学术英语：上课用How_to_Write_an_Outline论文提纲怎么写分析解析
如何撰写论文大纲(EssayOutline)
如何撰写论文大纲（EssayOutline）如果你正在准备做一个演讲、论文、故事或是研究计划，准备一份大纲可以很好地帮助整理你的想法和研究。
什么是大纲呢？大纲是一个用来思考和组织你的文章的一个比较正式的系统。
例如你可以通过大纲来检查你的各个想法是否相关，以什么顺序效果最好，或者你是否有足够的证据来支持你的每一个观点。
大纲对于任何类型的文章都有一定的帮助，可以帮您总揽全局。
大纲有以下两种类型：主题型大纲和句子型大纲主题型大纲由短语组成。
当你在处理一系列以不同方式组织文章的不同问题时是非常有用的。
句子型大纲是以完整的句子组成。
通常情况下，当你的文章着重描写一些比较复杂的细节时使用。
句子型大纲对于此类文章十分有用，因为句子本身可能就有很多细节性的因素。
句子型的大纲还可以将这些细节涵盖在句子中，而不是非要创造一个很多页的由许多短语组成的大纲。
主题型大纲和句子型大纲都会遵循严格的格式、使用罗马和阿拉伯数字以及开头使用大小写字母等。
这些有助于你以及任何读你大纲的人容易理解你的组织结构。
这种类型的大纲常用于课堂论文和演讲（请参见本文末尾的例子）。
没有规定哪种类型的大纲是最好的，只要选择一个最适合你文章的大纲就行。
准备写大纲1.确定主题。
你的论文主题是非常重要的。
试着用一句话或是短语来总结你论文的重点。
这将有助于保证你论文关注的重点。
2.识别主目录（主要章节论点）。
你的文章将涵盖哪些重点？介绍的部分通常会介绍你全部的要点，然后剩下的文章可以用来发展这些要点。
3.创建第一个章节（或者叫第一个论点）。
你的第一点想涵盖什么？如果文章是围绕着一个很复杂的术语，定义通常是一个很好地起点。
比如关于一个特定理论的文章，给出理论的大概背景知识也可能是一个很好的起点。
4.创建子论点。
在你确定所有章节重点内容（主要论点）之后，你需要创建一些观点来为你的重点内容提供支撑。
你使用的点取决于你将要涵盖的信息量，使用多少数量都是可以的。
按照惯例，每个章节至少包括两个条目。
如何写英文论文-How-ti-write-Introduction
How to write the IntroductionThe introduction is certainly the most read section of any research paper, and it largely determines the readers or reviewers attitude toward the work. Therefore, it is probably the most delicate part of the writing of a paper. Unfortunately, many people face difficulties when writing the introduction.The purpose of an introduction is to present the motivation behind the research, with the intention of defending it. An introduction also places your paper in a theoretical context and helps the reader to clearly understand your objectives. In addition, the introduction should grab the reader's attention completely. Below, we discuss the major components that should be included in an ideal introduction.Part I ComponentsI. Theme or TopicA broad theme or topic of the study should be stated.II. Academic ImportanceThe academic importance of the paper should be explained.III. Literature ReviewThe available literature should be summarized and previous studies that are most relevant to your research should be cited. In addition, if a previous study is replicated, it should be clearly stated along with an in-text citation.IV. Knowledge GapA discussion of the knowledge gap and inconsistencies found should follow the literature, and the benefits of the study's main contribution should be highlighted.V. Research question and objectivesA clear indication of the research question addressed in the study, specific objectives that guide your research, the context in which the study was conducted, and the units of analysis used in the study should be provided in the introduction.Part II Effective ways of writing each componentThe different parts of the introduction are elaborated in this section. Including these steps will help you to write an effective introduction to your paper.I. Theme or TopicBegin your introduction by clearly identifying your subject area. An overview introduction of the broad theme or topic of your research will help readers to clearly understand your research domain immediately. In the first few sentences of the introduction, use keywords from your title to focus directly on your topic. This places immediate focus on your subject without discussing information that is too general.It is unnecessary for you to give the details of the research questions because details will be presented at the end of the literature review chapter or at the beginning of the methodology chapter.Since your paper will also be read by people outside the domain, writing the paper in a simple, yet effective way is essential for people to understand the relevance of your research. In addition, it is important that you introduce the broad theme or topic of your research in the introduction for the reader to totally understand what the research is about. To achieve this, the following points must be followed.--Avoid the use of technical jargons in the introduction--Do not begin the introduction with the research question or hypothesis.--Define technical terms and constructs (concepts)You may use the following sentence structures to arouse the reader’s interest in the topic of the thesis.--One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is.--It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X,Y, and Z problem.--X is the leading cause of color break up in Liquid Crystal Displays.--In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .-- In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ..Or, You May Begin by Emphasizing Time--In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...--Recent developments in the field of x have led to a renewed interest in ...--Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...--The past decade has seen the rapid development of x in many ...II. Academic ImportanceIn this part, you should answer the question: Why your study is worth undertaking. Usually the reasons can be explained in terms of practical and theoretical importance. A paper’s academic value can be determined by the lack of the previous research on the topic, and by highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. However, in this part , you need not write a comprehensive review of the field. You may refer to one or more previous studies that motivated you to choose this research topic. More references will be introduced in the literature review part.--Numerous studies have attempted to explain . . . (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).--Recent evidence suggests that ... (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).--Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1988) show that...--Several attempts have been made to . . . (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999;Johnson, 2001).III. Literature ReviewA summary of the available literature should be concise and should mostly include recent studies that are directly related to the research. In addition, some studies that should be included must be from the recent past (i.e., studies from the last five years). If the research is a replication of a previous study, a brief introduction to that study along with the citation should be mentioned in this section.A literature review forms the theoretical basis of an article and discusses published information in a particular field. It can be just a summary of the sources, but it usually is an organizational pattern and analysis, and synthesis, i.e., a recap, evaluation. and reorganization of information. Generally, a literature review provides a new interpretation of past studies, combines new interpretations with previous interpretations, or traces the intellectual progression of the field. This can relate the study to previous studies in the field. A literature reviews can be written to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research.There are four questions that researchers need to examine when writing a literature review.--Which aspects should be included in a literature review?--How should the information be synthesized in a literature review?--How should the literature review be structured?--What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?1) Which Aspects Should Be Included in a Literature Review?An effective literature review should always include the following components:--A brief discussion of where and how the study or research conforms to the broaderview of the field.--A definition of all the key concepts and constructs used in the paper.--A discussion that focuses and synthesizes previous relevant research findings.--A summary of the existing approaches explaining how previous research-measures constructs the current study measures.--A theoretical support for the hypotheses to be tested.Reviewers will look for these five aspects in the literature review. However, these aspects should not be used as main headings.2) How Should the Information in a Literature Review Be Synthesized?Since a literature review is not a chronological summary of the paper, it is necessary to synthesize existing knowledge. This should be done without plagiarizing or paraphrasing previous studies. This section elaborates on how to synthesize three types of information, namely definitions, lists of attributes or factors, and opposing viewpoints.DefinitionsAll concepts or constructs and technical terms need to be defined in the literature. It is best to define the concept or term immediately after its first mention in the paper. However, these definitions should not be borrowed from previous research; rather a reviewed definition should be provided.General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is--While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paperuses the definition first suggested by Thomas (1998), who saw it as...--Throughout this paper, the term X refers to...--This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ.In a formal sentence definition, the term being defined is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.-- A star is a celestial body that shines by itself and whose source of energy is nuclear fusion occurring in its core.-- A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.--Ecology is a scientific study that is concerned with the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.Attributes or FactorsGenerally, authors list the different attributes, factors,elements, or issues when discussing a similar topic. These factorssuggest the effectiveness of a particular method or technique.However, these attributes or factors should not be merely listed inthe literature review. Instead, a summary of these factors should beincluded in the literature review.--There are three reasons why language research has become soimportant. These are…--There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. Theseare…--The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under threeheadings, which are…-- Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X,Y and Z as the major causesof infant mortality.--Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First,X should be …second, it needs to be…Third, …Opposing ViewpointsSeveral authors studying a similar problem may have opposingviewpoints. A discussion of different viewpoints can help the readers to understandthe current knowledge better.Here is a list of sentence structures used to present differentviewpoints.--However, Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between varianttypes of X.--Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of...--The paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of.. .heauthor overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.--what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between.. .--Smith's paper would have been more convincing if he had included…--Her conclusions would have been much more interesting if she had adopted…--The findings might have been fa more original if the author had used…--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…--. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…--Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitative analysis of...-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.3) How Should the Literature Review Be Structured?To write an effective literature review, following a logical structure is crucial. That is, the different sections and subsections of the literature review should be linked. A few points that would help in better structuring the review are listed below.--Place the specific topic being discussed in a relevant, yet broader context and then focus the discussion on more specific issues.--The headings should be brief and should give a detailed overview of the review. One -word titles should be avoided.--Use relevant diagrams and discuss the comparison between several constructs crucial to the research.--Define the technical terms and concepts clearly.--The text provided should be relevant to the headings under which they are provided.--Provide a brief motivation for the hypotheses of the research.4) What Writing Style Should Be Used when Writing a Literature Review?Literature reviews should generally be easy to read and understand. Simply put, a literature review should be clear for a non-academic person.Try not to use technical jargons, unfamiliar terms and phrases, and undefined technical abbreviations. In addition, having a clear and concise flow in the literature can help readers understand the entire process of the research.5) General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that isIV. Knowledge GapSince a research aims at expanding the knowledge on a specific topic, a research should also address specific knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and controversies in the literature. In addition, the main contribution of the study should be mentioned in this component, which will contribute to motivate the importance of the study.To define your research or study, you need to find a conflict, a question, an untested population, or an untried method in the existing research of the field you study.--However, a major problem with this type of application is...--To date, there has been little agreement on what . . .--More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about...--There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...--Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.--One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in..--In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...--So far, however, there has been little discussion about.--However, far too little attention has been paid to…--So far, this method has only been applied to...--Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...--However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in...--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…-- A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.V. Research question and objectivesThis part is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Briefly describe your study (hypothesis or research question), general experimental design or method, and reasons for using this method if there are alternatives. There are two main parts in this section.1)Be sure to state clearly the purpose or hypothesis that you areinvestigatingIf you’re a new writer, you can use a standard statement, such as “The purpose of this study is to...”or “This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the...”as a statement of purpose. Of course, we have more ways to express the focus and aim of the thesis.--This paper focuses on/examines/assesses .--This paper seeks to address the following questions..--The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the e:--This paper reviews the research conducted on...--The aim of this paper is to determine/examine .I--The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ...2)Provide a Reason for Your Approach to the Problem StudiedBriefly write how you approached the problem. If you use a new technique or methodology, the introduction should present the advantages of this new approach, compared with previously used methods. This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the introduction. Do not discuss the actual techniques or protocols used in your study in the introduction. You can provide the details in the methods section .--This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...--Smith et al. (1994) identified several advantages of...--The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...--A case study approach allows...--The questionnaire design is based on...--The X method is one of the more practical ways to...This component should clearly indicate--The research question addressed in the paper;--The specific research objectives that guide the research;--The context in which the study was conducted;--The units of analysis used in the paper.VI. Outlined StructureThis component should only include a brief outline of the flow of the entire paperTo sum up this chapter, the introduction to a research paper should provide the Motivation, Literature Review, Knowledge Gap, and Research Question. Writing the introduction based on these points help ease this otherwise complex task. Similar to the abstract, the introduction is best written toward the end of the writing process. This may help in summarizing the entire paper effectively.Task : Rearrange the following sentences to make into a coherent introductionThe Position of Sentence Connectors in Academic Englishc. B. Feak and J. M. SwalesIntroduction1) ESL writing textbooks have for many years regularly included chapters on sentence connectors (e.g., Herbert, 1965).2) Many commentators have noted that sentence connectors (e.g., however) are an important and useful element in expository and argumentative writing.3) Most reference grammars deal with their grammatical status, classification, meaning, and use.4) However, neither of these studies provides any descriptive evidence of the actual positions of sentence connectors in academic texts.5) Some attention has also been given to the position of sentence connectors in clauses and sentences.6) Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) observe (a) that the normal position is initial; (b) that certain connectors, such as hence and overall " are restricted, or virtually restricted, to initial position"; and (c) that medial positions are rare for most connectors, and final positions even rarer.7) The only attempt known to us to explain differences in position on semantic grounds is an unpublished paper by Salera (1976) discussed in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983).8) In the present paper, we report on a preliminary study of sentence connector position in a sample of twelve published articles.9) Frequency studies of their occurrence in academic English extend at least as far back as Huddleston (1971).10) The Salera paper deals only with adversatives like however and suggests that initial position reflects something contrary to expectation, while medial position reflects a contrast that is not necessarily unexpected.Part III. Tenses in the IntroductionStage 1: Current KnowledgeUse the present tense when stating or reporting established facts:--Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions.When reporting findings from multiple previous studies, use the present perfect tense:--Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.Stage 2: Literature Review1) Use the present tense when reporting established facts:--The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 199).2) when referring to a single, previous study, use the past tense:--Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.Note that the above sentence has two verbs. The first verb, found, describes what Kurtz did in this 2008 study. The second verb, “alloated,” is in the past tense because it describes what the instructors in this study did at the time the research was conducted. If this verb (called a verb complement were written in the present tense, the statement would be expressing a fact that is true for all instructors everywhere. Consider the next sentence and note the tense of the second verb:--Baggio and Klinsmann (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.In this example, the first verb is written in the past tense, again to explain what this study did. However, the verb complement (the second verb in the sentence) is written in the present tense because the finding of this study was established as a fact and, therefore, true for everyone everywhere.3) Use the present perfec t tense when reporting findings from multiple previous studies:--Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens, 2006;6Kiby et al, 2008; Miner, 2009).Note how the different verb tenses used in the following three sentences slightly change the meanings:--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affects brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affected brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) suggested that memory load may affect brain activity.The first sentence uses the present tense affects" to claim this study's finding as a fact. The second sentence uses the past tense to report the finding as being limited to the circumstances of the involved study, and the third sentence uses both a tentative verb “suggested” and a modal verb “may” to describe the implications of the finding.Stage 3: Knowledge Gap1) Repor t facts and currently accepted methods using the present tense:--Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y.2) Refer to multiple previous studies using the present perfect tense.--However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seeds on the endocrine system.Stage 4: Problem Statement1) Use the present tense when writing report-focused statements:--The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.2) When writing research-focused statements (referring to your own study), use the past tense:--The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.Stage 5: Rationale for Study (optional)When expressing expected outcomes or offering future recommendations, use the present tense with conditional modal verbs(such as could, may, and might):--This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
学术英语上课用How to Write an Outline论文提纲怎么写
II. The procedure of preparing an outline
A. Having a satisfactory thesis statement; B. Reviewing all your note cards and bringing
related materials together under some general headings; C. Arranging these headings according to the development of your thought; D. Forming a logical preliminary outline; E. Discussing your preliminary outline with your advisor.
III. Rasputin's desire for peace in Russia A…. B. …
IV. The principles for writing an outline
A. There must be at least three layers of development in your outline: the thesis statement, the headings and the subheadings and always begin your outline with a thesis statement;
II. Rasputin had intense religious feelings. A. He had a rich nature. B. He had a simple peasant faith in God.
III. Rasputin's passionate desire for peace in Russia revealed itself in several ways. A. … B. …
英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀
英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀英语论文outline范文英语论文的outline具体格式呀V. Thesis Outline:I. IntroductionII. On Developing English Reading Skills in Junior High School2.1. Current Situation and Problems of Junior High School Students in English Reading2.2. Reasons of Currents Problems in English ReadingⅢ. Ways to develop Students’ English Reading Skills3.1. Developing Students’ Reading Habits3.2. Specific Measures in developing Reading Skills3.2.1 Broadening Students’ Vocabulary3.2.2 Improving Students’ Reading Interests3.2.3 .Training Students’ Reading Speed While Reading3.2.4. Choose Proper Reading Materials and StrategiesⅣ. Extending Students’ Eye Shot in Extracurricular Reading Ⅴ. ConclusionOUTLINECreating an outline begins with a reading of your prewriting notes. First, group related ideastogether, looking for major topics (which can be headings) and minor ones (which can besubheadings, examples, or details). Define your major points, and rearrange them until theymake sense and follow a logical progression.You will be able to see the relationships betweenyour ideas as you outline them, and determine their importance (major point, minor point,example, detail). If you need more supporting details or facts—subcategories—you can addthem now. As you outline your information, use one-word topics, short phrases, or writeout full sentences for each point on your outline.If your prewriting notes are somewhat organized, you can use the outlining feature includedin most word-processing programs to create an outline. Otherwise, arrange them yourself ina standard outline form using Roman and Arabic numerals and upper and lower case letters:I.A.B.1.2.a.b.Once you have pleted an outline, revise and refine it by following these steps:1. Write down your overall goal for your essay.What are you trying to say to yourreaders?2. Go over your outline and circle, underline, or highlight your major points orimages. Do they all support your goal?3. Brainstorm words and phrases that will aurately and concisely express thosepoints (jot them down in the margin of your outline, or use a separate sheet ofpaper).4. Use this list and your outline to guide your writing. Do not allow yourself tostray from your goal or your major points.Outline:I. IntroductionII.A.B.C.D.E.F. III.A.B.C.IV. ConclusionThen her charming smile, that smile make me feel warm. Especially in the winter. That smile are like what freesia.Winter is the season that leaves, but mon in cold season flowering, which will undoubtedly give the wholewinter has brought angry. And she's like Freesia, her smile brought a glimmer of warmth to the winterseason;there is no exception in the light of the sun, when the evening sunset, in the west to emit light, shining on every corner of the school, at that moment, she es back, she smiles, that unforgettable smile, this is simply a words can not describe the 'beauty'There is a One's childish dispos很高兴为您解答O(∩_∩)O~满意请及时【采纳】 ^_^1。
如何写英语文章的Outline即提纲
C. Don’t carry too many things into the interview. A notebook, pens, and/or laptop computer should be carried in a briefcase.
D. Hair and nails should be clean and neat.
Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
An outline saves time for writers. Preparing an outline can take time, but when you are finished, you will be able to write the rough draft of your essay more quickly than if you didn’t have an outline.
Example
Outline
Here is an example of how a blank outline might look:
Essay Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis: _____________________
II. III. IV. V.
Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
论文写作提纲 格式
Outline of the Thesis （论文提纲）说明：1. “写作提纲”（Outline）就是自己的论文写作的详细计划（a practical workingplan）。
利用这个提纲整体规划全篇论文，分清主要观点、次要观点，先写什么、后写什么，每一章的中心论点是什么，包括多少小节，等等。
有了这样的提纲，就有了写作过程的整体意识，保持各章节之间的逻辑联系，以免写作是迷失方向，或者丢三落四，或者详略失当。
2. “写作提纲”（Outline）的实际形式就是一个详尽的论文目录，重在表明你的写作思路和内容。
3.“写作提纲”需要得到指导老师的认可，可以用来向指导老师汇报写作进度或讨论写作中的问题。
请仿照下面格式拟写论文提纲：（至少每章、每节都应拟定标题或小标题；至于全文分为多少章，每章又分为多少小节，根据自己的论文需要而定。
）1 Introduction(三号字)1.1 （标题）(小三号字)1.1.1 (小标题）(四号字)(正文用小四号字)1.1.2 （小标题）1.1.3 （小标题）1.2 （标题）(小三号字)1.2.1（小标题）(四号字)1.2.2（小标题）1.3（标题）(小三号字)2 (三号字)2.1（标题）(小三号字)2.1.1（小标题）(四号字)2.1.2（小标题）2.1.3（小标题）………………………………2.2 （标题）(小三号字)2.2.1（小标题）2.2.2（小标题）2.2.3（小标题）………………………………2.3 （标题）……………………………3 （标题）(三号字) 3.1 （标题）3.2 （标题）3.2.1（小标题）3.2.23.3 （标题）3.3.1（小标题）3.3.2………………………………4 （标题）(三号字) 4.1.（标题）4.24.35 Conclusion(三号字) 5.1（标题）5.2。
学术英语范文outline
学术英语范文outlineIntroductionThe ability to effectively communicate in academic settings is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Academic English, also known as scholarly or scientific English, refers to the specific language conventions and writing styles used in formal educational and research contexts. This style of writing is characterized by its objectivity, precision, and adherence to established conventions. Mastering academic English is essential for success in higher education, research, and various professional fields that require the presentation of complex ideas and findings. This essay will explore the key elements of academic English, including its linguistic features, organizational structure, and the importance of developing proficiency in this specialized form of communication.Linguistic Features of Academic EnglishOne of the defining features of academic English is its formal and objective tone. This is achieved through the use of complex sentence structures, precise vocabulary, and an impersonal writing style. Academic writing typically avoids the use of contractions,colloquialisms, and personal pronouns, instead favoring more formal language choices. For example, a sentence such as "The researchers found that the new treatment was effective" would be preferred over a more casual phrasing like "They found the treatment worked well."Additionally, academic English is characterized by the use of discipline-specific terminology and technical jargon. This specialized vocabulary is essential for accurately conveying complex ideas and concepts within a particular field of study. Researchers and scholars must be able to use these terms correctly and consistently to ensure clear and unambiguous communication with their peers.Another linguistic aspect of academic English is the emphasis on precise and concise language. Academic writers strive to express their ideas clearly and succinctly, avoiding unnecessary wordiness or redundancy. This is achieved through the use of well-structured sentences, logical transitions, and a focus on conveying the key points and findings.Organizational Structure of Academic WritingThe organizational structure of academic writing is another crucial element that distinguishes it from other forms of communication. Academic essays and research papers typically follow a standardized format, which includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction serves to provide background information, establish thecontext, and clearly state the thesis or main argument. The body of the text then presents the supporting evidence, analysis, and discussion of the topic, often organized into well-defined sections or paragraphs. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points, draws logical inferences, and may suggest avenues for further research or exploration.Within this overall structure, academic writers also employ various rhetorical strategies to effectively convey their ideas. These strategies may include the use of definitions, explanations, comparisons, and the integration of relevant sources and citations. The inclusion of in-text citations and a comprehensive reference list is a hallmark of academic writing, as it demonstrates the writer's engagement with the existing scholarly discourse and their ability to properly acknowledge the work of others.Importance of Proficiency in Academic EnglishDeveloping proficiency in academic English is essential for success in higher education and various professional contexts. For students, the ability to write in the academic style is crucial for completing assignments, research papers, and thesis or dissertation projects. Mastering academic English allows students to effectively communicate their ideas, demonstrate their understanding of course material, and engage with scholarly sources in a meaningful way.Beyond the academic realm, proficiency in academic English is also highly valued in many professional fields, such as scientific research, medicine, law, and business. In these contexts, the ability to present complex information, data, and findings in a clear, concise, and well-organized manner is crucial for effective communication with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders. Professionals who can navigate the conventions of academic English are often better equipped to contribute to the knowledge base of their respective fields and participate in the broader scholarly discourse.Moreover, the globalization of education and research has further emphasized the importance of academic English proficiency. With the increasing internationalization of higher education and the growing prominence of English as the lingua franca of academia, the ability to communicate effectively in academic English has become a valuable asset for scholars, researchers, and students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.ConclusionIn conclusion, academic English is a specialized form of communication that is essential for success in higher education and various professional contexts. Its linguistic features, such as formal tone, precise vocabulary, and complex sentence structures, as well as its standardized organizational structure, set it apart from other forms of written expression. Developing proficiency in academicEnglish is crucial for students and professionals alike, as it enables them to effectively convey complex ideas, engage with scholarly sources, and contribute to the knowledge base of their respective fields. As the global academic landscape continues to evolve, the mastery of academic English will only become more vital for those seeking to thrive in the world of research, education, and professional advancement.。
学术英语第三次课How_to_Write_the_Introduction全-引言.ppt
What is Introduction?
Introduction is the first section of a
scientific paper, including the background
information of the research, the nature and
scope of the problem investigated.
作者在结论的第一句重述主旨， 但不重复用过的词语，以免单 调乏味 。作者在这结论的第二 、三句里也用了另外一种结论 方法：对讨论的问题提出建议 或方法。
(“Problems Caused by MicrowaveOvens”)
e.g.2
【 宽 背 景 】Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase (ALAD)is the second
e.g.2
lead burdenand causes the toxicity of lead in some soft tissues, such as bone marrow. The larger fraction of lead in blood cells is mainly bound to ALAD protein [Sakai et al., 1982; Bergdahl et al., 1997]. Thus, ALAD might also play an important role in the dynamic interchange of the body lead pool.Human ALAD gene is located in chromosome 9q34 [Potluri et al., 1987]. The gene frequencies of ALAD alleles 1 and 2 were rereportedly about 0.9 and 0.1, respectively, in several Caucasian populations [Battistuzzi et al., 1981; Benkmann et al., 1983; Astrin et al., 1987]. In 1991, a simple method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the analysis of the ALAD genotype [Wetmur et al., 1991a]. In comparison with the ALAD1 sequence, the only difference in the ALAD2 cDNA was a G-to-C transversion of nucleotide 177 in the coding region, which creates an MspI restriction site and causes the replacement of a lysine by a asparagine [Wetmur et al., 1991a]. The difference in the amino acid might result in a distinct charge isozyme, and the ALAD2 protein may bind lead more tightly than a dose of the ALAD1 protein [Wetmur, 1994].
大学论文Outline参考提纲
OutlineAcknowledgements (i)Abstract in English (ii)Abstract in Chinese (iv)List of Tables................................................................................................................ List of abbreviations...........................................................................Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Background of the Present Study....................................................................1.2 Significance of the Present Study....................................................................1.3 Overall Structure of the Thesis....................................................................... Chapter 2 Literature Review....................................................................................2.1 Theoretical Concerns of V alidity………………………………………….………2.1.1 The Definition of V alidity………………………………….……….2.1.2 Types of V alidity ……………………...............................................2.1.3 The V alidation Framework…..................................……………….2.2 Overview Theories on Writing Tests of NMET……………………………..2.2.1 The Nature of Writing......................................................................2.2.2 Factors Affecting Writing Performance……..….……….…….….2.2.3 Features of Writing Tests of NMET……….…..…………………..2.3 Related Studies on V alidity of Large-scale Tests...……….....……………..2.3.1 Domestic Studies on V alidity of Large-scale Tests………………….2.3.2 Studies on V alidity of Large-scale Tests Abroad…………………..这部分先写理论后写你要研究上听说读写方面的相关理论Chapter 3 The Study...................................................................................3.1 Research Questions....................................................................................... 3.2 Subjects........................................................................................................ 3.3 Instruments…3.3.1 Questionaire………....…………….3.3.2 Interview…………………………………….3.3.3 Test ………………………..……..……………….………3.4 Data Collection .............................................................................................3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………Chapter 4 Results and Discussion..........................................................................4.1. The Results of the study…………………………………..4.1.1 The Results of th e Questionnaires………………………………4.1.2 The Results of Questionnaire 1………………………….4.1.3 The Results of Questionnaire 2……………………………4.2 Discussion……………………………………………………………..4.4.1 Discuss ion about the Content V alidity of the Writing Tests of NMET…4.4.2 Discussion about the Construct V alidity of the Writing Tests of NMET4.4.3 Discussion about the Face V alidity of the Writing Tests of NMET……4.4.4 Discussion about the Scoring V alidity of t he Writing Tests of NMET…Chapter 5 Conclusion..............................................................................................5.1 Major Findings..............................................................................................5.2 Implications……(这部分也可以不写三级目录)………………..5.2.1 Implications for English Teaching………………………5.2.2 Implications for English Learning………………………….5.3 Limitations of the Research……………(也可以不写)…………….…5.4 Suggestions for Further Researches.............................................................. References................................................................................................................... Appendix I Teaching syllabus and testing 。
怎么写英语文章的Outline即提纲
Topic Sentences
Topic Sentence Paragraph #1:
The way you dress can have a big impact on an interview panel’s first impressions of you. Topic Sentence- Paragraph #2: An interview is an opportunity for potential employers to get to know you better, so it is important that you answer each question as completely as possible. Topic Sentence- Paragraph #3: By preparing some thoughtful questions for the end of the interview, you can show the panel that you have prepared for the interview and want the job.
B. supporting idea
V. Concห้องสมุดไป่ตู้usion
Making an Outline
In a formal outline, Roman numerals can be used to represent paragraphs. Capital letters can be used to represent supporting details for the paragraphs.
III. Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea IV. Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea V. Conclusion
怎么写英语文章的Outline即提纲
Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: ____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
Essay Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis: ____________________
II. Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
III. Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
IV. Body Paragraph #3- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
V. Conclusion
The Process
Thesis Statement
To begin an outline, you need to start with your thesis statement. The thesis statement will be your guide throughout the process of writing your essay. From the thesis statement, you can begin writing the topic sentences for the body paragraphs in the outline.
提纲作文模板英文
提纲作文模板英文英文：Introduction:As a student, I have been asked to write many essays and reports. In this article, I will share with you a useful outline for writing an essay.Body:1. Introduction: In the introduction, you should introduce the topic of your essay and provide some background information. You should also state your thesis statement, which is the main argument of your essay.2. Body Paragraphs: The body of your essay should consist of several paragraphs, each discussing a different aspect of your topic. Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea of theparagraph. You should then provide evidence and examples to support your argument.3. Counterarguments: In your essay, you should also address any potential counterarguments to your thesis statement. This shows that you have considered different perspectives and strengthens your argument.4. Conclusion: In the conclusion, you should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. You can also provide some final thoughts or recommendations.中文：介绍：作为一名学生，我写过很多论文和报告。
How to write a good essay introduction学术英语写作
Knowing answers to questions like these will help you know what information needs go into your introduction
Part 3.2.3
Make an outline
It can be helpful to outline your introduction, especially if you have a lot of information to present in it. An outline will let you know how your introduction “builds up steam” before presenting the thesis statement.
Part 3.3.1
Change your introduction if you need to
A common error students make is to write the introduction first and not go back to re-read it. Sometimes your essay’s argument evolves as you write. Don’t be afraid to go back and make changes where necessary.
Think about your “angle”
A good essay has an “angle” or way of presenting argument or information to its readers. Think about what questions your essay addresses and why they are important
怎么写英语作文的题纲
怎么写英语作文的题纲How to Write an English Composition。
English composition writing is an essential skill for students to master. It is not only a means of communication, but also a way to express one's thoughts and ideas. However, many students find it challenging to write a good English composition. In this article, we will discuss some tips on how to write an excellent English composition.1. Understand the Topic。
The first step in writing an English composition is to understand the topic. Read the prompt carefully and make sure you understand what is being asked of you. If you are unsure, ask your teacher or instructor for clarification. Once you have a clear understanding of the topic, you can start brainstorming ideas.2. Brainstorm Ideas。
Brainstorming is a crucial step in the writing process. It helps you generate ideas and organize your thoughts. There are several ways to brainstorm, such as making a list, clustering, or freewriting. Choose the method that works best for you. Write down all the ideas that come to mind, even if they seem silly or irrelevant at first.3. Create an Outline。
how to write an outline
Homework for this week:1.复习UNIT 62.听UNIT 3 的听力3.预习UNIT 8，背单词，熟读1-5段4.听四级听力做四级真题一套5。
写作文Part one: How to write an outlineDon’t Hesitate to Say NoThere are many occasions on which people should say “no” directly when they are asked for help.However, it is not the case in our real life. People tend to… because…In fact, there are many disadvantages in doing so.Should the University Campus be Open to Tourists?Nowadays, there has been a heated discussion on whether the university campus should be open to tourists. Some people hold that… While some other people…People who prefer to… have their reasons.However, others may disagree (not agree).Were I to offer my choice, I would not hesitate a moment to say that I favor the former side. Because…Reading Selectively or Extensively?Some people think that when we read, we should read selectively. That is to say, … Reading selectively helps us to..Some people, however, think we should read extensively. That is to say, … They argu e that…I think the two reading methods have their own advantages. However, their disadvantages are easy to see. If we only,… Therefore,…Jobs for GraduatesRecently, there has been a heated discussion on the issue of the lack of jobs for university graduates.The reasons for this phenomenon may be due to the following:My suggestion to deal with the problem are as follows. In the first place；Secondly；Finally.How to Develop a Topic Sentence into a Paragraph?⏹Give examples to prove your statement⏹Give possible reasons for the phenomenon⏹Explain yourself: That is to say…开篇put forward your question:1. Many countries have been faced with the problem of ...2. Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.3. Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...4. Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...5. According to a recent survey, ...主体段落People who prefer ………………have their reasons: The first reason for their choice is, they maintain, that ……………………….. Besides, ………, they go on to point out, ……………………………... What is more important, ……………………………….. they also claim that ……………………………………………………………….But others may not agree. They would argue that ……………………………………...; what is worse, they emphasize, ………….………..……………………………………………;final ly, they insist that ……………………………………结尾段--Ending⏹我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。
英文论文引言的写作技巧(上课用)
英文论文引言的写作技巧（上课用）1 引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。
它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：1）介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等；2）对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；3）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；4）说明自己研究课题的目的；5）概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图所示)。
第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………2) Reviewing previous research in this area…………………第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question ……………………第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research………………第四层：1) Announcing your major findings ……2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……比较简短的论文，引言也可以相对比较简短。
第一层: Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous Research…………………第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question ……………第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research………………………2 如何写引言的开头引言开头(即第一层)最主要目的是告诉读者论文所涉及的研究领域及其意义是什么，研究要解决什么问题，目前状况或水平如何。
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When you build a house you should have a ground plan first and an outline is your ground plan for “building” your research paper.
Sample 2
Topic : Naturalism in Dreiser’s Sister Carrie
Thesis statement : Influenced by naturalism, Sister Carrie typically reflects Dreiser’s view of nature and man in the social environment of his time.
III. The general contents of an outline
A. Two major formats of outline; B. Two major types of outline
What are the two major formats of outline ?
• The standard outline system • The decimal outline system
Sample of the standard system
I. The two reasons for … A. The first reason… 1. The women… a. They would… (1)The time… (a)The technology… (b)The public… (2)The place… b. They could… 2. The men… B. The second reason… II. The reasons against…
Sample 1 Topic: Pair work Design and Learners’ Interest Thesis statement: Learners’ interest in pair work is increased by well designed pair work exercises.
II. The procedure of pA. Having a satisfactory thesis statement; B. Reviewing all your note cards and bringing related materials together under some general headings; C. Arranging these headings according to the development of your thought; D. Forming a logical preliminary outline; E. Discussing your preliminary outline with your advisor.
What is a thesis statement? （主题陈述）
• A thesis statement is usually a single sentence that will give you a central focus for organization of your paper.
Sample of the decimal system
What is an outline ?
An outline is a basic writing plan which consists of a series of phrases or sentences and shows the main points that the paper will cover and the order in which these points will be mentioned.
•
A thesis statement is usually put in front of your outline in a declarative form that summarizes the central idea of the paper you will write.
Samples of thesis statement
What is the function of an outline ?
An outline gives the writer a specific guidance as to what kind of supporting details you should look for in your further research and where you can fit them into the context of your paper. The readers, on the other hand, benefit from the outline as a complete and detailed table of contents.
论文提纲的编写是论文写作过程 中基本的十分重要的一步,是在论文写 作之前对全文的整体构思, 它帮助我们 大致确定论文的基本结构和各部分之 间的逻辑关系。因此，它是一种尝试 性的构建论文框架的过程。
I.
The definition and function of an outline II. The procedure of preparing an outline III. The general contents of an outline IV. The principles for writing an outline