Paradox_Oxymoron1(矛盾分析法)
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1
ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。
oxymoron词根词缀
oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。
比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。
这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。
2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。
例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。
词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。
合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。
3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。
Paradox
（似非而是的隽语）
Definition of paradox (1)
Paradox --- a statement which seems impossible, bacause it says two opposite things, but which has some truth in it.
邃精辟
意味深长 语
隽语（paradox）的构成因素
（1）显而易见是自相矛盾的，是悖逆于公认 的价值标准的。 （2）表层含义和深层含义的背离，往往令人 惊讶或怀疑。 （3）蕴含的潜在真理或解决问题的方法，通 常被认为是不可接受，甚至惊世骇俗的。
隽语的运用使那些富有人生哲理的警句、格言、谚语更加生动活泼， 言简意赅，能鲜明的表现人物特殊的性格，情操；能生动的刻画人物 的心理，气质和情状；还可用于广告，文章的题目，吸引读者，耐人 寻味。
For example:
John McEnroe： the Champ You love to Hate(约翰.麦肯罗：你既喜
欢又不喜欢的冠军)
这一文章标题诙谐的表达了多数球迷对这位世界闻名的网球运动员的感情：他 们喜欢他高超的球艺，但他们不喜欢他在球场上发脾气。
The cruelest lies are often told in silence.（最伤人的谎言往往是安静
• Function
• It can be made into sentence as aphorism ['æfərizəm]格言；警句 which is thought-provoking, can clearly express personally special character, sentiment and vividly portray personal psychology ,mentality, temperament, etc; moreover, it plays a role of philosophy, and strategy. It not only can add brilliant literary, but also force listeners, readers to do an unconventional thinking and explore deep understanding, thus it has the meaning of epistemology [ɪ,pɪstɪ'mɒlədʒɪ ].
Oxymoron,Antithesis,Transferred Epithet
Soul Sister
Two forms:
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing （一物两面对照）
Group2: Comparison between two things（两物对照）
7/14/2013
Soul Sister
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing（一物两面对照） Examples：
7/14/2013
Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. →adj. + another thing
Examples：
1.the noisy friendliness of a pub ①The child was noisy in the morning. ②It’s a noisy place.
《愤怒的葡萄》
Soul Sister
Three forms:
Group 1: adj. + sb.→ adj. + sth. Group 2: adj. + sth. → adj. + another thing Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. → adj. + another thing
Soul Sister
Group 1: adj. + sb. → adj.+ sth. Examples: 1. a murderous knife a knife used by a murderous villain 2. my wild days, my mad existence the days when I was wild and mad
英语文学体 矛盾表达法
Paradox 荒谬的理论
Example Still waters run deep. 静水深流。 Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind. More haste, less speed (haste makes waste) If we want peace, be prepared for war. There’s nothing permanent in life but change. 变是唯一的不变。 A creaking gate hangs long. 病夫多长命。
Difference between oxymoron and paradox
More: 1)condensed type (紧缩型)：oxymoron 2）enlarged type (展开型)：paradox
Thank you !ຫໍສະໝຸດ Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法
1）是保护，还是破坏？ Some radical environmentalists are trying to save trees with sabotage (破坏).
某些激进的环境保护主义者为拯救树木而不惜进 行破坏，用含义相反的词概括起来。以破坏来拯 救，看似矛盾，但是这正是激进的环保主义者的 逻辑。这里采用矛盾修饰法，使事态的荒谬性更 加突出
Difference between oxymoron and paradox
2)relationship In oxymoron, the two contradictory words are put together. One is used to modify the other. E.g. parting is such sweet sorrow. In paradox, there is no such a relationship. E.g. deep hate comes from deep love.
Irony&Oxymoron
Oxymoron can be formed in seven ways:
1. adj. + n.
proud humility
骄傲的谦卑
a thunderous silence 雷声般的沉默 a living death
活受罪
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.
changelessly changing
不变地变化 令人愉快地疼痛
deliciously aching
6. v. + adv.
shine darkly die merrily hasten slowly
暗淡地发光 快乐地死去
慢慢地快起来
7.of-phrase
the feather of lead the sound of silence
Oxymoron is a kind of compressed
paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply comtrasting : terms, which, in spite of their incogruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.
• Innuendo involves implication, but not all implications are innuendos. Innuendo is generally used to criticize, satirize or ridicule a person or thing, though in an indirect and a mild way. But not all implications are intended for this purpose.
对_第二十二条军规_中矛盾修辞法的语用分析_杨盼
矛盾修辞
中燃起了爱火融融）
In the thought there was a bitter sweetness. 想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中有甜。
I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice. 我恐惧,但也怀有希望;我燃烧,但也冻得象冰一样。
4、矛盾修饰法的语义关系
a) 交融 两词意义难分主从，交错融合，即所谓“你中有 我，
我中有你”。如：
a desperate longing 令人绝望的渴望 bitter sweet meomories 痛苦而甜蜜的 回忆
b) 反衬
修饰词从反面衬托、突出被修饰词的语义，以 此烘托人所处的某个特定的环境或状态，使人耳 目一新。如：
an honest thief 诚实的贼 an assiduous truant 勤奋好学的逃学者
d) 深化
被修饰词反映的是表层的东西，而修饰词反映 的却是深层的东西。由表及里，由浅入深，表现 出人或事物的实质。这种语义关系在词语构成方 式上有个明显的特点，即修饰词由被修饰词加反 义后缀而成。如：
eg：Beautiful tyrant ！Fiend angelical！Dovefeather’d raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb! Despised substance of divinest show!(美丽的暴 君！天使般的魔鬼！披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦！豺狼 一样残忍的羔羊！圣洁的外表包覆着丑恶的实 质！） -----Shakespears：Romeo and Juliet
There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.
Oxymoron矛盾修辞法
龙源期刊网 Oxymoron矛盾修辞法作者：来源：《学生导报·高中版》2017年第29期oxymoron来源于希臘语，是oxys（尖锐）和moros（迟钝）的组合体。
尖锐和迟钝互相矛盾，所以把它们合在一起的oxymoron即“矛盾组合”，是一种常见的修辞手法。
有趣的是，oxymoron的复数形式也比较“矛盾”：oxymora和oxymorons都正确（前者为推荐拼法）。
英语中最经典的oxymoron应该是sweet sorrow（甜蜜的悲伤），它出自莎士比亚名著《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的一句——“Parting is such sweet sorrow.”朱丽叶与罗密欧说晚安的时候总免不了伤感，但道别的同时他们又可以期待下一次的碰面，所以每次分手都是sweet sorrow。
在日常生活里，oxymora其实无所不在。
大部分的人天天都在用，只是没有意识到罢了。
最常见的例子包括：◆only choice如果只有一条路可以走，就不叫选择；是选择的话，至少要有两个候选方案。
这对组合显然矛盾，但人们常用它来强调做某事的必要性。
比如：If you want to land a great job these days， you must know English and computer reasonably well. That’s your only choice.（如今这年头，想找到一份好工作的话，必须懂点英文和电脑。
没有其他的选择。
）◆taped livetaped表示“录制的”，live却是“直播”，两者似乎格格不入。
但熟悉电视运作的朋友一定知道，很多节目都采用taped live的方式。
它们在拍摄的时候一次性录制完成，即使有错也不进行编辑和删改，录完的成品留到日后某一时间再播出。
这相当于延时的直播，一来可以增加趣味性（观众喜欢看出错和笑场等花絮），二来可以降低成本（不用花额外的人力和物力对节目进行编辑）。
词汇学ParadoxOxymoronIrony举例
6、矛盾修饰法（Oxymoron）矛盾修饰法是一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在“震耳欲聋的沉默”和“悲伤的乐观”。
例：There was in her face，when she returned to her husband，look of radiant melancholy that he was not familiar with.此处的短语radiant melancholy 采用了矛盾修饰法，意为“快乐的忧郁”。
这种修辞格的使用很好地描述了艾琳的心态：她既为这个充满奸诈、虚伪的社会感到忧郁，又为自己刚做的一件善事而感到高兴。
这两种情感形成了鲜明的对比，发人深省。
9、反语（Irony）反语是用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法。
它是一种以对比达到幽默效果的修辞方式。
例：You dirty dog，you！First a surprise party-which I abhor …这个例子中存在两个反语即you dirty dog和abhor。
全意是：你这个坏小子，真有你的！先是出其不意地搞一个宴会——这我可不喜欢……句中第一个反语you dirty boy通常用作侮辱性语言，但此处确相反，是对对方的一种昵称，言语中透露出喜爱的意味；abhor原意是“憎恶”，用在此处医生激动不已的心情及其感谢露与其表，不言而喻。
用反语表达其感情比平铺直叙要强烈的多。
反语可分为词语反语、情景反语和戏剧性反语三大类,它的作用在于讽刺挖苦、幽默俏皮,有时也可表亲昵之情.电影《肖申克的救赎》运用了多种反讽方式，影片中一些语言“言在此而意在彼”，表达的是否定语言能指的含义，构成了最常见的语言反讽。
如典狱长诺顿引用圣经语言教导囚犯：“我是世界之光，跟随我的人不会行于黑暗，还会拥有生命之光。
”而实际上，在他管理之下的肖申克监狱罪恶累累，他加给狱犯的只有更深的黑暗。
在实行狱外计划时，诺顿口口声声自称这是“一个真正的、有进步意义的服刑和改造。
悖论：思维的魔方
悖论：思维的魔方课程简介“悖论”（paradox）指思维中深层次的矛盾，并且是难解的矛盾。
它们是巨大且艰深的理智难题，以触目惊心的形式向我们展示了：我们的看似合理、有效的“共识”、“前提”、“推理规则”在某些地方出了问题，我们思维中最基本的概念、原理、原则在某些地方潜藏着风险。
悖论对人类理智构成严重挑战，并在人类的认知发展和科学发展中起重要作用。
课程大纲具体授课计划如下，有可能根据具体进程做适当调整：第一周，预备知识和悖论概述看8个视频，每次25分钟左右：1．同一律2．矛盾律、排中律和二值原则3．充足理由律4．什么是悖论？5．悖论的类型6．如何解决悖论？7．苏格拉底的诘问法8．有关结婚的二难推理第二周，上帝悖论和连锁悖论看9个视频，每次25分钟左右：9．半费之讼和鳄鱼悖论10．有关上帝的悖论（一）11．有关上帝的悖论（二）12．有关上帝的悖论（三）13．模糊性：连锁悖论14．忒修斯之船及其他15．多值逻辑和真值度理论16．超赋值理论17．认知主义第三周，芝诺悖论和无穷之谜看7个视频，每次25分钟左右：18．芝诺悖论19．超级任务——芝诺悖论的现代变体20．无穷倒退和无穷嵌套21.康德的时空“二律背反”22．数学中的“无穷悖论”23．关于“无穷”的数学和哲学24．集合论初步知识第四周，逻辑-集合论悖论和语义悖论看8个视频，每次25分钟左右：25．逻辑-集合论悖论举要26．罗素的类型论（一）27．罗素的类型论（二）28．公理集合论29．真理论述要（一）30．真理论述要（二）31．语义悖论举要（一）32．语义悖论举要（二）第五周，语义悖论、归纳悖论和认知悖论看8个视频，每次25分钟左右：33．塔斯基的语义学34．克里普克的真理论35．休谟问题36．对休谟问题的回应37．渡鸦悖论38．绿蓝悖论和彩票悖论39．与同一替换有关的认知悖论40．认知逻辑和逻辑万能问题第六周，各种认知悖论看9个视频，每次25分钟左右：41．意外考试悖论42．可知性悖论和自我欺骗悖论43．序言悖论与认知逻辑趣题44．盖梯尔问题45．对盖梯尔问题的回应46．人工智能和图灵测试47．塞尔的中文屋论证48．笛卡尔的怀疑论论证49. 普特南的缸中之脑论证第七周，认知悖论和合理行动悖论看7个视频，每次25分钟左右：50. 赌徒谬误51．囚徒困境52．对囚徒困境的分析53．纽康姆悖论54．对纽康姆悖论的分析55．其他的博弈、决策和合理行动悖论（一）56．其他的博弈、决策和合理行动悖论（二）第八周，道德悖论和中国古代悖论看7个视频，每次25分钟左右：57．决定论和自由意志58．休谟问题和康德原则59．罗尔斯论正义原则60．一些道德悖论61．中国古代文化中的悖论62．中国古代关于类属关系的悖论63．中国古代的语义悖论第九周，中国古代悖论看6个视频，每次25分钟左右：64．中国古代的认知悖论（一）65．中国古代的认知悖论（二）66．中国古代的相对化悖论67．庄子的“吊诡之辞”68．庄子的“吊诡之辞”分析69．《墨经》的逻辑学第十周，关于悖论的进一步思考看8个视频，每次25分钟左右：70．究竟什么是悖论？71．严格悖论产生的根源（一）72．严格悖论产生的根源（二）73．严格悖论是否具有统一结构？74．悖论是逻辑矛盾还是辩证矛盾？75．自谓指称是否应该尽量避免？76．悖论能否一揽子解决和最终解决？77．悖论研究的意义课程说明本课程将讲授历史上已经提出的一些著名悖论，涉及的论题有：一些扰人的二难困境；模糊性：连锁悖论；芝诺悖论和无穷之迷；逻辑-数学悖论；语义悖论；休谟问题和归纳悖论；认知悖论；合理行动和决策的悖论；道德悖论；中国古代文化中的悖论；对于悖论的进一步思考，如此等等。
矛盾分析法原理及方法
矛盾分析法原理及方法目录2-6-----矛盾分析方法的根基、概念和实质6-12--------矛盾分析方法的内容12-19-------如何运用矛盾分析方法一、矛盾分析方法的根基、概念和实质(一)方法的实践根基在马克思主义哲学看来，“对立统一”即矛盾不是不属人的自在存在物的自然状态或自在存在物自发的产物，而是属人世界(人类世界)中，人对实践存在物内在对立统一的本性、本质和规律的反思性概念地把握的产物。
不仅自在存在的矛盾，只有当它通过实践中介为实践存在的矛盾，才能为人所把握和理解；而且人所把握和理解的对立统一，以实践思维维度，无不是对人的实践及其发展有作用和意义的矛盾。
人从动物进化而来，动物所具有的那种自然性，亦是人所具有的最为基础的属性。
然而，人之为人，却恰恰不在于它的自然性，而在于它的实践性。
动物的活动，无论它的活动样式怎样，它都是一种顺从自然、适应自然的本能的活动，法(遵循)的是自然的道或理。
它与自然不是双向的对象化关系。
所以，动物的活动，不仅不会破坏自然的自在统一，确恰是在本能地在维系着自然的和谐与统一，这就是动物活动的自然性。
人的活动，无论它的类别和性质怎样，它都是一种驾驭自然、改造自然，使自然满足人的生存和发展、从而使人的生存和发展又满足于它与自然的和谐与统一的自为的活动。
人的这种双向的对象化活动，首先是一种否定原自然界中物的统一的活动，使人与自己活动对象的自然物、从而与自然真正地互为对象，生成和发展了原自然界及其事物中所不曾有的“主体一客体”新型的对立关系。
如何把这种新型的对立关系，通过主体客体化、客体主体化的对象化活动，实现主体和客体对立面的统一，使之发展为属人关系(即实践的对立面的统一)?这就不能从动物活动的自然性，而必须从人的活动的实践性去理解。
人在自己的活动中既要贯注主体的本质、目的于客体之中，同时又要贯注客体的本质、规律于主体之中，这是由人的活动即实践的内在本性所决定的。
人的实践是求“是”的活动，它追求的是主体和客体、主观和客观、合规律性和合目的性、本然和应然、理想和现实、真善美等对立面的统一。
英语中有19种修辞手法
英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy 借喻，转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比，平行、Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻，比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照，对比，对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意法，逆喻、Climax 渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax 渐降法。
下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句，快来学习吧！1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。
例如：1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。
2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。
2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。
例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。
oxymoron例子
oxymoron例子
Oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个似乎相反或矛盾的词语组合在一起，产生出新的含义。
以下是一些常见的oxymoron例子：
1. 沉默的喧嚣（silent noise）
2. 活死人（living dead）
3. 真实的虚假（true lies）
4. 深浅相宜（deeply shallow）
5. 美丽的毁灭（beautiful destruction）
6. 光滑的粗糙（smooth roughness）
7. 冷静的狂热（calm frenzy）
8. 真诚的虚伪（sincere hypocrisy）
9. 真理的谎言（truthful lies）
10. 痛快的悲伤（joyful sorrow）
这些例子都是将两个看似相反的词语组合在一起，产生出新的含义，使读者产生一种矛盾、反差的感觉。
这种修辞手法常用于文学作品、广告语、口号等中，可以增加表达的效果和吸引读者的注意力。
矛盾修饰法oxymoron
引发读者思考
矛盾修饰法通过将两个相互矛盾的概念或事物放在一起，引发读者对事物的ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ入思考和探讨。这种修 辞方式能够激发读者的思考能力，使读者在阅读过程中获得更多的启示和感悟。
矛盾修饰法的构成
• 矛盾修饰法通常由两个相互矛盾的词语组成，这些词语在逻 辑上或语义上是相互冲突的。这种修辞手法通过将这两个词 语放在一起，产生一种独特的语言效果，以强调或表达某种 情感或意义。
矛盾修饰法的起源和历史
• 矛盾修饰法的起源可以追溯到古希腊和罗 马时期，但它的广泛应用是在文艺复兴时 期。随着时间的推移，这种修辞手法逐渐 成为英语文学和写作中常用的手法之一。
学习矛盾修饰法的意义
提高语言表达能力
学习矛盾修饰法有助于提高语言表达能力，使表达更加准 确、生动，增强沟通效果。
培养文学鉴赏能力
了解和掌握矛盾修饰法，能够更好地理解和欣赏文学作品 ，深入体会文学语言的魅力和美感。
拓展思维方式和表达能力
矛盾修饰法的运用需要具备创新思维和逆向思维能力，学习并 运用好这种修辞手法，能够拓展个人的思维方式和表达能力。
THANKS
感谢观看
矛盾修饰法（ Oxymoron
目录
• 矛盾修饰法的定义 • 矛盾修饰法的分类 • 矛盾修饰法的应用 • 矛盾修饰法的修辞效果 • 矛盾修饰法的例子 • 总结
01
CATALOGUE
矛盾修饰法的定义
什么是矛盾修饰法
• 矛盾修饰法是一种修辞手法，通 过将两个相互矛盾的词语放在一 起，产生一种独特的语言效果， 以强调或表达某种情感或意义。 这种修辞手法旨在引起读者的注 意，使语言更加生动、形象。
马哲-矛盾分析法
矛盾分析法分析金融危机
（一）辩证的唯物论 1.世界的物质统一性和多样性 辩证唯物主义的物质范畴及其意义。世界的统一 性在于物质性。物质世界是多样性的统一。自然 界的物质性与人类社会的物质性。坚持一切从实 际出发是彻底的唯物主义一元论的根本要求。
由于美国的房地产商和投资银行一味追求资金的 杠杆化，忽视了实际的潜在危险，成为了金融危 机的导火索。
2．认识的辩证运动 认识的感性形式和理性形式及其辩证关系。从感 性认识到理性认识。从理性认识到实践。认识对 实践的能动作用。 认识运动的不断反复和无限发展。主观和客观、 认识和实践的具体的历史的统一。 我们对这次危机的认识先是从感性的方面，看到 欧美股市大幅下跌，各大投行破产开始。到后来 渐渐认清了它的来龙去脉，上升到理性认识，并 在将来指导我们的实践活动。
3、矛盾的同一性在事物发展中的作用
• 矛盾双方的相互依存是事物存在的前提 • 矛盾双方相互吸收有利于自身的因素得 到发展； 到发展； • 矛盾双方的相互贯通规定事物发展的基 本趋势。 本趋势。
二、矛盾的普遍性和特殊性及其相互关系 矛盾的
矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾存在于一切事物 的发展过程中，事事有矛盾， 的发展过程中，事事有矛盾，矛盾无处不 在。 每一事物的发展过程中存在着自始至终 的矛盾运动，时时有矛盾，矛盾无时不有。 的矛盾运动，时时有矛盾，矛盾无时不有。
生产与销售 物价上涨 房价
2、矛盾同一性和斗争性的关系
矛盾的同一性和斗争性相互区别。 矛盾的同一性和斗争性相互区别。
△矛盾的同一性是有条件的、相对的 矛盾的同一性是有条件的、 △矛盾的斗争性是无条件的、绝对的 矛盾的斗争性是无条件的、 矛盾的同一性和斗争性又相互联结。 矛盾的同一性和斗争性又相互联结。 △同一之中有斗争，同一性不能离开斗争性而存在。 同一之中有斗争，同一性不能离开斗争性而存在。 △斗争之中有同一，斗争性也离不开同一性。 斗争之中有同一，斗争性也离不开同一性。
矛盾的英语作文手法摘抄
矛盾的英语作文手法摘抄Oxymoronic Expressions: A Literary Device of Paradox.Oxymoron, a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory terms, is a literary device employed to create a striking effect, provoke thought, and enhance the depth of expression. It presents a paradox, juxtaposing contrasting concepts and ideas, creating tension and inviting readers to reconcile the apparent contradiction. By deliberately pairing opposing elements, oxymorons challenge conventional logic and stimulatecritical thinking.A Deeper Dive into the Nature of Oxymorons.Oxymorons exist in various forms, each serving a specific purpose in literary and conversational contexts. Broadly, they can be classified into three main categories:1. Adjectival Oxymorons: These couple an adjective witha noun to express a contrasting quality. For instance, "deafening silence" portrays a silence that is paradoxically loud.2. Noun-Noun Oxymorons: This type combines two nouns that inherently contradict each other. An example would be "jumbo shrimp," where "jumbo" suggests large while "shrimp" implies small.3. Verb-Noun Oxymorons: Here, a verb is paired with a noun to create a contradictory image. "To park a car," for example, suggests a static action, while "park" typically denotes a place.The Power of Oxymorons in Literature and Beyond.Oxymorons exert a profound impact on literary works and extend beyond them into everyday language:1. Emphasis and Impact: By juxtaposing contrasting terms, oxymorons create a memorable and emphatic effect, drawing attention to the intended message or idea.2. Paradox and Reflection: They present paradoxes that challenge our assumptions and invite us to contemplate the complexities of life and language.3. Depth and Nuance: Oxymorons add depth and nuance to writing, allowing authors to express complex emotions, ideas, and experiences that defy simple categorization.4. Artistic License: In creative writing, oxymorons provide writers with artistic license to explore unconventional and imaginative combinations of words.5. Everyday Language: Oxymorons are not confined to literature; they also appear in everyday speech, such as "bittersweet" or "awfully kind."Examples of Oxymorons in Literature.Oxymorons have been employed masterfully by authors throughout literary history:"Parting is such sweet sorrow" (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)。
悖论的知识点
悖论的知识点
悖论（paradox），是指一句话表述看似矛盾的两个概念，但又表达着真理，含义无法解释却又具有可信性的一种思维行为，是一种完整的、有意义的句子，甚至可以说是智慧的事物。
在哲学上，悖论很盛行，常常被用来反映自然规律的矛盾。
它的做法就是两个思想相反，但又同时存在，像是知识和无知，神话和科学，也就是说两个简单的观点可以共存。
例如最古老的悖论：“我所说的一切都是假的”，它表
述了矛盾，但如果认为它说的都是假的，那么它是真的，而如果认为它所说的句子是真的，那么他就是假的。
这看上去矛盾，但它指出了对人们所认知的和感受到的真理的思考问题，它让人们思考自己如何判断真理，到底是谁说了真理，还或许还有什么是真理不是。
另一个例子就是“羊只吃草”。
这个悖论似乎在公认的
学问上很遥远，但它仍然暗示了另一个道理，它说的句子的意思是“人们的行为具有特殊现象，即吃草”，这不是一句普通的话，而是指出了一些社会中存在的真理，也是一种关于行为的思考。
悖论，虽然只是句子，但它仍然具有深远的意义，它反
映出人们思考和理解真理的方式，也引起了人们对思想的探索。
它不仅仅是一个普通的句子，而是有深刻启发性的，教给人们不要势必寻求简单的答案，而是在实际活动中学习用智慧去解决问题。
即使这些悖论有些看似无法解释，但它们仍然引发人们的思考，而且也是一种哲学思维。
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语言是生活的一面镜子，矛盾修辞法
是人的思想在一定的情况下充满矛盾和对
立的反映。
矛盾修辞手法的妙用在于揭示客观事
物的辩证规律，以及人们内心世界复杂心
理的矛盾和人生哲理。
表面上看，这种手法似乎不合情理， 相互矛盾，但仔细琢磨，则能领悟其深刻 的内在含意，给人耳目一新的感觉，具有 出奇制胜的艺术感染力。
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矛盾修辞法的构成及理解
由于矛盾修辞手法表层意思和深层含
义背离，理解矛盾修辞法有助于我们充分
领会文字或情感所暗含的复杂性。
下面主要就矛盾修辞法的结构形式以
及对它们的理解做一简单的介绍。
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在大多数的矛盾修辞法中, 两个看似矛盾的 词或词组紧密相联, 存在着修饰与被修饰, 说明与被说明的关系。但是在少数结构比如 形容词+ 形容词, 名词+ 名词的情况下, 这 种关系会弱化, 表现为并列的关系。从其构 成来看, 主要有以下几种方式:
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、
状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂 的思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
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(1) bitter-sweet memories
又苦又甜的回忆
(2) proud humility
不卑不亢
(3) a miserable, Merry Christmas
又悲又喜的圣诞节
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Definition
An Oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms.
在College English Book 中有这样一句:
“How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death ,”said Miss Melin, with her disagreeably pleasant laugh.
在这一句子中,disagreeably pleasant laugh 是矛盾修饰语,其中laugh 是关键词,这里laugh 同时具有disagreeable (令人不愉快的) 和 pleasant (愉快的) 两种性质,即她很愉快地笑 但却让别人很不愉快，所以可以理解成“自鸣 得意却令人讨厌的笑 ”。
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生活中cruel (心狠)和 kindness (仁慈) 就象一对形影不离的兄弟一样互为依存 “相辅相成“，它们之间是辩证关系。 过 于心狠就是残忍毒辣，过分仁慈又无异于 溺爱放纵，都会导致严重后果，不宜提倡。 “严师出高徒”、“娇惯出恶子”的事例 在生活中处处可见。 cruel kindness看起 来似乎是自相矛盾的，实质上揭示了现实 生活中对立而又统一的两种倾向! 两者表 面上是冲突的，实不尽然!
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这句话当中, parting 这一词既充满了 sweetness, 同时又充满了sorrow, 这两词 虽然是对立的, 但又融合在一起。
这种说法是也辩证的,是合乎人们生活逻辑 的, 我们也常说“苦中有甜,甜中有苦”和 “有苦有甜”等这样的话语。
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a wise fool（聪明的傻瓜）也不太难理解, 因为我们有“智者千虑必有一失,愚者千虑 必有一得”和“大智若愚”的说法。只要 对照一下,我们便会发现这些表达大同小异:
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2.形容词+ 形容词 用两种无法调和或意义相反的特征来描述一
件事情, 以产生某种强烈的语言效果。
a cold warm embrace 不冷不热的拥抱
a miserable and merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节 cold and pleasant manner 既冷淡又友好的态度 bad good news 令人沮丧的好消息 poor rich guys 精神贫穷的富人 精品课件
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1. 形容词+ 名词
这种偏正结构在矛盾修辞中最为常见，表现 了修饰词与被修饰的中心词之间既相互排斥 又合二为一的本质特征。
a pious fraud
虔诚的骗子 a wise fool 聪明的傻瓜 victorious defeat 胜利的失败
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cruel kindness 害人不浅的仁慈 painful pleasure 悲喜交集 living death 虽生犹死/半死不活
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Juliet….. Good night, good night, parting is
such sweet sorrow. (Shakespeare) 离别总是这样甜蜜的忧伤。 罗密欧与朱丽叶花园相会，私定终身，分
手时产生了一种欢乐与惆怅交错织的心情； 初恋是甜蜜的，而快亮了，两人得分开了， 这种离别又是痛苦的。这种悲喜交集、苦 甜参半的心理就是sweet sorrow.
A fool is sometimes wise or clear.
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victorious defeat 这个词的理解,相对来 说就难了一点,因为在我们每个人的常识和 概念中,失败就是失败,胜利就是胜利,两者 泾渭分明,毫不含糊。那么为什么原作者要 这么说呢?
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在这个词语中defeat 是肯定的,而 victorious 可能是原作者(或当事人) 的 态度,认为失败是失败了,但失败之中可能 还包含着许多胜利因素,这里着重指精神方 面的(道义的) ,比如:失败者的精神状态、 风度、失败者在失败过程中的表现,对周围 人或事的影响等等。
Chapter 7
Oxymoron Paradox 矛盾修辞法
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英语矛盾修辞法比较复杂，可以从不同的 侧面进行分析研究。从形式上看，英语矛 盾修辞法可以分为两种：
一是浓缩型condensed type, 二是舒展型enlarged type
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浓缩型
Oxymoron 对立统一矛盾修辞