现代语言学考试大纲
语言学概论课程考试大纲
《语言学概论》课程考试大纲第一部课程大体信息1、课程名称：语言学概论2、课程性质：本科专业必修课3、周学时/学分：2/24、讲课对象：汉语言文学专业本科二年级学生五、考核方式：期末考试六、成绩评定方式：期末考试卷面成绩占总成绩的80%，平时作业占20%第二部份考核内容一、绪论（一）大体要求熟悉语言学概论课程的性质和语言学的研究对象、大体任务，初步了解语言学的研究方式、大体分类和主要流派，和语言学的学科地位。
（二）考试内容一、普通语言学的含义和主要研究领域；二、应用语言学的性质和主要研究领域；3、古代哲学家对语言的研究；4、古代的语言本体研究；五、历史比较语言学的产生；六、普通语言学的产生；7、索绪尔的主要贡献；八、社会语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学等语言学新学派的产生；九、语言学和文学的关系；10、语言学在历史学和考古学中的应用；1一、语言学研究在语言计划中的作用；1二、语言学研究与计算机科学。
（三）知识点一、语言学；二、普通语言学；3、理论语言学；4、应用语言学；五、传统语言学；六、结构主义语言学。
二、语言（一）大体要求理解语言的含义；熟悉语言的性质；初步熟悉组合关系和聚合关系；熟悉语言的社会功能，理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具和在社会生活中的重要作用，和语言作为一种特殊社会现象的内涵，了解语言与思维的关系。
（二）考试内容一、语言和言语的区别；二、任何符号，包括语言符号都是形式和意义的统一体；3、语言符号的强制性；4、语言符号的可变性；五、语言是一个系统；六、语言系统的各个子系统的系统性是不平衡的；7、语言是系统具有相对的封锁性和自主性；八、语言系统的层次性；九、组合关系的含义；10、聚合关系的含义；1一、组合关系和聚合关系的关系。
（三）知识点语言、言语、语言符号、组合关系、聚合关系、语言的层级性、二重性、强制性三、语音大体要求通过本章的学习，理解语音的各类性质，了解描述元音和辅音发音特征的方式，理解音位学的大体理论和音位分析的大体原则并能够运用，了解音位组合和韵律特征的大体形式，提高熟悉语音现象的能力。
自考现代汉语语法研究考试大纲1
自考《现代汉语语法学》考试大纲一、课程性质和学习目的“现代汉语语法学”是中文专业本科阶段的选修课。
本课程主要介绍现代汉语语法研究的基本理论和方法以及如何应用它们分析现代汉语的事实。
自学考试者应较系统地了解汉语语法学简史、汉语语法特点、语法形式和语法意义、构成句义的因素、词的分类问题、主宾语问题、歧义句问题、语法结构及语义结构等方面的基本理论知识, 了解层次分析、变换分析、语义格分析、语义指向分析等基本研究方法, 并能运用这些理论和方法分析汉语的语法现象。
本课程教材内容共十一章, 其中第五章关于词的分类问题、第七章关于层次分析法及有关问题、第八章关于句式的变换问题和第九章语法结构和语义结构是重点章。
第十一章为可选章, 可让学生自行阅读。
其余章为一般章。
二、自学内容和考核目标第一章语法和语法学一、基本要求通过本章的学习, 了解语法这一概念、语法所包含的内容和语法学的简史, 特别是了解汉语语法学经历了草创模仿、探索革新、振兴繁荣三个历史时期。
二、考核目标和考核要求（一）识记:1.国外语法学经历了传统语法、历史比较语法、描写语法、转换生成语法四个阶段；2.我国语法学只有一百年历史，可分为三个阶段。
一是草创、模仿时期(1898-1936，)，代表作有两部：①马建忠的《马氏文通》，它是我国第一部系统完整的语法着作。
其核心是“词本位”。
②黎锦熙的《新着国语文法》，这是第一部以白话文为描述对象的语法体系，其特点是“句本位”。
二是探索革新时期(1936一1949)，反对简单模仿，利用西方语法理论寻找汉语语法特点，最有代表性的着作有三：①王力的《中国现代语法》、《中国语法理论》；②吕叔湘的《中国文法要略》；③高名凯的《汉语语法论》。
三是振兴、繁荣时期(1949一现在)，解放初期出版了最具特色的两本着作：①吕叔湘、朱德熙的《语法修辞讲话》；丁声树等着《现代汉语语法讲话》。
拨乱反正后又出版了几种重要专着，如吕叔湘主编的《现代汉语八百词》、他的《现代语法分析问题》，朱德熙的《语法讲义》、《现代汉语语法研究》、《语法答问》等。
809语言学与现代汉语考试大纲
809语言学与现代汉语考试大纲注意：本大纲为参考性考试大纲，是考生需要掌握的基本内容。
主要考察知识点：现代汉语部分基本要求：掌握本门课程的基本概念；了解和掌握一些相关现象或内容之间的关系；结合实际能运用所学理论方法分析具体语言问题。
主要考察知识点：一、绪论语言的本质和功能、语言学流派、语言的结构类型和普遍特征、亲属语言与谱系分类语言的演变（语言演变的原因和特点）语言的分化和接触：语言分化的结果、语言接触的五种类型。
语言系统自身的发展。
现代汉语、共同语和方言、现代汉语的特点、现代汉语规范化。
二、语音语音学部分（语音的物理属性和语音的生理属性）：语音四要素、音素、元音和辅音、发音部位和发音方法、舌面元音、《汉语拼音方案》、元音和辅音的区别、元音和辅音的发音原理、声母和韵母、声调、调值和调类、音节的结构分析、声韵配合规律、各种音变（轻声、儿化、啊的变读等）。
三、文字世界文字的分类和特点、发展与传播汉字、汉字的性质、汉字的构造、汉字的形体、汉字的整理和标准化。
四、词汇词、词汇、语素/字和词的关系、词的构成方式、词义的性质和构成、语境与词义，义素义项、语义场、同义词、反义词、词义的演变、词义的聚合、基本词汇与一般词汇、方言词、外来词、古语词、熟语、词汇的发展变化与规范词汇和词义的演变五、语法语法、语法单位、语法的性质、词类及其划分标准，不同词类的区别、词的兼类与活用，短语及其类型、多义短语、句子成分、句类、句型、连谓句、兼语句、存现句、把字句、被字句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、陈述句、句子的分析方法（成分分析法、层次分析法）、句子结构的常见问题、复句、单句和复句的区分、复句的类型、多重复句的分析、句群、复句与句群的关系。
语法的演变六、修辞修辞、常见辞格、修辞与语境、修辞与语音/词汇/语法的关系、句式的选择、常见辞格的关系（如比喻和比拟、对偶和对比）、辞格的综合运用语言学部分基本要求：掌握本门课程的基本概念；了解和掌握一些相关现象或内容之间的关系；结合实际能运用所学理论方法分析具体语言问题。
语言学提纲（学生）
语⾔学提纲（学⽣）语⾔学复习I. Define the following terms 名词解释1. allomorphs2.suprasegmental features3. The semantic triangle4.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)5. phonemic contrast (give an example)6. context7. sense8. relational opposites (give an example)9. perlocutionary act10. ReferenceII．Answer the following questions. 回答问题1. Take the following pairs of words:kill coal / kin cone / kit coatThe k in the first column is not identical with that in the second since its point of articulation is different: it is a forward k whereas the other is a backward k.How do phoneticians and linguists view this difference?Consider now the following pairs:cap gap / came game / coal goalHow do linguists view this difference?2. Sometimes a grammatically correct sentence can make no sense. For example: Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple. Q: How can you explain this phenomenon? (You should answer this Q by mentioning sentence meaning, grammaticality and selectional restriction.) Then analyze this sentence.3. Q: What are the four maxims of Cooperative Principle?Consider the following conversation:A: Where is Jack?B: He?s gone to the library. He said so when he left.Q: Which maxim does B’s response violate? What possible conversational implicature does B’s words have?III. Choice1. Antonyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?A. complementaryB. relationalC. polysemic2. In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?” isa __________.A. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication3. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with4. Y?s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner5. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the same thing. The words are__________ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. There are di fferent types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form7. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __________.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing8. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called __________.B. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics9. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is __________ phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three10. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed”past tense, and “-ing”progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also __________.A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones11. The famous quotation from Shakespeare?s play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates _______.A. the arbitrariness of languageB. the productivity of languageC. the duality of languageD. the cultural transmission of language12.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. rcudB. bkilC. echtD. gnav13. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language at some point of time in history.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative14.______ is NOT a design feature of human language.A. Cultural transmissionB. DisplacementC. Duality of structureD. Prescriptivism15. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ______.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative16. The illocutionary point of the ______ is to commit the speaker to something?s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. directives17. Which following pair of antonyms belong to complementary antonyms?A. good : badB. hit : missC. lend : borrowD. above : below18. Which of the following sentences doesn?t belong to one-place predication?A. The room is small.B. Is he making any trouble?C. It is raining heavily.D. The flower grows well.19. The relationship between furniture and wardrobe is ______.A. HyponymyB. SynonymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy20. Conjunctions, prepositions, article, and pronouns consists of the grammatical word,they can be called ______.A. open class wordB. bound morphemesC. free morphemesD. closed class wordIV. Fill in the blanks (The first letter is given) 10%1. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, l________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; p is its realization inactual use. This distinction is similar to the distinction between c________ and p________, proposed by Chomsky.2. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d________.3. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called s________.4. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called Syntax .5. C________ are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable; p________ are sentences that don?t statea fact or describe a state and are not verifiable.6. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete h________.7. Clear l and dark l are a________ of the same one phoneme /1/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.8. A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.9. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with anyo________ when a sound is produced.10.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b________ morphemes.11.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .12.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c________ and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.13. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of r_______ opposites.14. R________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.15. Conversational i________may arise as a result of a speaker?s violation of the cooperative principle.V. Judge whether the following statements are T/F 10%( ) 1.A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.( ) 2. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.( ) 3. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.( ) 4. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.( ) 5. Beat and bit are not a minimal pair.( ) 6. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. ( ) 7. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( ) 8. The maxim of quality requires that a participant?s contribution be relevant to the conversation.( ) 9. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.( ) 10. The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.( ) 11. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( ) 12. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.( ) 13. A compound is the combination of only two words.( ) 14. The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( ) 15. The smallest meaningful unit of language is word.( ) 16. If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark [l], but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else. ( ) 17. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”.( ) 18. The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference.( ) 19. The maxim of quality requires that a participant?s contribution be relevant to the conversation..( ) 20. Sentence meaning is concrete and context-independent .KEYSIV. Define the following terms （5*5分=25%）I．定义题1. Allomorphs: The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorph. For example, the morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms: a before a word that begins with a consonant and an before a word that begins witha vowel: an orange, an hour; a building, a minute. So a, an are the allomorph of the morpheme indefiniteness2. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units are syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation and tone.3. The semantic triangle: There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to(i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concept in the mind. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards.4. The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but have to be taught and learned. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct, a feature which animals do not have.5. Phonetically similar sounds can form a contrast if they are two distinctive phonemes. Such pair of sounds can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, and they are in phonemic contrast. For example, /p/ in rope and /b/ in robe are in phonemic contrast as the two similar sounds are in the same position yet distinguish meaning.6. Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, and is considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use and the knowledge about the world.7. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all features of the linguistic form and is abstract and decontextualized.8. As a form of antonymy, relational opposites refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items such as doctor and patient.9. Perlocutioary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying sth; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by say something.10. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.II．回答问题1. To the phonetician, the two k-s are not the same, since in the first column the k is followed by a front vowel and in the second by a back vowel.To the linguists, the difference is of secondary importance since to substitute a forward k for a b ackward k won?t cause the difference of the meaning, so they are not separate phonemes but so called allophones of the k phoneme.However, in the second case, we can seen a clear phonetic difference: that between a voiced and voiceless plosive at the same point. But to linguists, this difference is of vital importance. K and g are distinctive phonemes, and differentiate betweenmeaning.2. The meaning of a sentence has two parts: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. Grammatical meaning refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Semantic meaning is governed by selectional restrictions, constraints on what lexical items can go with others. Thus, some sentences may be grammatically correct, but may not be semantically meaningful, as they violate the selectional restrictions.In Sincerity shook hands with a brown apple, although this sentence is grammatically well-formed, it is obvious that it violates selectional restrictions. How can sincerity shake hands? How can one shake hands with a brown apple? How can an apple have brown color?3. There are four maxims under Cooperative Principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner.B?s response violates the maxim of quantity, which includes “Do not make your contribution more informative than is required”. B?s response has two parts. In fact, only the first part is enough to answer A?s question, but B has said the second part. He wants to imply that he is not sure whether Jack has really gone to the library because it is only what Jack told him.IV、填空题1. langue parole competence performance2. descriptive3. superordinate4. syntax5. constatives performatives6. homonyms7. allophone complementary 8. root 9. obstructed 10. bound 11. predication 12. context 13. relational 14. Reference 15. implicature。
812《语言学综合知识》考试大纲
中国传媒大学硕士研究生入学考试《语言学综合知识》考试大纲一、考试的总体要求本考试大纲适用于报考中国传媒大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生的入学考试。
考试的目的为考查学生掌握语言学的基本知识，并通过所获得的知识加深对语言的理解及增强对英语及其它语言中一些语言现象的观察和分析的能力。
语言学综合知识的主要内容包括：语言学导论、语音、词汇、语法、语义、语用、语言与心理、语言与社会、语言与计算机、语言学与语言教学、二语习得、现代语言学理论与流派等等。
考试的具体要求为：考生应熟练掌握语言学理论的基本概念、基本原理、主要理论流派及其理论观点；了解语言学核心领域及其边缘领域的发展；初步具备综合运用所学理论知识以分析具体语言现象、解决实际问题的能力。
二、考试的内容第一章语言学导论1.语言的定义2.语言的特征3.语言的功能4.语言学的主要分支学科第二章语音1．发音器官及其功能2. 元音和辅音的特征及分类3. 语音分类及变化4. 音位和音位变体5. 语音的识别特征6. 超音段音位第三章词汇1.词的概念2.词的分类3.词的构成4.词的变化第四章语法1. 语法的性质2.语法研究的内容3.语法形式和语法意义4.语法单位的聚合和组合第五章语义1.“意义”的意义2. 指称论3. 涵义关系4. 成分分析5. 句子的逻辑语义第六章语用1. 语境2. 句子意义和话语意义3. 所指意义4. 指示、回指、预设5. 言语行为理论6. 会话原则及会话含义7. 礼貌原则第七章语言和社会1.语言的起源和发展2.语言变异3.双语现象和多语现象4.语言民俗学5.标准语和方言第八章语言和心理1.语言和思维的关系2. 语言能力和语言获得3. 语言和人的认知活动4. 语言和民族文化意识第九章语言和计算机1. 语言和计算机2. 计算机辅助语言学习3. 机器翻译4. 语料库语言学5. 信息检索6. 网络语言第十章外语教学1. 外语教学法流派2. 外语教学方法和模式3．语言教学和言语教学4. 建构主义外语教学论第十一章现代语言学理论与流派1. 索绪尔与现代语言学的关系2. 欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）3. 美国结构主义4. 乔姆斯基与转换生成语法5. 伦敦学派6. 韩礼德与系统功能语法三、考试的基本题型主要题型可能有：填空题、术语解释题、判断题、选择题、分析题、简答题、论述题等。
自考英语本科 《现代语言学》 复习大纲
C h a p t e r1I n t r o d u c t i o n绪论what is linguistics?定义 definitionLinguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguisticsa. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
b. The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch oflinguistics called phonetics.语音学How speech sounds are produced and classified.c. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. phonology音位学/ 音系学交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the branchof study called morphology.形态学how morphemes are combined to form words.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。
语言学考试范围
Front vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ✌ ] [ ]central vowel [ : ] [ ☜ ] [ ✈ ]back vowels [ u: ] [ ☺ ] [ : ] [ ] [α: ]Close vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ u: ] [ ☺ ]Semi-close vowel [ e ] [: ]Semi-open vowels[ ☜ ] [ : ]Open vowels[ ✌ ] [ ] [ ✈ ] [ ][ : ]Stop （Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]Nasal 鼻音[m][n] [ŋ]Fricative 擦音[f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]Approximant 中通音[ j ] [r] [w]Lateral 边通音[l]Trill 颤音[r]Tap and Flap 触音Affricate 塞擦音[t∫] [dЗ]Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited.E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is ______.A.arbitraryB. rule-governe . combined D. illogical2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _____.A.creativeB. arbitraryC. understandableD. unique3. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A.DualityB. DisplacementC. CreativityD. Arbitrariness4. By ____ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD. interpersonal5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivitC.Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by __________.A.HallidaB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussur1./m,n/ are ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximantD. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximant中通音D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A.[i]B. [u]C. [a:]D. [i:]4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT ________.A.the position of the tongueB.theopennessof the mouthC.the shape of the lipD.the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ________.A.phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are ________.A.fricativesB. affricatesC. approximantD. stop7. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of ________.nguage universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs8. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a ______vowel.A.backB. frontC. unroundedD. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_____.A.[f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A.[m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.MinimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones12. [i:], [i], [e] are all ________ vowels.A.frontB. centralC. backD. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A.[m]B. [p]C. [w]D. [v]14. There are ________ nasals in English.A.oneB. twoC. threeD. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectiveC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph3. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. basketballC. icy-coldD. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books6. The word “irresistible” is _________ .A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful9. Of the following word-formation processes, ___is the most productive.A. conversionB. blendingC. compoundD. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ____morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational11. The word “motherboard”is ___________.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compounded oneD. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is __________ .A. a clipped oneB. a blended onC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of ___________. (2005)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008)A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3.. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________ .A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above4.The syntactic component provides the ________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _________ .(2005)A.John SearleB.John AustiC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. Halliday2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _________ .(2006)A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _______ .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn’t it?In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5.. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.B’s answer violates maxim of __________ .quantity quality manner relation8. _____________ act expresses the intention of the speaker.Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _____________ .quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _________ when an utterance is made.the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”___________. ”This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of __________.The maxim of quality The maxim of relevanceThe maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT __locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ________. (2006)dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called __________ . (2008)hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is ________.synonymous inconsistent X entailing YX presupposing Y18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of __________ .HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is ______. dialectal synonymsstylistic synonymscollocational synonymssemantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy22. “fall” and “autumn” are ___________ synonyms.dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of __________.humor sarcasm ridiculeall of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _______.synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as __________.+ animate, - human, + adult, + male.+ animate, + human, - adult, + male.+ animate, + human, + adult, - male.+ animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”?Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called __________.relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _________.conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by __________.lexical itemsa grammatical structure homonymy polysemy4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are ___________.synonyms differing in emotive meaningdialectal synonymscollocationally restricted synonymssynonyms differing in stylesponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _________.phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。
609语言学理论与现代汉语语音、文字、词汇考试大纲
黑龙江大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲考试科目名称：语言学理论与现代汉语语音、文字、词汇考试科目代码：[609]一、考试要求1．熟练掌握语言学基础知识，能运用所掌握的语言学原理解释语言现象，分析语言学问题。
2．《现代汉语》是高等院校汉语言文学专业的一门基础课、必修课。
本课程既是有汉语基础理论和基本知识，又有汉语规范和技能训练内容。
包括现代汉语概况，语音学的原理、语音知识及汉字的性质、作用和结构；现代汉语语素、词和构词法等词汇学知识；现代汉语组词造句的规则和有关的语法知识以及标点符号的用法；词语和句式的选用、常用的修辞方式和文体风格等。
要求学生能熟练掌握本课程的系统基础理论和基本知识，有较强基本技能和理解、分析、运用现代汉语的能力；能够将语言知识融会贯通，理论联系实际；能解答现代汉语实践中的基本问题，具有从事汉语研究的坚实基础。
二、考试内容第一部分语言学理论导言1．语言学的相关基本概念：语言言语语言学2．语言学的研究对象和任务3．语言学基本分类情况4．语言学的基本流派及相关知识5．语言学发展的历史6．语言的在现代科学体系中的地位7．语言学的功用第一章语言的社会功能第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具1．语言的作用2．语言与说话的关系3．语言是一种特殊的社会现象4．语言与社会的关系5．语言是人类最重要的交际工具第二节语言是思维的工具1．语言和思维的关系2．语言的民族性与思维能力的关系第二章语言是符号系统第一节语言符号的性质和特点1．相关概念：任意性线条性二层性2．符号的构成3．符号与征候4．符号的本质特征5．语言符号的构成6．语言符号的特点第二节语言符号的系统性1．语言符号的层级体系（语言的二层性、语言系统的组成）2．语言系统的运转3．组合关系4．聚合关系第三节语言系统是人类特有的1．语言能力的构成2．人类语言与动物“语言”的本质区别第三章语音第一节语音的基础知识1．语音第二节音响1．语音的四要素2．语音四要素的决定因素及其在不同语言的语音系统中的作用 3．音素、音素的划分角度及分类4．音标及音标的分类5．国际音标、国际音标的制定原则及特点。
语言学复习提纲
语言学复习提纲6.Pragmatics复习提纲1.Pragmatics:(term):the study of language in use(the study of speaker meaning).2.Micropragmatics:(term):to study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts.3.Macropragmatics:(term): these studies look deep into the mechanisms by which speakers/writers encode their message in skillful ways and how hearers/readers arrive at the intended meanings in spite of the differences between the literal meaning and the intended meaning. This approach of study is called….4. Reference(term):in Pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something.5.Deixis(term):in all language there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called…, which means “pointing” via language.6. five types of deixis:●Person deixis(e.g.):me, you, him, and them.●Time deixis(e.g.):now, then, tonight, last week, this year.●Space/spatial/place deixis(e.g.):here, there, yonder.●Discourse deixis(e.g.):in the previous/next paragraph, or have you heard this joke?●Social dei xis(e.g.):professor Li, Li Jie7.Anaphora(term):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.8. Presupposition(term)：assumptions by the speaker or writer.9.Presupposition triggers:●Definitive description(e.g.):he saw the man with two heads→there exists a man with twoheads.●Factive verbs(e.g.):he realized that he was in debt.●Change of state verbs(e.g.):he began to beat her husband.●Lteratives(e.g.):the flying saucer came again.●T emporal clauses(e.g.):while he was revolutionizing linguistics.●Cleft sentences(e.g.):it was he that kissed her.●Comparisons and contrasts(e.g.):he is a better linguist than him.10.Speech act(term)actions performed via utterance.11. locutionary act (term) the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterancee.g. there is not enough fresh air in here.12. Illocutionary act (term)the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaninge.g. the hearer to open the window13.per locutionary act(term)the effect of the utterance on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances.e.g. the hearer′s opening the window or his refusal to do so14. classification of illocutionary acts●Representatives:e.g.:the earth is flat/it wa s a warm sunny day/Chomsky did not write aboutmusic.●Directives e.g.:gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black/could you lend me a pen,please?/do nottouch that●Commissives e.g.:I will be back/I am going to get it right next time/we will not do that●Express ives e.g.:I am really sorry/congratulations/oh, yes, great,mmm, ssahh●Declarations e.g.:6.3.2 The Cooperative principle6.3.2.1 The Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则一定要完整地背下来，分析实例时要以各准则为标准分析会话含义*****要会评价合作原则，它的优势与弊端，书中能找到论述，结合礼貌原则进行评论。
现代语言学自考 pdf
现代语言学自考一、语言学基础语言学基础是现代语言学自考的重要组成部分，主要包括语言学的定义、语言学的研究对象、语言学的分支学科等内容。
学生需要掌握语言学的基本概念、基本理论和基本方法，为后续深入学习打下坚实的基础。
二、语音学与音系学语音学与音系学是研究语言的发音、音素、音节、音韵等规律的学科。
学生需要掌握语音的发音机制、音素的分类与区别、音节的结构与变化、音韵的规则与变化等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言的语音现象。
三、形态学形态学是研究语言中词汇的构成与变化的学科。
学生需要掌握词素、词根、词缀等基本概念，了解词汇的构成方式与变化规律，能够正确地分析和描述语言的词汇现象。
四、句法学句法学是研究语言的句子结构与变化的学科。
学生需要掌握句子的基本结构、句法规则、句型变化等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言的句子结构现象。
五、语义学语义学是研究语言中词汇和句子的意义与变化的学科。
学生需要掌握语义的基本概念、语义关系、语义变化等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言的语义现象。
六、语用学语用学是研究语言在实际运用中的意义与功能的学科。
学生需要掌握语境、话语、交际等基本概念，了解语言在实际运用中的功能与意义，能够正确地分析和描述语言的语用现象。
七、社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素的相互关系的学科。
学生需要掌握社会因素对语言的影响、语言的社会功能与变化等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言的社会现象。
八、第二语言习得研究第二语言习得研究是研究人们如何学习第二语言的学科。
学生需要掌握第二语言学习的过程、影响因素、学习方法等内容，能够正确地分析和描述第二语言学习的现象。
九、语言习得理论语言习得理论是研究人们如何习得语言的学科。
学生需要掌握语言习得的基本理论、习得机制、习得过程等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言习得的现象。
十、认知语言学认知语言学是研究语言与认知关系的学科。
学生需要掌握认知的基本概念、认知语言学的理论与方法等内容，能够正确地分析和描述语言与认知的关系。
现代语言学_自考本科00830
Chapter 1——1
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
Competence and performance
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter 1——2
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Sapir uses “ideas” “emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.
语言学考试期末复习大纲
the number of words in a language is relatively finite but their possible combination is infinite.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistic is the systematic(or scientific)study of languagePhonetics发音学，语音学is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds.Phonology音位（系）学is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Morphology形态学语法is the study of the formation of words or the study of the internal structures of the form of words.Syntax句法is the study of the arrangements of words in a sentence. Semantics语义学is the study of the meaning of language.Semantic field语义场refers to the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. 比如杯子，大杯子放在一起就是语场Synonyms are words that are close in meaning.Antonymy: oppositeness of meaningMeronymy部分整体关系：part/whole relationship.Hyponymy上下义关系refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word（E.g. Superordinate: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily）Homonymy: 同音异义words having different meanings have the same form.E.g. ball.Polysemy: 多义性the same one word may have more than one meaning. E.g. tableLanguage function:谁提出的：Finch1. Physiological function生理功能2. Phatic function 寒暄功能3. Recording function 记录功能4. Identifying function 辨别功能5. Reasoning function 推理功能6. Communicating function交流功能7. Pleasure function 娱乐功能Metafunctions of Language纯理功能Ideational function （概念功能）Interpersonal function （人际功能）Textual function （语篇功能）Some Important Distinctions on LinguisticsLangue and Parole语言和言语（语言是抽象的系统，言语是具体化的）Prescriptive and Descriptive描述性和规定性linguistics is descriptive, Synchronic and Diachronic共识性和历时性Speech and Writing 口语和书面语Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic（横）组合和（纵）组合P33Competence and Performance语言能力（内置规则）和语言行为（说话）Functionalism and Formalism语言功能主义和语言形式主义How to define Langue and parole, Competence and performance? Saussure made the distinction: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Saussure ChomskyDefinition langue competenceparole performanceDifference Sociological view Psychological viewSimilarity Linguists should study abstract langue or competence, not parole or performance,which is too varied and haphazard.Modern Linguistic VS. Traditional GrammarModern linguistics is descriptive not prescriptive.Modern linguistics regard the spoken language as primary, not the written. Modern linguistics is usually synchronic rather than diachronic.Use of languagePragmatics语用学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学psycholinguistics- the relationship between language and the mind心里语言学sociolinguistics- the relationship between language and society社会语言学applied linguistics-the study of applications of linguistic findings, such as to language learning and teaching应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学The history of linguistics1：The structural linguistics Saussure2：Mentalistic linguistics Noam Chomsky3：Functional linguistics M.A.K Halliday1：According to Saussure‟s idea: Language is a system. Language is a form Influenced by his ideas there appeared different structural linguists such as the “ Prague School” , the “ Copenhagen School”The most influential structural linguist was the American linguist L. Bloomfield He believed that the task for linguist is to describe all the language materials observable objectively and systematically. Language forms or structures should be the focus while the meaning is neglected.2：Chomsky rejected the structural approach to language description.Language is a system that relates meaning to substance.Language is a mental phenomenon.Language is innate and human-specific.Language is universal.3:The functionalists look at language from a functional point of view. They are more concerned with what speakers do with language.Noam Chomsky, born in 1928 ,Philadelphia, US, He was the American linguist and political activist who founded the Transformational-Generative Grammar. He also made distinction between competence and performance.Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist whose ideas on Structure in language laid the foundation for much of the approach of the linguistic science in the 20th century.In 1916 his students published a book “Course in General linguistics”, in which he made an important distinction between langue and parole.M.A.K. Halliday was the British linguist who viewed language basically as a social phenomenon.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: (i) The ideational function---A symbolic code to represent the world(ii) The interpersonal function---A medium to get along in a community(iii) The textual function---To organize messages to form a text非常重要articulatory phonetics 发音语音学It is the primary concern in linguistics.Voiced 浊音& Voiceless清音voiced,consonants: [d, b, g, d ,m, n, ŋ, , z, , l, r, w, j].English has more voiced than voiceless sounds.Vowels: 元音In the production of them, the air stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth.Consonants: In the production of them, it is somehow obstructed.How do we classify the English consonants?1：Manner of articulation (发音方式）2：places of articulation(发音部位）1：The way in which a speech sound is produced by the speechorgans. There are different ways of producing speech sounds.With consonants the air stream may bestopped and released suddenly ( a stop), e.g. /t/allowed to escape with friction (a fricative), e.g./f/stopped and then released slowly with friction(an affricate), /t /The vocal cords may be vibrating (a voiced speech sound)or not (a voiceless speech sound).With vowels, in addition to the position of the tongue in themouth, the lips may berounded (收圆）, e.g. for /u/, /u:/Spread （展开）, e.g. for /i/, /i:/classified into the following types:Plosives : [p] [b] [t ] [d] [k] [ɡ]Nasals鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ]Fricatives摩擦音: [f] [v] [s] [z] [ø] [ ] [h]Affricates:塞擦音[ t ] [ d ]Approximants无擦通音: Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [ j] [w]Trills & Taps: [r]2：places of articulation can be classified into the following types:Bilabial双唇塞音: [p], [b], [m]Labiodental:唇齿音[f], [v]Dental:齿音[ø], [ ]Alveolar齿槽音: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l] , [r]Palatal:上颚音[j, , , t , d ]Velar: 软腭音[k], [g], [ŋ], [w]Glottal:喉音[h]In what ways do vowels differ from each other?1. According to the openness of the mouth, thereare:open,, semi-open, semi-close & close vowels.2. According to the retraction and extension of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as:back vowels, central & front vowels.3. According to the shape of the lips, there are:rounded & unrounded vowels.4. According to the length of the vowels, there are:long & short vowels.重要：转换生存语法谁提的Transformational generative Grammar(TG）：ChomskyIt is a theory of grammar including phonology音位学and semantics语义学, but Syntax is its core component.Its two main aspects: 1.generative aspect ( This means that a grammar must …generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language and 2.transformational aspect. (This refers actually to a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another.)重要Deep structure is the abstract structure and can be said to be the propositional core of the sentence.is its basic structure both semantically语义and syntactically句法. From it we can derive surface structure.It shows the basic form of sentence with all the necessary information to derive a well-formed sentence, and to give it a phonological representation and semantic interpretation.It is generated by phrase structure rules.Surface structure is the actually produced structure.is the form that people can actually say. They are the result of the operation of transformations on deep structure.Surface structure must undergo phonetic interpretation in order to correspond to its general sense, e.g. turning “be+en+V” into “has been repaired.”Semantics语义学7个types：conceptual meaning概念意义（字典中的）connotative meaning内涵social meaning社会affective meaning情感reflective meaning反映This is the meaning when we associate one sense of an expressionwith another.E.g. “dear” in certain context is used in the sense “expensive” but also alludes to “beloved”collocative meaning组合This refers to what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.E.g. “pretty” and “handsome”Both words share a similar conceptual meaning “good-looking”, they habitually collocate with different sets of nouns, such as pretty girl and handsome boy.thematic meaning主位The meaning difference between “tomorrow I plan to have an outing” and “I plan to have an outing tomorrow” is in that they focus on different aspects and tend to occur in different contexts.从内涵意义到最后一个都属于联想意义associative meaning.语义三角Semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards.它属于传统approachThought/conceptSymbol/Form…………………referent参考对象，所指事物Problem: The link between the symbol and the concept remains unclarified.3个approaches to meaningThe Traditional ApproachThe Functional ApproachThe Pragmatic ApproachSemantic field语义场Semantic relations between lexemes词位，词素Synonymy and Antonymy同义词和反义词Meronymy and Hyponymy部分整体关系，上下义关系Polysemy and Homonymy多义性，同音异义Semantic analysis语义分析Componential analysis成分分析Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of SEMANTIC COMPONENTS. E.g. “man” is analyzed as+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.Predication analysis述谓分析Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It consists of arguments中项(logical participants) and predicate 谓语(a relational element).Is the baby sleeping? Its predication can be written as: BABY (SLEEP)Tautology & Metaphor 赘述&隐喻。
《现代汉语和语言学理论》考试大纲
2011年语言学及应用语言学专业专业基础课《现代汉语和语言学理论》考试大纲Ⅰ考查目标《现代汉语和语言学理论》综合考查学生现代汉语、语言学理论等专业知识。
要求考生系统掌握《现代汉语》和《语言学概论》课程的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法，尤其注重运用所学基本理论、基本知识、基本方法分析和解决有关理论问题和实际问题。
Ⅱ考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷内容结构现代汉语100分语言学理论50分四、试卷题型结构（一）现代汉语：简答题2小题，每小题10分，共20分综合分析题共80分（二）语言学理论：简答题3小题，每小题10分，共30分综合分析题共20分Ⅲ考查范围现代汉语考查目标现代汉语考试范围覆盖黄伯荣、廖序东主编《现代汉语》(增订4版)各部分内容。
要求考生系统掌握现代汉语的基本概念、基本事实和基本理论，了解现代汉语的发展趋势。
能够运用现代汉语的基本理论和方法，分析语言事实，阐释语言问题。
考查范围一、现代汉语概述（一）什么是现代汉语（二）现代汉民族共同语（三）现代汉语方言（四）现代汉语的特点（五）现代汉语的地位二、汉语规范化和推广普通话（一）汉语规范化（二）推广普通话二、语音（一）语音概述1.语音的性质2.语音单位（二）声母1. 声母的发音2. 声母辨正（三）韵母1. 韵母的发音2. 韵母辨正（四）声调1. 调值和调类2. 普通话声调3．古今调类比较4. 声调辨正（五）音节1. 音节结构2. 拼音和音节拼写规则（六）音变1.变调2.轻声3.儿化4．语气词"啊"的音变（七）音位1.音位及其归纳方法、归纳标准2.音位变体3.普通话音位（八）语音规范化1.确立正音标准2.推广普通话三、文字（一）文字和汉字的定义（二）汉字的形体和结构1.现行汉字的形体2.汉字的结构单位（三）汉字整理和标准化、规范化1.汉字改革3.汉字的标准化4.纠正错别字四、词汇（一）词汇、词汇单位和词的结构1.词汇2.词汇单位3.构词类型（二）词义的性质和构成1.词义的性质2.词义的构成3.词义的理解和词的运用（三）词义的分解和聚合1义项2.义素3.语义场4.同义义场和反义义场（四）词义和语境1. 语境对解释词义的作用2. 语境对词义的影响（五）现代汉语词汇的组成1基本词汇和一般词汇2.古语词、方言词、外来词3.行业语、隐语（六）熟语1成语2.惯用语3.歇后语（七）词汇发展和词汇规范化1词汇的发展变化2.词汇的规范化（八）词语解释五、语法（一）语法概述1.语法和语法体系2.语法的性质2.语法单位和句法成分（二）词类1.词类的划分2.实词和实词的误用3.虚词和虚词的误用（三）短语1.短语及其分类2.短语的结构类型3.短语的功能类型4.多义短语（四）句法成分1.主语、谓语2.动语、宾语3.定语、状语、补语4.中心语、独立语（五）单句1.句型、句类和常用句式2.变式句3.句子的变换4.语法分析5.单句常见错误（六）复句和句群1.复句及其常见错误2.句群及其常见错误六、修辞（一）修辞概述1.修辞和语境2.修辞和语音、词汇、语法的关系（二）修辞格及其运用1.常见修辞格2.修辞格的综合运用（三）语体1. 公文语体2. 科技语体3. 政论语体4. 文艺语体语言学理论考查目标语言学理论考试范围覆盖叶蜚声、徐通锵所编的《语言学纲要》的各部分。
自学考试《语言学概论》考试大纲答案必背重点复习资料
语言学概论第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型1.只有人类才有语言【领会】语言是人类所独有的。
人类的语言跟动物的“语言”相比较，有几个显著和重要的特点：一是“内容更多”。
多种场合、多种方式、多种内容。
二是“用处更大”。
主要：交际功能。
其它：标志、记录、思维、认知，等等。
三是“能够创造”。
具有离散性，能用有限的声音和意义按照一定规则组配成无限的话语。
2.语言和民族、国家的关系【领会】大多数情况：一个民族使用一种语言。
但不能把“相互能够听懂”作为确定语言的标准，并进一步作为确定民族和国家的标准。
这种理解只适合于欧洲的“新兴民族国家”，对一个历史悠久、幅员辽阔的国家是不适应的。
尽管“语言”是最直观、最容易识别的民族标志，但事实上还不是最可靠的标志。
从目前了解到的情况来看，“共同的历史文化传统和由此产生的民族认同感”也许是维系一个民族的最根本的因素，因而也是确定一个民族的最根本的标准。
3.语言的谱系分类和语言的形态分类【领会】语言的谱系分类就是从“历时”演变角度划分不同的语言，是根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类。
也叫“语言的亲属关系分类”。
从语言的“共时”角度来划分不同的语言，可以建立“语言的形态分类”，也叫“语言的结构类型分类”。
可分为“形态语”和“孤立语”，或者分成“综合性语言”和“分析性语言”。
4.语系、语族；屈折语、孤立语；综合性语言、分析性语言【识记】谱系分类层级：语系、语族、（语支）、语言、方言、次方言（土语）。
语系是根据语言有无历史同源关系划分出来的语言类别，是语言谱系中最大的类。
语系的下一级叫作“语族”，同一语族的语言不但有相同的来源，相似点也更多。
形态语（综合性语言）指通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言。
包括“屈折语、黏着语”等小类。
如俄语、维吾尔语。
孤立语（分析性语言）指没有形态变化的语言。
如汉语。
屈折语主要是句子中某些词本身有丰富的形态变化，是形态语中的一个小类。
自考【现代语言学】讲义(word版)
《现代语言学》应考指导一、考试相关情况说明（一）课程基本情况《现代语言学》是英语专业本科生的必修课程之一。
本课程的指定教材是全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会组编，何兆熊、梅德明主编：《现代语言学》，高等教育出版社1999年版。
本教材系统介绍了现代语言学研究的分支及基本理论，从语言的角度分析了语言本身的性质及与社会等各学科之间的关系，揭示了语言各个层面具有的特征。
（三）重难点分布从知识点分布来看，本课程试题覆盖了教材10章的全部内容。
从整体来看，教材10章内容知识点分布不均匀，重点章节主要是第1章，第3章，第4章，第5章，第6章，第8章，第9章及第10章。
第2章，第7章相对次之。
（四）试题难度从试题难度来看，试题知识面涵盖广。
对于重点知识每年都会重复出现，只是以不同的形式出现，每年考查的内容较多。
这一点大家要特别注意，不要以为以前考过的知识点就不会再考。
虽然每年均有偏题出现，一般是属于课程涉及的较细的内容，但所占比例较低，属于正常情况。
总体而言，试题较为容易。
（五）命题特点整体上看，出题顺序基本上按照教材章节顺序来出题，但并不是特别规律。
此特点有助于我们答题时准确把握考点所属章节，提高答题正确率。
从具体题型来看，单选题和填空题出题的特点为概念性知识点会常考，是非题也集中于一些基本知识点的掌握。
名词解释题，论述题没有规律可循，因此，将书中出现的概念及相关基本理论全部掌握即可，千万不要押题，否则容易失分。
二、本课程的学习建议1.考生在开始学习这门课时，应根据自己的情况制定一个切实可行的学习计划，合理安排时间，通常可分为二个阶段：一是依据教材分章学习和做同步练习题阶段；二是总复习阶段，其复习技巧将在下面单独介绍。
2.紧扣大纲复习。
最好能够按照大纲中提炼的课程内容将教材内容简化成自己的学习小册子。
也就是将大纲中课程内容总分再充实一下，各知识点都丰富一下。
比如说某个概念，要把定义或含义写在这个概念之后。
利于记忆。
现代汉语与语言学概论
“现代汉语与语言学概论”考试大纲“现代汉语及语言学概论”适用于宁波大学汉语言文字学专业硕士研究生入学考试。
“现代汉语”和“语言学概论”一张卷，共150分。
其中“现代汉语”约占100分，“语言学概论”约占50分。
一、“现代汉语”考试大纲（一）需要重点把握的内容1.绪论：现代汉语。
现代汉民族共同语。
现代汉语的特点2.语音：语音的性质。
辅音，元音；声母，韵母。
汉语拼音方案。
声母发音部位和发音方法。
韵母发音方法。
声调。
调值和调类。
普通话的声调。
古今调类比较。
音节。
音节结构分析。
普通话声韵配合规律。
音节的拼写规则。
音变。
变调。
轻声。
儿化。
语气词“啊”音变。
音位。
调节变体。
普通话音位。
3.词汇部分：词汇单位。
词的结构。
词义的性质。
词义的类型。
词义的理解及词的运用。
词义的分解。
同义词。
反义词。
同音词。
词义和语境。
现代汉语词汇的构成。
成语。
惯用语。
歇后语。
词汇的发展变化。
词汇的规范化。
词典和字典。
4.语法部分：语法。
语法体系。
语法的性质。
语法单位。
句法成分。
词类划分。
实词。
虚词。
短语及其分类。
短语的结构类和功能类。
多义短语。
各类句法成分。
句子的分类。
常见的句法错误。
复句。
（二）参考书黄伯荣、廖序东主编《现代汉语》增订第3版，高等教育出版社，2003年。
二、“语言学概论”考试大纲（一）需要重点把握的内容1.语言学的对象和任务。
语言的社会功能。
语言是符号系统。
2.音素。
对立与互补。
音位与音位变体。
音质音位和非音质音位。
音位的聚合与组合。
3.语法规则。
语法功能。
语法特征。
语法结构的意义和形式。
组合的层次性和递归性。
词类。
形态。
语法范畴。
变换和句型、句法同义、句法多义。
语言的结构类型和普遍特征。
4.词义。
词和词汇。
词的词汇意义。
词义的概括性。
词义的组合与聚合。
5.语言和文字的关系。
口语和书面语的关系。
6.语言发展的原因。
语言融合。
语音的发展。
语法的发展。
词汇和词义的发展。
（二）参考书叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》第3版，北京大学出版社，1997年。
现代语言学
通用语是一种在不同语言背 景的人群之间用做交际媒介 的一种语言变体。鉴于此种 原因，通用语必须是人们为 了不同的目的在社会交往过 程中所使用的“通用语言”。
文体风格也 可以指一个人一直 在使 用的口头语或书面语， 或 指在一个特定的时期 内的说话 或写作方式， 如狄更斯的风格 、海明 威的风格。
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1.6 Idiolectal variation 个人言语变异 ★★★
知识点
真题演练
When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.
一个人在说话时，他在 一种特定语言的总的体 系内表达，但他实际上 所说出的是他自己的独 特的语言体系。这种个 人方言被称为个人习语。
21
1.6 Idiolectal variation 个人言语变异
知识点
真题演练
In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual’s speech.
在社会环境中使用的语 言都属于某种言语变体。 一种言语变体具有一些 与其它言语变体不同的 特征。这些特征反映在 发音、句法规则、词汇 上。
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山东省高等教育自学考试在校生实践课程《现代语言学》考核考试大纲一、学习过程评价部分考核大纲1．学习过程评价的课程性质及课程设置的目的本课程是我国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业的专业课。
该课程主要介绍《现代语言学》的基本理论、基本观点和基本概念，为学生日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学或语言研究奠定坚实的语言学知识基础。
学习过程评价旨在考核学生平时的学习行为，通过作业，论文，测试等方式督促检查学生学习过程，强调理论联系实际，注重学生动手、动口解决实际问题的技能和能力的培养。
2．学习过程评价的课程基本要求各助学院校对本课程学生的学习过程进行考核评定。
要求学生在掌握现代语言学的基本理论、观点和原理的基础上，能够运用这些语言学的基本知识对某些语言现象做出较全面深入地解释和分析，从而加深、巩固所学的语言学基本知识，使用这些知识改进语言学习方法，提高语言学习效率，为语言研究和跨文化交际能力的提高奠定基础。
3．学习过程评价的课程的内容1）巩固学生已经学过的现代语言学理沦、原理等基本知识。
2）能够运用现代语言学理论、基础知识和现代语言学的研究方法解析语言现象和实际交际问题。
3）掌握语言学的新理论、新观点，初步具有语言热点问题的分析能力。
4）能够利用所学的语言知识指导、改善语言学习的方法与技巧。
4．学习过程评价的课程的考核要求1）各助学院校负责布置和考察学生三次作业，作业形式可以是小论文、调研报告、或语言错误分析，具体要求见学习过程评价的考核方式。
2）各助学院校需组织一次学习过程评价考试，考试题型可参照综合考核部分的题型举例。
3）各助学院校根据学生的考试成绩和三次作业的学习过程评价的评分标准给学生判定最终的学习过程评价的总成绩。
5．学习过程评价的考核方式1）论述(小论文)用100～150英文单词阐明现代语言学的某个理论或观点，要求立论明确、观点正确、实例典型、论述清楚。
2）调研报告通过深入涉外单位或合资企业，调研英语的使用情况，并写出调研报告。
3）语言错误分析搜集中国大学一、二年级学生的英文作文，或理科学生的作文，利用所学知识分析其中的语言错误，归类，究其错误原因，写出分析报告。
6．学习过程评价的评分标准1）一等观点正确，论述充分，语言地道。
2）二等观点正确，论述清楚，语言基本正确。
3）三等观点基本正确，论述基本清楚，语言表达有少量错误，但能说明问题。
4）四等观点不够明确，论述不够清楚，语言表达错误多，但尚能达意。
5）五等观点不明，论述不清，逻辑混乱，语言错误过多，词不达意。
二、综合考核部分考试大纲第一部分课程性质与设置目的本课程是我国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业的专业课。
本课程主要介绍现代语言学的基本理论、基本观点和基本概念，为学生日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学或语言研究奠定坚实的语言学知识基础。
为满足我国市场经济发展和诸多涉外工作的需求，培养高素质、复合型外语人才，本课程强调理论联系实际，注重学生动手、动口解决实际问题的技能和能力的培养。
本课程的具体要求是：比较全面、比较系统地了解现代语言学这一领域的研究成果，以及，—些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力，提高自身的语言修养和学习语言的能力。
本课程基本上是一门知识性的课程，需要学生记忆的内容比较多。
本教程共有十章，每一章分别介绍语言学的一个分支学科或一个研究侧而所取得的主要研究成果，主要理论、原则和研究方法。
在学习过程中要注意抓住重点，着重掌握和每个题目有关的基本概念和基本理论，在理解、消化的基础上记忆，切忌死记硬背。
第二部分本章知识点和考核要求第一章绪论一、学习目的和要求本章学习的目的是弄清语言学是一门什么样的科学，以及人类语言的本质和特点。
学习本章要求认识、理解语言学研究的对象和方法、语言学研究的各个语言层面以及语言学的各个分支，弄清楚语言学研究中几对基本概念；此外，通过学习还要求对人类语言的本质有一个清楚的认识，通过对人类语言特点的学习，对人类语言交际和动物传递信息方式之间的根本不同有一个正确的认识。
二、本章知识点第一节什么是语言学?1．语言学的定义。
2．语言学的研究范畴。
3．语言学研究中的几对基本概念。
第二节什么是语言?1．语言的定义。
2．语言的甄别性特征。
三、考核知识点第一节什么是语言学?1．语言学的定义。
2．语言学的研究范畴有哪些?了解这些基本概念。
1)普通语言学。
2)语音学和音系学。
3)形态学。
4)句法学。
5)语义学。
6)语用学。
7)社会语言学。
8)心理语言学。
3．语言学研究中的几对基本慨念。
1)规定性和描述性。
2)共时性和历时性。
3)口头语和书面语。
4)语言和言语。
5)语言能力和语言运用。
第二节什么是语言？1．语言的定义。
2．语言的甄别性特征。
1)武断性。
2)语言的创造性。
3)语言的二重性。
4)语言的移位性。
5)语言的文化传递性。
考核重点1．语言学的定义。
2. 语言学研究中的几对基本概念的区别和联系。
3．语言的定义及甄别性特征，通过这些特征了解人类语言和动物交际方式的区别。
第二章音系学一、学习目的与要求本章包括语音学和音系学两大部分。
通过语音学部分的学习，要求对各种发音器官及其作用有所了解，对英语的元音和辅音的发音方式和特点能进行描述，并能根据它们发音上的特点进行分类，能分清宽式标音法和严式标音法的区别。
通过音系学部分的学习，要弄清音系学和语音学的联系和区别，对音系学中的一些最基本的概念如音位、音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体等有所了解，知道几条音系学规则，譬如序列规则、同化规则，对重音、语调、声调等几种超切分音系特征的表意作用能举例说明。
二、本章知识点第一节语言的声音媒介第二节语音学1．什么是语音学?2．发音器官。
3．音标---宽式和严式标音法。
4．英语语音的分类。
第三节音系学1．音系学和语音学。
2．语音、音位、音位变体。
3．音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体。
4．几条音系规则。
5．超切分特征。
三、考核知识点第一节语言的声音媒介1．声音和文字的关系。
第二节语音学1．什么是语音学?1)语音学的定义。
2)语音学的三个分支：发声语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。
3)了解各个发音器官。
2．音标一一宽式和窄式标音法。
了解宽式标音和窄式标音法的区别。
3．英语语音的分类。
1)元音和辅音的定义和区别。
2)根据发音部位的分类。
3)根据发音方法的分类。
第三节音系学1．音系学和语音学。
1)音系学和语音学的定义。
2)音系学和语音学的区别和联系。
2．语音、音位、音位变体。
1)语音的定义。
2)音位的定义。
3)语音和音位的区别并能举例说明。
4)音位变体的定义并能举例说明。
3．音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体。
1)音位对立的定义。
2)互补分布。
3)最小对立体。
4)能举例说明以上概念。
4．几条音系规则。
1)序列规则。
2)同化规则。
3)省略规则。
4)能举例说明以上规则。
5．超切分特征。
超切分特征的概念。
考核重点1．要求能从发音部位和发音方法两个方面对辅音进行分类。
元音的分类。
2．音系学和语音学区别和联系。
3．语音和音位的区别并能举例说明。
4．音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体的概念并举例说明。
第三章形态学一、学习目的和要求本章要求对构成单词的最小意义单位——词素有所了解，包括词素类型、常见词根和词缀的意义，并通过对词素的学习加强对英语派生次和复合词的理解和运用能力。
二、本章知识点第一节定义第二节词素1．词素：语言最小的意义单位2．词素的类型第三节复合法1．复合词的类型2．复合词的特征三、考核知识点第一节定义形态学的定义。
第二节词素1．词素。
1)词素的定义。
2)词素的意义类型。
2．词素的类型。
1)自由词素的定义。
2)粘着词素的定义。
3)粘着词素的分类。
4)词根和词缀。
5)词缀的分类。
6)能够对单词进行词素划分。
第三节复合法1．复合词的类型。
了解复合词的分类。
2．复合词的特征。
1)书写特征。
2)句法特征。
3)语义特征。
4)语音特征。
考核重点1．形态学和词素的定义，自由词素，粘着词素，词根，词缀的区别并举例说明。
2．能够对单词进行词素划分。
第四章句法学一、学习目的和要求本章学习的中心内容是句法。
全章含规则系统、句子结构、语法关系、组合规则、移位规则和普遍语法等七部分，目的是让学生深刻认识到语言的句法体系是一套高度抽象的自律规则系统。
本章要求学生通过对句法的学习，理解并能够描句子的语法性，明确句子的基本成分和类型，弄清句子的线性与层次、形式与逻辑、深层与表层等关系，初步了解普遍语法这一当代句法研究的中心课题。
二、本章知识点句法学定义.第一节规则系统第二节句子结构1．句子的构成。
2．句子的类型。
3．句子的线性排列与层次结构。
第三节句法类型1．词类。
2．词组类。
第四节语法关系第五节组合规则1．短语结构规则。
2．短语结构规则循环性。
3．X标杆理论。
第六节移位规则1．名词词组移位与WH移位。
2．其他类型的移位。
3．深层结构与表层结构。
4．移动α规则。
第七节普遍语法1. 普遍语法原则。
2．普遍语法参数。
三、考核知识点第一节规则系统了解规则系统第二节句子结构1．句子的构成。
2．句子的类型：了解简单句、并列句和复合句。
第三节句法类型1．词类划分。
2．了解词组类。
第四节语法关系1．了解主语和宾语的结构性和逻辑性。
2．什么是结构主语?什么是结构宾语?第五节组合规则1．短语结构规则的概念。
2．什么是X标杆理论?第六节移位规则1．深层结构与表层结构的概念。
2．移动a规则的概念。
第七节普遍语法1．普遍语法原则是什么?2．普遍语法参数有哪些?考核重点1．句法学定义.2. 句子的线性排列与层次结构。
3．短语结构规则的概念。
4．X标杆理论。
第五章语义学一、学习目的与要求本章是对语义的研究，近代语言学对语义研究有多种途径，通过对本章的学习要求对几种主要的途径有所了解。
对语言意义的研究包括对词义和句义两个方而，通过学习要求了解词汇之间和句子之间的主要语义关系。
本章还介绍了近代语言学中对词义研究的一种重要方法一——成分分析法，以及对句子抽象意义的分析方法。
二、本章知识点第一节什么是语义学?第二节语义研究的几种主要理论1．命名论。
2．意念论。
3．语境论。
4．行为主义论。
第三节词汇意义1．意义和所指。
2．主要的意义关系。
第四节句子间的意义关系第五节意义分析1．成分分析。
2．述谓结构分析。
三、考核知识点第一节什么是语义学？1．语义学的定义。
2．什么是意义。
第二节语义研究的几种主要理沦了解各种理论的观点。
1．命名论。
2．意念论。
3．语境论。
4．行为主义论。
第三节词汇意义1．意义和所指的含义。
2．主要的意义关系。
1)同义关系。
2)多义关系。
3)同形异义关系。
4)上下义关系。