电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文The development of e-commerceMaterial Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world.But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earnedby internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy . Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.This has enormous implications for business.A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does notsell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Google” a company, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a co mpany’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price an d buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the inter net whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them.The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, t he biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.译文电子商务的发展资料来源：The Economist print edition, 2003 作者：Laudon, K.C 当网络泡沫在2000年破裂，备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了，众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systemsand f i n ancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain withus, in t heir modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modernforms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditionalmodel.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses tocontact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quotea number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP , Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone.The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supportsanywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries inthe "Companies" directory of the Y ah o Guide to WWW (Y ah o , 1996), with thetotal number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:anizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2.Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3.Electronic payment systems for g o ds and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensivetraditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes inthe way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key c omponentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) notedthat " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM andBPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components tochange their market or develop new markets. Those who do notadapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implicationsof these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, takingon roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazinepublisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call‘m arke ting’.Cle arly,the appearance o f electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range o f products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn totake advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1.What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2.Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3.When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing profe s ionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage t he customer as part of thetransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities arestill not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Webhas changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to haverem arked that he co uld n’t tell if the Kod ak Web site was a m one y ma ker.But heknew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since doorto d oo r sale sm e n,o n ly no w the custo m e rs we re kno ckin g o n Ko d ak’s d o o r.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The busine s opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements ofrelational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insightsinto their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring,managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally alteredthe channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s(1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. Helinks relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisationinto the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. Thecommunities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insightsforce us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries betweenfirms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educatedand more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need tomake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weakentrust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instancesof many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the W eb.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenienc e shoppers’and‘explorers’(those str-e s e m tart consum ers whoare happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming moreand more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf.Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy,trust andsecurity (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on theissues ofInternet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that weexpect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break therules within an electronic c ommunity. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups(mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operatesin a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Te le com’s Telnet system to support EDI-like c onnections to approximately 10,000 separateretailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emergedto exploit it, provide insights into the developmentof commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapiddelivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introductionofa revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照
外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
电子商务英文参考文献
The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded、The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users、Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential、The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true、The raw numbers tell only part of the story、According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion、That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1、6% of total retail sales、The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world、But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry、For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce、InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia、com and hotels、com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online、Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide)、They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada、And there is more、The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internetauction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer、Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet、Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion、So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger、But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world、That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce、To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour、One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay、More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers、The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals、Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy、Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1)、Different countries have different habits、In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet、But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split、Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items、Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America、People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide、Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a muc h bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future、This has enormous implications for business、 A company that neglects its website may becommitting commercial suicide、A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online、A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away、But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results、For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet、The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber、The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet、And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television、All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft、The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic、Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies、But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition、People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying、Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige、What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago、For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration、“I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant、Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online、In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney、They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself、It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle、If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on、“The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operatingofficer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want、”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them、The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices、“We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive、Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food、Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things、And so do the millions of people who use eBay、And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets、Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets、But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time、Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half、Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade、That would represent a massive shift in spending、How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms、There are already signs of change on the high street、The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online、To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge、Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website、But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders、One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer、So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade、But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and productinformation quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow、Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy、This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets、。
电子商务营销外文文献翻译电子营销
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Ortiz F R, Gerrikagoitia J K, Castánder I. New Trends of Intelligent E-marketing Based on Web Mining for E-shops[C]// International Conference on Strategic Innovative Marketing. 2014.英文原文New trends of Intelligent E-Marketing based on Web Mining for e-shops FR Ortiz ，JK Gerrikagoitia ，I CastanderAbstractE-marketing is the concentration of all efforts in terms of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the virtual spaces: web, social media… In an e-commerce site, e-marketing must help consumers in their purchase. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, holders of e-shops must find out to whom, to what, how and when to refer to the customer, ergo, to know the “consumer decisio n journey” and strengthen their engagement. This analysis is obtained when the customer is visiting an e-shop because (s)he leaves a digital footprint that can be used to understand his/her needs, desires and demands as well as to improve web presence. These data can be used for data mining to understand the e-marketing and selling processes in a better way. In this paper a survey of 86 e-shops in Spain is presented. In the conclusions, some ideas for good e- marketing practices related to the buyingbehaviour analysis of customers are shown. Hence, new trends in e-marketing are suggested from a strategic, tactical and operational level in which different data mining techniques ease the purchase and the engagement.Key words: e-marketing; e-commerce; web mining; trends e-marketing; digital foot print1. IntroductionIn the last decade Internet has experienced a 33% high growth in the number of users worldwide. This has led to a greater acceptance of it by consumers, either as an instrument that facilitates the search for information or as a way to an end for the purchase of the products and services (“The internet a decade later”, 2013).This new technological environment has generated a significant change in the behavior, habits and trends of the consumer and its acceptance by consumers leads to the increase of the Electronic Commerce (EC). Defining e- commerce as the commerce in products or services conducted via computer networks such as the Internet (Turban, Lee, King, Liang, & Turban, 2009).This commercial activity has forced small businesses to develop an active presence of visibility on the Internet (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012) in order to get notoriety in a global market and add value to their traditional business. With the exception that the virtual and traditionalcustomer behaviour are not identical (Eouzan,2013).But visibility of Internet does not only give visibility to a company, also allows to: a) to have the business open to the public permanently; b) reduce costs: material stock, logistic personnel, physical space;c)tostudythe customer better; d) to remove geographic limitations and e) to create brand and engagement.In Spain, according to the study of the National Observatory for Telecommunications and the Information Society (ONTSI) the B2C e-commerce grew by 13% reaching € 12,383M of turnover. This growth’s main cause, in the same way as in the world market, was the increase of Internet purchasers in 2012 which matched 15% (15.2M) (ONTSI, 2013).A closer data in time (2013) and origin (region level) is available through the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE). According to this statistics institute, in 2013 the e-commerce in Spain has increased to around 11 million people who have made any purchase through the web in the last 12 months. This represents 32% of the total population. Moreover, the region of Spain that has used this type of trade the most is the Basque Country with 42%, followed closely by the Community of Madrid with 40% (INE, 2013).Putting the focus on the case of Basque Country, Statistic Institute of Basque Country (EUSTA T) provides some information about e-commerce by data-bank and annual reports (under the informationsociety topic). In this report, there is an interesting section for the e-commerce. The section reflects that 39% of the users that have been recently connected to the internet have made some kind of web based purchase (EUSTA T, 2014).As it is visible on the data provided by official statistic institutions, e-commerce is a commercial activity on growth and due to its nature. It benefits the economy of a country greatly and especially to small businesses which are committed to its implementation.As it happens in real sales, e-commerce based selling must be in concordance with the customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, owners of sites must find out to whom, what, how and when to refer to the virtual visitor and develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet (Alzua-Sorzabal, Gerrikagoitia, & Rebón, 2014a).Defining e-marketing as the concentration of all efforts in the sense of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the web environment. E-marketing involves all stages of work regarding a website, such as: the conception, the projects itself, the adaption of the content, the development, the maintenance, the analytic measuring and the advertisement (Strauss, Frost, & Ansary, 2009). In short, e-marketing makes the usage of the Internet to obtain knowledge aboutcustomer preferences through interactive website and agents easier(Teo &Choo,2001).To keep the customer’s attention on the web presence requires to build up a strong customer relationship and to offer services that attract the customer to visit the website frequently and purchase products and services. Therefore, the sales process requires a deep data analysis to know the “consumer decision journey” (Gefen & Straub,2000).When a customer is visiting a website (s)he leaves a trace of data, called the digital footprint, that can be used to understand the customer needs, desires and demands as well as to improve its web presence.By the use of this information applied from Web Usage Mining (Arbelaitz et al., 2013) techniques on the digital footprint left by the user during their navigation; knowledge about the behaviour of the customer's purchase is enriched in order to increase his/her engagement. Then, this knowledge has to be converted into intelligence and, if it is possible, an entertaining presentation of the information required by the customer.In this context, the real situation of e-marketing will be seen through an on-line survey that has been supplied to retailers of Spain for their completion and four in depth interviews. After analysing the state, enriched technical solutions through the Web Usage Mining process will be proposed and linked to new discovered e-marketing trends. Finally, a few commercial and open source solutions that can help in the creation of concrete solutions for these new e-marketing trends will be displayed.2. MethodologyIn accordance with the meaningful relevance that e-shops have obtained in the last years, it is crucial to conduct successful e-marketing activities in order to maintain or improve the business in these kinds of companies. At this point, it is necessary to suggest a solution from a strategic vision point of view by developing appropriate e–marketing strategies. The solution derives from a tactic vision by deciding for certain e-marketing trends and at the end an operational vision which is implemented by selected trends & practices.Even so, it is necessary to know the initial state of e-marketing into a sample of the Spanish enterprises dedicated to e-commerce.The methodology that has been carried out to know the initial state is based on two different manners of obtaining the real state of e-marketing paved by the e-commerce. On one hand, 86 online surveys have been made to some e- shop owners. On the other hand, out of these 86 companies four have been nominated to have an interview in depth. These interviews were conducted via telephone or face-to-face in the client's own company and the online surveys were collected through a digital form made in Google Forms.Once the surveys were completed, we proceeded to extract the information from them in order to the draw the conclusions that drive the second stage of the process. This second step consists of: a) a reflectionby experts on the detected deficiencies and b) the proposal of practical solutions that facilitate the achievement of strategic e- marketing solutions with vision of business and that incorporate techniques of Data Mining.3. Results and discussion3.1 Results of surveys and interviewsOn one hand, the analysis of the survey data shows that the majority of the e-shop owners questioned are small enterprises with less than 5 employees in the B2C sector (See Fig. 2a) that commodities, quick sale. They are very comparable in number of products and time in the online business (1-2 years) (See Fig. 2c). They also have a maximum number of online orders that (usually) a range from 101 to 1,000 orders a year and yearly revenue of less than 50,000 € (See Fig. 2b). The main languages supported by the e-shops are Spanish and English.On the other hand, analysing the companies that have done the interview, it seems that all of the moffer minimally processed, high-demanded products. Furthermore, 50% of the companies surveyed do not know exactly the main reasons why the customers make purchases at their e-Shop. It also is highlights, the fact that only these SMEs employ a person to ensure online sales and make little investments in their online presence (<10K €). In short, these are companies with a small volume of business and their revenues from online sales do not make a big impacton their business.Remark that, it has been less than 5 years since the e-shops started selling their products via Internet and, therefore, it is a process that must evolve towards maturity. The e-shop considers the on-line service as an added service to its business performance but not a priority.In addition to this, it can be seen that the e-shops have a certain level of infrastructure because they often have outsourced the hosting of their website and almost all use Google Analytics as a web analytics tool (Clifton, 2012; Hasan, Morris, & Probets, 2009). Out of the e-shops that use Google Analytics, very few do actually take advantage of the tool.In the same way, according to the surveys, the fraudulent case out of the total volume of transactions does not exceed 1% and they deal with it by leaving it in the hand of third parties: banks and gateways. They do not use electronic tools to observe and compare the prices of its competitors because it is the provider the one that sets them.To sum up, with the extracted data it is concluded that many e-commerce use Web Analytics tools, specifically Google Analytics, but very few information is obtained from the purpose of the client by his/her digital footprint. This prevents to properly categorize their behavior and facilitate effective e-marketing campaigns.3.2 Thinking and discussion based on solutionsThe need for developing specific marketing strategies fore-commerce implies that some traditional principles are adapted, or even reinvented. Four activities facilitate the deployment of e-marketing strategies (Stolpmann, 2001): online promotion, online shopping, online service and online collaboration.In addition to this, we think that it would be helpful it is necessary to choose some of the most relevant e- marketing trends and current trends & practices based on the considerations of experts who are close to the market demand and the practical trends web literature. This means that, a part of scientific base, it has obtained information from other important web origins where it might have significant information about real cases that are closer to reality. Therefore, the description of the trends: brick and mortar, Offering of increasingly complex online features, mobile everywhere... related to the e-marketing is crucial, for then, these can be crossed with trends & practices. These latest trends technological advances must be geared towards a future where retailers can get the most out of their online sales. In this regard, there are certain factors that should be taken into consideration such as the pick-up speed or omnichannel customer experience, social-networking testing (A yada & Elmelegy, 2014), list of wishes, search engine optimization or mega markets, cross border e-sales, suggestiveselling(Mussman,Adornato, Barker, Katz, & West, 2010), web banner advertising (Ozen & Engizek, 2014) and rewards.By doing so, it is obtained the necessary traceability which allows the intelligent e-marketing process be more consistent and stay closer to the e-shops reality.4 Conclusions and future workThis study aimed to test the necessity of the SMEs to become active users of web mining solutions. Overall, from the results it can be extracted that: a) the Pricing analysis is not relevant for them, because in the majority of cases is established by the products providers; b) the fraud has not any impact in the online purchases. It is inferred from the responses, that the market has not obtained the necessary maturity yet and that this issue is often outsourced to third party partners; c) Almost all the questioned companies have deployed the web analytics over their websites but they do not follow an exhaustive data analysis.Therefore, keeping in mind these key points and observing the significant importance of the digital footprint at the beginning of the web mining processes, it must regard that in a short-term the data origins based on this system will raise and the weight that this step will have on the process will be crucial, in order to dispose a better raw data. Furthermore, as in real sales, the process of selling based on e-commerce must be inconcordancewiththe customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason e-commerce, must find out to whom, what,how and when to refer to the virtual visitor. In order it will take advantage of applying the data mining techniques in the phase that it corresponds to satisfy the necessity of enrich the data and add value according to better information about the client.Additionally, intelligent e-marketing processes should bear in mind the necessary relationships between e- marketing trends and Data Mining techniques in order to develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet.中文译文基于Web挖掘的电子商务智能电子营销新趋势作者：FR Ortiz，JK Gerrikagoitia，I Castander摘要网络营销是在虚拟空间中适应和发展营销策略的所有努力的集中：网络，社交媒体......在电子商务网站中，电子营销必须帮助消费者购买。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
互联网电商发展英文作文
互联网电商发展英文作文英文：The development of internet e-commerce has been an incredible phenomenon in recent years. With the advancement of technology and the widespread use of the internet, online shopping has become increasingly popular. As a result, the e-commerce industry has experienced rapid growth and has had a significant impact on the way people shop and do business.One of the key advantages of internet e-commerce is the convenience it offers. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse and purchase a wide range of products from the comfort of their own homes. This eliminates the need to physically visit stores, saving time and effort. For example, I often find myself ordering groceries and household items online, which saves me the hassle of going to the store and carrying heavy bags back home.Another benefit of internet e-commerce is the access to a global market. Online businesses are not limited by geographical boundaries, allowing them to reach a muchlarger audience. This has opened up new opportunities for small businesses to compete on a global scale. For instance, a friend of mine runs a small handmade jewelry business and has been able to sell her products to customers all overthe world through her online store.Furthermore, internet e-commerce has alsorevolutionized the way businesses operate. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have expanded their operations to include online sales, while some businesses operateentirely online. This shift has led to increasedcompetition and innovation, as businesses strive to provide better products and services to attract and retain customers.However, there are also challenges associated with internet e-commerce. One of the main concerns is the issueof security and privacy. With the increasing number ofonline transactions, there is a greater risk of databreaches and cyber attacks. It is important for businessesto invest in robust security measures to protect their customers' sensitive information. Additionally, the rise of counterfeit products and fraudulent sellers is a growing problem in the e-commerce industry, which can erode consumer trust.In conclusion, the development of internet e-commerce has brought about significant changes in the way we shopand do business. While it offers convenience and access toa global market, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. As technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how internet e-commerce continues to shape the future of retail and commerce.中文：互联网电商的发展近年来成为了一个不可思议的现象。
国际经济与贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景
英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive AdvantageAnd Prospects For DevelopmentGaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution becomes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the development initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human society's production method and the life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more person's attentions. Electronic commerce is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects and so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not only causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scale's economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive power's various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficiency electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis network order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and waste possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer andsupplier's relation. The bilateral space's barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party most recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the correspondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel link's expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity approximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling process's in physical distribution expense 18%~20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%~12% this expense proportion.Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for development In overseas Internet and the Web development's early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technology's day-by-day consummation, various countries' government took electronics trade's development in our country information infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technology's development, and has established the US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinate's telecommunication work team has begun at present also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - "Rose Digital Economy" the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a half year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Western Europe on-line transaction's profit might increase from last year's 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after another have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already invested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstore's on-line hypothesized bookstore supermarket -- Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, the electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on.Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing country must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulation, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancement's urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, has created the good market condition for electronic commerce's development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerce's development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic commerce and the online retail trade's new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simultaneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerce's Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible to realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) electronic commerce involves economic society's many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to supportdynamics, formulates China's electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expense's unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations' formulation releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。
电子商务的发展现状、问题、影响和未来外文翻译
外文翻译原文：E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future As the growth of Internet broadens its scope, e-finance grows accordingly. As part of e-commerce, e-finance has its own unique characteristics. On one hand, the Internet offers convenience, price transparency, and broader access to information and lower costs; on the other hand, financial services are data intensive and do not generally need physical delivery of products. The combination of the two seems to give unique advantages to help e-financial services grow faster than other e-commerce sectors. The impact of Internet on traditional financial services can be categorized into price transparency, differential pricing, and bypass and disintermediation. Since there is no broadly accepted definition of e-finance, we tentatively define e-finance as the provision of financial services: Internet banking, brokerage, payment, mortgage and other lending, insurance and related services over the Internet or via other public networks.Sato (2001) shows recent developments in e-finance. The growth of financial services is estimated to exceed one trillion dollars. According to one estimate, e-finance revenues will more than double in three years (Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 1999). However, not all segments grow at the same speed in financial services. Among the segments such as brokerage, online banking, e-payments, life insurance, and investment banking, Internet brokerage grows the fastest. Online banking grows a little bit more slowly. E-payments, life insurance, and Internet banking hardly see any dramatic growth. However, some simpler financial service products might see potential growth in the next few years. They include online credit cards, mortgages, student loans, and car loans and leases; simpler insurance products such as car insurance, travel insurance, and home equity insurance. From an international perspective, e-finance grows the fastest in the United States and Europe. Pacific region also grows at a quick speed, led by Japan, Singapore, and other countries in the region. Even though the e-finance leaders are in the U.S. and Europe, they also showdifferent characteristics. U.S. e-finance is largely PC-based. That is caused by years of penetration of PC in the U.S. market. However, in Europe, both PC and mobile phones penetrate fairly well in the market. This is not surprising because Europe has the mobile phone leaders such as Nokia and Ericsson. European countries usually adopt WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology, allowing Internet banking and brokerage via mobile phones. This kind of banking is also referred to as “Martini banking”: “anytime, any place, from any access device”.According to Mantel (2001), the first is product diffusion theory. Building on a new product diffusion theory, some studies cite a laundry list of barriers standing in the way of e-finance growth path. On the demand side, studies have cited customer resistance or inertia, lack of incentives, and lack of customer awareness of the innovation as obstacles to change. On the supply side, studies have pointed to the lack of clear standards, the need to overcome industry fragmentation, inadequate incentives among incumbents, and the presence of network externalities. This theory assumes implicitly that a significant portion of e-finance innovations are clear substitutes for existing services and that additional work by incumbent firms alone or in collaboration will lead to broad acceptance. A competing theory about the e-finance phenomenon is called new market development. The theory suggests that broader structural changes are underway, driven by technology, and these changes are blurring the lines between banking and commerce. While it is both natural and critical for incumbent firms to experiment, this theory suggests that innovations tend to unleash improvements that incumbents may not find valuable in the short-or mid-term. Some observers may suggest that incumbent firms in these industries do not understand their markets or are not adequately investing in the future. However, studies have found that incumbent firms, for purely profit maximizing reasons, may not want to choose to pioneer some of these innovations themselves, leaving other firms with different specialties to do so. In other words, such fi rms do not see “first mover” benefits. Each of the above-mentioned theory can show why some segments are more inclined to fast growth, and some other segments will grow much slowly. The first theory will show that brokerage services will be much easier to move online, because the services arerelatively simple. On the demand side, lower transaction costs and greater information transparency means more incentives for customers to join the service. On the supply side, relative low entry barriers push the incumbent firms to move to the online services quickly. Otherwise, the incumbent firms will face market share erosion. In the case of slow growth in e-money service, investment banking service and other more complicated financial services, entry barriers are higher (investment banking), inconvenient (complicated financial service), and insecure (e-payment service). Therefore, these segments show sluggish growth. According to the second theory, the fast growth of brokerage shows that the first mover benefits tremendously. First mover will be able to grab a large chunk of customers. Even though profit margin might erode in the short-term, the large volume from large market share will be more than enough to compensate the margin loss. From profit maximization point of view, brokerage firms will be able to identify the trends and move quickly. However, other e-financial services are not able to show the fast growth observed in the brokerage house.As e-finance grows, many interrelated issues emerge. it shows that economic integration within and across countries, deregulation, advances in telecommunications, and the growth of the Internet and wireless communication technologies are dramatically changing the structure and nature of financial services. Internet and related technologies are more than just new distribution channel, they are also different ways of providing financial services. The related issues to e-finance are:1. Safety and soundnessa) Over the long run, there may be less need for a financial sector safety net, including prudential regulation and supervision of banks. b) Authorities should be wary of extending guarantees to new deposit substitutes, as the moral hazard implications could be substantial. c) Over the short run, authorities could require nonfinancial corporations to provide payment services through bank subsidiaries. Over the long run, authorities may want to consider separating payment from other credit services and allow freer entry in payment services. d) E-finance will lower the franchise value of incumbent institutions.2. Competition policy.a) Freer trade in financial services. b) Defining markets. c) More economies of scale. d) Competition policy will require that authorities simultaneously define technology and information policy. e) Competition policy for financial services will increasingly need to be harmonized worldwide.3. Global public policya) Limits on cross-border financial services will become costlier and more distorting as the Internet expands its reach, the location of providers becomes more difficult to pinpoint, solicitation harder to define. b) As e-finance expands, less informed consumers will gain access to markets, raising issues for cross-border investor protection and transparency. c) Access of new trading systems to contingent financing is also unclear, especially on a global basis.4. Impact on developing countriesa) Different entry barriers in developing countries pose different challenges for e-financial firms. b) E-finance will offer fewer choices to economies with poorly capitalized banking systems, weak regulations, and extensive guarantees on liabilities.c) E-finance will require a reassessment of the approach to financial sector development. d) E-finance offers opportunities to quickly widen access to and improve financial services.We believe that e-finance will grow in any high agency cost industries with low entry barrier. In those industries, ‚Äúfirst mover‚ it will have greater advantages over followers. More importantly, lower barriers mean that incumbent face greater challenges from newcomers if they do not move first. This creates incentives for incumbent firms to move ahead. Brokerage and trading systems will further the current development and attract more customers at greater reach.Future models in banking systems might include:a) A universal bank that bundles a broad range of financial products and services under one roof for a broad range of customers.b) An institution that focuses on the broad financial and nonfinancial needs of a narrow segment of the market.c) They that uses technology to integrate financial services from a variety of specialized providers.d) A traditional, financial institution, which focuses on a limited number of financial products.Pillar (2001) argued that as e-commerce grew, more legal measures would be mature to accommodate the growth in e-finance. They showed that there were two trends going on at the same time. First, technology is escalating at an astounding pace. Secondly, the world market has been tie much more closely than ever. These two trends put more pressure on firms 'decision making process and increase the chance for firms to take a wrong growth path. These two trends also motivate financial service firms to go abroad, which have been more and more commonplace in the recent developments. However, Pillar listed three barriers that firms had to face: governmental, legal, and economic. Governmental barriers result from enactment of regulation and laws targeted at the financial services industry. These can be minimum capital investment requirements, restrictions on business activities, and disclosure and reporting requirements. Some barriers can be a result from lack of regulation in countries without sophisticated legal infrastructure. This may create uncertainty regarding enforceability of contracts or electronic signatures, inadequate intellectual property protection, and concerns over privacy and security. Economic barriers are those that will bring economic costs when financial services firms try to complete transactions across borders. A good example will be the “cost of market access”, or the aggregate cost of constructing the technical infrastructure to enable information technology components to be effectively utilized. These would include legal and regulatory costs. Another area that many e-finance reviews neglect is that the Internet financial services will also bring inefficiencies to the financial market. Barber shows that even though ECNs bring more liquidity, more information, and more price transparency to the investors, it is not true that more information will lead to a more efficient market. As more and more uneducated investors come into the market, irrational behavior occurs in the market. Sometimes, such irrational activities can last a fairly long period of time before a more reasonable new equilibrium is established.Advancement in behavioral finance has shown much evidence that investors behave “irrationally”. More information might lead to an illusion of knowledge. Another effect from illu sion of knowledge might lead to investors’ overconfidence about their skills, judgment and sometimes both. Evidence shows that those investors turn over positions more quickly, borrow on margin more aggressively, and create a more volatile stock market. Barber also show that the current movement and encouragement of online trading is actually hazardous to investors’ wealth. They found that from the sample of online accounts during 1991 to 1996, the most frequent trade accounts earned an 11.4% returns versus the market returns 17.9%. The average online account earned an annual 16.4%, with common stock portfolio tied towards high beta stocks. The evidence showed that an e-financial service in online trading was adversarial to investors’ wealth. The reason for disappointing results may be many folds. But it does show that e-financial services may empower something that traditional financial services are avoiding. Market inefficiency from information overload may be more serious than we think. Lamont and Thales (2001) shows that the market misprices technology stock carve-outs in the recent years. The obvious example is the 3Com carve out, which will give old 3Com shareholders with 1.5 new shares of the newly established entity. Interestingly, the market priced the new entity with about $60/share and a mid $40’s for the parent company. The only possibility for that to occur is that 3Com has a negative worth. But by checking further with 3Com’s financial strength, the company obviously has more than $300 million positive cash flows. The seemingly apparent mispricing lasted for 3 months with all the necessary information available to investors. Another interesting aspect of online trading is that it might create a clientele effect. Barber show that more wealthy young investors are more likely to switch to online trading. Men trade more than their women counterparts. Their studies show that e-finance growth does reshape the way of thinking and behaving from all walks of lives, especially to those who feel self-competence and feel self-control valuable.Future payment systems framework might include a complex system as illustrated in Mantel (2001). Federal Reserve Banks (central banks) will need to workmore closely with each other around the world, as more globalization in trading systems and exchanges occur across countries. Supervisory work of the central banks needs more cooperation, and coordination. Legal rules need to be crafted more carefully for jurisdiction domain when cross border transactions occur. In the meantime, within the United States, both benefits and costs are to be evaluated from the recent innovation of e-finance. Much evidence is needed to show the pervasive changes in the market. More importantly, investors should have more education about risks involved in e-finance. Because e-finance does not only relate to some fields, but to many, the future growth of e-finance can‚ Äôt depend on one or two related areas to grow, but to all the related development of areas.Source: Yong H. Kim (2001), “E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future”. Lecture Notes on Treasury Management, University ofCincinnat. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp262-271.译文：电子商务的发展现状、问题、影响和未来随着互联网发展范围的不断扩大，电子金融也开始相应地发展。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
电子商务的发展现状、问题、影响和未来外文翻译
外文翻译原文：E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future As the growth of Internet broadens its scope, e-finance grows accordingly. As part of e-commerce, e-finance has its own unique characteristics. On one hand, the Internet offers convenience, price transparency, and broader access to information and lower costs; on the other hand, financial services are data intensive and do not generally need physical delivery of products. The combination of the two seems to give unique advantages to help e-financial services grow faster than other e-commerce sectors. The impact of Internet on traditional financial services can be categorized into price transparency, differential pricing, and bypass and disintermediation. Since there is no broadly accepted definition of e-finance, we tentatively define e-finance as the provision of financial services: Internet banking, brokerage, payment, mortgage and other lending, insurance and related services over the Internet or via other public networks.Sato (2001) shows recent developments in e-finance. The growth of financial services is estimated to exceed one trillion dollars. According to one estimate, e-finance revenues will more than double in three years (Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 1999). However, not all segments grow at the same speed in financial services. Among the segments such as brokerage, online banking, e-payments, life insurance, and investment banking, Internet brokerage grows the fastest. Online banking grows a little bit more slowly. E-payments, life insurance, and Internet banking hardly see any dramatic growth. However, some simpler financial service products might see potential growth in the next few years. They include online credit cards, mortgages, student loans, and car loans and leases; simpler insurance products such as car insurance, travel insurance, and home equity insurance. From an international perspective, e-finance grows the fastest in the United States and Europe. Pacific region also grows at a quick speed, led by Japan, Singapore, and other countries in the region. Even though the e-finance leaders are in the U.S. and Europe, they also showdifferent characteristics. U.S. e-finance is largely PC-based. That is caused by years of penetration of PC in the U.S. market. However, in Europe, both PC and mobile phones penetrate fairly well in the market. This is not surprising because Europe has the mobile phone leaders such as Nokia and Ericsson. European countries usually adopt WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology, allowing Internet banking and brokerage via mobile phones. This kind of banking is also referred to as “Martini banking”: “anytime, any place, from any access device”.According to Mantel (2001), the first is product diffusion theory. Building on a new product diffusion theory, some studies cite a laundry list of barriers standing in the way of e-finance growth path. On the demand side, studies have cited customer resistance or inertia, lack of incentives, and lack of customer awareness of the innovation as obstacles to change. On the supply side, studies have pointed to the lack of clear standards, the need to overcome industry fragmentation, inadequate incentives among incumbents, and the presence of network externalities. This theory assumes implicitly that a significant portion of e-finance innovations are clear substitutes for existing services and that additional work by incumbent firms alone or in collaboration will lead to broad acceptance. A competing theory about the e-finance phenomenon is called new market development. The theory suggests that broader structural changes are underway, driven by technology, and these changes are blurring the lines between banking and commerce. While it is both natural and critical for incumbent firms to experiment, this theory suggests that innovations tend to unleash improvements that incumbents may not find valuable in the short-or mid-term. Some observers may suggest that incumbent firms in these industries do not understand their markets or are not adequately investing in the future. However, studies have found that incumbent firms, for purely profit maximizing reasons, may not want to choose to pioneer some of these innovations themselves, leaving other firms with different specialties to do so. In other words, such fi rms do not see “first mover” benefits. Each of the above-mentioned theory can show why some segments are more inclined to fast growth, and some other segments will grow much slowly. The first theory will show that brokerage services will be much easier to move online, because the services arerelatively simple. On the demand side, lower transaction costs and greater information transparency means more incentives for customers to join the service. On the supply side, relative low entry barriers push the incumbent firms to move to the online services quickly. Otherwise, the incumbent firms will face market share erosion. In the case of slow growth in e-money service, investment banking service and other more complicated financial services, entry barriers are higher (investment banking), inconvenient (complicated financial service), and insecure (e-payment service). Therefore, these segments show sluggish growth. According to the second theory, the fast growth of brokerage shows that the first mover benefits tremendously. First mover will be able to grab a large chunk of customers. Even though profit margin might erode in the short-term, the large volume from large market share will be more than enough to compensate the margin loss. From profit maximization point of view, brokerage firms will be able to identify the trends and move quickly. However, other e-financial services are not able to show the fast growth observed in the brokerage house.As e-finance grows, many interrelated issues emerge. it shows that economic integration within and across countries, deregulation, advances in telecommunications, and the growth of the Internet and wireless communication technologies are dramatically changing the structure and nature of financial services. Internet and related technologies are more than just new distribution channel, they are also different ways of providing financial services. The related issues to e-finance are:1. Safety and soundnessa) Over the long run, there may be less need for a financial sector safety net, including prudential regulation and supervision of banks. b) Authorities should be wary of extending guarantees to new deposit substitutes, as the moral hazard implications could be substantial. c) Over the short run, authorities could require nonfinancial corporations to provide payment services through bank subsidiaries. Over the long run, authorities may want to consider separating payment from other credit services and allow freer entry in payment services. d) E-finance will lower the franchise value of incumbent institutions.2. Competition policy.a) Freer trade in financial services. b) Defining markets. c) More economies of scale. d) Competition policy will require that authorities simultaneously define technology and information policy. e) Competition policy for financial services will increasingly need to be harmonized worldwide.3. Global public policya) Limits on cross-border financial services will become costlier and more distorting as the Internet expands its reach, the location of providers becomes more difficult to pinpoint, solicitation harder to define. b) As e-finance expands, less informed consumers will gain access to markets, raising issues for cross-border investor protection and transparency. c) Access of new trading systems to contingent financing is also unclear, especially on a global basis.4. Impact on developing countriesa) Different entry barriers in developing countries pose different challenges for e-financial firms. b) E-finance will offer fewer choices to economies with poorly capitalized banking systems, weak regulations, and extensive guarantees on liabilities.c) E-finance will require a reassessment of the approach to financial sector development. d) E-finance offers opportunities to quickly widen access to and improve financial services.We believe that e-finance will grow in any high agency cost industries with low entry barrier. In those industries, ‚Äúfirst mover‚ it will have greater advantages over followers. More importantly, lower barriers mean that incumbent face greater challenges from newcomers if they do not move first. This creates incentives for incumbent firms to move ahead. Brokerage and trading systems will further the current development and attract more customers at greater reach.Future models in banking systems might include:a) A universal bank that bundles a broad range of financial products and services under one roof for a broad range of customers.b) An institution that focuses on the broad financial and nonfinancial needs of a narrow segment of the market.c) They that uses technology to integrate financial services from a variety of specialized providers.d) A traditional, financial institution, which focuses on a limited number of financial products.Pillar (2001) argued that as e-commerce grew, more legal measures would be mature to accommodate the growth in e-finance. They showed that there were two trends going on at the same time. First, technology is escalating at an astounding pace. Secondly, the world market has been tie much more closely than ever. These two trends put more pressure on firms 'decision making process and increase the chance for firms to take a wrong growth path. These two trends also motivate financial service firms to go abroad, which have been more and more commonplace in the recent developments. However, Pillar listed three barriers that firms had to face: governmental, legal, and economic. Governmental barriers result from enactment of regulation and laws targeted at the financial services industry. These can be minimum capital investment requirements, restrictions on business activities, and disclosure and reporting requirements. Some barriers can be a result from lack of regulation in countries without sophisticated legal infrastructure. This may create uncertainty regarding enforceability of contracts or electronic signatures, inadequate intellectual property protection, and concerns over privacy and security. Economic barriers are those that will bring economic costs when financial services firms try to complete transactions across borders. A good example will be the “cost of market access”, or the aggregate cost of constructing the technical infrastructure to enable information technology components to be effectively utilized. These would include legal and regulatory costs. Another area that many e-finance reviews neglect is that the Internet financial services will also bring inefficiencies to the financial market. Barber shows that even though ECNs bring more liquidity, more information, and more price transparency to the investors, it is not true that more information will lead to a more efficient market. As more and more uneducated investors come into the market, irrational behavior occurs in the market. Sometimes, such irrational activities can last a fairly long period of time before a more reasonable new equilibrium is established.Advancement in behavioral finance has shown much evidence that investors behave “irrationally”. More information might lead to an illusion of knowledge. Another effect from illu sion of knowledge might lead to investors’ overconfidence about their skills, judgment and sometimes both. Evidence shows that those investors turn over positions more quickly, borrow on margin more aggressively, and create a more volatile stock market. Barber also show that the current movement and encouragement of online trading is actually hazardous to investors’ wealth. They found that from the sample of online accounts during 1991 to 1996, the most frequent trade accounts earned an 11.4% returns versus the market returns 17.9%. The average online account earned an annual 16.4%, with common stock portfolio tied towards high beta stocks. The evidence showed that an e-financial service in online trading was adversarial to investors’ wealth. The reason for disappointing results may be many folds. But it does show that e-financial services may empower something that traditional financial services are avoiding. Market inefficiency from information overload may be more serious than we think. Lamont and Thales (2001) shows that the market misprices technology stock carve-outs in the recent years. The obvious example is the 3Com carve out, which will give old 3Com shareholders with 1.5 new shares of the newly established entity. Interestingly, the market priced the new entity with about $60/share and a mid $40’s for the parent company. The only possibility for that to occur is that 3Com has a negative worth. But by checking further with 3Com’s financial strength, the company obviously has more than $300 million positive cash flows. The seemingly apparent mispricing lasted for 3 months with all the necessary information available to investors. Another interesting aspect of online trading is that it might create a clientele effect. Barber show that more wealthy young investors are more likely to switch to online trading. Men trade more than their women counterparts. Their studies show that e-finance growth does reshape the way of thinking and behaving from all walks of lives, especially to those who feel self-competence and feel self-control valuable.Future payment systems framework might include a complex system as illustrated in Mantel (2001). Federal Reserve Banks (central banks) will need to workmore closely with each other around the world, as more globalization in trading systems and exchanges occur across countries. Supervisory work of the central banks needs more cooperation, and coordination. Legal rules need to be crafted more carefully for jurisdiction domain when cross border transactions occur. In the meantime, within the United States, both benefits and costs are to be evaluated from the recent innovation of e-finance. Much evidence is needed to show the pervasive changes in the market. More importantly, investors should have more education about risks involved in e-finance. Because e-finance does not only relate to some fields, but to many, the future growth of e-finance can‚ Äôt depend on one or two related areas to grow, but to all the related development of areas.Source: Yong H. Kim (2001), “E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future”. Lecture Notes on Treasury Management, University ofCincinnat. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp262-271.译文：电子商务的发展现状、问题、影响和未来随着互联网发展范围的不断扩大，电子金融也开始相应地发展。
电子商务英文参考文献
附件1：外文原文（复印件）The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of tradewas done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gate way to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensurethat they appear high up in internet search results.For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a compan y, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demo nstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, / says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products,jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.附件2：外文资料翻译译文日趋完善的电子商务当2000年科技泡沫爆发时，备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了，众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。
关于电商平台发展的文献综述范文
关于电商平台发展的文献综述范文英文回答：Introduction.The advent of e-commerce platforms has revolutionized the way businesses operate and consumers make purchases. These platforms have facilitated seamless online shopping, expanded market reach, and introduced innovative business models. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the development of e-commerce platforms, focusing on key trends, challenges, and future directions.Historical Development and Key Trends.E-commerce platforms have evolved significantly since their inception in the early 1990s. Initially, online marketplaces like Amazon and eBay dominated the landscape, offering a wide selection of products from third-party sellers. In recent years, the rise of direct-to-consumer(D2C) brands and omnichannel retailing has led to a more diverse e-commerce ecosystem.Adoption and Growth Drivers.The widespread adoption of smartphones and internet connectivity has fueled the growth of e-commerce platforms. Convenience, time-saving, and the ability to compare prices and products have made online shopping increasingly appealing to consumers. Other drivers include the expansion of logistics and delivery infrastructure, as well as the proliferation of digital marketing channels.Challenges and Opportunities.E-commerce platforms face several challenges, including:Competition: The highly competitive e-commerce market requires platforms to differentiate themselves and adapt to evolving consumer preferences.Cybersecurity: Ensuring data security and preventingfraud is crucial for maintaining customer trust.Logistics and Fulfillment: Managing supply chains, inventory, and last-mile delivery can be complex and costly.Despite these challenges, e-commerce platforms continue to present opportunities for innovation and growth:Personalization: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) enable platforms to provide personalized product recommendations and shopping experiences.Sustainability: E-commerce platforms can play a rolein promoting sustainable practices through eco-friendly packaging, reduced shipping emissions, and partnershipswith socially responsible businesses.Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR): VR/AR technologies can enhance online shopping by providing immersive and interactive product experiences.Future Directions.The future of e-commerce platforms is expected to be marked by:AI and Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML will further optimize platform operations, from product search and recommendation to fraud detection and inventory management.Blockchain Technology: Blockchain can enhance data security, improve supply chain transparency, and facilitate cross-platform transactions.Social Commerce: Social media platforms and e-commerce platforms will increasingly intertwine, allowing consumers to make purchases directly from social media posts.Conclusion.E-commerce platforms have transformed the retail landscape, offering consumers unprecedented convenience, choice, and value. While challenges remain, the future of these platforms holds immense potential for innovation andgrowth. By embracing emerging technologies and addressing evolving consumer needs, e-commerce platforms will continue to play a pivotal role in the global economy.中文回答：导言。
电子商务数字化转型和运营外文文献翻译
文献信息文献标题：Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational Capabilities（电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用）文献作者及出处：Nadeem A, Abedin B, Cerpa N, et al. Digital transformation & digital business strategy in electronic commerce-the role of organizational capabilities[J]. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 2018, 13(2): i-viii.字数统计：英文2652单词，16575字符；中文4797汉字外文文献Digital Transformation & Digital Business Strategy in Electronic Commerce - The Role of Organizational CapabilitiesOverviewDigital transformation is widely affecting various industries particularly healthcare, telecommunications, automotive, banking and manufacturing sectors. It enables innovation practices, improved designs, and new business models, and shapes how organizations create value on the Internet. Companies can leverage robust customer relationships and increase cross selling opportunities through successful digital transformation. Digital transformation is not solely about acquiring and deploying the fit for purpose technologies; rather it is a significant approach in tackling managerial issues such as human resources, business efficiency, and business process redesign.According to Hess, digital transformation has become a high priority on the leadership agenda of many organizations. Almost 70% of reported organizational transformation practices fail to meet organizations ambitions, the timeline for thetransformation, or both, emphasizing the importance of the need for more research in this field. However, while the term digital transformation is increasingly being used in the electronic commerce research and practice, it has rarely been defined in the extant literature and professional articles. Thus, the first objective of this study is to review current understanding of this notion in the extant literature, and to explore what digital transformation entails.Past studies in the information systems and electronic commerce literature have already reported the influence of various isolated technical factors such as technology use, data integration, and type of digital technologies, as well as non-technical factors like digital leadership and human resource management, and business process management on digital transformation of organizations. The next objective of this editorial emphasizes the importance of digital strategy and organizational capabilities in successful digital transformation of organizations. Past research shows that business digital strategy, digital capabilities, and implementation of right set of organizational capabilities, are critical requirements for an effective and efficient enterprise transformation towards creating superior electronic-commerce customer-centric services in the digital era. Currently there is an inconsistent understanding of what constitutes organizational capabilities and a digital business strategy in a digital transformation process. Thus, this study conducts a systematic literature review on a selected set of journals to explore what entails organizational capabilities and digital business strategy, and uses current empirical evidences for proposing a framework for future research on how these two factors may affect organizations’ digital transformation.MethodologyWe have conducted a systematic literature review on selected leading Information Systems journals (see Table 1) for papers published from the year 2000 to 2017. We used combinations of three key terms for conducting the search on titles, abstracts, and keywords of each paper: Digital business strategy, Digital transformation, Business digitalization.Table 1: Selected Journals for systematic literature reviewFollowing Bandara’s guidelines, two main steps were conducted: (i) selecting the relevant sources to be searched, and (ii) defining the search strategy in terms of a time frame, search terms, and search fields. Figure 1 shows the process of relevant article selection.Figure 1: Process for selecting articles through systematic literature review The first stage of our search resulted in 292 articles. After that, we checked the relevancy of the each paper to the research objectives in two stages: Firstly, we assessed this using each article’s title, abstract, and keywords; this resulted in selection of 54 articles. Secondly, we examined the body of the selected articles, which led us to a final set of 28 articles. We then analysed these selected 28 articles thoroughly for their demographic information such as location, industry, and researchmethods, and then used Wolifswinkel’s guidelines for discovering the underlying dimensions of organizational capabilities, digital business strategy, and digital transformation.Wolifswinkel’s guidelines involve a systematic reading and application of codes to the final set of published articles, which would lead to identification of categories, sub-categories and core categories or themes. Figure 2 shows the qualitative process of analysing the systematic literature review final set of articles. We carried out the analysis of the articles in a stepwise mode. Initially, we read all the papers in detail, and highlighted sentences that seemed relevant to the research questions and research scope. The highlighted part from every article was termed as Excerpts. We then read the excerpts repeatedly and noted in the logbook for future reference. During this process of excerption open coding takes place.Figure 2: Process of analyses of systematic literature review articles With open coding as the first step, we initiated the abstraction stage through reading all the papers and extracting dimensions. We used the term dimensions instead of categories (as shown in figure 2) to reflect a characteristic or feature. Next, axial coding was conducted, in which dimensions were sub divided into sub-categories called attributes. Attributes would be characteristics of each dimension. Each attribute of a dimension would be a unique feature and essential part of the dimension. Lastly, the process of comparative analysis took place, where linking and mapping of dimensions with attributes was carried out. This last stage of selective coding involved identification of core dimensions. The core dimensions represent the central phenomenon behind the study. It identifies the main idea the literature review represents. In this stage, we highlighted dimensions with a poor explanation or withno specific attributes representing, and we either eliminated them or merged them with another similar dimension.This above literature data coding process was carried out by going forward and backward between the articles as suggested by Wolifswinkel’s. Once the data was exhausted or fully saturated only then the process of theory building starts. Therefore, if any new dimensions or attributes emerged in this stage, we reviewed the data again starting from the excerptions process until the data was saturated.Outcomes of the Systematic ReviewAs Figure 3 shows, the level of publication activity in this field started to increase from 2009 and then increased considerably in 2016. Furthermore, results also demonstrate that research on digital transformation has extensively been focusing on automotive industry, banking sector, telecommunications and healthcare, oil and gas and manufacturing sectors as shown below in Figure 4. Moreover, the literature review portrays that a large number of studies has concentrated on the US and European countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and UK, and in comparison, less work has been so far undertaken in Asia other regions like the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.Figure 3: Publication trend of reviewed articlesFigure 4: Selected papers by industry sectorIn this study, we discuss the outcomes of the systematic review in two groups: firstly, we present what the notion of digital transformation entails and identify its underlying dimensions. We also discuss what digital business strategy and organizational capability may mean and what their underlying dimensions are based on past studies in the literature. Secondly, we aggregate the current empirical evidences to demonstrate how these three concepts may relate.The Underlying DimensionsFollowing Wolifswinkel’s guidelines and after completion of the coding process, the core dimensions and attributes for digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capability were extracted and identified as shown below in Table 2. The final set of dimensions for digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities were given a specific code as shown in the table below for proper identification and presentation.Table 2: Underlying Dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, andorganizational capabilityTable 2 delineates the dimensions the each of the three concepts along with theirdescription. We identified twelve dimensions of digital transformation. Similarly, we identified six dimensions of digital business strategy and ten dimensions of organizational capabilities. This was to address the gap in the literature in terms of providing a synthesis of the literature for identification of underlying dimensions for each of the three factors. The above table summarizes the findings from the extant literature and gives a guideline to the upcoming researchers and industry professionals.Next, we assessed how the dimensions in Table 2 may overlap. It signifies the common dimensions that have overlapped, and highlights how they are related. This graphical representation depicts that the common dimension shared by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is collaborative ecosystem of digital platform. And the common dimension shared by digital transformation and digital business strategy are named as use of technology and structural changes whereas the common dimensions shared by digital transformation and organizational capabilities are names as digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digitally enabled customer service unit (CSU) & digital artefacts. Moreover, the common dimension shared by digital business strategy and organizational capabilities is dynamic capabilities as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5: Conceptual framework depicting the graphical representation of organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategyPrevious literature has not presented the inter-relationship of the digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. Thus, Figure 5 is what our review resulted in proposing a relationship between digital business strategy, and digital transformation, are organizational capabilities. It suggests that digital transformation is the digital business strategy in action. If deployed successfully, digital business strategy is only the blueprint that can lead to digital transformation. This framework shown in figure 5 signifies and highlights the organizational capabilities that an organization need to acquire for deploying digital transformation and digital business strategy. Although digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities are termed as three different concepts, they actually have inter-relationships as shown in figure 5. The external collaboration of ecosystem of digital platforms shared by all the three concepts highlights that developing the collaboration with external partners is significant in today’s digital world for co-creating value and better organizational performance. The firm’s digital leadership, agile and scalable operations, digital enabled customer service unit (CSU) and digital artefacts, can manifest organizational capabilities required for pursuing the digital transformation to align with the changing external environments. Digital leadership describes that organizations should acquire more recent and updated digital skills and competencies whilst introducing new leadership roles to match the electronic commerce’s changing external environments. Likewise, building flexible and vigorous operations would assist in overcoming the previously embedded legacy systems further assisting the organization in deploying the digital transformation to make the firm’s electronic commerce remaining relevant. Furthermore, digitally enabled CSU is another important element in response to changing customer, as it assists with analysing customers value proposition in the electronic commerce context, which would be achieved by developing and implementing the digital processes and infrastructures that would be beneficial in handling large amount of data. Digital capabilities facilitated by digital artefacts would therefore enable the firm to create or adapt new products / services for its electronic commerce to fulfil the desired digitally enabled CSU to fit with thechanging customer needs.It is noted that digital business strategy requires the development of new organizational capabilities that are developed and reconfigured on a continuous basis. Additionally, in order to seize the benefits of digital transformation, more efforts need to be focused on the development of a competitive digital business strategy -i.e. specifically digital strategy initiatives need to be defined for the execution of the digital transformation. In addition, past literature also highlights that market-alignment drivers of organizational capabilities would help identify the organization’s drivers for digital transformation in electronic-commerce, which in turn would lead to better business performance. Figure 6 below represents the relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy.Figure 6: Relationship between organizational capabilities, digital transformation & digitalbusiness strategyConclusionThis study explores the inter-relationship between the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy, which further led to the emergence of the conceptual framework. It explains and demonstrates how therequisite set of organizational capabilities and unique dimensions of digital business strategy would drive an organization towards digital transformation. The digital transformation framework described by Figure 5 together with the causal interrelationship between organizational capabilities and digital transformation (moderated by digital business strategy) as shown in Figure 6 would represent a new important body of knowledge on the fundamental managerial practices for digital transformation towards a successful electronic commerce.The analysis resulted in distinctive dimensions of digital transformation, digital business strategy, and organizational capabilities. This study provides a broader and substantial theoretical contribution on digital transformation literature and it enriches the literature by providing a framework of the inter-relationship of the organizational capabilities, digital transformation and digital business strategy. This research also represents the unique set of dimensions entailed by digital transformation, digital business strategy and organizational capabilities.The findings would assist organizations’ CEOs and CIOs (C-suite management) who are looking for an effective framework depicting the inter-relationship between the digital transformation, organizational capabilities and digital business strategy. Companies usually hire consulting firms to assist them in developing and deploying fit-for-purpose organizational capabilities for pursuing digital business strategy that further leads to digital transformation. However, they would often end up investing a huge amount in implementing digital technologies instead and would still be unable to achieve effective digital transformation throughout the organization. Therefore, this study would guide them in determining and deploying the right organizational capabilities for their organization for digital transformation leading to better performance.Another stakeholder of this study would be the IS researchers, who are in the search for a step forward in developing and implementing digital business strategy and digital transformation. IS researchers have previously published many articles on this topic in various journals and therefore have shown a growing concern for an awareness of this field. The IS researchers would gain an improved understanding ofthe challenges faced in digital transformation.中文译文电子商务中的数字化转型与数字化经营战略——组织能力的作用概述数字化转型正在广泛影响各个行业，尤其是医疗、电信、汽车、银行和制造业。
我国移动电子商务发展探析外文翻译.
毕业设计(论文外文文献翻译2011 届译文一:移动电子商务:标准化与设计技术译文二:移动接入网站的有效优化学生姓名学号系别经济与管理系Mobile Commerce: Standards & DesignTechnologiesKanwalvir Singh DhindsaABSTRACTThis paper presents the various standards and technologies with respect to various applications in the field of mobile commerce. It also compares J2ME with other technologies and standards are also compared so that more understanding of the various issues can be had while designing the mobile commerce applications. This paper analyzes the various technologies used for mobile commerce along with their advantages and disadvantages.KEY WORDS M-commerce, J2ME, I-modeI. INTRODUCTIONM-commerce stands for Mobile Commerce and refers to commercial transactions being conducted over cellular and mobile devices. M-Commerce originated around 90s.Mobile Commerce is defined as the use of information technologies and communication technologies for the purpose of mobile integration of different value chains and business processes, and for the purpose of management of business relationships. The various generations that represent technology are:1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology2G: current wireless technology; mainly accommodates text2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics3G: 3rd generation technology supports rich media (video clips4G: will provide faster multimedia displayA. M-COMMERCE VERSUS E-COMMERCEIn comparison to e-commerce, m-commerce offers both advantages and disadvantages. The following list summarizes the advantages of m-commerce:Ubiquity: The use of wireless device enables the user to receive information and conduct transactions anywhere, at anytime.Accessibility: Mobile device enables the user to be contacted at virtually anytime and place. The user also has the choice to limit their accessibility to particular persons or times.Convenience: The portability of the wireless device and its functions from storing data to access to information or persons.Localization: The emergence of location-specific based applications will enable the user to receive relevant information on which to act.Instant Connectivity (2.5G: Instant connectivity or "always on" is becoming more prevalent will the emergence of 2.5 G networks, GPRS or EDGE.Personalization: The combination of localization and personalization will create a new channel/business opportunity for reaching and attracting customers.Time Sensitivity: Access to real-time information such as a stock quote that can be acted upon immediately or a sale at a local boutique.Security: depending on the specific end user device, the device offers a certain level of inherent security.B. MOBILE COMMERCE STANDARDSThe categorization of mobile commerce standards is as follows:✧Transaction Based standards refer to requirements for a payment transaction to beaccepted for processing.✧Device Based standards refer to requirements for a terminal to capture a paymenttransaction.✧Network Based standards refer to underlying network protocols that create result indemands and constraints.✧Security Based standards refer to security & authentication measures around the coreprocesses.& types of standards are:GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System.PDA: Personal Digital Assistant—handheld wireless computer.SMS: Short Message Service.EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service.MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service.WAP: Wireless Application Protocol.II. MOBILE COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTUREMobile Computing Infrastructure involves: mobile computing services.SMS & MMS: short & multimedia message service.Location-Based services: use localization mechanisms (e.g. GPS to support localization of products and services.V oice-Support Services: exploit voice recognition and synthesize in m-commerce applications, enabling the user to interact with a computerized system.WAP (Wireless Application Protocol: enable to access multimedia content customized for mobile devices.Internet Connectivity: allows exchange data with servers (get information, download applications or multimedia, control a system.III. DRIVERS OF M-COMMERCEWidespread availability of devices: the number of cellular connections has reached 3.25 billions.Handset culture: widespread usage of mobile phones among the 15-25 year-old age group.Vendors’ push: they advertise many applications of m-commerce.Mobile workforce: more and more workers operate out of the office it is a social trend.Increased mobility: a more productive use of time for people that commute or travel frequently.Improved price/performance: the price of wireless devices and the price per minute is decreasing.Improvement of bandwidth: 3G communication provides data rate up to 2MbpsIV. DEVELOPING M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS WITH J2ME & XMLJ2ME is Java technology specially customised for small consumer and embedded devices with limited processor, memory, display, and input capabilities. Java Virtual Machine (JVM runs on top of the device's operating system and is customized for a specific operating system. The size and complexity of JVM depends on the particularJ2ME configuration it supports.The fusion of Java and XML technologies creates the powerful combination of portablecode and portable data. Using the KXML package to write an application for the MIDP profile that can parse an XML document An XML processing model describes the steps an application should take to process XML; an application that implements such a model is called an XML parser. An XML parser can be integrated into Java applications with the Java API for XML Processing (JAXP. JAXP allows applications to parse andtransform XML documents using an API that is independent of any particular XML processor implementation.A growing number of cellular phones support Java applications, but many devices can also run Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME-compliant applications. The Java APIs for Bluetooth wireless technology (JABWT standard supports rapid development of Bluetooth applications that are portable, secure, and highly usable.V. ADV ANTAGES & DISDA V ANTAGES OF J2MEAdvantages:1. Strong use of transplanted J2ME technology development process.2. The fast development of the Java language of their own characteristics, the development of fast procedures for a relatively short development cycle.3. The popularity of J2ME technology is increasing rapidly because of the increased use of mobile devices.J2ME technology Minuses:1. In order to achieve limited function of the transplanted J2ME technology, J2ME technology can not achieve the function of the system, such as reading a telephone directory, messaging systems content.2. The relatively slow speed running on the JVM J2ME technology on the basis of, coupled with the restrictions on cell phone hardware, operating speed is relatively slow.3. Procedures in the limited size of cell phones, J2ME technology development program procedures size under great restrictions.VI. THE OTHER ALTERNATIVESA. BREWBREW is an application execution platform that runs at the firmware level (CDMA chipset and specially targets wireless applications that can be downloaded and executed on mobile devices. The platform boasts enhanced capabilities that include GPS, VOIP, Bluetooth 1.1, MP3, and MIDI. The BREW suite of services includes TCP/UDP socket communications, HTTP support, SMS messaging, advanced telephony services, and support for file systemaccess. BREW provides C/C++ software development, and the BREW C/C++ SDK easily integrates with Microsoft's Visual C++ development environment. All in all, BREW doesn't sound much different from Java. To a user, it presents a similar kind of application experience and to a developer, a more or less similar development model. However, some distinctions need to be made between the two:* J2ME targets general consumer and embedded devices. BREW, on the other hand, targets wireless devices exclusively (specifically CDMA phones. As a result, it's more versatile when it comes to wireless phones.* J2ME doesn't consist of a specific distribution system corresponding to the BREW BDS. This may be an advantage as well as a shortcoming.B. J2ME vs. WAPJ2ME apps have much more to offer than those built under the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP, in terms of both features and security. Whereas WAP is a thin-client development protocol, J2ME is a development platform specifically for smart applications. J2ME applications offer the following security advantages over WAP applications:• Without a WAP gateway in the middle, smart applications can provide scalable end-to-end security from the back end to wireless devices. This will become especially important as the back end evolves into a message-driven Web-services framework.• Smart applications utilize device processing power efficiently. Instead of encrypting everything with the same key strength regardless of needs, rich clients can establish a comprehensive differentiating security policy based on the content.VII. CONCLUSIONIndustry is faced with challenges of providing the necessary capacity for both backbone transmission infrastructure and the access network. Support is needed for Mobile Apps which depends on how extensively the applications use the underlying network. Both J2ME and BREW present developers with exciting opportunities for taking advantage of the convergence of wireless and the Internet While Java developers may find that J2ME is the right choice for a range of small consumer devices BREW has its own advantages when targeting wireless phones. In many cases, of course, the choice of one technology over the other will be dictated by the platform that the network operator decides to support.移动电子商务:标准化与设计技术Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa摘要本文提出了关于移动电子商务各种各样的标准化和科技在各类领域中的应用。
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译E-commerce DevelopmentMaterial Source: International Economics Author: Catherine L. Mann Electronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalization of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-frogging of available technology. Since electronic commerce integrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception, negotiating on trade issues related to electronic commerce will, even more than trade negotiations have in the past, demand self-inspection of key domestic policies, particularly in telecommunications, financial services, and distribution and delivery. Because these sectors are fundamental to the workings of a modern economy, liberalization here will rebound to greater economic well-being han comparable liberalization in more narrowly focussed sectors. Thus, the desire to be part of the e-commerce wave can be a powerful force to erode domestic vested interests that have slowed the liberalization of these sectors.Technical aspects of electronic commerce, its complexity and the characteristic of network externalities should change the way that developing countries approach the external negotiating process. Specifically, the complexity of negotiations will require more cooperative effort among countries through their regional forums (APEC, FTAA) which heretofore have operated at the periphery of the WTO process. Second, since electronic commerce is characterized by network externalities, developing countries should take advantage of the technical leadership coming out of the private sector in the most advanced countries (and their own private sector, even if nascent) and “draft” in behind. Standing on the shoulders of giants makes sense when network externalities and interoperable standards are key to maximizing the benefits of e-commerce. Trying to develop domestic standards or following the old technique of import substitution to develop a domestic industry is even more economically wasteful in the context of the internet and electronic commerce than it was in more traditional sectors. Trade negotiations are often the tool used to liberalize domestic sectors. But the complementarity between domestic policy andtrade strategy is tighter in the case of e-commerce and the internet. Moreover, this complementarity emphasizes that e-commerce is not a service, nor a good, but something that is comprised of both. In the context of the WTO commitments, embracing this idea could lead to a liberalizing bias in favor of electronic delivery of goods and services as compared to delivery by another scheduled mode. For example, insurance products could be sold over the Internet even if the physical presence of a foreign insurance firm was not scheduled for liberalization under GATS. Rather than view this outcome with alarm, developingcountries should embrace it as a positive force that furthers the development both of electroniccommerce, as well as encourages deeper liberalization and deregulation throughout the economy.“Electronic commerce” is a shorthand term that embraces a complex amalgam of technologies,infrastructures, processes, and products. It brings together whole industries and narrow applications, producers and users, information exchange and economic activity into a global marketplace called “the Internet.” There is no universal definition of electronic commerce because the Internet marketplace and its participants are so numerous and their intricate relationships are evolving so rapidly.Nonetheless, one of the best ways of understandingelectronic commerce is to consider the elements of its infrastructure, its impact on the traditionalmarketplace, and the continuum of ways in which electronic commerce is manifested.This approach shows clearly how electronic commerce is intricately woven into the fabric of domestic economic activity and international trade.Electronic commerce as it has evolved today requires three types of infrastructure:• Technol ogical infrastructure to create an Internet marketplace. Electronic commerce relieson a variety of technologies, the development of which are proceeding at breakneck speeds(e.g., interconnectivity among telecommunications, cable, satellite, or other Internet ‘backbone;’ Internet service providers (ISPs) to connect market participants to that backbone;and end-user devices such as PCs, TVs, or mobile telephones). • Process infrastructure to connect the Internet marketplace to the traditional marketplace.This infrastructure makes payment over the Internet possible (through credit, debit, or Smart cards, or through online currencies). It also makes possiblethe distribution and delivery (whether online or physical) of those products purchased over the Internet to the consumer.• “Infrastructure” of protocols, laws, and regulations. This infrastructure affects the conductof those businesses engaging in and impacted by electronic commerce, as well as the relationships between businesses, consumers, and government.Examples include technical communications and interconnectivity standards; the legality and modality of digital signatures, certification, and encryption; and disclosure, privacy, and content regulations.Together, these infrastructures enable electronic commerce to innovate the traditional marketplace in three ways:• Process innovations: Electronic commerce simplifies, makes more efficient, reduces costs, orotherwise alters the process by which an existing transaction takes place.For example, Cisco Systems replaced its phone and fax ordering process with an online ordering process and saved more than one-half billion dollars and reduced error rates from 25 percent to 2 percent. Boeing used computer-aided design and electronic communication to coordinate 238 design eams in the globalized production of the 777 aircraft, a process never before attempted in this way, and which cut error rates by 50 percent, and reduced both costs and time to market.Product innovations: Electronic commerce creates or facilitates new industries and products not previously available. For example, MP3 both enables consumers to play music downloaded from a computer and enables musicians to upload music directly to the internet, thereby creating a new medium to produce and consume music; WebMD repackages existing health information in an easy-to-use online format, offers opportunities to “chat” with people with similar health concerns, and provides “real-time” responses to health questions. Market innovations: Electronic commerce also creates new markets in time, space, and in information that heretofore did not exist because transaction and coordination costs were prohibitively high. For example, the online bank Wingspan offers 24-hour bill payment features; PeopleLink is a global advertising location for artisans in remote parts of Latin America and Africa; reverse auctions through Priceline inform businesses of the exact price consumer is willing to pay for the products, as well as reduce the consumer purchase cost. In reviewing the infrastructures that make electronic commerce possible, as well as the impact electronic commerce has on the traditional marketplace, we can see how electronic commerce is intricately woven into thefabric of domestic economic activity and international trade.译文电子商务的发展资料来源: 国际经济研究所作者：凯瑟琳属曼恩电子商务和互联网及其相关活动，能成为提高国内经济发展、促进消费提升，通过具有自由化的本地服务，可以更快的融入全球化生产当中。
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
移动电子商务研究外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：International Joint Conference on Inc, Ims and IDC. IEEE, 2013:27-35.英文原文The Research of Mobile E-commerceM DromaAbstractAs an expansion and extension of e-commerce in wireless networks, mobile e-commerce will further promote the maturity of online consumption. According to the results of research conducted by independent agencies, mobile e-commerce, which is business and service activities through mobile devices and wireless networks, will soon become the dominant force in business and society. M-Commerce, which is derived from the concept of E-Commerce. E-commerce uses PC as the main interface and is wired e-commerce; while mobile e-commerce is based on mobile phones and PDAs. Personal Digital Assistants) These terminals interact with us. It combines the Internet, mobile communication technology, short-distance communication technology and other information processing technologies to enable people to conduct various business activities at any time and any place, and realizes shopping and trading, business activities, financial activities and relatedComprehensive service activities.Keywords: mobile commerce, mobile device, PDAThe power of mobile e-commerceIn the mid-1990s, the Federal Communications Commission of the United States auctioned off the spectrum space of personal communications services and promoted the development of contemporary wireless communications. Modern wireless communication terminals include not only mobile phones, but also personal handheld computers (PDAs), digital assistants and a series of devices.Wireless base station constructionThe application of the Internet has enabled the development of networks in the traditional PC field. According to the forecast of Dataquest and Yankee Group, the scale of server development will reach 500 million in 2003. E-commerce and other communication applications have prompted the continuous growth of such large-scale server areas. In addition, because these systems will have greater processing power and storage capacity, better price-performance ratio, more powerful performance, and more complex applications, its emergence may gradually become the mainstream of desktop applications and the Internet.Although these predictions are impressive, personal computers have two limitations. First, users must sit in front of them. Second, even if it isa portable laptop, it needs to load software, dial in to connect with the network service provider, and wait for the handshake agreement to proceed before accessing the Internet. This process is understandable, but it is better to be in a tolerable range. Therefore, although the main application has many troubles, it is still within the acceptable range for those users to follow this access sequence, at least to keep the computer and the application program running. Overall, the scale of the PC is huge, including more mobile communication devices. The Gartner Group and other research institutions estimate that by 2004, the global mobile phone user base will exceed 1 billion, which is 2 times the number of PC users. In addition, the number of users of other wireless mobile devices will also increase significantly. The scale of application of wireless PDA will be tripled in the next three years. Unlike personal computers, these wireless devices do not require a boot sequence, so people can use them in a convenient and fast manner. This quick application can make these products more attractive.Wireless protocol standardJust as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and the Universal Browser as the mainstay force drive the development of the Internet, allowing different devices to interconnect and communicate, similar factors will simplify heterogeneous interconnection and wireless device communication. Mobile network operators currently rely on amulti-standard and incompatible wireless access standard. Recently, a common communication technology has finally emerged. It has developed and provided a unified interface standard for wireless services and Wireless Application Protocol (W AP) for mobile devices.Wap's specifications include a microbrowser, JavaScript-like scripting, access capabilities, session layering interaction specification, transport, and security. These specifications make it possible for applications to be interface independent and interoperable. Most mobile phone and wireless device manufacturers, as well as some service and infrastructure vendors, have already approved the W AP standard.Adequate bandwidthCurrent access technologies, including TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM, provide transmissions with speeds of 9.6 to 19.2 Kbps. This speed is quite different from desktop dial-up access to the Internet. Although mobile e-commerce can be implemented at this low-speed bandwidth, this low speed is not conducive to mobilizing the participation of a wide range of businesses and consumers.By 2002, 3G (third generation) wireless technology will be implemented. In addition to having a bandwidth rate of up to 2 Mbps, 3G will also support multimedia transmissions. Integrated voice, data interaction, and multi-party video will enable mobile e-commerce on anywireless device. In addition, 3G technology has received active support from the International Telecommunication Union and has raised the possibility of 3G technology.Mobile e-commerce applicationsThe application of mobile e-commerce can be divided into three categories: transaction management, digital content delivery, and telemetry services. Transaction managementUsers will experience more and more rich commercial applications through mobile devices. Online shopping platforms for mobile phones and PDAs have emerged and have enabled browsing, selection, purchase, payment, and delivery. These websites include the necessary elements for shopping, such as online catalogs, shopping carts and back-office functions. In this area, online bookstores have already implemented shopping transactions for wireless platforms.Another type of mobile e-commerce transaction application involves purchasing payments and real-time services through wireless devices. This type of transaction application will continue to grow as the user gains more and more application experience and will make management easier.The highest demand for the development of mobile e-commerce comes from micro-transactions. Compared to coins, they are more willing to use electronic money via their handsets or PDAs in order to solveproblems such as paying for subways. The widespread use of electronic money will become a reality.Content Delivery ServiceDigital content delivery uses the distribution characteristics of wireless channels. These mobile e-commerce activities include information browsing, real-time information retrieval (weather, traffic schedules, sports scores, ticket sales, and market prices) and directory services. CNN's wireless news subscription service and UPS Pocket PC's package tracking and location service are representative of this emerging content delivery service.Digital products are easily transmitted via wireless devices. Therefore, the arrival of 3G can make downloading applications such as entertainment and MP3 music more common. Transmission software, high-resolution images, and full-motion advertising information will also become increasingly common. The emergence of high-quality displays and greater bandwidth will undoubtedly lead to innovation in the field of video applications. In the future, people can realize high-definition video content that accesses, retrieves, stores, and displays multimedia through wireless devices, as well as distance education.Telemetry serviceWith the telemetry services for transmitting, receiving, sensing and measuring information, the wide application of this new field isinseparable from the establishment of mobile devices. Innovations in this area allow people to use their mobile phones and other wireless devices to access their homes, offices or other places. For example, delivery drivers access a computer in an intelligent dispenser or warehouse to determine where they need the most active inventory or where they need immediate service. Similarly, the user can activate the recording device or the remote service system by sending an e-mail.Passive applicationsAn active mobile electronic commerce application means that the application will only be enabled if the parties communicate payment details, request information, receive specific content, or retrieve status information. Passive applications, in contrast, act in situations where the user has not implemented any behavior, such as the collection of consumer cash cards. Electronic Money Flow Integration on mobile devices will impact cash cards and make cash cards less necessary. These wireless devices can facilitate and record consumer payments, transportation, fast food, other transactions, all unauthorized users, or confirmation of each transaction information. Users can arrange their financial flows, connect their funding sources, and download additional digital cash when they need it, through direct automatic updates of wireless devices.The more popular text message in Europe is a text message with alength of up to 160 characters, which is displayed on the recipient's screen. This is a typical passive application example. With the increasing popularity of digital convergence, wireless devices will be passive in a variety of emails, including digital voice mail, fax files, and e-mail. These necessary technologies are now perfect, and further awareness and universal access will make these services very popular. These paid mobile e-commerce activities will increase, and may make the payment system innovation. For example, free services in wireless devices that use audio or video advertising as revenue.Passive security, prevention of intrusion, and emergency telemetry services provide comprehensive testing of facilities and individuals. Any unusual events or unacceptable conditions will promptly alert the user, no matter where they are.The airline is testing a technology that uses wireless devices to remind passengers, especially those frequent flyers, to give them information on seat upgrades, schedule changes, and more. At present, some airlines have already put this prototype telemetry system into use. When passengers enter the airport or pass through nearby self-service facilities, they will receive this kind of information in a timely manner.Passive mobile e-commerce telemetry is the foundation of another form of interactive marketing. Stores can pass on their products and services to customers in the form of promotional coupons andinformation, such as "To: Come and enjoy a cup of our new coffee mix!" or "Half-price promotion, only for half an hour!" But this kind of marketing may also face a new challenge: Turn off your mobile device and prevent mobile spam.The promotion of this technology to mobile e-commerce is endless, and it can even evolve into an obstacle to its development. The development of applications and wireless devices are complementary, and innovation in one area will make the other stronger.Business opportunities and challenges require an ever-changing strategy, leveraging the advantages of mobile e-commerce to help them compete in the ever-increasing digital market. The biggest challenge in constructing this strategy comes from the contradiction that technological innovation can give the user what functions and what functions consumers and business people expect.中文译文移动电子商务研究M Droma摘要移动电子商务作为电子商务在无线网络中的拓展和延伸,会进一步促进网络消费的成熟。
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电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan, On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable.Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable, as has its unique advantages. Today, enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce, one might get the winning edge.1The Current Form Of Electronic Commerce1.1 Within The Enterprise In The Form Of E-CommerceCompanies to establish their own websites, local area network, also known as enterprise-wide intranet. Intranet has become an effective business management and business matters dealing with economic business tool, but also in the form of e-commerce enterprises. It provides enterprise between the various administrative departments, fast, efficient, safe and reliable information exchange channels and support between policy and administration departments to transmit data, voice and video images, resource sharing of information, as well as for online media office, online communication, online services. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . Such as decision-making departments announcement, documents, decisions; management departments to provide sales, planning, production, inventory, equipment, human resources, accounting, statistics and other reports or dynamic data, for personnel access, analysis, and utilization. Can also be related to the business of processing, financial accounting and other economic matters. The web site also should the enterprise market positioning, brand positioning, service commitments, product superiority displayed, the corporate philosophy to show up, making it independent of the soul, inspiring site. Enterprises must also establish contact with customers and consumers channel, interactive communication is healthy to get feedback and revise corporate business strategy or remedy defects or deficiencies. Internal e-commerce saves time, manpower and material resources to enableenterprises to market conditions can quickly react and improve their competitiveness in the market.1.2 In The Form Of An E-Commerce Business With ExternalCompanies take advantage of the Internet for marketing, including the signing of contracts to suppliers, orders, bills and accept the use of electronic funds transfer network platform, exchange, letters of credit, collections and other ways Payment, breaking the original 'Both sides met, cash on delivery,' the traditional business model. Product sales enterprises can also use the Internet to carry out, such as the introduction and promotion of products, provide technical support, contract, accept orders, organize logistics, such as online banking payment is received.Corporate use of the Internet and external regulatory agencies to achieve interconnection interaction. Including commercial, taxation, banking, insurance, customs, commodity inspection, social security centers, fund management center, customers, and other upper management. For example, in the banking sector: the prevailing online banking (e-banking is currently the highest form of) a monetary fund for enterprise payments platform that enables enterprises to facilitate inquiries at any time and receive their master monetary fund, support, storage and other changes . Large number of enterprises, such as issuing payments, social insurance premiums paid into the housing provident fund deposit, payment of wages and other payments, are available through the relevant regulatory agencies (through encryption or security authentication technology) software to easily pay for online banking, shorten the transit time of monetary funds.Another example in taxation: tax department immediately launched the 'Golden Tax Project' is an interactive platform for the tax department and between enterprises established through the Internet, businesses can be completed online tax returns, tax V AT invoices issued Chaoshui, proceeds certification stamps, clear stamps Information (SD card), taxes paid, download certificates and receipts as well as tax-related services and other matters. The tax authorities also use this network platform release tax information, tax information and audit companies, locking to restrain violations of enterprises. This not only reduces the workload of the taxofficials, but also to facilitate the taxpayers.And so forth, and now business survival in the economic society, is inseparable from the relevant authorities, is inseparable from the market, business information and interactive communication constraints. E-commerce has been melting into the enterprise business activities.2 The Advantages Of E-CommerceE-commerce companies to provide a broad business and trade environment, greatly improving the range of business activities, the level and quality of service, the prospects are very bright, in enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise market, showing a strong advantage.2.1 E-Commerce Can Improve The Efficiency Of E-CommerceBusiness activities not only quick and easy to make effective business enterprise internal economic integration, improve efficiency, but also with the relevant department or system provider, enterprise customers, banking, taxation and other effective links to online can deal with related businesses, access to information, to shorten the time and improve efficiency.2.2 The Expansion Of E-Commerce Can Enhance The Corporate Image MarketingE-commerce market with a wide range of characteristics of propaganda, it can expand their visibility, build brand image, enhance customer and contact suppliers to broaden the marketing. System network enables customers and suppliers are able to understand each other's latest economic information and related data, and the network to break the constraints of time, can provide all-weather mode service, which will undoubtedly strengthen the competitive position.2.3 E-Commerce Can Reduce Costs And Improve BusinessEfficiency of e-commerce transactions can reduce marketing costs and save expenses. Such as e-mail communication saves postage; electronic data exchange is saving the managers office and travel expenses; can greatly reduce the transit time of monetary funds to accelerate capital turnover; optimize the supply chain, reduce supply costs, saving procurement costs, reasonable organization of production reduceinventory and so on; these are reflected in the increase of corporate profits.In short, e-commerce has brought to our work a convenient, fast and reduce the pressure of work, opportunities and benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise is no reason not to accept, accept and build e-commerce, use and development of e-commerce is the inevitable development of enterprises .3 Companies Must Meet The Requirements Of Enterprises To Develop E-Business E-CommerceE-commerce requirements that must be met in order to take full advantage of e-commerce.3.1 Build E-Commerce Enterprises To Develop E-Commerce EnvironmentE-commerce environment is inseparable from information technology within the enterprise must have the necessary hardware and software facilities: one should have a server and a corresponding number of computers; second is to have a computer network infrastructure facilities; Third, should have the e-commerce business applications; four should have modern management. Should also consider the following factors: e-business applications must be practical; the system must implement centralized data storage and backup; the system must have the ability to upgrade online expansion; the system must have security and other data services.3.2 The Company Must Change The Existing Management SystemE-commerce technology and management must operate mechanisms, and the combination of enterprise business processes.so that it can be used for the new system, in particular the management of external cooperation and information-processing technology to business units meet the basic requirements for enterprises to develop e-commerce, e-commerce is not otherwise achieve the desired results. At the same time, companies can not immediately abandon the existing information systems, to make full use of existing mature e-commerce system, the integration of existing rational choice of scientific information systems have come to deal with the maximum difference between different systems, for e-commerce companies to lay a good foundation.3.3 Enterprises To Accelerate The Introduction Of E-Commerce Or Cultivating Talent To Its Capability In E-Commerce, To Seize The InitiativeThe ultimate benefit of e-commerce operations are performed by people, companies are not only understands the needs of network technology, but also understands high-quality compound talents of e-commerce rules and business management to undertake the work. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency.In addition to selecting an important way to open recruitment with relevant knowledge and technology, the enterprise should develop e-commerce and e-business knowledge training job skills training, improve the quality of e-commerce business-related personnel and networking skills, which is to ensure the rapid development of e-commerce enterprises . Training complex e-commerce talent is necessary for the development of e-commerce.In short, the development and use of e-commerce process, to synchronize with the corporate modernization, so that e-commerce has become assistant business development. E-commerce has brought tremendous opportunities for businesses, who can seize this opportunity, who will be able to seize the wealth.References[1] Ning Hong Kong. Impact of e-commerce and its impact on traditional accounting [J]. Sun Yat-sen University, 2003, (6)[2]Guo liters. Competitive advantage with the requirements of e-commerce Market Forum 2006 4[3]Qi Ming. E-commerce practical tutorial [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000[4]Introduction to E-Commerce / Zhao Yanping editor - Beijing: Central Party School Publishing 2005.11译文：浅议电子商务在企业的发展是必然的摘要电子商务是指在利用计算机和互联网络技术的支持下进行的商务活动。