外文参考文献
外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】
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广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文(1)项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中,进行成本控制越发重要。
本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。
本文讨论了很多方法。
它表明,要取得成功,项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。
简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。
监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。
.。
标范围内。
3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标,项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。
项目成功与良好的沟通密。
决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005).4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段,很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。
第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动,高风险活动最有。
..重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。
4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。
为了控制这些成本费用,项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统:a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。
国标外文参考文献格式
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国标外文参考文献格式外文参考文献是学术研究中不可或缺的重要资源,对于专业学科的发展和创新起到了积极的推动作用。
为了确保引用外文参考文献的准确性和一致性,国际上形成了一套规范的引用格式,称为国标外文参考文献格式。
本文将详细介绍国标外文参考文献格式的要求和规范,以帮助读者正确引用外文参考文献。
一、作者格式:在引用外文参考文献时,作者的格式与中文参考文献有所不同。
对于单一作者,直接写出作者的姓氏、名字即可。
对于多位作者,需要列出所有作者的姓氏、名字,用逗号隔开。
如果作者数量超过三个,则只需写出前三位作者,并在最后添加“et al.”表示等等。
如果文献无法确定作者,则可以使用“Anon.”表示匿名。
二、文献题目格式:在引用外文参考文献的题目格式方面,根据国标规定,应使用斜体的标题。
对于文章、论文等,只需使用首字母大写的格式。
对于书籍、期刊等,需要将所有主要词汇的首字母大写。
同时,需要注意将冒号、感叹号等标点符号保持原样。
三、出版信息格式:在引用外文参考文献时,出版信息的格式需要按照一定规范进行书写。
首先是出版地点,应写明城市及国家或地区,如果为美国的城市,则需要写明州名。
然后是出版社的名称,需准确无误地书写出来。
对于期刊文章,需要写明期刊的名称、卷号、期号及所属年份。
对于论文或会议文章,则需要标明论文所属的期刊或会议名称、页码以及出版年份。
四、引用文献格式:在引用外文参考文献时,需采用准确的引用格式,以确保信息的准确性和一致性。
通常采用的引文格式为作者-日期格式,即将作者姓名和引用日期写在文中,并在文末列出完整的文献信息。
同时,需要注意引用的上下文逻辑关系,确保信息的顺畅连贯。
对于多位作者的文献,采用“et al.”表示等等,以简化引文的长度。
五、参考文献列表格式:在文末列出的参考文献列表中,需要按照国标格式进行书写。
首先按作者的姓氏的字母顺序将文献排列,对于作者相同的文献,按照出版日期的先后顺序进行排列。
外文参考文献译文及原文
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目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。
尤其是,关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。
第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。
第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。
一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。
最后,在第.8章作总结。
2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法,以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。
此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。
但是,它可能是麻烦的初学者,因此只对有经验的用户推荐。
(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本,是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。
模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法,TCP,UDP)使用NS2,可以完成。
一般来说,NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。
外文参考文献译文及原文
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广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文(1)项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中,进行成本控制越发重要。
本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。
本文讨论了很多方法。
它表明,要取得成功,项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。
1.简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。
2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。
监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。
3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标,项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。
项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。
4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段,很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。
第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动,高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。
4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。
为了控制这些成本费用,项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统:a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量)相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。
外国书籍怎么写参考文献
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外文参考文献的写法篇1单一作者作品的书籍:名字,名字首字母。
(年)。
书名(斜体)。
出版社所在城市:出版社。
谢里尔,RD(1956年)。
可怕的未来:考虑彩色电视。
圣地亚哥:霍尔斯特德。
二作者以上合着的书籍:姓,名字首字母。
&姓,首字母。
(年)书名(斜体)。
出版社所在城市:出版社。
Smith.J.和PeterQ(1992)。
毛球:在一个谜的表面后面的密集窥视。
汉密尔顿,ON:麦克马斯特大学出版社。
文集中的文章:麦当劳,A.(1993年)。
逮捕和持续收容超自然实体的实用方法。
在GLYeager(Ed)中,超自然和神秘学研究:应用案例研究(第42-64页)。
伦敦:其他世界书籍。
期刊中的文章(非连续页码):CracktonP(1987)。
TheLoonie:上帝期待已久的彩色零钱礼物?加拿大变化,64(7),3437。
期刊中的文章(连续页码):名字,名字首字母。
(年)。
题目。
期刊名(斜体)。
第几期,页码。
罗威纳.FT&BeaucheminJL(1987)。
底特律和纳尼亚:两个濒临毁灭的敌人。
加拿大/美国研究杂志,54.66-146。
月刊杂志中的文章:亨利,华盛顿,三世。
(1990年,4月9日)。
在当今的学校取得成绩。
时间,13528-31。
外文参考文献的写法篇3一纸、正文用圆圆圆作夹注,基本格式为“(发表年份)",同时引用作者在中载明文包含详细信息列文件内。
夹注多篇文章文件时,参考作者各之间用分号隔开。
二、参考文献类型,以论文标记方式:期刊J,专M,标准N论文D,论文集C,R,s,电子期刊报告P,数据库DB,计算机程序,电子公告EB。
载体、电子文档的载体类型类型双链路:磁带MT,采用磁盘DK,光盘引用CD,网络联机OL。
以手机为载体的传统载体在时三种表示其载体类型。
四、参考文献:作为标志,先中文后外文,在文末,按照中文按照拼音前顺序在中表的顺序排列;中文按顺序排列顺序依次在表中的排列。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)
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外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance(c)Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目:未来的中小企业融资背景:中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
毕业论文外文参考文献
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毕业论文外文参考文献毕业论文外文参考文献在撰写毕业论文时,外文参考文献的使用是非常重要的。
通过引用外文参考文献,我们可以展示对于研究领域的深入了解,并且可以为自己的研究提供更广阔的视野。
本文将探讨毕业论文中外文参考文献的使用方法和注意事项。
首先,选择合适的外文参考文献至关重要。
在选择外文参考文献时,我们应该确保其与自己的研究主题相关,并且具有一定的权威性。
我们可以通过查阅学术数据库、期刊和书籍来寻找合适的外文参考文献。
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毕业设计外文参考文献
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外文参考文献格式举例
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外文参考文献格式举例外文参考文献的格式通常根据不同的引用风格和学术规范而有所不同。
下面是几个常见的引用风格和相应的外文参考文献格式的示例:1. APA 引用风格(American Psychological Association):期刊文章:作者姓, 作者名. (发表年份). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 起始页码-结束页码.例如,Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 24(2), 520-532.书籍:作者姓, 作者名. (出版年份). 书名. 出版地: 出版社.例如,Johnson, M. (2015). Mind and Matter: A New Understanding of Consciousness. New York, NY: Harper Collins.2. MLA 引用风格(Modern Language Association):期刊文章:作者名, 作者姓. "文章标题." 期刊名, 卷号.期号 (发表年份): 起始页码-结束页码.例如,Smith, John. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Conservation Biology, vol. 24, no. 2, 2010, pp. 520-532.书籍:作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年份.例如,Johnson, Mark. Mind and Matter: A New Understanding of Consciousness. New York, Harper Collins, 2015.3. Chicago 引用风格:期刊文章:作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 期刊名卷号, no. 期号(发表年份): 起始页码-结束页码.例如,Smith, John. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2010): 520-532.书籍:作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年份.例如,Johnson, Mark. Mind and Matter: A New Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Harper Collins, 2015.请注意,以上只是引用风格的示例,实际引用时,需要根据具体的情况,如作者数量、出版地点等进行相应的调整。
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
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D.专著中析出的文献
〔序号〕 析出责任者.析出题名.见(英文用In):专著责任者.书名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.
〔12〕罗云.安全科学理论体系的`发展及趋势探讨.见:白春华,何学秋,吴宗之.21世纪安全科学与技术的发展趋势.北京:科学出版社,2000:1-5.
2024年外文参考文献格式要求
外文参考文献格式要求 篇1
单一作者著作的书籍:
姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
期刊论文
[1]周庆荣,张泽廷,朱美文,等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的.溶解度[J].化工学报,1995,46(3):317 323
[2]Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
B.专著
〔序号〕 主要责任者.文献题名〔M〕.出版地:出版者,出版年:页码.
〔3〕 刘国钧,郑如斯.中国书的故事〔M〕.北京:中国青年出版社,1979:115.
参考文献 英文
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外文文献[1] Progress Possible through Science&Technology[N].KOREA IT TIMES,2005,March V ol.11.[2] V.J.Drapela&D.C.Washington,Guidance and Counseling AroundWorld[M].Universitypress of America,1979[3] D.E.Super,V ocational Development:A Frame work for Research[M].NewYork:TeachersCollege,Columbia University,1976:188-189.[52]J.O.Critos,Career Counseling Models,Methods and Materials[M].Newyork,McGraw-Hall Book Co,1981.[4] D.E.Super,A Theory of V ocational Development[J].American Psychologist,1953,[5] The World Conference on Higher Education﹒World Declaration andFramework for Priority Action forChange and Development in Higher Education[R]﹒World Conference on Higher Education,9 October,1998﹒[6] 青年就业网秘书处﹒ A Global Alliance forYouthEmployment:Recommendations of the High-Level Panelon YouthEmployment[R]﹒The 29th Item on the Agen-da of the 56th Session of theUnited Nations General As-sembly(Sept﹒28 2001).[7] Klandt,H.EntrePreneurshiPEdue硕onandRe·searehinGerman一SPeakingEuroPe.AeademyofManagementLearning&Edueation,SeP,2004,3(3):293.[8] KatZ,J.A.,TheehronologyandintelleetUaltrajeetoryofAmerieanentrePreneurshiPedueacionl876一1999[J].JoumalofBusinessVenturing,2003,(18)·[9] HenryEtzkowitz,etal.TheFutUreoftheUniversityandtheUniversityoftheFuture:Evolutionofivo汀TowertoEntrePreneurialParadigln[月,ResearehPoliey,2000(29):313一330. [10] VesPer,K.H.,Gartner,W.B.,MeasuringProgressinentrePreneurshiPedueation闭.JoumalofBusinessVenturing,[11] CooPerAC,HornadayJA,1997,(5).VesPerKH.TheFieldofEntrePreneurshiPoverTime[A].FrontiersofEntrePreneurshiPReseareh[C].Wellesley,MA:Babsoneollege,1997.[12] Katz,J.A.,Theinstitut1On阴dinfr韶trUCtureofentrePreneurshiP[J].EnterpreneurshiP:Throry&Practiee,SPring,1991,(3).[13] SolomonGT,FernaldLW{TrendsinSmallBusinessandEnireP拍neurshiPEdueationintheUnitedStates[J].EntrePreneurshiP:Theory&Practiee,1991,15(3):2540. [14] CalvinA.Kent.,EntrePreneurshiPeducationeurrentdeveloPments,futuredireetions[明.New丫brkQuor以roBookS,1990.[15] Jeffey A.immons:New Ventere Creation.Iwin McGraw–Hill,1999,3[16] Katz,J,The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurshipeducation,Journal of Business Venturing,2003(18):283-300[17]Vesper,K.H.,Gartner,W.B.,1997.Measuingprogressinentrepreneurshipeducation.J.Bus.Ve[18] Aaron Koh.Towards Crica l Pedagogy:Creating’thingking Schools’inSinggaporein:Joural of Curriculum studies.Taylor&Francis ltd,2002 255-264 [19] Jan H.Van Driel,Nico Verloop etal.Teachers’craft knowledge and curriculuminnovationin higher engineering education.in:Higher Education 1997:105-122 [20] Lin,Nan,“SocialResourcesandInstrumentalAetion.”Soeia1S加etureAndNetworkAnalysis,editdbyPeterMarsden&NanLin,BeverlyHills,CA:SagePublieations,Ine,1982[21] Lin,Nan,“SoeialResoureesTheory.”,inEneyeloPediaofSoeiology,V olume4,EditedbyE.F.BorgattaandM.1.Borgatta,NewYork:Maemillan,1992[22] Burt,Ronald,StruetureHoles:TheSoeialStruetUreofComPetition,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1992[23] GranovetterMark.ThestrengthofweakTies.〔J].AmerieaJoumalofSoeiology,1973,78[24] Bourdieu,1990,ThelogieofPraetiee,Cambridge:PolityPress;Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress.[25] Portes,Alejandr,1995,TheEeonomieSoeiologyof11llllligration,NewYOrk:RussellSageFoundation.[26] Putnam,RobertD.,1993,“I五eProsPerousCommunity:SoeialCaPitalandPublieLife,”AmerieanProsPeet,13LS}Coleman,James,S,1990,TheFoundationsofSoeialTheory,Calllbridge,MA:Bel知aP,PressofHarvardUniversityPress.[27] Granove优er,Mark:1973,“TheStrengthofweakties”Americanjoumalssoeiology,75[28] Bian,YianjieandSoonAng,“GuanxiNetworksandJobMobilityinChinaandSingaPore.”inSoeialForees,1997,75[29] Paul5.Adler,Seok一WooKlwon,2002,SoeialC叩ital:prosPectSforaneweoneePt,AeademyofManagementReview,VOI.27,Nol:170一40[30] Burt,R.5.1997.“TheContingentValueofsocialC即ital,AdministratiVeSeieneeQuarterly,42:339一365[31] Hirseh,P.M.,&Levin,D.2.1999.UmbrellaadvoeatesversusvalidityPoliee:Alife一anizationSeienee,10:199一212[32] Putnam,R.D.,1995.Bowlingalone:Ameriea,5decliningsoeialeaPital.JournalofDemocraey,61:65一8[33] Nallapiet,J.,&Ghoshal,5.1998.Soeialc即ital,intellectualeaPital,andtheorganizationaladvantage.AeademyofManagemeniReview,23:242一266[34] podolny,J.M.,&Baron,J.N.1997.Resou-rcesandrelationshiPs:SoeialnetworksandmobilityintheworkPlaee.AmerieanSociologiealReview,62:673一93[35] SeottE.Seibert,RobertC.Linden(2001)“ASoeialCaPitalTheoryofCareerSuceess,,,“AeademyofManagementjo徽al,,[36] Femandez,R.M.,Castilla, E.J.,&Moore,P.200.SoeialcaPitalatwork:NetworksandemPloymentataPhoneeenier.AmerieanJoumalofSoeiology,105:1288一356[37] Hargadon, A.,&Sutton,R.1.1997.TeehnologybrokeringandinnovationinaProduetdeveloPmentfirm.AdministrativeScieneeQuarterly,42:716一49fZOJPennings,J.M.,Lee,K.,&vanwitteloostu巧n,A.1998.H脚aneaPital,soeialeaPital,andFirmdissolution.AcademyofManagementJournal,41:425一40[38] Whlker,G,,Kogut, B.,&Shan,W.1997,anizationSeienee,8:109一25[39] RobertD.putnam.MakeDemoeracywo永LM].PrincetonUniversitypress,1993:167[40] MarsdenP.V.,Networkdataandmeasurement【J].JournalReviewofSoeiology,1990,16:435一463[41] BurrisB.H.,Thehumaneffeetsofundere哪loyment[J〕.SocialProblems,1983,31(l):96一99[42] Coleman,James.SoeialCaPitalintheCreationofHumanCaPital【J」.AmerieanJournalofSoeiology,1998,94(SuPPlement):95一120 [43] Beggs,Jolm,J.AndHurlbelt,Jeanne5.,TheSoeialContextofMen,5andWomen‘5JobSearchTies:MembershiPinVOluntaryorganizations,SoeialResoureesandJobSearchOuteomes[J」.SoeiologiealPersPeetives,1997,40:601一28[44] Uzzi, B.,1997.Soeialstruetureandeo哪etitionininterfirmnetworks:TheParadoxofembeddedness.AdministrativeScienceQualterly.[45] smitka,M.,petitiveties:SubeolltractingintheJ即aneseautomotiveindustryNewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress.[46] Klandt,H.,Entrepreneurship Education and Research in German-SpeakingEurope[J].Academy of Management Learning&Education,Sep2004,(3):293.[47] Vesper,K.H.,Gartner,W.B.,Measuring progress in entrepreneurshipeducation[J].Journalof Business Venturing.1997,(5):403-421.[48] Katz,J·A.The institution and infrastructure ofentrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory&Practice,Spring,1991,15(3):85~102.[49] Vesper,K·H,Gartner,W·B.Measuring progress in entrepreneurshipeducation[J].Journal ofBusiness Venturing,1997,12(5):403~421.[ 50] EdithWaterfall. The Day Continuation School ,London ,1923.[51 ] Dr. N. L. McCaslin Designing Career and Technical (Voca2tional) EducationPrograms for the Modern City 上海教育论坛[J ] . 2005 , (6) :22 - 23.[52] Jeffey A.immons:New Ventere Creation.Iwin McGraw–Hill,1999,3[53] Katz,J,The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurshipeducation,Journal of Business Venturing,2003(18):283-300nturing12(5)[ 54 ] 滕大春. 美国教育史[M] . 北京:人民教育出版社,1994.[ 55 ] 滕大春. 外国教育通史(第1 卷) [M] . 济南:山东教育出版社,1990.[56 ] [英]安迪·格林著,王春华等译,朱旭东校. 教育与国家的形成:英、法、美教育体系起源之比较[M] . 北京:教育科学出版社,2004[ 57] 滕大春. 今日美国教育[M] . 北京:人民教育出版社,1980.2.傅汉清:《美国小企业研究》,北京:中国财经经济出版社,2000年版。
外文参考文献格式
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外文参考文献格式外文参考文献格式是学术研究中一个非常重要的部分,它规范了文献引用的方式,让读者能够方便地查找到引用的来源。
在学术著作中,常常会引用外文文献,因此正确的外文参考文献格式是必不可少的。
1. APA格式APA(American Psychological Association)格式是一种常用的外文参考文献格式。
在APA格式中,文中引用的内容以作者姓氏和出版年份的方式标注在括号中,同时在参考文献列表中以作者、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名等详细信息列出。
示例:•文中引用方式:(Smith, 2019)•参考文献列表方式:Smith, J. (2019). Article Title. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-120.2. MLA格式MLA(Modern Language Association)格式是另一种常见的外文参考文献格式。
在MLA格式中,文中引用的内容同样以作者姓氏和出版年份的方式标注,但在参考文献列表中则更加注重出版物的详细信息,比如出版社、出版地等。
示例:•文中引用方式:(Smith 78)•参考文献列表方式:Smith, John. Book Title. Publisher, 2018.3. IEEE格式IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)格式通常用于工程和技术领域研究中。
在IEEE格式中,文中引用的方式以数字标注,而参考文献列表则以数字序号的方式列出。
示例:•文中引用方式:[1]•参考文献列表方式:[1] Smith, J., et al.。
英语情景教学外文参考文献
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英语情景教学外文参考文献以下是一些英语情景教学方面的参考文献:1. Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.(理查兹和罗杰斯的《语言教学的手段与方法》)2. Willis, J., & Willis, D. (2007). Doing Task-Based Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.(威利斯夫妇的《任务型教学实践》)3. Ur, P. (1996). A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.(厄尔的《语言教学课程:实践与理论》)4. Nation, I. S. P., & Macalister, J. (2010). Language Curriculum Design. New York: Routledge.(纳修恩和麦卡利斯特的《语言课程设计》)5. Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for Language Teaching. New Haven: Yale University Press.(库马拉维德卢的《方法之外:语言教学的宏观策略》)6. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.(哈默的《英语语言教学实践》)7. Nunan, D. (1991). Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.(努南的《语言教学方法论:教师用教材》)8. Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. White Plains: Pearson Education.(布朗的《语言学习和教学原理》)这些参考文献覆盖了英语语言教学的不同方面,包括教学方法、课程设计以及教学策略等。
参考文献(已排序)
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参考文献外文部分一、著作1、Anton,J.Customer relationship management:Making hard decisions with softnumbers[M].Prentice一Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ,1996.2、Boorstin D.J.The Image: A Guide to Pseudo - Events in America[M].New York:Harper and Row,1961.3、Csikszentmihalyi, I S Csikszentmihalyi.OptimalExpe-rience:Psychological Studies of Flows of Consciousness[M]. NewYork, Cambridge University Press,1988.4、Dahles H. Tourism,Heritage and National Culture in Java:Dilemmas of a Local Community [M ]. London: Curzon Press,2001. 177 -215.5、Dennison Nash.Anthropology of Tourism [M], UK, Pergamon, 1989.6、Eco U.Travels in Hyper reality[M].San Diego: Harcourt Brace,1986.7、Engel,J.F.,Blackwell,R.D.,&Miniard,P.W.Consumer behavior(6thed)[M].Hinsdale,IL:Dryden Press,1990.8、Gale,B.T.Managing customer value:Creating quality and service that customers cansee[M].Nueva York:The Free Press,19949、Goffman Erving.The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life[M].New York:Doubleday,1959.10、Gray,H.P.International travel-international trade.Lexington:Heath,1970.11、Holbrook,M.B.Introduction to Consumer Value.In M.B.Holbrook(Ed.),Consumer value:A frame work for analysis and research(pp.1-29)[M].New York,NY Routledge,1999.12、Kotler,P.Marketing management[M].Prentice Hall,200313、Monroe,K.B.Pricing:Making Profitable decisions[M].McGraw-Hill,New York,1990.14、Morrison.A.M.Hospitality and Tourism Marketing[M].Albany N.Y:Delmar,1989.15、Murphy P E. Tourism: A Community Approach [M]. New York: Methuen, 1985:37.16、Nunez.Tourism as a Form of Imperialism, In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism [M], Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.265-280.17、Oliver,R.L.Satisfaction:A behavioral Perspective on the consumer[M].New York:Irwin/McGraw -Hill,1997.18、Oliver,Richard L. Customer satisfaction with service[M]. CA: Sage Publications, 2000:251.19、pearce,P. The Ulysses Factor: Evaluating Visitors in Tourist settings. New York: springer-Verlag ,1988.20、Porter,M.E.The competitive advantage of nations[M].New York:Mac Millan Press,1990.21、Ryan C. Recreational Tourism: A Social Science Perspective[M]. Romedge Press, 1991 :36-37.22、Ryan,Chris:RecreationTourism:A Social Science Perspective,Routledge,1991.23、Ryan,Chris:The Tourist Experience:A new Introduction.Cassell:Wellington House,1997;24、Smith V. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (2nd Ed.)[M]. Philadelphia :University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989 :1-17.25、Sudhiam Pratiwi.Understanding Local Community Participation in Eco-tourism Development:A Critical Analysis of Select Published Literature [M].2000:98.26、V alene L.Smith.In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology ofTourism[M].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Perss, 1989.二、论文1. A.Pizam, Y. Neumann, A Reichel-Dimensions of tourist satisfaction with adestination[J].Annals of Tourism Research, 1978,5(3):314-322.2.Agarwal S. Restructuring seaside tourism: The resort life cycle [J]. Annals of TourismResearch,2002,29(1):25 -55.3.Akama J. Damiannah M K. Measuring tourist satisfaction with Kenya's wildlife safari:Acase study of Tsavo West National Park[J]. Tourism Management, 2003 (24):73-81.4.AkamaJ.Western environmental values and nature based tourism in Kinya[J].TourismManagernent,1996(8):567-574.5.Alison J Beeho, Richard C Prentice. Conceptualizing the experiences ofheritage tourists—A case study of New Lanark World Heritage Village.[ J]. Tourism Management, 1997, Vol 18(2):75-87.6.Antonia B,Lee M E,McCormick P J. Residents’perceptions ofthe cultural benefits oftourism [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(2):303 -319.7.Atila Yuksel. Shopping experience evaluation: a case of domesticand internationalvisitors[J]. Tourism Management, 2004,25(6): 751-759.8.Beard J.B. Raghed M G. Measuring leisure satisfaction[J]. Journal of Leisure Research.1980,9.Bolton,Drew. A multistage model of customers' assessments of service quality andvalue[J].Journal of Consumer, 1991, 17(4):375-384.10.Brady M.Cronin,J.Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality:ahierarchical approach[J].Journal of Marketing,2001,65(July):34-49.11.Brian King. Social Impacts of Tourism: Host Perceptions [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1993, 20(4).12.Browne R, Nolan. Western Indian Reservation Tourism Development [J].Annals ofTourism Research, 1989, 16: 360-376.13.Brunt P,Courtney P. Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts[J]. Annals of TourismResearch,1999,26(3):493 -515.14.Bryan J, H Brown. Personal Perception and Community Speculation:A British Resort inthe 19th Century [J].Annals of Tourism Research, 1985 (3):355-369.15.Burns P M,Mónica M S. Local perceptions of tourism planning:The case of Cuéllar,Spain [J]. Tourism Management,2003,24(3):331 -339.16.Butler R W. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution :Implications formanagement of resources [J]. Canadian Geographer,1980,24(1):5-12.17.Cardozo,Richard N. A Experimental Study of Consumer Effort [J]. Journal of MarketingResearch, 1965(8):42-43.18.Cees Goossens.Tourism Information and Pleasure Motivation[J].Annals of TourismResearch,2000,27(2):301-321.19.Cevat Tosun. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process inDeveloping Contries[J].Tourism Management.2000,21(6):613一633.20.Chen,C.,Tsai,D.C.How destination image and evaluative factors affect Behavioralintentions?[J].Tourism Management,2007,(28):1115-1122.21.Chen,C.,TSai,M.H.Perceived value,satisfaction,and loyalty of TV travel productshopping:Involvement as a moderator[J].Tourism Management,2008,(29):1166-1171. 22.Chrys Horn, David Simmons, Community adaptation to tourism: Comparisons betweenRotorua and Kaikoura[J]New Zealand Tourism Management2002,23:133—143.23.Cohen E. A Phenomenology of tourist experiences[J]. Sociology,1979,13(2):179-201.24.Cohen E. towards a Sociology of lnternational Tourism [J]. Social Research, 1972(1).25.Cohen E.Authenticity and Commoditization in tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1988,15 (2):371~386.26.Cohen E.Rethinking the sociology of tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6(1):18~35.27.Cohen J H. 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江南古镇旅游景区合作影响因素实证方法研究探索[J].社会科学家,2007,(7):121 -125.164.熊侠仙,张松,周俭. 江南传统古镇旅游开发的问题与对策———对周庄、同里、甪直旅游状况的调查分析[J 规划汇刊,2002,(6):61 -63.165.许洪杰.旅游开发背景下古镇居民“边缘化”现象研究[D].南宁:广西师范学院,2011.166.杨桂红.试论社区居民参与旅游业发展对环境保护的积极作用——以碧塔海旅游景区为例[J]. 经济问题探索,200-126.167.杨宏伟.城市旅游交往中的文化传递与冲突[J].太原师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007(3):38-40.168.姚银银.游憩涉入、地方依恋对旅游体验质量的影响研究[D].辽宁:东北财经大学,2011: I169.姚钟华.企业获取核心竞争力的顾客价值分析[J].江西社会科学,2002(02):145-146.170.叶志桂.西方顾客价值研究理论综述[J].北京工商大学学报,2004,19(4):11-18.董大海,权晓研,曲晓飞.顾客价值及其大连理工大学学报,1999(2):l8.171.殷果.乡村旅游主客交往行为实证研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2011,26.172.尹殿格.基于体验经济的旅游景区营销策略研究[D].天津:河北工业大学,2008:60.173.尹乐,苏勤. 周庄旅游者的结构特征及利益追求[J]. 资源开发与市场,2005,21(4):375 -377.174.于萍.社区参与古镇旅游发展研究[J].安徽农业科学2011,39( 31) :19270 -19271,19274.175.余华玲.川西古镇开发模式初探[J].地方文化研究辑刊,2008(1):172-178.176.俞琪. 从体验经济视角探求古镇旅游产品的深度开发[J]. 江西科技师范学院学报,2008,(2):41 -43. 177.禹雯昕.基于游客满意度的民俗旅游开发研究[D]. 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学生考试系统外文参考文献
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学生考试系统外文参考文献以下是一些关于学生考试系统的外文参考文献:1."A Comprehensive Framework for Online Exam Management System," by Ravi Shankar and Deepak Suryawanshi. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 4, 2017, pp. 775-787.2."Exam Management System: Design and Implementation," by Nidhi Jain and Anil K. Jain. International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 138, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1-5.3."Cloud-Based Online Exam Management System," by Sunil Verma and Vishwa Deepak Mishra. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, 2017, pp. 1-7.4."An Efficient Online Exam Management System," by Deepak Tiwari and Sumit Shukla. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, 2017, pp. 1-6.5."Exam Evaluation using Fuzzy Logic: A Comparative Study," by Ranjit Kumar and Deepak Kumar Jha. Information Science and Engineering Applications, vol. 5, no. 2, 2017, pp. 1-10.这些文献涵盖了学生考试系统的各个方面,包括系统设计、实现、评估和优化等。
外文参考文献格式导出
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一般来说,英文参考文献的格式主要有APA格式、MLA格式、CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System)。
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另外,如果您使用的是Web of Science,可以在检索到目标文献后,点击“导出-更多”,找到“其他参考文献格式”,然后选择想要导出的参考文献数量,一次最多500条,然后选择“全记录”,文件格式选择“制表符分隔(Win)”如果是苹果系统,就选“制表符分隔(Mac)”。
国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(3篇)
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国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(3篇)国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(一)Implications of ipsilateral spatial neglect after stroke(中风后单侧忽略的影响)Lastupdated: Tuesday 7 October 2014 at 1am PSTStroke researchers have confirmed that damageto the right frontal-subcortical network may cause ipsilateral spatial neglect.A difference was alsoseen in spatial bias, ie, the type of spatial errors among this group tended tobe 'where'(perceptual-attentional) rather than 'aiming' (motor-intentional)errors.IpsilesionalNeglect: Behavioral and Anatomical Correlates was published online ahead ofprint by Neuropsychology.The study was conductedin 12 patients with ipsilateral neglect.A computerizedline-bisection task was used to evaluate spatial errors of 'where' and 'aiming' Little is known about ipsilateral neglect, which is much less common thancontralesional neglect, noted Dr. Barrett. Our findings confirmthat of prior studies showing that these patients tend to have lesions ofthefrontal-subcortical network.An unexpected findingwas the spatial bias toward 'where' errors in this group.Weneed further investigation to determine the differences in functional deficitsbetween ipsilateral and contralateral neglect, and the clinical implications ofthose differences for rehabilitation interventions.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(二)Cyborg science for the future(未来的机器人科学)Lastupdated: Tuesday 12 August 2014 at 12am PSTNo longer justfantastical fodder for sci-fi buffs, cyborg technology is bringing us tangibleprogress toward real-life electronic skin, prosthetics andultraflexiblecircuits. Now taking this human-machine concept to an unprecedented level,pioneering scientists are working on the seamless marriage between electronicsand brain signaling with the potential to transform our understanding of howthe brain works - and how to treat its most devastating diseases.Their presentation tookplace at the 248th National Meeting & Exposition of the American ChemicalSociety (ACS), the world's largest scientific society.By focusing on thenanoelectronic connections between cells, we can do things no one has donebefore, says Charles M. Lieber, Ph.D. We're really going into a newsize regime for not only the device that records or stimulates cellularactivity, but also for the whole circuit. We can make it really look and behavelike smart, soft biological material, and integrate it with cells and cellularnetworks at the whole-tissue level. This could get around a lot of serioushealth problems in neurodegenerative diseases in the future.These disorders, such asParkinson's, that involve malfunctioning nerve cells can lead to difficultywith the most mundane and essential movements that most of us take for granted:walking, talking, eating and swallowing.Scientists are workingfuriously to get to the bottom of neurological disorders. But they involve thebody's most complex organ - the brain - which is largely inaccessible todetailed, real-time scrutiny. This inability to see what's happening in thebody's command center hinders the development of effective treatments for diseasesthat stem from it.By usingnanoelectronics, it could become possible for scientists to peer for the firsttime inside cells, see what's going wrong in real time and ideally set them ona functional path again.For the past severalyears, Lieber has been working to dramatically shrink cyborg science to a levelthat's thousands of times smaller and more flexible than other bioelectronicresearch efforts. His team has made ultrathin nanowires that can monitor andinfluence what goes on inside cells. Using these wires, they have builtultraflexible, 3-D mesh scaffolding with hundreds of addressable electronicunits, and they have grown living tissue on it. They have also developed thetiniest electronic probe ever that can record even the fastest signaling betweencells.Rapid-fire cellsignaling controls all of the body's movements, including breathing andswallowing, which are affected in some neurodegenerative diseases. And it's atthis level where the promise of Lieber's most recent work enters the picture.In one of the lab'slatest directions, Lieber's team is figuring out how to inject their tiny,ultraflexible electronics into the brain and allow them to become fullyintegrated with the existing b#from 国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(3篇)来自 end#iological web of neurons. They're currently inthe early stages of the project and are working with rat models.It's hard to saywhere this work will take us, he says. But in the end, I believeour unique approach will take us on a path to do something reallyrevolutionary.TitleNanoelectronicsmeetsbiology: From new tools to electronic therapeuticsAbstractNanoscale materialsenable unique opportunities at the interface between the physical and lifesciences, and the interfaces between nanoelectronic devices and cells, cellnetworks, and tissue makes possible communication between these systems at thelength scale relevant to biological function. In this presentation, thedevelopment of nanowire nanoelectronic devices and their application aspowerful tools for the recording and stimulation from the level of single cellsto tissue will be discussed. First, a brief introduction to nanowirenanoelectronic devices as well as comparisons to other tools will be presentedto illuminate the unique strengths and opportunities enabled by activeelectronic devices. Second, opportunities for the creation of powerful newprobes capable of intracellular recording and stimulation at scales heretoforenot possible with existing electrophysiology techniques will be discussed.Third, we will take an 'out-of-the-box' look and consider mergingnanoelectronics with cell networks in three-dimensions (3D). We will introducegeneral methods and provide examples of synthetic 'cyborg' tissues innervatedwith nanoelectronic sensor elements that enabling recording and modulating activityin 3D for these engineered tissues. In addition, we will discuss extension ofthese nanoelectronic scaffold concepts for the development of revolutionaryprobes for acute and chronic brain mapping as well as their potential as futureelectronic therapeutics. The prospects for broad-ranging applications in thelife sciences as the distinction between electronic and living systems isblurred in the future will be discussed.国外英文原版图书参考文献规范(三)例(1) (7)选自英国Edinburgh University Press出版的Modern North American Criticism and Theory: A Critical Guide。
外文参考文献格式模板
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外文参考文献格式模板英文参考文献引用格式有两种:APA格式和MLA格式。
1、APA格式:APA(American Psychological Association)是一种标明参考来源的格式,主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中,国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。
APA文内注的参考文献格式是:“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。
APA文末的参考文献目录格式是:Reference List, 必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】Smith,J.(2006).The title of the article.The title of Journal,1,101-105。
非期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】Sussan.G.(2002).What computers can't do.NewYork:Harp&Row。
2、MLA格式:MLA是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。
MLA文内注的基本格式:“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。
MLA文末的参考文献目录格式:在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:期刊类:【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,C.E.“The Comparative Approachto Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。
非期刊类:【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard w in Civil Society.Madison:U of Wisconsin P,1995。
外文译著参考文献要求
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外文译著参考文献要求咱来说说外文译著参考文献的要求哈。
一、基本信息要全。
1. 原著信息。
首先得有原著作者的大名。
这就像你介绍一个朋友,得说出他是谁呀。
比如写[英]J.K.罗琳,让大家知道这书最初是出自谁的脑洞。
出版社也要写清楚。
不同的出版社可能会有不同的版本特点,比如企鹅出版社(Penguin Books)出的书,可能在装帧、编辑风格上和其他出版社有区别,写上出版社能让读者更全面地了解这个版本的背景。
2. 译者信息。
如果有译者写的译序或者译者的一些特殊说明,要是引用到了相关内容,也要在参考文献里体现一下。
就好像译者对这个作品的理解和解释也是这个译著的一部分财富,要好好记录。
3. 译著版本信息。
译著的出版年份和出版社也要写明白。
这和原著的出版信息一样重要。
也许译著是在原著出版多年后才出来的,而且不同出版社的译著可能会有不同的译文质量、排版风格之类的,这些信息能让读者更好地找到你参考的那个具体版本。
如果有版次的话,也得写上。
比如是第1版还是第2版,版次的不同可能意味着内容有修订、补充之类的,这对准确引用和研究也很关键。
二、引用规范要遵守。
1. 引用页码准确。
2. 引用内容的完整性。
不要断章取义地引用。
要按照原著或者译著作者的本意来引用内容,不能为了迎合自己的观点就只截取一部分文字,歪曲人家的意思。
就像你不能把别人说“我喜欢在晴天散步,但有时候也会在小雨中走走”,只截取“我喜欢在晴天散步”,然后说这个人只喜欢晴天散步,这是不道德的引用方式。
三、格式统一要注意。
1. 整体格式。
在一篇文章或者论文里,所有的外文译著参考文献格式要保持一致。
不能这个译著参考文献是一种写法,那个又是另一种写法。
就像一群人排队,大家都得按照同样的规则站好,要么按照作者书名出版社出版年份这样的顺序,要么按照其他统一的格式,反正不能乱套。
2. 标点符号使用。
标点符号也要规范。
书名要用书名号(如果是中文格式的话)或者斜体(如果是英文格式)。
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