Research Methodology
商业研究方法英文教材
商业研究方法英文教材
商业研究方法的英文教材有很多，其中一些经典的教材包括：
1. “Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners”: 这本教材为初学者提供了研究方法的逐步指导，涵盖了从选题、文献综述、研究设计到数据收集和分析的整个过程。
2. “Business Research Methods”: 这本教材全面介绍了商业研究的基本方法和技术，包括调查法、观察法、实验法等。
3. “Research Methodology: Theory and Practice”: 这本教材详细介绍了研究方法的理论和实践，为读者提供了深入的理论基础和实践指导。
4. “Handbook of Research Methodology in Business and Management”: 这本教材是一本手册，涵盖了商业和管理研究中常用的各种方法和技术，包括案例研究、定性和定量研究等。
这些教材都是非常权威的商业研究方法教材，可以根据自己的需要选择适合自己的教材。
研究生英语综合教程
研究生英语综合教程研究生英语综合教程篇一Unit 1: Research MethodologyIn this unit, we will discuss the various research methodologies that are commonly used in graduate-level research. We will explore the differences between qualitative and quantitative research, as well as the steps involved in conducting effective research. Additionally, we will cover topics such as data collection, data analysis, and the ethics of research. By the end of this unit, you should have a solid understanding of the different research methods available to you as a graduate student and be able to choose the most appropriate method for your own research project.Unit 2: Literature ReviewThe literature review is a vital component of any research project. In this unit, we will delve into the purpose of conducting a literature review and how to carry one out effectively. We will look at strategies for searching and selecting relevant literature, how to summarize and synthesize the information gathered, and how to critically analyze and evaluate existing research. Additionally, we will explore the role of the literature review in establishing the theoretical framework and research gaps for your own study.Unit 3: Data Collection and AnalysisOnce you have determined the appropriate research methodologyand conducted a literature review, it is time to collect and analyze data. In this unit, we will examine different data collection methods, including surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments. We will also discuss strategies for ensuring data validity and reliability. Furthermore, we will explore various data analysis techniques, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and qualitative data analysis. By the end of this unit, you should feel confident in your ability to collect and analyze data for your own research.Unit 4: Writing and Presenting ResearchThe final unit of this course will focus on the essential skills of writing and presenting research. We will discuss the structure and organization of a research paper, as well as the importance of clear and concise writing. We will also explore strategies for presenting research findings effectively through oral presentations and poster presentations. Lastly, we will touch on the publication process and provide tips for getting your research published. By the end of this unit, you should be well-equipped to write and present your own research in a professional and impactful manner.Please note that the above units are just a sample outline for a comprehensive graduate-level English course. The actual content and topics covered may vary depending on the specific curriculum and requirements of your program.。
Research methodology教学内容
Can be difficult to collect and/or take a long time to collect.
Is expensive to collect.
May provide mis-leading results if the sample is not large enough or chosen with care; or if the questionnaire questions are not worded properly.
Strengths of Secondary research
The main advantages of using secondary research are:
Provided the information exists, it is usually quicker and cheaper than primary research.
Most primary research is collected using:-
Questionnaires – multiple choice, closed questions. Personal interviews Postal surveys Observations Focus group Test marketing
论文研究方法英文
论文研究方法英文Research Methodology in a ThesisIntroduction:Research methodology refers to the overall approach and systematic process employed in conducting a study or an investigation. It outlines the strategies, techniques, and tools used to gather, analyze, and interpret data in order to draw meaningful conclusions and contribute to knowledge in a particular field. This section will discuss the research methodology used in a thesis, highlighting the various components and their relevance.Research Design:The research design outlines the overall structure and plan for conducting the study. It provides a blueprint for how the study will proceed, including the research questions or hypotheses, variables to be examined, and the overall approach to data collection and analysis. The research design can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research problem and objectives.Data Collection:Data collection methods involve gathering information or data fromrelevant sources to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. There are various data collection methods, including interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, and document analysis. The choice of data collection methods depends on the nature of the research problem, availability of resources, and ethical considerations.Sampling:Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals, entities, or elements from a population for research purposes. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that the findings can be generalized. Common sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and purposive sampling. The sample size should be determined based on statistical considerations, such as the confidence level and desired margin of error.Data Analysis:Data analysis involves transforming raw data into meaningful information through the use of statistical techniques and other analytical tools. The specific data analysis techniques depend on the research design and the type of data collected. Qualitative data analysis may involve coding, categorizing, and thematic analysis, while quantitative data analysis often involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics,and regression analysis.Validity and Reliability:Validity refers to the extent to which the research findings accurately represent the phenomena under investigation. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the research findings over time and across different researchers or study settings. Validity and reliability are critical considerations in ensuring the rigor and credibility of a study. Various strategies, such as triangulation, member checking, and inter-rater reliability, can be employed to enhance validity and reliability.Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations involve the protection of participants' rights and the ethical conduct of research. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, minimizing harm and risks, and maintaining integrity in data collection and analysis. Researchers should adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary ethical approvals, particularly when involving human subjects.Conclusion:In summary, the research methodology in a thesis involves the selection of an appropriate research design, data collection methods, sampling,data analysis, and consideration of validity, reliability, and ethical considerations. A rigorous and systematic research methodology enhances the credibility and usefulness of the study findings, contributing to knowledge in the respective field.。
Research methodology
oncampus.global
Learning objectives
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Understand research strategies and design
Describe the difference between primary and secondary
Strengths of Secondary research
The main advantages of using secondary research are:
Provided the information exists, it is usually quicker and cheaper than
The precise purpose of your reading of the literature will depend on your research approach, this may either be: 1. Deductive approach-using the literature to help you identify theories and ideas that you will test using data in which case you develop a theoretical or conceptual framework or 2. Inductive approach-in this approach you will be planning to explore your data and to develop theories from them that you will subsequently relate to the literature
新的研究方法英语作文
新的研究方法英语作文Title: Exploring New Research Methodologies。
In the ever-evolving landscape of academia, the questfor innovative research methodologies is incessant. As researchers, we constantly seek novel approaches to investigate phenomena, answer questions, and push the boundaries of knowledge. In this essay, we delve into the realm of new research methodologies, exploring their significance, challenges, and potential impact.Significance of New Research Methodologies:New research methodologies hold immense significance in advancing various fields of study. They enable researchersto tackle complex problems, uncover hidden patterns, and generate fresh insights. By embracing innovative approaches, researchers can overcome limitations of traditional methods and address contemporary issues more effectively. Moreover, novel methodologies facilitate interdisciplinarycollaboration, fostering a holistic understanding of multifaceted problems.Challenges in Adopting New Research Methodologies:While the promise of new research methodologies is enticing, their adoption poses several challenges. One such challenge is the inherent resistance to change within academic circles. Established methodologies often enjoy widespread acceptance, making it difficult for new approaches to gain traction. Additionally, implementing novel methodologies may require substantial resources, including funding, expertise, and technological infrastructure. Moreover, there is a risk of encountering unforeseen obstacles and methodological pitfalls, necessitating careful validation and refinement.Examples of Emerging Research Methodologies:1. Mixed-Methods Research: Integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches, mixed-methods research offers a comprehensive understanding of phenomena by triangulatingdata from multiple sources. This methodology isparticularly valuable in fields such as sociology, education, and public health.2. Big Data Analytics: Leveraging large volumes of data, big data analytics enables researchers to uncover patterns, correlations, and trends that would otherwise remain hidden. This methodology is revolutionizing fields like finance, marketing, and genetics, offering unparalleled insightsinto complex systems.3. Neuroimaging Techniques: Advancements in neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), allow researchers to investigate the brain's structure and function with unprecedented precision. These methodologies are transforming our understanding of cognition, behavior, and neurological disorders.4. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR): CBPR involves collaboration between researchers and community stakeholders in all phases of the research process. Thismethodology empowers communities, promotes social justice, and ensures that research findings are relevant and actionable.Potential Impact of New Research Methodologies:The adoption of new research methodologies has the potential to catalyze transformative change across various domains. By enhancing the rigor and validity of research findings, novel methodologies contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the development of evidence-based practices. Furthermore, innovative approaches enable researchers to address pressing societal challenges, ranging from healthcare disparities to environmental sustainability. Ultimately, the impact of new research methodologies extends beyond academia, influencing policymaking, industry practices, and the well-being of communities worldwide.Conclusion:In conclusion, the quest for new research methodologiesis essential for the continued progress of science and scholarship. While embracing innovation poses challenges, the potential benefits far outweigh the obstacles. By fostering creativity, collaboration, and interdisciplinary exchange, we can harness the power of novel methodologies to illuminate the mysteries of the universe, improve human lives, and shape a better future for generations to come. As researchers, let us embark on this journey of discovery with curiosity, courage, and a commitment to excellence.。
研究思路和工作假说的关系
研究思路和工作假说的关系Research methodology and working hypothesis are closely related in the research process. The research methodology refers to the systematic process used to conduct research, while the working hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon that guides the research. The relationship between the two lies in the fact that the research methodology provides a framework for testing the working hypothesis. Without a clear research methodology, it would be difficult to accurately test the working hypothesis, and vice versa. Therefore, it is essential to establish a solid research methodology before formulating a working hypothesis. The two aspects work hand in hand to ensure the validity and reliability of the research findings.研究思路和工作假设在研究过程中密切相关。
研究方法指的是进行研究所采用的系统性过程，而工作假设是对现象的暂时解释，指导研究方向。
考察计划文案学习英文
考察计划文案学习英文1. IntroductionThe purpose of this research plan is to outline the process for conducting a comprehensive market research study. The goal of this study is to gain a deep understanding of consumer preferences and behavior, as well as to identify trends and opportunities in the market. This plan will detail the research objectives, methodology, data collection techniques, and analysis techniques to be used in the study.2. Research ObjectivesThe primary objective of the research study is to gain insights into consumer preferences and behavior in the target market. Specifically, the research aims to achieve the following: Understand the demographics and psychographics of the target marketIdentify the key factors that influence consumer purchasing decisionsAssess attitudes and perceptions towards specific products or servicesIdentify emerging trends and opportunities in the market3. Research MethodologyThe research study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research techniques in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the target market. The following methodologies will be used:Qualitative Research: The study will include in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with consumers in the target market. These methods will provide insights into consumer attitudes, motivations, and perceptions.Quantitative Research: The study will also include a large-scale survey of consumers in the target market. The survey will be designed to gather data on consumer preferences, purchasing behavior, and demographic information.Secondary Research: In addition to primary research, the study will also review existing literature, industry reports, and market data to gain a broader understanding of the market landscape.4. Data Collection TechniquesThe data collection techniques for the research study will include the following:In-Depth Interviews: The research team will conduct in-depth interviews with a diverse group of consumers in the target market. The interviews will be semi-structured, allowing for open-ended questioning and in-depth exploration of consumer attitudes and behaviors.Focus Group Discussions: The research team will conduct focus group discussions with small groups of consumers in the target market. These discussions will provide a forum for participants to share and discuss their opinions and experiences related to the research objectives.Survey: The research team will design and administer a comprehensive survey to a large sample of consumers in the target market. The survey will be distributed via online channels and will be designed to gather quantitative data on consumer preferences and behavior.Secondary Data Collection: The research team will gather existing data from industry reports, market studies, and other relevant sources to supplement the primary research findings.5. Data Analysis TechniquesThe data analysis techniques for the research study will include the following:Qualitative Data Analysis: The research team will use thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes in the qualitative data collected from interviews and focus group discussions. This analysis will be used to identify key insights and themes related to consumer behavior and preferences.Quantitative Data Analysis: The research team will use statistical analysis techniques to analyze the quantitative survey data. This analysis will be used to identify trends, correlations, and patterns in consumer behavior and preferences.Integration of Findings: The research team will integrate the qualitative and quantitative findings to develop a comprehensive understanding of consumer preferences and behavior in the target market.6. Reporting and DisseminationThe findings of the research study will be reported in a comprehensive research report. The report will include an executive summary, research objectives, methodology, key findings, and recommendations. The report will be disseminated to key stakeholders, including senior management, marketing teams, and other relevant departments.In addition to the research report, the findings of the study will be communicated through presentations, workshops, and other internal communication channels.7. TimelineThe research study is expected to be conducted over a period of three months. The timeline for the study is as follows:Research Planning and Design: Two weeksData Collection: Six weeksData Analysis: Four weeksReporting and Dissemination: Two weeks8. BudgetThe estimated budget for the research study is $50,000. This budget includes costs for research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting. Additionally, the budget includes costs for travel, equipment, and any other necessary expenses.9. ConclusionIn conclusion, the market research plan outlines a comprehensive approach to gain insights into consumer preferences and behavior in the target market. The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative and quantitative research techniques, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the market. The findings of the study will be used to inform marketing strategies, product development, and other business decisions.。
“管理学研究方法”教学大纲
“管理学研究方法”教学大纲（Management Research Methodology 管理学研究方法学）（2008年3月）共4篇18章序论：授人以鱼，更要授人以渔第1章管理学研究方法导论Management Research Methodology: An Overview 第1节什么是管理学研究方法第2节管理学研究方法的体系和内容第3节具体研究过程中的研究方法第4节管理学研究方法的目的和任务第5节管理学研究方法的研究与学习第一篇制定研究计划Research Design and Planning明确研究问题、目标、途径、方法，规划研究资源、条件、过程，对整体研究活动和过程做出科学计划和安排或做好研究设计，并制订出切实可行的研究方案。
第2章问题的提出Problems and Issues Arousing in Management Practice and Theory 第1节科学问题的特征第2节研究问题的来源第3节质疑、需求和愿望第4节问题的沉淀和筛选第5节研究目标和预期研究结果第3章研究问题的界定Problems Refining and Definition in Management Research 第1节问题的初步调研第2节研究对象和分析单位第3节研究内容、范围与边界第4节变量的测量与分析第5节提出研究假设Developing and Formulating Hypothesis第6节抽样方法与抽样方案第4章研究规划Research Preparation, Resource and its Planning第1节研究内容、规模与方法第2节研究条件第3节研究基础第4节研究资源#第5章设计研究方案第1节研究方案的性质和特点第2节研究方案的类型第3节研究方案的结构及设计第4节研究方案设计的注意事项第5节研究方案的评估标准第二篇收集研究资料Data Collecting and Preparation按确定好的研究计划、研究设想和实施方案，运用确定好的步骤、手段和方法，收集、核实、整理研究资料。
研究方法模板英语作文
研究方法模板英语作文英文回答：Research Methodology Template Essay。
1. Introduction。
Introduce the research topic and its significance.State the research question or hypothesis.Provide background information and context.2. Literature Review。
Review relevant literature to establish the current state of knowledge.Identify gaps in the literature and justify the need for further research.Summarize key findings and theoretical frameworks.3. Research Methodology。
Research Design: Describe the type of research design used (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods).Data Collection: Explain the methods used to collect data (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations).Data Analysis: Outline the analytical techniques used to process and interpret the data.Ethical Considerations: Discuss the ethical considerations involved in the research process.4. Data Presentation and Findings。
Research Methodology in Applied Economics(英)
We do a better job of teaching theory and tools than ……… teaching their use……… Students need more training in the relevance and application of the tools.
COMMISSION ON GRADUATE EDUCATION IN ECONOMICE, American Economic Association,1991
❖ Research methodology provides the principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research.
❖ Discovery
- deals with formulating, finding, and creating new knowledge or information
- alternative avenues of exploration and the like requiring questioning, probing, pursuing a creative process
Problem-Solving Research ❖ Analytical vs. Descriptive Research ❖ Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
DISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE
❖ Andrew and Hildebrand(1982)
英文作文我的研究方法
My Research MethodologyIn conducting any research endeavor, the methodology employed plays a pivotal role in ensuring the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of findings. My approach to research methodology is grounded in a systematic and rigorous framework that combines both quantitative and qualitative methods, tailored to the specific needs and objectives of the research question at hand. Here, I outline the key components of my research methodology, highlighting the steps I follow to ensure a comprehensive and insightful study.1. Defining the Research Problem and ObjectivesMy research journey begins with a thorough understanding of the research problem and the objectives I aim to achieve. This involves conducting a preliminary literature review to identify gaps in existing knowledge, define the scope of my inquiry, and articulate clear and measurable research questions. By doing so, I ensure that my methodology is focused and aligned with the purpose of the study.2. Choosing the Appropriate MethodologyBased on the nature of the research problem and objectives, I select a methodology that best suits the requirements. This decision is influenced by factors such as the level of precision needed, the availability of data, and the suitability of the research design for the research question. I often employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, to capture a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.3. Designing the Research PlanOnce the methodology is chosen, I proceed to design a detailed research plan. This includes specifying the research design (e.g., experimental, survey, case study), determining the sample size and sampling technique, outlining the data collection methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations, secondary data analysis), and planning for data analysis and interpretation. The research plan is a roadmap that guides me through each stage of the research process, ensuring that all necessary steps are taken and that no critical aspect is overlooked.4. Data CollectionData collection is a crucial phase of my research methodology. Depending on the research design, I employ various methods to gather information. For quantitative studies, I might use surveys or experiments to collect numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. For qualitative studies, I rely on interviews, focus groups, and observations to gather rich, descriptive data that provides insights into participants' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. I ensure that data collection procedures are ethical, respectful, and in compliance with all relevant regulations and guidelines.5. Data Analysis and InterpretationOnce data collection is complete, I move on to data analysis and interpretation. For quantitative data, I employ statistical software to analyze the data, looking for patterns, relationships, and differences. For qualitative data, I use content analysis, thematic analysis, or other qualitative methods to identify themes, categories, and narratives emerging from the data. Throughout this process, I strive for objectivity, rigor, andtransparency in my analysis, ensuring that my findings are grounded in the data and supported by sound reasoning.6. Reporting and Presenting ResultsFinally, I present my findings in a clear, concise, and compelling manner. This involves writing a research report or paper that outlines the research problem, methodology, data collection and analysis procedures, and key findings. I also ensure that my results are discussed in the context of existing literature, highlighting their significance and implications for theory, practice, and future research. Additionally, I may present my findings at conferences, workshops, or other forums, sharing my insights and engaging in constructive dialogue with my peers.In conclusion, my research methodology is a systematic and rigorous approach that encompasses defining the research problem, choosing the appropriate methodology, designing the research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting and presenting results. By following this methodology, I am able to conduct high-quality research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in my field.。
Research Methodology Methods
Research Methodology MethodsResearch methodology methods are an integral part of any research study, as they provide the framework for conducting the research and gathering data. There are various research methodology methods that researchers can choose from, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. In this response, we will explore some of the common research methodology methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.Quantitative research methodology methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data. This type of research is often used to measure and quantify phenomena, and it relies on statistical analysis to draw conclusions. One of the main advantages of quantitative research is that it allows for the generalization of findings to a larger population. Additionally, quantitative research methodology methods are often considered to be more objective, as they rely on standardized measures and statistical analysis. However, a potential drawback of quantitative research is that it may overlook the complexity and context of the phenomena being studied, as it focuses primarily on numerical data.On the other hand, qualitative research methodology methods involve the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and open-ended survey responses. Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena in depth, and it allows for a more holistic understanding of the subject under study. One of the main advantages of qualitative research is its ability to capture the richness and complexity of human experiences, as well as the context in which these experiences occur. However, qualitative research is often criticized for its subjectivity and lack of generalizability, as findings are often specific to the context in which the research was conducted.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in mixed methods research methodology methods, which involve the combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This allows researchers to capitalize on the strengths of both approaches and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena being studied. Mixed methods research can provide a more complete picture of the research topic, as it allows for the triangulation of data from multiple sources. However, conducting mixed methodsresearch can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, as it requires expertise in both quantitative and qualitative methods.In conclusion, the choice of research methodology methods depends on the research question, the nature of the phenomena being studied, and the resources available to the researcher. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, and researchers should carefully consider which method is most appropriate for their study. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of different research methodology methods, researchers can make informed decisions about how to best approach their research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.。
research methodologies in translation studies
research methodologies in translation studies
研究方法论是翻译研究领域中一项至关重要的研究领域。
它为研究人员提供了不同的研究方法和工具，以便从不同的角度和视角对翻译现象进行深入的研究。
在翻译研究领域中，研究方法包括定量和定性研究方法，文献研究，社会学研究和历史研究等。
通过使用这些方法，研究人员可以探索诸如翻译的历史和文化背景、翻译的语言和文化差异、翻译的过程和策略等核心问题。
此外，翻译研究中的质性研究方法，如认知翻译学、功能翻译学和交际翻译学等，也得到广泛应用。
这些方法主要关注翻译中译者的认知过程、翻译的交际目的和翻译对社会文化的影响等方面。
在翻译研究领域中，研究方法的选择取决于研究问题、研究目的和研究对象等因素。
因此，研究人员需要仔细考虑研究方法的选择，并确保所选方法能够有效地回答研究问题和实现研究目的。
总之，研究方法论在翻译研究中具有重要意义。
通过使用不同的研究方法和工具，研究人员可以深入了解翻译现象，探索翻译过程中的关键问题，并为翻译实践和教育提供有价值的参考。
- 1 -。
scientific research steps(科学研究步骤)
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGYKEY CONCEPTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHODThere are several important aspects to research methodology. This is a summary of the key concepts in scientific research and an attempt to erase some common misconceptions in science.by (2008)Steps of the scientific method are shaped like an hourglass - starting from general questions, narrowing down to focus on one specific aspect, and designing research where we can observe and analyze this aspect. At last, we conclude and generalize to the real world.FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEMResearchers organize their research by formulating and defining a research problem. This helps them focus the research process so that they can draw conclusions reflecting the real world in the best possible way.HYPOTHESISIn research, a hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon.A null hypothesis is a hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove. Normally, the null hypothesis represents the current view/explanation of an aspect of the world that the researcher wants to challenge.Research methodology involves the researcher providing an alternative hypothesis, a research hypothesis, as an alternate way to explain the phenomenon.The researcher tests the hypothesis to disprove the null hypothesis, not because he/she loves the research hypothesis, but because it would mean coming closer to finding an answer to a specific problem. The research hypothesis is often based on observations that evoke suspicion that the null hypothesis is not always correct. In the Stanley Milgram Experiment, the null hypothesis was that the personality determined whether a person would hurt another person, while the research hypothesis was that the role, instructions and orders were much more important in determining whether people would hurt others.VARIABLESA variable is something that changes. It changes according to different factors. Some variables change easily, like the stock-exchange value, while other variables are almost constant, like the name of someone. Researchers are often seeking to measure variables.The variable can be a number, a name, or anything where the value can change.An example of a variable is temperature. The temperature varies according to other variable and factors. You can measure different temperature inside and outside. If it is a sunny day, chances are that the temperature will be higher than if it's cloudy. Another thing that can make the temperature change is whether something has been doneto manipulate the temperature, like lighting a fire in the chimney.In research, you typically define variables according to what you're measuring. The independent variable is the variable which the researcher would like to measure (the cause), while the dependent variable is the effect (or assumed effect), dependent on the independent variable. These variables are often stated in experimental research, in a hypothesis, e.g. "what is the effect of personality on helping behavior?"In explorative research methodology, e.g. in some qualitative research, the independent and the dependent variables might not be identified beforehand. They might not be stated because the researcher does not have a clear idea yet on what is really going on.Confounding variables are variables with a significant effect on the dependent variable that the researcher failed to control or eliminate - sometimes because the researcher is not aware of the effect of the confounding variable. The key is to identify possible confounding variables and somehow try to eliminate or control them. OPERATIONALIZATIONOperationalization is to take a fuzzy concept, such as 'helping behavior', and try to measure it by specific observations, e.g. how likely are people to help a stranger with problems.See also:Conceptual VariablesCHOOSING THE RESEARCH METHODThe selection of the research method is crucial for what conclusions you can make about a phenomenon. It affects what you can say about the cause and factors influencing the phenomenon.It is also important to choose a research method which is within the limits of what the researcher can do. Time, money, feasibility, ethics and availability to measure the phenomenon correctly are examples of issues constraining the research. CHOOSING THE MEASUREMENTChoosing the scientific measurements are also crucial for getting the correct conclusion. Some measurements might not reflect the real world, because they do not measure the phenomenon as it should.ResultsSIGNIFICANCE TESTTo test a hypothesis, quantitative research uses significance tests to determine which hypothesis is right.The significance test can show whether the null hypothesis is more likely correct than the research hypothesis. Research methodology in a number of areas like social sciences depends heavily on significance tests.A significance test may even drive the research process in a whole new direction, based on the findings.The t-test (also called the Student's T-Test) is one of many statistical significance tests, which compares two supposedly equal sets of data to see if they really arealike or not. The t-test helps the researcher conclude whether a hypothesis is supported or not.DRAWING CONCLUSIONSDrawing a conclusion is based on several factors of the research process, not just because the researcher got the expected result. It has to be based on the validity and reliability of the measurement, how good the measurement was to reflect the real world and what more could have affected the results.The observations are often referred to as 'empirical evidence' and the logic/thinking leads to the conclusions. Anyone should be able to check the observation and logic, to see if they also reach the same conclusions.Errors of the observations may stem from measurement-problems, misinterpretations, unlikely random events etc.A common error is to think that correlation implies a causal relationship. This is not necessarily true.GENERALIZATIONGeneralization is to which extent the research and the conclusions of the research apply to the real world. It is not always so that good research will reflect the real world, since we can only measure a small portion of the population at a time.VALIDITY AND RELIABILITYValidity refers to what degree the research reflects the given research problem, while Reliability refers to how consistent a set of measurements are.Read more:研究方法科学方法的关键概念研究方法有几个重要方面。
研究方法论 英文
研究方法论英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Research Methodology in EnglishResearch methodology is the framework or strategy used by researchers to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a systematic and organized manner. It is crucial for any research project as it helps ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. In this article, we will explore the key components of research methodology and discuss how to design a research study effectively.第二篇示例：Research MethodologyResearch methodology is a crucial aspect of any research study, as it outlines the approach, design, and methods used to gather and analyze data. It serves as a roadmap for the research process and helps ensure that the study is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner. In this article, we will discussthe key components of research methodology and the various methods commonly used in research studies.第三篇示例：Research MethodologyThere are several important components of research methodology that researchers need to consider when designing a research study. These components include research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations. Each of these components plays a significant role in ensuring the validity and reliability of the research findings.第四篇示例：Research Methodology: A Guide to Conducting ResearchIntroductionResearch methodology refers to the systematic study of methods utilized in the field of research. It is essential for researchers to have a clear understanding of research methodology in order to conduct their studies effectively and efficiently. In this article, we will discuss the key components of research methodology, including the research design, datacollection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations.Research DesignData Collection MethodsData Analysis Techniques。
论文开题报告研究方法英文
论文开题报告研究方法英文Research Methodology for Thesis ProposalIntroductionResearch methodology is a crucial aspect of any academic study, including the process of writing a thesis proposal. It provides a systematic approach to conducting research, ensuring that the study is well-structured, reliable, and valid. In this article, we will explore the various research methods commonly used in writing a thesis proposal.Literature ReviewBefore embarking on any research, it is essential to conduct a thorough literature review. This involves reviewing existing scholarly works, such as books, journal articles, and research papers, related to the chosen topic. The literature review helps to identify the existing knowledge gaps, establish the theoretical framework, and provide a foundation for the research methodology. Qualitative Research MethodQualitative research is a method that focuses on understanding and interpreting social phenomena. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents. This research method is particularly useful when exploring complex social issues, human behavior, and subjective experiences. In a thesis proposal, qualitative research can be used to gather in-depth insights and generate new theories or hypotheses.Quantitative Research MethodQuantitative research, on the other hand, involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. This method relies on statistical techniques to measure, analyze, and interpret data. Surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of existing data are common approaches used in quantitative research. This research method is useful for studying large populations, establishing cause-and-effect relationships, and generalizing findings. In a thesis proposal, quantitative research can provide empirical evidence and support or refute existing theories. Mixed Methods ResearchMixed methods research combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches. This method allows researchers to gather a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem by using multiple data collection and analysis techniques. By integrating qualitative and quantitative data, mixed methods research can provide a more robust and nuanced perspective on the research topic. In a thesis proposal, mixed methods research can be employed to triangulate findings, validate results, and enhance the overall rigor of the study.Sampling TechniquesSampling is an integral part of research methodology, as it involves selecting a subset of individuals or units from a larger population. The chosen sample should be representative of the population to ensure the generalizability of the findings. Various sampling techniques can be used, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, and purposive sampling. The selection of a sampling technique depends on the research objectives, available resources, and thenature of the research problem.Data Collection and AnalysisOnce the research method and sampling technique are determined, the next step is to collect and analyze the data. Data collection methods can include surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis. It is crucial to ensure the reliability and validity of the collected data by using standardized protocols, maintaining objectivity, and employing appropriate data analysis techniques. Data analysis can involve qualitative techniques, such as thematic analysis, or quantitative techniques, such as statistical analysis.Ethical ConsiderationsResearch ethics play a vital role in any study. It is essential to consider the ethical implications of the research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and participant welfare. Ethical guidelines and protocols should be followed to ensure the protection of participants' rights and maintain the integrity of the research.ConclusionIn conclusion, research methodology is a critical aspect of writing a thesis proposal. The choice of research method, sampling technique, data collection, and analysis techniques should be carefully considered to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. By following a systematic approach and considering ethical considerations, researchers can conduct rigorous and impactful research.。
研究条件范文
研究条件范文As a researcher, it is essential to consider various conditions when conducting a study. Conducting research under specific conditions can greatly affect the outcomes and validity of the findings. One important condition to consider is the research environment.作为一名研究者，在进行研究时考虑各种条件是至关重要的。
在特定条件下进行研究可以极大地影响研究结果的准确性和有效性。
一个重要的条件是研究环境。
The research environment refers to the physical and social setting in which the research is conducted. The environment can include the location of the study, the facilities available, and the interactions between researchers and participants. A conducive research environment can enhance the quality of research and make the process smoother.研究环境指的是进行研究的物理和社会环境。
环境可以包括研究的地点、可用的设施以及研究人员和参与者之间的互动。
一个有利的研究环境可以提高研究的质量，并使整个研究过程更加顺利。
Another important condition to consider is the research methodology. The methodology refers to the techniques and procedures used to collect and analyze data. Different research methodologies can yield different results, so it is crucial for researchers to carefully select the most appropriate methodology for their study.另一个重要的条件是研究方法论。
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Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe research method it involves three elements which are the data collection, analysis and interpretation to help the researcher doing the research propose for their studies. In this study it applied the quantitative research method to find the housing index of Shanghai during 2000 to 2009, also the mortgage to income index during this period. By doing the research, for better and accurate measurement and analysis of these data to generate the better results, it has been applied the standardization (norming) method to the sampling data. The process of standardization, also called norming, removes the effect of relevant but different characteristics in order to make the important differences visible. (Neuman.W, 2011) And it also uses the secondary data analysis. The data collection will belong to secondary data collection. The sources of data are mainly in DataStream, National Bruno Database, ShangHai Bruno Database, Journal Article and Local Real-estate Agency Report, and the results will represent and analysis in finding part.3.2 Research strategy and ApproachesBy doing research there has two strategies one is quantitative research and the other is qualitative research. For quantitative research means using the numbers and statistic method. It attracts from particular instances to seek general description or test causal hypotheses; it seeks measurements and analyses that are easily replicable by other researchers. (King, Keohane, Verba, 1994.pp.3-4) And for qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means qualitative researchers study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of meaning people bring to them. It is involves use variety of empirical materials, case study, personal experience, interview, observation, interactional, visual text etc, that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in people’s life. (Denzin, Lincoln, 1994, p2)Basic on above definition of quantitative and qualitative research methodology, according to this study is accessing housing affordability ratio to evaluate how people affordability during the decade, the research basic on analysis the statistic data and theoretical formulations, and tends to be on numerical measurements of specific aspects of phenomena, therefore the quantitative research has applied strategy in this study. After the strategy chosen, it needs to find the approaches to generate the results and analysis. Basic on the research purpose and objective, the foundation of this research is basic on the theory of housing affordability, which is called the price to income ratio indicator. This ratio is to interpreted the relationship between the housing price and people’s income, and it is by far the most welcome measure of housing affordability in policy research and mass media.(Hulchanski,1995) The price to income indicator is the ratio of median/mean market price of a standardized housing unite to median/mean(before –tax or disposable)household/family income. This ratio measures the relative shares of income spending on housing and aims to capture the cost burden of housing on household income. Also it can be considering as an index measurements.3.2.1 The reason to choose the housing affordability indexAs the developing and transforming of China Real Estate, nowadays it already becomes the significant components in domestic economic reform. Also the massive benefit from the real estate section makes it becomes the pillar industry in the domestic area and local cities. However during the time of the transforming of real estate, the properties prices has quickly changed to the market-oriented price, but the local householders income has not changed so much, therefore to obtained the information of the market situation and people’s consumption ability become more important for government to regulate the real estate market and make the responsible policies to protect people in different level’s, also it is important for commercial banks to landing money to the real estate developer and also to make a good portfolio to different housing mortgage loaners.When the housing affordability hasn’t appearance, if a country or cities plan to measure the level of people’s residential consumption, need to do a lot of research works. The research may including the level of economy development, the level of people’s income, housing price, the weight of commodity expenses in people’s income, the government housing supporting policies, and the mortgage term which required by the banking, etc. it not only because the large mount of working preparation, but also with different research aspects the results may generate the different way as well, it is hard to confirm the accuracy of its findings. Later, through the repeated experiment and practice and theory development, the housing affordability has been brought out. According to experts in this area, they have defined a housing cost burden of around 30 percent of income as affordable. And the proper range for housing burden to income ratio is 4 to 6. Currently, many countries are using the housing affordability ratio, the way to choose this index not only it is simple to understand, but the level of housing burden to income which is less than 30%. This is reasonable standard has been internationally recognized.In the middle of 19th century, lots of scholars has studied on the price to income ratio, the roots of this ratio can be back to the earlier of 19th century, at that time it used as studies of household budgets and in the commonly used turn-of-the-century expression 'one week's pay for one month's rent'. After following decades, people made a lots improvements to this ratio, and During the 1980s the often undefined term 'housing affordability' has come into widespread popular usage in North America and Western Europe with a growing body of literature, (Hallett, 1993; Linneman & Megbolugbe, 1992; Whitehead, 1991) And in 1995 Hulchanski at his paper identified six distinct ways in which the housing expenditure-to-income ratio is being used as an assumed measure of affordability.However the housing affordability ideal for the first time introduced to China in early of 1990’s by The World Bank's Chief Economist Bertrand Renaud, he has brought a new concept of a price to income ratio to the nation. In fact, the price earnings ratio isan indicator that reflects the ability of residential housing affordability to housing market conditions. It is also a comprehensive index to measure a country or a city the urban housing consumption level.According to the Bertrand Renaud, there have two foundations to decide the range of housing to income ratio which is safety in 4 to 6. First is the basis on the saving payment model, which is display below,m−1P/I=a×∑(1+i)nn=0‘P’ indicates the housing price;‘I’ indicate the household annual income,‘a’ indicate the proportion of particular saving for purchasing the house to the householder annual income‘m’ indicate the duration of saving‘n’ indicate the interest rateThrough the simple saving payment model it can interpret that the rational housing affordability is related to the percentage of housing purchasing saving of annual income, the saving duration and the interest rate. For this basis may lead to the further study on the mortgage payment, which will discuss later.The second foundation is that by cooperation with different countries in the worldwide.The real estate just transformed in the late of the 19th century which is year of 1998, during the 20years it has dramatic changes, the booming of the real estate become unreasonable. Not like the developing countries, the real estate market is market orientated, with the long time improving and experience with government regulation, the market is more maturated.3.1.4 Research question and research proposition。