究生教育工作的若干意见(湖大研字［2007］10号)为适应科教兴国、人才强国和全面建设小康社会的需求，提高研究生教育水平和创新能力，根据教育部《关于实施研究生教育创新计划，加强研究生培养，进一步提高培养质量的若干意见》（教研发［2005］1号）的精神，结合我校实际,现就加强和改进我校研究生教育工作提出如下意见：一、加强和改进研究生培养与管理工作1．把好研究生入口关，进一步优化研究生教育的层次和学科结构。
初试真题及答案文博综合湖南大学
2012年一、名词解释（10选8，每小题8分，共计80分）1.金石学金石学是考古学的前身。
它是以古代青铜器和石刻碑碣为主要研究对象的一门学科，偏重于著录和考证文字资料，以达到证经补史的目的。
金石学形成于北宋时期，曾巩的《金石录》最早提出金石一词。
清代王鸣盛等人，正式提出金石之学这一名称。
在关于金石学的著作中，保存了许多有价值的古代铭刻资料，甚至有的书籍还辑录了一些器物的图像以及其名称和用途，这些使得金石学的著作具有了一定的史料价值。
但其未对器物的形制、划纹等进行深入的研究以及没能进行断代研究，故而未能形成完整的学科体系。
中国金石学的萌芽大约可上溯至东周时代，到清末随着近代考古学由西方传入中国，金石学作为一门独立的学科已不复存在。
中国的多数学者将金石学从萌芽到衰落分为四个时期，即春秋末叶到隋唐五代的金石学萌芽期，宋代的金石学肇创演进期，清代的金石学兴盛期，清末到1959年前的近代考古学期。
2.车马坑古代贵族墓葬的车马殉葬坑，同时也是中国古代墓葬形制之一3.悬棺葬中国古代葬式的一种。
即人死后，亲属殓遗体入棺，将木棺悬置于插入悬崖绝壁的木桩上，或置于崖洞中、崖缝内，或半悬于崖外。
往往陡峭高危，下临深溪，无从攀登。
其俗流行于南方少数民族地区，悬置越高，表示对死者越是尊敬。
4.瓦当瓦当是建筑檐头筒瓦前端的遮挡，有圆形，半圆两种，用以蔽护建筑物檐头，装饰建筑，在建筑用陶中它是是富于变化的装饰性构件。
（考古学P.350）5.画像石在造墓石材上雕刻各种画像以装饰墓室，雕刻好的建筑石材即画像石。
6.圭是中国古代在祭祀、宴飨、丧葬以及征伐等活动中使用的器具，其使用的规格有严格的等级限制，用以表明使用者的地位、身份、权力。
7.简简牍是对我国古代遗存下来的写有文字的竹简与木牍的概称。
用竹片写的书称“简策”；用木板写的叫“版牍”。
8.磨制石器新石器时代中期的主要石器形制，这种石器先用石材打成或琢成适当形状，然后在砺石上研磨加工而成，有局部磨光、通体磨光，也有穿孔石器，器形有斧、石锛、铲、锄等。
湖南大学硕士研究生入学考试 721《教育学专业基础综合》.doc
湖南大学硕士研究生入学考试721《教育学专业基础综合》考试大纲一、考试性质教育学专业基础综合是教育学原理专业、高等教育学专业、课程与教学专业、比较教育学专业硕士生必考的专业基础课。
它的考试范围包括教育学原理、、中国教育史、外国教育史、普通心理学；它的评价标准是高等学校毕业生能达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较好的教育学理论基础。
二、考试形式1、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分（其中，教育学原理100分、中国教育史60分、外国教育史60分、教育心理学80分），考试时间为180分钟。
2、题型以及答题方式选择题简答题论述题答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、主要参考书目1、南京师范大学教育系编：《教育学》，人民教育出版社，2005年版2、孙培青主编：《中国教育史》，华东师范大学出版社，2009年版3、吴式颖：《外国教育史教程》，人民教育出版社，2012年。
4、冯忠良：《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，2010年四、考查内容《教育学原理》一、考查目标1．系统掌握教育学原理的基础知识、基本概念、基本理论和现代教育观念。
2．理解教学、德育、管理等教育活动的任务、过程、原则和方法。
3．能够运用教育学的基本理论分析教育理论与实践问题。
二、考查范围一、教育学概述（一）教育学的对象和任务教育学的研究对象是教育现象和教育问题；教育学的任务是揭示教育规律，探讨教育价值观念和教育艺术，指导教育实践。
（二）教育学的产生和发展教育学的萌芽、教育学的独立、教育学的发展多样化、教育学的理论深化等阶段有代表性、有影响的教育家、教育著作、教育思想和教育理论。
二、教育的概念（一）教育的本质特点教育是有目的地培养人的社会活动。
有目的地培养人，是教育这一社会现象与其他社会现象的根本区别，是教育的本质特点。
（二）教育的基本要素教育者、受教育者、教育中介系统等要素的涵义、地位和作用。
（三）教育的历史发展古代教育的特点；现代教育的特点。
（四）教育概念的界定广义教育；狭义教育。
湖南大学行政管理公共管理04-13年公共行政学考研真题6页word文档
湖南大学2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试命题专用纸招生专业名称：行政管理考试科目：行政管理学试题编号：437注：答题（包括填空题、选择题）必须答在专用答题卷纸上，否则无效。
一、简答题（45分，每题15分）1.请列举目前学术界关于行政管理学研究的范畴问题的较具有代表性的观点。
2.简述行政授权的程序。
3.试从行政权力特性的视角简论依法行政的必要性。
二、辨析题（45分，每题15分。
要求先判断命题正误，后简要分析理由）1.行政领导者的职责和气行政职位、行政职权是统一的。
2.行政命令和法律基本上是相同的。
3.国与国之间最大的政治分野，其实不在于政府的组织形式，而在于政府的有效程度即政府能力。
三、论述题（60分，每题30分。
你可以在下列三道题中任选两道题回答）1.论述行政组织变革。
2.请你多角度谈一谈公共部门（尤其是政府部门）进行绩效评估的作用和意义。
3.为什么要说当代中国行政改革的核心问题是国家行政权力的重新定位和深刻调整问题？湖南大学2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试命题专用纸招生专业名称：行政管理考试科目：行政管理学试题编号：437注：答题（包括填空题、选择题）必须答在专用答题卷纸上，否则无效。
一、简答题（15＇ⅹ4，共60分）1、行政权力的动态结构主要包括那些基本内容2、简述现代人事行政的主要趋向3、简述渐进决策模式4、公共财政具有哪些职能？二．辨析题（15＇ⅹ4，共60分）1.行政沟通实际上可以视为行政组织的血液2.市场经济是我国政府改革的经济基础3.从一定的意义上说，行政管理学是一门“借用”的科学4.行政裁量是指行政机关及其行政人员在其职权范围内凭借其自由意志做出决定5.国家治理理论进一步肯定了政治与行政二分法的观点三、论述题（15＇ⅹ4，共60分）1、结合我国行政组织实际，论述行政管理层次与幅度的关系2、论述政府部门绩效评估的特点和困难3、论我国建立责任制度政府的理论依据和现实诉求湖南大学2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试命题专用纸招生专业名称：公共管理考试科目：公共行政学试题编号：330注：答题（包括填空题、选择题）必须答在专用答题卷纸上，否则无效。
湖南大学2019考试大纲805机械原理
科目名称
考试大纲
(提纲式列举本科目须考查的知识要点,纸张不够可附页)
3）深入了解渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的啮合特性及渐开线齿轮传动的正确啮合条件、连续传动条件等。
4）熟悉渐开线齿轮各部分的名称、基本参数及各部分几何尺寸的计算。
5）了解渐开线齿廓的展成切齿原理及根切现象；渐开线标准齿轮的最少齿数；及渐开线齿轮的变位修正和变位齿轮传动的概念。
6）了解斜齿圆柱齿轮齿廓曲面的形成、啮合特点，并能计算标准斜齿圆柱齿轮的几何尺寸。
7）了解标准直齿圆锥齿轮的传动特点及其基本尺寸的计算。
8）对蜗轮蜗杆的传动特点及尺寸计算有所了解。
齿轮系及其设计
1）了解轮系的分类方法，能正确划分轮系。
2）能正确计算定轴轮系、周转轮系、复合轮系的传动比。
3）对轮系的主要功用有较清楚地了解。
科目代码
科目名称
考试大纲
(提纲式列举本科目须考查的知识要点,纸张不够可附页)
805
机械原理
平面机构的结构分析
1）明确机构结构分析的内容及目的。
2）搞清运动副、运动链、约束和自由度等重要概念。
3）能计算平面机构的自由度，并判定其具有确定运动的条件。
4）对于一般的平面机构及简单的空间机构所组成的机械系统，能正确地画出机构运动简图并计算其自由度。
(提纲式列举本科目须考查的知识要点,纸张不够可附页)
2）对等效力矩（力）、等效转动惯量（质量）、等效构件、等效动力学模型等基本概念有清晰的理解。
3）对周期性速度波动的调节，飞轮调速的原理及飞轮设计的基本方法有较深入的了解。
4）对非周期性速度波动的调节，调速器的调速原理有所了解。
平面连杆机构及其设计
1）了解连杆机构传动的特点及其主要优缺点。
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湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试
暂行规定
为保证博士研究生(简称博士生)的培养质量，博士生的基础理论课和专业课必须进行学科综合考试。
为了做好此项工作，特作出如下规定：
博士生的学科综合考试，是在博士学位论文开始前或初始阶段，考查博士生在本学科上是否掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，以及必要的相关学科知识。
二、考试内容
综合考试内容包含基础理论和专业知识两部分，覆盖本二级学科的三至四门基础理论与专业课程，并应有一定比例的跨二级学科的内容，也应包括导师虽未指定但作为博士生应该具备的知识。
三、考试时间
博士生必须在入学后的第三学期期末之前，进行学科综合考试。
相同二级学科、同一届的博士生应采用同一试卷、同时进行考试。
四、考试委员会的组成
综合考试由院系指定的考试委员会负责进行，考试委员会
由包括指导教师在内的三至五位教授组成。
考试委员会应在一个月前公布考试的范围、考核方法及时间，并负责命题、口试及评定成绩。
五、考试方式
综合考试的形式应为笔试和口试，考试时间为二至三小时，笔试与口试各占50
六、考试成绩的评定
考试完毕，考试委员会应就本次考试内容所涉及的领域、考生对这些领域知识掌握的程度，以及分析、解决问题的能力写出评语，并采用百分制记分，60分以下为不及格。
由秘书填写“湖南大学博士生学科综合考试成绩表”，考试委员会主席及委员审核无误后予以签名。
七、考试记录及材料保管
考试秘书应对学科综合考试的过程进行记录，要求详细记录，字迹清楚。
考试结束后，应将全部材料送交学院研究生秘书，经学院主管领导审阅后，妥为保存，待博士生申请学位论文答辩时，一并报研究生院。
八、考试及格方可进入(或继续)博士学位论文工作；不及格者可随下一轮重考一次。
再次不及格者应劝其退学。
由学院提出处理意见，经研究生院审批后上报校长批准。