GMAT语法知识点归纳
GMAT语法总结
语法知识点总结一、错误类型共有两种类型错误CORRECTNESS：有这种错误，该选项必错EFFECTIVENESS：有这种错误，该选项未必错做法：排除法二、普通语法原则Ⅰ.正确性(Correctness)1 逻辑关系搭配(最根本1)1.1 other问题any +单数n / all+复数n (包括自己)any other+单数n / all other+复数n (不包括自己) p291/111.2主体本身不能说明问题，但主体的某种变化和情况能说明问题，能引起变化Eg.佛州本身不能说明经济好转，其就业机会增加才说明经济好转p292/15教堂本身不能证明建筑持久，其屹立不倒才证明建筑持久p308/741.3 词与词之间的逻辑关系搭配blind eyesight; visible wavelength 严重错误p253/50 p288/1861.4 前后转折反义关系必须是反义才能用but/yet/ in contrast to/although/though/despite/in spite ofEg. p261/82 p271/1231.5否定句和选择关系用or 连接,不用andeg. were destroyed or heavily damagedp249/32 p303/55 p308/741.6 前面整段话对后面造成的影响，动作的发出者是前面的整个句子正确用法：doing/新名词错误用法：to do/ whichp286/181 p250/391.7 分词的省略结构三种形式: 分词介词+分词连词+分词要求：该结构的逻辑主语必须是后面句子主句的主语，若为现在分词，主语是动作的发出者，若为过去分词，主语是动作的承受者特别注意：若文中未提到动作的发出者或承受者是谁，则将分词抽象为名词eg. p299/42 2 主谓搭配和代词指代(最根本2)2.1 在英文中只存在主谓搭配，不存在的三种搭配关系:主语和同位语、同位语和谓语动词、谓语和宾语eg. Students each have a book.2.2 复杂主语可数名词放句首，后跟一长串修饰成分主要考两点：主谓搭配和代词指代eg. p307/70 p241/2另外主谓搭配有3种形式：(1) A（）B，V与A保持一致：.A of BA withB (along with，together with，combined with)A as well as BA integral to B(2) A（）B，V与B 保持一致(就近原则)：not only A but also Beither…or, neither…nor, …or…, …nor…eg. p267/107(3) A（and ）B，V与A+B整体一致，谓语用复数(4) one of +名词复数（+ V 单数）one of + 名词复数（+that + V复数）The only one that is……(5)A of B与固定搭配的区别固定搭配a number of A. 谓语复数p314/102非固定搭配the number of A.谓语单数p241/2Some + n / all + n 整体概念Some of + n / all of +n 部分概念(6) 完整句子做主语相当于名词，一句用谓语单数，两句以上用谓语复数(7)倒装结构介词结构放句首，完全倒装eg. p262/852.3 代词指代代词指代单复数错误最为常见，单复数必须对等(1)同一句话中相同的代词必须指代相同的事物：相同代词可以是不同的格they/them/their，在一句话中必须指代同一事物。
(完整版)GMAT语法点
名词分类（1）按名词特性分类：普通名词,专有名词，集合名词，物质名词，抽象名词；普通名词:表人，物，地点；举例：sister，cat，canton专有名词: 表某人，某地，某物特有的名称, 第一个字母大写；举例Barack Hussein Obama，Hachiko （狗名），China, Mississippi集体名词:表某类人/物的集体名称；举例：John’s Family，company，furniture,nation,party,class, herd物质名词: 表物质的名称（材料，食品，饮料等），举例：sugar，meat, paper, gas,bag,iron抽象名词：表示品质，状态，动作，抽象概念的名称，举例：beauty, childhood,death，peace,herd,speed,energy,environment,pride,prejudice,weather（2）按可数形式分类：可数名词，不可数名词可数名词：能在前面加a/an 的或another，one，every，each；能用于复数形式的；举例：a book; every person.不可数名词：不能加a 或another，one，every，each 等；不能用于复数形式的；举例：water, idea, courage（3）5 类名词与可数不可数之间的关系普通名词为可数名词；举例：a desk，each house，cats．集合名词为可数名词；举例：（a）family，（each）class，（all）parties，（different）nations。
专有名词一般为不可数名词；举例：London；但有些为可数名词，如Communists，french-men。
物质名词一般不可数名词；举例：milk，gold，coffee，beer；但有些可用作可数名词，表示特殊意义，如：an ice-cream（一份冰淇淋），a light rain（一阵小雨）。
GMAT语法点整理
1.在选择用Increased还是increasing修饰名词时，几乎都用increased2.It may be that…………是可能的3.Specialize in sth.4.Think of sth. as sth. 不用think of sth. to be/being5.Keep sth. under control/take control of6.Win A for B 因B获得A7.Go towards sth. 用于做……8. A contribute to B A导致B发生9.Accommodation to sth. 包容，容纳某物10.Enrollment “入学或注册人数“可数；“参加”不可数11.Make it adj. to do sth. 不用make it adj. in doing sth.ck可做及物动词或不可数名词（+of）13.Look to sth. to do sth. 指望……做……14.Sb. Is familiar with sth. = sth. is familiar to sb.15.Vast amounts of money, a large staff16.Resemblance betwwen A and B / resemblance to sth.17.The ability(inability) of sb. to do sth.18.___+adj.+n. 空格亦可填形容词直接形容名词（不一定是副词形容形容词）19.The extent to which为习惯用法，表明“某个动作到了某种程度”20.看到suggest that不能肯定是虚拟从句用法，还有可能作“表明”意21.表达某物具有某种属性，用with+介词短语，不用含have的定语从句或含having的短语22.……be grounds for doing sth. ……作为做某事的理由23.Has come to v. 比起has v.ed更强调一个逐渐的过程24.Must出于其主观情感上的必须cf. have to 客观上的要求必须25.Must无过去式，在需使用过去式时常用had to代替，但在宾语从句中must可用原形，无需替代26.没有allow that+虚拟从句的用法，allow that意为“承认”27.“to……from……”必错，如decrease to 10 from 1528.修饰动词的方式状语不应该离该动词太远29.Reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institution30.It is likely(unlikely) that+从句（用将来时），be likely to do sth.31.Result from=stem from32.并列结构中最后一个并列成分之前必定有一个并列连词or,and或as well as，否则必错33.One course of action over another one一种优于另一种34.Opposition to sth.35.There is no consensus on sth. 对某事没有一个公认的说法36.If any 插入语，如果说有的话37.Ability to do sth. = capability of doing sth.38.Find sb. +adj.39.Aid(v.)+宾语或aid(v.) in doing sth.或aid(n.) for 或in aid(n.) of40.Could可以表示微弱的可能，但would不行，一定指虚拟语气？41.All but 几乎，差不多42.指出第一、第二、第三时，直接将first,second,third置于句首，不加-ly43.Not only……but also……要求两个并列成分不能存在省略44.The +adj. 代表一类人，但在GMAT中the 一般可以省略45.Relation among nations = the relation of one nation with another46.Convince sb. that+从句使某人相信……不使用虚拟语气47.Variation in(不用among) sth. 某方面的变异48.A motion(提案) 之后可由动词不定式修饰，也可用that从句作同位语从句修饰49.并列结构中，要省就都省，要不省就全要补出50.并列结构中，要区分A and B是一个并列结构还是一个独立的子项51.在think,believe,find,allege之后的动词不定式经常使用完全体52.Consider sth. sth.53.Too……to……的句型一般只有两种形式：too adj. to do 或too adj. to be done by sth./sb.没有too adj. for sb./sth. to do sth.这种表达54.Aim to do sth. 有aim一般不会出现for(语义重复)e A as B56.介词短语作定语时一定要紧跟其修饰的对象57.define A as B58.registered to sb. 登记在某人名下的某物59.a increase in sth. 不要用a ……increase60.suggest A as B61.介词+名词短语在句首时，不用考虑逻辑主语，如on the basis of growth rate ，Contraryto……in contrast to, unlike, opposite to出现时需考虑62.Substitute A for B63.Allergy to sth. 不用……allergy（如食物过敏不用food allergy）64.Advise sb. to do sth.65.单数名词当存在限定结构时可不加冠词直接做主语，如diet of Pima Indian66.In effect 相当于，可以这么说67.Claim to be able to do sth. > claim one’s ability to do sth.68.Arm作装备解释时一般用被动式armed with69.存在现在分词+and+过去分词的表达，且and可以省略70.Citrus 橘类水果，集体名词，不可数71.Inasmuch as 由于，因为72.Legend has it that+从句传说中是这样说的73.Sb. Was presented to sb. 某人被引见给另一人74.Some people have a preferred status over others75.A range of sth. 一系列的某物76.Be+of+抽象名词表某物具某种属性77.Whereas = while78.A is to B what C is to D A之于B正如C之于D79.What特殊用法：A logarithm is what is known in algebra as an exponent.80.What 特殊用法：表示原来没有名字的东西，如what is now known as A81.Sth. Leads sb. to do sth.82.A phenomenon in which+从句……的现象83.Amount of cf. number of84.Effect作名词，affect作动词85.During sleep and waking hour 固定搭配86.Where once = Because87.Acquiesced to sth. 默许某事88.The imposition of tax on sb.89.When + 其他时间状语（如after）连用一般错误90.At a time when+从句……的时候91.Lesser adj.较少的，较小的勿误以为是比较级92.On condition that以…为条件，除非要求that从句中动词用虚拟动词形式：动词原形93.Insofar as……在某种程度之内94.Supplement A with B 用B补充A95.Sth. is the same to A as to B96.Send sth. + doing 使…进入某种状态Send prices plunging 使价格下跌97.Be injured 受伤须用被动式98.Have admiration for Gandhi the person and the politician / as a person and as a politician99.Only if(不用虚拟语气) cf. if only(须用虚拟语气)100.在比较中在than后补出谓语时常常用倒装，即A do sth. more than do B101.万万别用more形容不可数名词（往往很隐蔽），改为the amount of sth. is larger/greater 102.Even修饰比较级应放在比较级之前，而不应该放在其他位置103.Known as 后面只跟名词，不跟动名词104.Double的宾语太长时可以后置，如double to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting105.Be not any happier than = be no happier than(后者常取代前者)106.Distinguish between A and B = Distinguish A from B(后者较好？)107.Be expert in sth.108.Worth 一般直接跟在名词之后109.No less a person/thing than…= that very important person/thing 如：no less an authority than Walter意为像Walter这样的权威人士110.不用summarizing，用summary111.In danger of doing sth. 处于做某事的危险中112.N. of less than结构，如total sales of less than three hundred thousand dollars113.形容CITY时用ancient比用old要好114.Difficult后一般用不定式修饰，而不用for介词短语修饰115.少于某一金额用less不用lower116.Amount to 和sum 同时出现属于同义重复117.同级比较用as…as…不用so…as…(用在否定意义上)118.More/less of + n. 更大（少）程度上的……如：she’s less of a fool than I thought. pare…to…意味把…比作…,而没有比较的意思（compare with）, comparable to比得上的120.Twice一般用于数量上的翻倍，仅可以说twice as much/many as，但绝不可用于对形容词或者副词的翻倍，如twice as fast/rapidly as121.体会如下虚拟语气：To develop more accurate population forecast, demographers would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.122.Expend on（不用for）sth. 在…上花费123.在GMAT中，不用单独的this作指代词124.Ever一般放在助动词之后，如用has ever come，不用ever has come125.Whether引导的名词性从句可做举例用，如The rarer something becomes, whether it is a baseball card or a musical recording or a postage stamp, the more avidly it is sought by collectors.126.Threaten后一般接动词不定式127.During 不与将来时段连用，一般用over(不用during) the next fifty years128.See sth. as sth. 把……看做……129.Require of sth./sb. +to do / +that clause130.It has not been proved that……还未证实……131.One another是指三者以上之间的关系132.Be intent on doing sth. 企图做某事133.On pain of death 违则处死He was told to leave the country on pain of death.134.用never代替not ever135.Always be not + adj. 不如never be adj. 语气强烈136.Too……to……中一般不夹杂for sth./sb.在内137.Advise sb. of one’s right to do sth.138.Whatever its merits may be, 可以省略为whatever its merits,139.In that表因为在GMAT中不用140.A be at fault for B B是A的错141.Exposed to sth., exposure to sth.142.Be resistant to sth. 对……有抵抗力143.A do not……，nor do B……（倒装）144.The book does not read like an apprentice work. 这本书读起来并不像初学者的作品。
GMAT语法短语总结
GMAT语法短语总结一、句子结构1. 主语（Subject）：句子的主要动作执行者或者被描述的对象。
2. 谓语（Predicate）：句子中最主要的动词或动词短语。
3. 宾语（Object）：谓语动作所作用的对象。
4. 定语（Adjective）：修饰名词或代词的形容词。
5. 状语（Adverb）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。
7. 介词短语（Prepositional Phrase）：由介词和它的宾语组成的短语。
8. 从句（Clause）：包含一个主语和一个谓语的句子。
9. 并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）：用来连接两个并列的主语、谓语、宾语或其他句子的词。
二、动词形式1. 时态（Tense）：表示动作发生的时间。
2. 语态（Voice）：表示动作的主体和承受者之间的关系。
3. 分词（Participle）：用来形容名词或代词的形容词形式。
4. 不定式（Infinitive）：表示目的、目标、意愿等的动词形式。
5. 动名词（Gerund）：以-ing 结尾的动词形式，作名词用。
三、名词形式1. 单数名词（Singular Nouns）：表示一个人、物、概念等的名词。
2. 复数名词（Plural Nouns）：表示多个人、物、概念等的名词。
3. 不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）：表示不能数的物质、抽象概念等。
4. 名词所有格（Possessive Noun）：表示所有关系的名词形式。
四、代词用法1. 主格代词（Subject Pronouns）：作为主语使用的代词形式。
2. 宾格代词（Object Pronouns）：作为宾语使用的代词形式。
3. 形容词性物主代词（Adjective Possessive Pronouns）：表示所有关系的代词形式。
4. 名词性物主代词（Noun Possessive Pronouns）：表示所有关系的代词形式。
五、时态和语态1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.过去进行时5.现在完成时6.过去完成时7.一般将来时8.一般过去将来时9. 被动语态（Passive Voice）10.一般现在被动态11.一般过去被动态12.现在进行被动态13.过去进行被动态14.现在完成被动态15.过去完成被动态以上是GMAT语法中常见的一些短语总结，可以帮助考生在备考中更好地掌握相关知识点。
GMAT语法要点整理
1.比较a)对于隐含比较意思的词exceed surpass要注意两个比较东西一样，those、that就需要b)Namely就注意意思符合一致，分析原文的结构；留心能够表达两边关系相等的内容c)In addition to和谁平行不是要看主语是谁，而是看意思上与什么一致，然后挪位置d)一定要分析清楚是谁和谁并列e)Unlike比较对象需要一样，不要忘！！！！！f)比较级比较对象必须对等g)Although，but，or等有特殊的含义，不可以随便加h)Compare to倾向于在句首表比较，compare with前后也要一致，compare to强调一致性，compare with强调差异性i)Like表名词之间的比较，as表句首的比较j)While的转折有对比的含义，并且要同时发生，但是也有可能表达一致性；不可以加then；but then=on the other hand。
主语相同时可省略k) A as well as B有一个主次关系，A主要B次要l)Because of后面只能跟简单性名词，不能加动名词短语；owing to=because ofm)Due to要使用换成caused by，正确才能用n) A is to B what C is to D /for What C is to D，that A is to B.o)Similar to 后面加名词不加句子p)At any time不是比较对象q)So that是形容词，such as是名词2.平行a)动作指向性十分重要，一定要看清楚是谁发出的动作，和谁平行b)平行关键词有and，but，yet，not only but also，as well as，the same as，either or，neither nor，both and，注意however，therefore是副词不是conj！c)第一阶段，就是围绕and。
GMAT语法知识汇总
简洁1. because of +物主代词+动作性名词不如because+名词+动词简洁，即because of 只用于非常简洁的结构，t48 。
2. 虚拟语气中的should一定要省略3. 句子中不得有重复的成分，如soaring与rise/ increase/ grow/ raise等(t13), amount toa sum 其中a sum就多余t101，annual 与a year重复t110, attempt , attempt与try (t6), never regain again重复错误.t246, whether or not应为whether4. n + that is + adj. 为wordy的表达，正确的是：过去分词/ adj.+ 名词，t34，t151. 如dioxins that are currently uncontrolled 应为currently uncontrolled dioxins5. not any 应改为no，t59；at one time -> once t188，the thing that ->what (t30)6.主语加两个动作，如果两动作有同一主语，则两个动作并列，不能在第二个动作前重复主语t65，t22e，t135ac。
7. 不要用双重所有格，t202 (sth of sb’s错), t2 (the size of colorado’s错)没有歧义1. a+修饰短语（如现在分词短语）+b，如果修饰短语既可以修饰a又可以修饰b，则有歧义，错.t245，t179，262e2. a and b + 定语从句，要明白定语从句到底修饰哪个，可以考虑使用a +定语从句and b 的形式来解决.t27，t85；在a与b都是单数以及定语从句修饰a和b的话，则可以使用复数谓语的定语从句。
t128e3. increase twice有歧义t72 (两倍/两次)4. a of b and c ，有歧义，解决办法是c and a of b，t128.5. 注意从句主语和谓语省略的用法, 如果该从句位于句首则省略的主语即为主句主语, 如果在句中则省略的主语是该从句之前最近的名词，e1；答案中应尽量指明主语与谓语，t69ab，t255a.6. more + adj. +名词，会有歧义，因为不知more修饰谁：adj还是名词？如more gasoline-efficient cars，可以考虑使用如此结构: cars more gasoline-efficient. t1127. 在描述a拥有b的时候，如果ab都使用单数，则有歧义：每个a拥有复数b还是复数a 拥有复数b，解决办法是把a换成单数，t252单复数的一致1. 复合主语，谓语用复数t249. bluegrass musician bill monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists. was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia. whose music differed significantly from his own.(a) were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music differed significantly from(b) influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music differed significantly from(c) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also inspirational to many musicians, that included elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music was different significantly in comparison to(d) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who included elvis presley and jerry garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when compared to(e) were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, including elvis presley and jerry garcia, whose music was significantly different from that of3. a and b + 复数动词，即无论a，b是cn 还是un. t1074. there be 句型中，单复数应有后面的句子主语来决定.6. 在以下结构中注意数的一致, 名词a+ be 动词/act as/…+ 另一名词b, 应该保证a与b 在单复数上一致. 如t1, t3. men and women…when a child (有a child与men and women 不一致); some bat caves have residents that take on different duties such as defending…, acting as sentinels…(这里residents与sentinels一致)7. 考虑主谓一致的时候，不仅要注意主语的单复数，同时也要注意指代主语的代词的单复数，以此来排除一些选项，t265d平行结构1. 在以下平行结构中，“adj+名词1 and/or +名词2”以及“动词1 and/or 动词2+名词”,应分别考虑能否搭配的问题t1072. 注意大平行中有小平行，而且平行结构最后一个item之前要有and 连接t2334.平行结构应尽量保持对称：形式对称(t25, t30，t93, t106，t155, t225)；主动与被动表达上(t16，t133)；语法上(t33)对称，如to do is to do..；单复数对称，t16,t109，如unlike a typical automobile loan, a lease loan；时态上对称，t16, t28, t46, t113；比较级别上对称t207；意义上对称，如动作性名词对称结构，t99；且各部分语法对称t99。
GMAT语法知识点总结
GMAT语法知识点总结一、主谓一致1.单数主语要用单数形式的动词，复数主语要用复数形式的动词。
2. 用引导词there is或there are的句子，主谓一致取决于there后面的名词。
3.以及连接两个以上的并列主语，谓语动词的数要与最靠近它的那个主语保持一致。
二、代词1.代词必须与其所替代的名词在性、数、格上保持一致。
2.人称代词要与所指的人的角色和数量保持一致。
3.不可数名词要选择与之相匹配的代词。
4.指代不清时，要选择准确的代词来消除歧义。
三、修饰语和形容词1.限定词修饰名词时要放到名词前面，形容词修饰名词时要放在名词后面。
2.修饰语要放在被修饰的词附近，不能与其他词隔得太远。
四、时态和语态1.时态要与上下文保持一致，表示过去的行为用过去时态，表示现在的行为用现在时态。
2.语态要选择动词的主动语态或被动语态，要根据句子的需要来决定。
五、介词和介词词组1.介词要选择适当的介词来表示关系。
2.介词短语要与前面的名词或动词保持一致。
3.一些常用的介词词组及其用法要记住。
六、比较级和最高级1.两个人或物进行比较时要用比较级，三个或三个以上进行比较时要用最高级。
2.当被比较的两个人或物不是一个维度时，要对不同的维度分别进行比较。
七、完形填空1.通读全文，先找出文章的中心思想。
2.通读选项，找出和文章相符的选项。
3.根据语境和选项的词义选择最佳答案。
八、句子改错1.根据句子的语法规则和上下文选出错误的部分，然后给出正确的部分。
GMAT_OG_语法考点大总结
GMAT_OG_语法考点大总结.docGMAT OG语法考点大总结一、引言1.1 GMAT语法考试简介GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是商学院入学考试，其语法部分主要测试考生对英语语法规则的掌握和应用能力。
1.2 语法考点的重要性掌握语法考点对于提高GMAT成绩至关重要，它有助于考生在考试中快速识别错误并作出正确选择。
二、GMAT OG语法考点概览2.1 词性用法名词：单复数、可数与不可数、所有格动词：时态、语态、非谓语动词形容词与副词：比较级与最高级、错误修饰代词：指代清晰、主宾格、反身代词连词：并列连词、从属连词介词：固定搭配、介词短语冠词：定冠词与不定冠词的使用2.2 句子结构主谓一致句子完整性：主语、谓语的完整性从句：名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句并列结构：并列连词的使用、并列句的正确性修饰语：定语、状语、同位语的正确使用2.3 语法规则时态一致性语态选择：主动语态与被动语态非谓语动词：动名词、不定式、分词虚拟语气倒装句强调句2.4 逻辑语义逻辑主语：确保逻辑上的主语与语法上的主语一致指代明确：避免指代不清或歧义逻辑连接：确保句子之间的逻辑关系清晰一致性：保持时态、数、人称等方面的一致性三、GMAT OG语法考点详解3.1 名词用法单复数一致性：根据语境判断名词的单复数形式。
集合名词：某些名词作为集合名词时，谓语动词用单数或复数。
可数与不可数名词：注意区分可数名词和不可数名词。
3.2 动词用法时态：根据时间状语判断使用何种时态。
语态：主动语态与被动语态的选择取决于句子的语境。
非谓语动词：动名词、不定式和分词的使用要根据句子结构和意义。
3.3 形容词与副词比较级与最高级：正确使用比较级和最高级的形容词和副词。
错误修饰：避免使用错误的修饰语，如“the more...the more”结构。
3.4 代词指代清晰：确保代词有明确的先行词。
主宾格：根据句子结构使用主格或宾格代词。
GMAT语法知识点
2 标点符号规则：第一，逗号不能直接连接两个或三个句子。
第二，主谓之间不能加逗号，除非有插入语。
第三，分号前后必须使用完整主谓结构，即分号两边都是完整的句子。
4 任何介词都不能用作连词引导从句，即介词后不能加主谓结构。
5 主语从句只能使用陈述语序。
6 带有主语从句的复合句中，主语从句作为一个整体，视为单数，谓语动词也向应用第三人称单数形式。
8 动词型宾语从句引导词that在书面语中一般不能省略。
9 宾语从句使用陈述语序。
10 介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句，不可以接that引导的宾语从句。
除非是：but that, except that, in that(=because)。
14 动作的目的关系用to do表示。
17 分号前后必须是完整的主谓结构。
18 逗号不能直接连接两个完整的主谓结构。
应该有and神马的。
22 分词短语也就是doing什么的，是表示伴随动作或者伴随结果的，所以要考虑下和前面的句意逻辑是不是相合。
28 原句中的（即A选项中的）情态动词不可以随意添加、省略或者改变。
30 同位语从句连词that和宾语从句连词that不能省略。
35 当主语和谓语之间没有任何插入语的时候，主谓语之间一定不能用逗号隔开。
36 介词+one’s being done永远错。
37 标准书面语中，无生命事物的所有格形式优先使用n. of n.，而较少使用n.’s这种结构。
39 原句的重心不得改变。
譬如将原句（A选项）中的主句内容改为定语从句，是不可以的。
44 宾语从句并列，譬如the report showed that 句子1 and that 句子2。
句子长了的话，后面的那个that很容易被忽略。
45 如果主语是A and B, 则对应的谓语动词应该是复数形式的。
47 在标准书面语中不倾向于使用双重所有格形式，譬如right of an individual’s 之类的，都是不要选的。
49 简洁性原则：譬如evidence of what was...就不选, 应该选evidence of+名词。
GMAT语法知识点总结
GMAT语法知识点总结基本语法知识点：1.主谓一致：主语和谓语动词要保持一致，即单数主语对应单数谓语动词，复数主语对应复数谓语动词。
2.句子成分的一致：名词、代词、形容词和副词在性、数、格方面要与其所修饰的词保持一致。
3.并列结构：并列结构中的各个成分要保持平行，即词性相同或语法结构相同。
4.介词：介词后面通常跟名词、代词或动名词。
5.动词时态：要根据句子的语境和逻辑关系来选择合适的动词时态。
一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时表示过去的动作，现在时和现在进行时表示现在的动作，将来时表示将来的动作。
6.语态：被动语态的判断主要看句子中的谓语动词是否用了被动形式，并且主动语态的主语是否变成了被动语态的宾语。
7.关系代词的使用：关系代词用来连接从句和主句，并且在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。
8.平行结构：在句子中的各个部分要保持平行，即词性相同或语法结构相同。
9.非谓语动词：非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词，它们可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
10.倒装：倒装结构的使用要根据句子的语境和需要来决定，一般有完全倒装和部分倒装两种形式。
11.比较级和最高级：比较级和最高级是用来比较程度的形式，比较级用于两者之间的比较，最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较。
12.并列连词和从属连词：并列连词用来连接两个或多个并列的词、短语、从句等，从属连词用来引导从属从句。
高级语法知识点：1.动词的时态和语态的混合使用：在复杂的语境中，考生可能会遇到动词的时态和语态的混合使用，这时需要根据句子的逻辑确定正确的使用方式。
2.分句和从句的使用：分句和从句在复杂句结构中的使用可以增强句子的表达能力，但需要注意从句和主句之间的逻辑关系和语法关系。
3. 倒装句的多种形式：除了标准的倒装形式，还有一些特殊的倒装结构，如条件状语从句中的倒装、以for、with、without等介词开头的倒装结构等。
4. 强调句型：强调句型主要用来强调句子中的一些成分，通常是利用it is/was…that结构或强调副词强调句子中的一些成分。
GMAT语法笔记
GMAT语法笔记基本方法:每题5选，相对正确，使用排除法，改错宏观解题原则1：每道题的错误类型集中在划线部分的前3，后3个单词○1先读原文○2竖读，读前3，后3单词○3找出区别，从区别中找出错误类型○4发现有错，在其他选项中找类似的错误宏观解题原则2：划线部分内部，划线部分紧挨前后句时，表示并列关系的连词（and）考点：；平行对称结构错误层面一，correctness（错误性错误）1，逻辑关系的正确性（1）事物的本身不能说明问题，事物的变化方能说明问题Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more di versified than ten years ago(A)high-paying fields like electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than itseconomy(B)high-paying fields like electronics and banking, and making the state’s economy far more diversified than itseconomy(C)high-paying fields such as electronics and ba nking, to make the state’s economy far more diversified than(D)such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than itwas(E)such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, and make the st ate’s economy far more diversified than itwas分析：making为doing 表示前面整句话的影响，正确标志：doing/新名词；错误标志：to do/which排除B,C,E 表示举例使用such as不用like，排除A,C（2）词与词之间的逻辑搭配关系○1涉嫌本身可以说看不看的见，波长不行人本身可以说有没有瞎，视力不行○2术语指的是人，本身不是人；城市发展区原则，本身不是原则Although the term “psychopath” is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it is someone who is apparently in capable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience.(A)It is someone who is(B)It is a person(C)They are people who are(D)It refers to someone who is(E)It is in reference to people分析：it优先指代term，term不是人，排除A,B,C简洁性原则:动词>抽象性名词（refer > reference）排除E（3）事物不能和自身作比较，要排除在外ZQBZ：other（4）逻辑主语和谓语动词的搭配问题○1分词的省略结构分词主语：分词修饰主句主语，表示主句主语发出的动作Doing：主动done：被动ZQBZ：置换主语（主语要出现过）分词结构的名词化Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting.(A)The possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting(B)The addition of worker incentives was raised as a possibility by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting(C)Added worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting as a possibility(D)The board of directors raised at its quarterly meeting the possibility of worker incentives being added(E)The board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives分析：upset的是人，排除A,B,CRaise at错，排除DThe board of directors 符合置换主语的正确标志In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.(A)In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better offmaterially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.(B)The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor isirrelevant in assessing the problems that they face(C) A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they arebetter off materially than the urban working poor(D)In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better offmaterially than the urban working poor is irrelevant(E)The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor isirrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face分析：排除B,E，they 无法指代上半句中任何东西（全为单数）A question that is irrelevant< a irrelevant question 违反简洁性原则，排除CIn assessing 与the question 无法照应，A错In an assessment of the problems满足分词结构名词化这一正确标志，选D○2不定式要有明确的动作发出者Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.(A)as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether toauthorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.(B)As an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdown or decidingwhether to authorize a loan(C)Like an expert-computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns ordeciding whether to authorize a loan(D)Like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or thedecision whether or not a loan should be authorized(E)Like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, orthe like○3形容词的省略结构：adj 修饰主句主语Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey.(A)black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as(B)it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is(C)the decline in the number of black—footed ferrets is thought of as(D)that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be(E)the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as○4当逻辑主语未出现时，可将主动改为被动Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(A)fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s econ omy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(B)Fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves(C)Fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted(D)Fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves(E)Fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted（5）转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须统一Although dozens of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends.(A)Although dozen s of New York’s small museums are either devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,there are(B)Although dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,（下半句句子不完整）(C)Dozens of New York’s small museums are devote d to local history or various ethnic groups, but there are(D)Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also(E)Devoted to local history or various ethnic groups, dozens of New York’s small museums an d also(重心转移) 2，主谓搭配和代词指代一个单数名词放在句首+一长串东西修饰它考主谓搭配和代词指代（1）主谓搭配○1主和谓搭Ex:Students each have a computerYou are a studentAlthough it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.(A)superficial such as when each of the three major networks(B)superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks(C)superficial if the three major networks all(D)superficial whenever each of the three major networks(E)superficial, as when the three major networks eachPS: 三种关系的强加或丢失——when / if / because○2倒装there be +n——be 与n主谓相关形容词短语或介词短语作表语放在句首，主系表完全倒装Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.(A)things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing(B)things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing(C)things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring(D)antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing(E)antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring○3定语从句内部的主谓搭配问题n which （看which修饰谁）特：A of B that 都可指代Biologists believe that they have found one of the substances that tell individual genes both when to become active and when to remain quiescent in the earliest phases of an embryo’s development(A)tell individual genes both when to become active and when to remain(B)tell individual genes both at which time they should become active or should remain(C)tells individual genes both when to become active or remain(D)tells individual genes both when to become active or when to remain(E)will tell an individual gene both about when it should become active and remain○4名词性从句或分词短语作主语，谓语用单数○5A 介词/连词B + 谓a.随后：not only but also / not but / either or / neither nor / nor / orb.整体：有且只有and （PS: 关注and修饰的对象究竟是谁）c.随前：其它Many psychologists and sociologists now contend that the deliberate and even brutal aggression integral to some forms of competitive athletics increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts among crowds of spectators dominated by young adult males.(A)increase the likelihood of imitative violence that erupts(B)increase the likelihood that there will be an eruption of imitative violence(C)increases the likelihood of imitative violence erupting(D)increases the likelihood for imitative violence to erupt(E)increases the likelihood that imitative violence will eruptPS: of 限制/ that 解释（2）代词指代○1单复数的指代问题Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.(A)Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus(B)Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focus on(C)In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on(D)Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus(重心变换)(E)In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on○2人和物的指代错误人：he she who whom物：it that which人和物：whose○3同一句话中，代词和不定代词（one, ones）不能同时出现Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.(A) a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one(B)when a condition is present and indicate that there is one(C) a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present(D)when a condition is presen t and indicate its presence（不对称）(E)the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence○4同一句话中相同代词必须要指代相同事物例如：they their them为相同代词Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium(A)Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same wayas they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium(B)Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt toequity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses(C)Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the sameapplicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses(D)Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratioof debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to establish big businesses(E)News small business are not subject to the a pplicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt toequity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibriumThe rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse(A)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in nationalelections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse (B)Because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse, the rulesthat govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than the rules are in national elections (C)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than national electionsbecause they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse(D)Because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abusethan national elections, the rules that govern local political contributions are less stringent than national contributions(句意改变)(E)The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in nationalelections because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity forabuse.○5代词不能指定一句话，只能指代一个特定的主体More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, but it went unnoticed in the West.(A)but it went(B)but it was(C)although it was(D)but the discovery went(E)although the discovery was○6代词不能指代一句话的特殊情况：it 做形式主语或形式宾语使用还原法做题it + to do / that 从句During the 1980s it became clear that soliciting private funds was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid than to go to state or federal agencies(A)that soliciting private fund s was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid(B)that for environmentalists who sought financial aid, it was far more efficient to solicit private funds(C)that for environmentalists seeking financial aid,private organizations were far more efficient to go to(D)for environmentalists seeking financial aid, going to privat e organizations was far more efficient(E)for environmentalists who sought financial aid, private organizations were far more efficient○7代词只能指代重心词，不能指代修饰语Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.(A)Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.(B)Baltic sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings(C)Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity(D)sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area(E)sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of activity there○8代词先于主句主语出现，代词优先指代主句主语Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.(A)Although just inside the orbit of(句子不完整)(B)Although it is just inside the orbit of（it 优先考虑依次顺序最后确定指代comet）(C)Just inside the orbit o f(D)Orbiting just inside(E)Having orbited just insid e○9特指> 泛指例如：his arm and leg > the arm and legHaving the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War, Jack, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in is right hand and guiding its movements with his left(A)Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War,(B)In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War(C)Because there had been a sniper’s bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand and arm(D)The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War(E)His right ha nd and arm crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World WarZQBZ：5个选项同时使用了n喝代词，尤其原题使用了代词，有个选项将代词转换成了n（尤其是新名词），则该选项为正确答案Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.(A)of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100times greater in the eastern United States than it does inthe West.(B)of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States insteadof the West(C)will typically devastate 100times the area in the eastern United States than one of comparable magnitudeoccurring in the West(D)in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100times greater than will a quake of comparablemagnitude occurring in the West(E)that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred withcomparable magnitude in the West3，固定搭配的重点（1）require sb to dothat+虚拟of sb that（2）help (to) dosb (to) dohelpful in doing（3）asbegin depict regard perceive represent be acclaimedbe prized think of see view特：consider A B 中间不加as（4）prohibit sb from doing / sthforbid sb to do / sthprohibit thatforbid that（5）compare A with B 比较（同类）A toB 比喻（不同类）PS:只有to的选项的时候也能用作比较（6）at point at equation at pole aim at doing（7）in that > because（更书面用语）aid in doing（8）try to do / doingtry and do / that（9）believe sth to be / that + 宾语从句（10）distinguish A and B / between A and B （11）形容词后置something anything no thing thingssomeone anyone no one ones （12）encourage sb to do / sthencourage doing / sth to be done（13）food allergies（泛指）an allergy to some food（特指）（14）besides 包括except 排除同类except for 排除不同类（15）according to 有关于in accordance with 与……一致（16）estimate be estimated to be（17）keep sth under control / be in control of （18）order sb to do / sth to be done / that + 虚拟order sth 点菜（19）make sth sth / +adjmake sth done（20）credit sb with doingbe credited with doing4, 连接几个部分的对称问题（1）形式上的对称（现在分词和过去分词是看做对称的）○1省略：前后两分句都有不定式时，后半句的to可省前后两分句都有be动词时，后半句be可省一般把to和be省略的是正确答案Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.(A)to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.(B)that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of confined to(C)under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of each day instead of confining themin(D)that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement in(E)to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to○2平行对称结构一般形式：分1，分2，分3 and（肯定）/ or（否定，选择性句子）分4考点：a, 选择性句子：两个程度不同的词只能用or否定词只有no 和not 两个Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city’s building code.(A)Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were(B)Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been(C)Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been(D)Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been(重心改变)(E)Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake had been(语意重心改变)b,平行对称结构的省略（各分部省略形式一样）（2）含以上的对称例如：动作性n 动作性nStudies of the human “sleep-wake cycle” have practical relevance for m atters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in 24-hour factories.(A)to the staff of(B)to those who staff(C)to the staffing of(D)and staffing(E)and the staff ofPS: 平行对称结构不一定要有and，and只是一个可能的考点出现的标志New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents(B)the splitting apart of continents(C)split apart continents(D)continents split apart(E)continents that were split apar t5, 虽然违反了有效性错误，GMAT将其认为错误性错误（1）严重违反了原文的意思○1极端性修饰词位置发生改变first last only○2强烈语气表达的添加或缺失any not unlike=like it very much however whateverWhile Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.(A)not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused(B)not unlike Rosa Parks, who refused(C)like Rosa Parks and her refusal(D)like that of Rosa Parks for refusing(E)as that o Rosa Parks, who refused○3句子强调重心发生改变○4把倒装句改为正常语序（2）语意重复from … to 不加up downdouble increase opposition againstorbit around gain achieveannually a year with includesuperiority over with by useincrease=rise=grow=raise=soar二，effectiveness（有效性错误）1，尽量忠实愿意，除非愿意有错（1）弱语气词的增加或丢失：just evenAs he do, I am a student(A)As he do(B)Just as he is(C)Like himAs he do, I am a student(A)As he do(B)Just as he is(C)Like he is（2）句子强调中心发生微弱改变○1主动变为被动（错）○2状语及修饰语的位置发生变化（把状语放到固定搭配中间是典型错误）(A)to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rap idly than carbon dioxide during the next fifty years(?).(B)to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will(C)during the next fifty year s to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly than carbon dioxide(D)a warming of the Earth’s atmosphere during the next fifty years even more rapid than carbon dioxide’s(E) a warming of the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapid than carbon dioxide’s will be over next fifty years（3）时态发生变化一般过去时过去完成时一般现在时现在进行时除非原文有明确提示句子应该发生变化since 现完originally 过去becoming 现进2，简洁性原则（JJ）（1）层次清楚，结构明了（2）对称（3）尽量使用简单的词，简单基本原则：实意n > v > adj > 抽象n > 分词动名词> 从句(a)v > adj benefit > beneficial(b)adj > 抽象n so + adj > such + 抽象n(c)v > 抽象n aim base cost help force（名词动词相同的词）(d)抽象n > 现分attempt > trying(e)抽象n > 动名词transmission transmiting(f)过分> 从句detected >that is detected（4）现分重复动作/强制动作/政府行为（状态，过程）过分一次性行为（强调结果）三，一些习惯1，词的优先选择（1）not…b ut > rather than > instead of（2）even though / although > in spite of / despite（3）in that > because > because of（4）介+ which > where（5） B 介 A > AB（6）n > n that be adj（7）n + more + adj > more +adj + n（8）其它情况完全相同：n > 代同位语> 定从（9）比…少less > fewer （除了修饰人时，只能有fewer）（10）b e able to / can > capability of sb to do > capable of doing > capability（11）t o do > of doing / for doing （固定搭配除外）（12）尽量使用书面语（基本原则的特例）more ancient > be older than once > one timeobituary > death increase in sth > more sth at a lower cost > cost less2，有效性原则（错误程度由高到低）（1）there be + 抽象n（2）情态动词的添加或丢失（can may）（3）come become go remain不能改，不能去掉或改为be动词（4）介词和助动词的尽量补出原则（补出了不一定对，不补不一定错）Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.(A)in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than(B)isolated from contact with European longer than(C)in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were(D)isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were(E)in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer thanAt the time of the Mexican agrarian revolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and his followers, proposed(A)land, to what had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.(B)land, a form of ownership of the pre-Columbians and respected by the Spaniards(C)land, respected by the Spaniards and a pre-Columbian form of ownership(D)land in which a pre-Columbian form of ownership was r espected by the Spaniards(E)land that had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the SpaniardsThe lawyer for the defense charged that she suspected th police of having illegally taped her confidential conversations with her client and then used the information obtained to find evidence supporting their murder charges.(A)used the information obtained to find evidence supporting(B)use d such information as they obtained to find evidence supporting(C)used the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support(D)of using the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support(E)of using such information as they obtained to find evidence that would be supportive of（5）定语从句分词省略结构就近原则（6）其它情况完全相同时，定语从句that作为宾语是尽量省略Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova explosion, one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.(A)that they believe is(B)that they believe it to be(C)they believe that it is of(D)they believe that is(E)they believe to be of（7）三种关系不能随便强加，丢失或更改when 时间/ if 条件/ because 因果Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial such as when each of the three major networks broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.(A)superficial such as when each of the three major networks(B)superficial, as can sometimes occur if all of the three major networks(C)superficial if the three major networks all(D)superficial whenever each of the three major networks(E)superficial, as when the three major networks each（8）代词指代尽量清晰明确（9）同位语一般修饰主语或宾语，不修饰修饰部分（10）A of B B无生命B’s A B有生命四，题型总结1，宾从和定从（1）宾从○1宾从一定有that，that不能省○2v + n + that + 宾从（X）○3v + that + 宾从1 and + (that) + 宾从2Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published(A)the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be(B)that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being(C)the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be(D)seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results(E)that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results（2）定从○1that和which得区别that：限制性 a.不能加介词b.紧跟所修饰名词后c.不能够跳跃修饰which:非现实性 a.可以加介词b.不能紧跟，要加,或介词隔开c.可以跳跃修饰○2that which 物who whom 人whose 人和物○3具体时间whentime whenage in which○4对于前面整段话的修饰ZQBZ：doing / 新名词CWBZ: which / to do2，时态（1）同一句话中，现在时和过去时不能混用（2）单一时态的情况现在时：客观规律和真理政府的行为决定和法令法规科研成果和统计资料。
GMAT语法全总结
GMAT语法全总结1.句子结构：句子结构是指句子的基本组成部分和语法规则。
在GMAT语法中，有以下几个重要的方面需要注意：-主谓一致：主语和谓语的单复数要一致。
-定语从句：用来修饰名词或代词的从句，引导词有关系代词和关系副词。
-并列结构：多个句子或词组并列在一起并用逗号分隔。
-状语从句：修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句，引导词有连词、状语从句引导词和状语从句分隔符。
- 虚拟语气：用来表示假设、愿望或建议等，通常用动词的过去时形式或should + 动词的原形。
2.语法错误：在GMAT语法中，有一些常见的语法错误需要注意，包括：-时态错误：如动词时态的误用。
-语态错误：如主动语态和被动语态的误用。
-代词错误：如代词的数、格、性和指代不清楚。
-主谓一致错误：如主语和谓语的单复数不一致。
-并列错误：如并列句的表达不正确。
-修饰错误：如修饰语和被修饰词之间的关系不清楚。
-逻辑错误：如逻辑关系不正确。
3.逻辑关系：在GMAT语法中，语句之间的逻辑关系非常重要。
以下是一些常见的逻辑关系：-因果关系：表示原因和结果之间的关系。
-比较关系：用来比较两个或多个事物之间的差异和相似之处。
-条件关系：表示条件和结果之间的关系。
-排序关系：用来表示事物之间的顺序和优先级关系。
-强调关系：用来强调一些事物的重要性或特殊性。
4.修辞手法：在GMAT语法中，修辞手法是指通过一些特殊的语言技巧来达到修辞效果。
以下是一些常见的修辞手法：-比喻：通过用一个事物来比拟另一个事物，以加强描述的效果。
-排比：通过一系列对比的句子来强调一个观点。
-反问：通过提出一个问题来间接表达观点。
-修辞问句：通过一个令人惊讶的问题来引起读者的兴趣。
-冗余：在句子中重复使用相同的信息，以加强强调效果。
以上是对GMAT语法的全面总结。
掌握GMAT语法规则对于考试取得好成绩非常重要。
在备考过程中，建议根据各个方面的重要程度，制定相应的学习计划并多做练习题，以提高语法能力和应试能力。
GMAT语法大全
GMAT语法大全一. 所谓的原则：1．定语从句尽量省略原则：which be/that be+形容词/过去分词，which be/that be应尽量省略。
2． whose/which/that就近指代原则。
3． There be/enough/instead of(相对于rather than)/due to/because of（相对于because）/despite/if(相对于whether)/maybe出现错原则。
4．表‘命令/建议/要求’的实意动词+that后面省略should原则（这些实意动词已包含了should的意思，所以省略should）5．状语从句尽量省略主语+be动词原则。
（注意逻辑主语一致）状语从句引导次后接adj/done/doing正确，接n/prep短语错。
6．宾语从句that保留原则。
注意平行结构中‘三个that’的平行。
7．强语气词（only, only if,情态动词,however/whatever/whenever/wherever）不改变原则。
8． Have+动作性名次错原则。
改为do或者be adv done。
9． Be to do表将来时错原则10．Having/being出现错原则。
（having的特例，credit 后面用having；being的特例，the chance of being/the distinction of being）。
11.Consider +n1+ n2/adj出现正确原则。
pare/base用被动原则。
13.Similar to/differ from不位于句首原则14.Continue不用进行时原则。
15.if/when/because三种关系强加/丢失错原则。
二．平行结构。
1. 引起平行的结构：a. and, or, but, yetb. not only A, but also B/not A, but B/c. rather thand. can do, do, and do/to do, do, and do/that A, that B, and that Ce. 比较结构2. 平行的原则:形势对称，概念对等，功能相同。
GMAT语法总结
GMAT语法总结GMAT考试对于语法的要求非常高，因此在备考过程中需要重点复习和掌握相关的语法知识。
本文将从句子的成分、时态、语态、语法错误类型等方面进行总结和梳理。
一、句子的成分句子由主语、谓语和宾语构成，其中主语用来指明句子的主体，谓语用来表达句子的动作或状态，宾语用来指明动作的承受者或影响对象。
在句子的成分中，需要注意以下几点：1.主语和谓语保持一致，即主语为单数时，谓语动词也应为单数形式。
2.宾语可以是名词、代词或从句，需要根据具体语境来确定正确的形式。
3.宾语的位置可以在句子的中间或末尾，但不能放在句子的开头。
二、时态的使用时态是表达动作发生的时间的一种方式。
在GMAT中，时态的使用要遵循以下几个原则：1.一般过去时用于表达过去的真实情况，一般将动词的过去式形式作为谓语动词。
2. 现在完成时用于表达过去发生的动作与现在产生的影响或结果之间的关系。
通常使用have/has + 过去分词来构成现在完成时的句子。
3. 一般将来时用于表达将来会发生的动作或状态。
通常使用will/shall + 动词原形来构成一般将来时的句子。
4. 现在进行时用于表达现在正在进行的动作。
通常使用be + 现在分词来构成现在进行时的句子。
三、语态的使用语态是表达主语和动词之间关系的一种方式。
在GMAT中，语态的使用要遵循以下几个原则：1.主动语态用于强调动作的执行者。
通常使用主动语态的句子结构为：主语+动词+宾语。
2. 被动语态用于强调动作的接受者或影响对象。
通常使用被动语态的句子结构为：宾语 + be + 过去分词（动词的第三形式）。
3.在使用被动语态时，要注意将及物动词变为被动形式，并且要保持动作的一致性和逻辑性。
四、常见的语法错误类型在GMAT语法中，常见的语法错误包括并列结构错误、主谓一致错误、代词一致错误、动词时态错误、语态错误等。
以下是对这些错误类型的具体总结：1. 并列结构错误：指在使用并列连接词（如and、but、or等）连接两个或多个句子时出现的错误。
GMAT语法常用知识点整理
GMAT语法常用知识点整理一、定语定义：修饰，限制或说明名词或代词的成分。
定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。
位置：前置定语&后置定语形式：（1）形容词作定语：a beautiful college;my little doll;green tree;silent classroom;（2）副词作定语：the students here;the opinions above;（3）数词作定语：two boys;ten apples;three pens;one lesson;（4）名词作定语：apple tree;newspaper today;（5）代词作定语：our teacher;his father;her computer;their books;（6）非谓语动词作定语：the smiling boy;the boat along the lake;nothing to do;二、状语（Adverbial Modifier）定义：在句法功能中，状语在句子里起到解释说明的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等等。
位置：非常灵活，其位置可以放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
形式：（1）副词作状语：she speaks English well;（2）分词作状语：looking around,he find his classroom;（3）不定式作状语：I come specially to visit you;（4）介词短语作状语：ten years ago,she began to live in Beijing;（5）从句作状语：If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you;三、独立主格（Absolute Phrase）独立主格的英语表达为absolute phrase，顾名思义，它是一种修饰成分，并不是完整的句子。
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By Roxas605（ChaseDream）资料来源：OG12、OG12-verbal、OG10、Prep07、Prep08、GWD、Manhattan总结：独立主格只做状语，放在句首或句尾，表示伴随原因、条件、状态、目的、时间、补充说明等●独立主格三种形式：1)一般形式：n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语独立部分与主句部分无太多关联2)with形式：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系3)each形式：each+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语；each+n.+介词短语必须前面有复数名词*：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘●另外，存在一种with+n.+/with+n.+定语从句,可以看做概括性同位语分析：放在句首，一定修饰主语，放在句尾既可以修饰主语也可以修饰谓语总结：类似定语，修饰名词或者名词短语、代词（不是核心词指代）1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。
（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）i.N., n.;ii.n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;iii.the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构）2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。
(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)3)概括性同位语：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done...（+doing、done形式和独立主格相同）用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：※同位语和独立主格的区别：1. 同位语修饰名词，独立主格修饰句子2.同位语表示前面名词的具体内容和特征，而独立主格是一种伴随状态，描述与伴随分局同步发生的事情（原因、条件）（1）关于as1.as with=so with=as is the same with2.as is the case+介词（of/with/in）3.just as…,so（as）…4.as既可以作conj，也可以做代词5.可以和more than结合起来表达（1）at least as…as（2）as great as or greater than（2）关于比较的省略：1.主从句谓语相同，用do、did、does代替2.主从句be动词相同，可省可不省3.助动词或情态动词+动词，省略动词，保留助动词或情态动词4.主从句，S+V相同，可以全部省略，只保留状语（介词短语或从句）（3）倍数的比较：1、twice的用法：twice as many…as; twice as much…as;twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;*：一个大家常误会的句子：The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。
（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。
）解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm hascows.详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。
不管怎么说as it haspigs都不是核心成分。
这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。
故，牛多猪少。
2、用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);几个永远错误的形式：(1)produce double；a doubling of; produce a doubling(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）3、…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;4、sb. be + 百分数+ more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack5、表达倍数用“…times + more +adj.+than，…time as +adj.+as”都正确6、第三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。
以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。
该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。
章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)ii. x times adj. (比较形式) thaniii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配A do x times as adj. … x asB doiv. x times + what 分句(名词性从句相当于名词)v. x-foldvi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple（4）其他比较1.in the same way as/that 用于比较两个事件，类似as，不用于两个名词间2.less既可以是副词也可以是形容词，所以可以修饰动作或者名词，但是lower等只时动词，所以只能修饰名词（一）、It指代1. it、their、they都是完整指代：指代核心词和修饰成分，整个意群（而one、that、those 是核心词指代）2.形式主语或者形式宾语：（1）指代不定式（2）that从句，that可以省略，it is …S+V+O…（3）关系代词或关系副词但，形式宾语有两种特例：（1）Sb/Sth+makes/find/deem+it+...+to do/that（2）Sb/Sth make sth+possible/likely（sth也可以放在句尾）3. it可以指代不定式或者that从句，但是不能指代介词短语、所有格（不定式除外）（二）、one指代1.one是泛指。
One指代前面出现过的单数名词（a+n.）或者表示复数名词的其中一个（复数n.）2.one/ones 在比较结构中，一定有限制性成分修饰，由后置定语的话，前面一定要有the3.one指代同名异物4.只指代可数名词5.核心词指代（三）、that指代1.核心词指代2.that指代同名异物3.that/those既可以指代可数也可以是不可数4.只能指代事物，不能指代人5. that不可以单独指代，除非在比较结构中that/those可以直接指代（一）、what从句1..2.Eg. What is difficult to understand is A.；What are difficult to understand are A andB.(2)what在从句中做宾语，主句谓语由主句表语/宾语决定what they want are XX,XX&XX。
Eg. What his father left him are few English books.（二）A of B1.SANAM（some、any、none、all、many/much）+of+n. 单复数由n.决定2.fraction/percent/majority/minority+of+n. 单复数由n.决定3.not one of或one of…谓语是单数（这里的not one of不等于none）；not any，谓语复数（三）each/every1.each/every+n 的谓语由every/each决定，统统都是单数（除了each做同位语）（四）一些单复数难辨的名词：1.以下单词以下形式出现都是用单数People：agency、army、audience、class、committee、crowd、orchestra、teamItems：baggage、cirtus、equipment、fleet、fruit、furniture来自：Manhattan时态、语气、主被动（一）、时态1.一般将来时：（1）条件/时间/方式/让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来（注意：这里也常考状语从句：主语+be省略）（2）possibility、likelihood、expect、predict+that从句中，用一般将来时2.一般现在时：（1）自然现象（2）统计数据（3）实验结论（4）客观事实3. 一般完成时：（1）since+时间点/句子；for+时间段（2）within/during/over/in+the+past/recent/last+ 时间短语隐含：动作发生在一般现在时或者一般将来时之前4. 一般过去时：Originally、from…to…，preciously等词出现5.过去完成时：不一定有一般过去时的出现，但是表示在一般过去式之前（有待商榷）（二）、语气虚拟语气1.命令：order、command、dictate、mandate2.建议：advice、suggest、propose3.要求：demand、require、request、desire、insist、stipulate、it is necessary that修饰（一）、V-ing1.前面是主谓宾，时态合理，表示伴随结果或伴随动作，伴随动作，逻辑主语和主句主语一致，修饰前面的谓语；伴随结果不需要考虑逻辑主语2.前面是主系表，doing修饰主语、表语、或整个句子3.关于having done（1）having done可以做状语或者非限定性定语（2）when/after+having done 一定是错的（3）having done不是名词性结构，不可以放在句首做主语4.做主语。