曼昆经济学原理28unemployment
经济学原理 Chapter 28
•
part-time work, or people working part time because full-time jobs not available some people misreport their work status in the BLS survey
Despite these issues, the u-rate is still a very
minimum wage laws?
What is the theory of efficiency wages, and how
does it help explain unemployment?
CHAPTER 28
UNEMPLOYMENT
1
Labor Force Statistics
Produced by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS),
not in the labor force: everyone else
The labor force is the total # of workers, including the employed and unemployed.
CHAPTER 28
UNEMPLOYMENT
3
Labor Force Statistics
CHAPTER 28 UNEMPLOYMENT
LF part. rate 46.0% 62.3 72.1 78.6
12
8.2% 5.1 3.8 2.1
LF Participation Rates by Sex, 1950-2007
90 80
Men
70 60 50
Women
曼昆宏观经济学最新英文版参考答案第28章
Chapter 28Problems and Applications1. The labor force consists of the number of employed (142,076,000) plus the number of unemployed(7,497,000), which equals 149,573,000.To find the labor-force participation rate, we need to know the size of the adult population. Adding the labor force (149,573,000) to the number of people not in the labor force (76,580,000) gives the adult population of 226,153,000. The labor-force participation rate is the labor force (149,573,000) divided by the adult population (226,153,000) times 100%, which equals 66%.The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed (7,497,000) divided by the labor force(149,573,000) times 100%, which equals 5.0%.2. Many answers are possible.3. Men age 55 and over experienced the greatest decline in labor-force participation. This wasbecause of increased Social Security benefits and retirement income, encouraging retirement at an earlier age.4. Younger women experienced a bigger increase in labor-force participation than older womenbecause more of them have entered the labor force (in part because of social changes), so there are more two-career families. In addition, women have delayed having children until later in life and have reduced the number of children they have, so they are in the labor force for a greater proportion of their lives than was the case previously.5. The fact that employment increased 1.5 million while unemployment declined 0.6 million isconsistent with growth in the labor force of 0.9 million workers. The labor force constantlyincreases as the population grows and as labor-force participation increases, so the increase in the number of people employed may always exceed the reduction in the number unemployed.6. a. A construction worker who is laid off because of bad weather is likely to experienceshort-term unemployment, because the worker will be back to work as soon as theweather clears up.b. A manufacturing worker who loses her job at a plant in an isolated area is likely toexperience long-term unemployment, because there are probably few other employmentopportunities in the area. She may need to move somewhere else to find a suitable job,which means she will be out of work for some time.c. A worker in the stagecoach industry who was laid off because of the growth of railroads islikely to be unemployed for a long time. The worker will have a lot of trouble findinganother job because his entire industry is shrinking. He will probably need to gainadditional training or skills to get a job in a different industry.d. A short-order cook who loses his job when a new restaurant opens is likely to find anotherjob fairly quickly, perhaps even at the new restaurant, and thus will probably have only ashort spell of unemployment.e. An expert welder with little education who loses her job when the company installsautomatic welding machinery is likely to be without a job for a long time, because she lacksthe technological skills to keep up with the latest equipment. To remain in the weldingindustry, she may need to go back to school and learn the newest techniques.12 Chapter 28/Unemployment7. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the labor market with a binding minimum wage. At the initial minimumwage (m1), the quantity of labor supplied L1S is greater than the quantity of labor demanded L1D, and unemployment is equal to L1S−L1D. An increase in the minimum wage to m2 leads to anincrease in the quantity of labor supplied to L2S and a decrease in the quantity of labor demanded to L2D. As a result, unemployment increases as the minimum wage rises.Figure 28. a. Figure 3 illustrates the effect of a union being established in the manufacturing labormarket. In the figure on the left, the wage rises from w1U to w2U and the quantity of labordemanded declines from U1 to U2D. Because the wage is higher, the quantity supplied oflabor increases to U2S, so there are U2S−U2D unemployed workers in the unionizedmanufacturing sector.b. When those workers who become unemployed in the manufacturing sector seekemployment in the service labor market, shown in the figure on the right, the supply oflabor shifts to the right from S1 to S2. The result is a decline in the wage in thenonunionized service sector from w1N to w2N and an increase in employment in thenonunionized service sector from N1 to N2.Chapter 28/Unemployment 3Figure 39. a. When the Japanese developed a strong auto industry, U.S. auto demand became moreelastic as a result of increased competition. With more elastic demand for autos, theelasticity of demand for American autoworkers increased.b. Because the rise in auto imports made the demand for autoworkers more elastic, tomaintain a higher-than-competitive wage rate requires a greater reduction in the quantityof labor demanded. So the union had to choose between allowing the union wage todecline or facing the loss of many jobs.c. Given the trade-off faced by the union, the growth of the Japanese auto industry forcedthe union wage to move closer to the competitive wage.10. a. If a firm was not providing such benefits prior to the legislation, the curve showing thedemand for labor would shift down by exactly $4 at each quantity of labor, because thefirm would not be willing to pay as high a wage given the increased cost of the benefits.b. If employees value the benefit by exactly $4 per hour, they would be willing to work thesame amount for a wage that's $4 less per hour, so the supply curve of labor shifts downby exactly $4.Figure 4c. Figure 4 shows the equilibrium in the labor market. Because the demand and supply curvesof labor both shift down by $4, the equilibrium quantity of labor is unchanged and thewage rate declines by $4. Both employees and employers are just as well off as before.d. If the minimum wage prevents the wage from falling, the result will be increasedunemployment, as Figure 5 shows. Initially, the equilibrium quantity of labor is L1 and theequilibrium wage is w1, which is $3 lower than the minimum wage w m. After the law ispassed, demand falls to D2 and supply rises to S2. Because of the minimum wage, thequantity of labor demanded (L2D) will be smaller than the quantity supplied (L2S). Thus,there will be unemployment equal to L2S–L2D.4 Chapter 28/UnemploymentFigure 5Figure 6e. If the workers do not value the mandated benefit at all, the supply curve of labor does notshift down. As a result, the wage rate will decline by less than $4 and the equilibriumquantity of labor will decline, as shown in Figure 6. Employers are worse off, because they now pay a greater total wage plus benefits for fewer workers. Employees are worse off,because they get a lower wage and fewer are employed.。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.8
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.82-2 The Economist as Policy Adviser作为决策者的经济学家Often, economists are asked to explain the causes of economic events. Why, for example, is unemployment higher for teenagers than for older workers? Sometimes, economists are asked to recommend policies to improve economic outcomes. What, for instance, should the government do to improve the economic well-being of teenagers? When economists are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to help improve it, they are policy advisers.人们经常要求经济学家解释一些经济事件的原因。
例如，为什么年轻人的失业高于年龄大一些的人？有时也要求经济学家提出改善经济结果的政策建议。
例如，政府应该为改善年轻人的经济福利做些什么？当经济学家努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。
当经济学家想要改善世界时，他们是决策者。
2-2a Positive versus Normative Analysis实证分析与规范分析To help clarify the two roles that economists play, let’s examine the use of language. Because scientists and policy advisers have different goals, they use language in different ways. For example, suppose that two people are discussing minimum-wage laws. Here are two statements you might hear:Polly: Minimum-wage laws cause unemployment.Norma: The government should raise the minimum wage.为了有助于弄清楚经济学家所起的这两种作用，我们从考察语言的使用开始。
曼昆的经济学原理
曼昆的经济学原理
曼昆的经济学原理是指由著名经济学家米尔科姆·曼昆（Milton Friedman）提出的经济学理论，他在他一生中发表了大量关于经济、政治和政策的文章和书籍。
曼昆的经济学理论主要是基于以下几点：
首先，曼昆认为市场资源分配是最有效的，因此政府干预无助于改善经济。
他认为，政府的干预可能会导致经济不稳定，阻碍经济的发展。
他的理论主张，只有当市场上的资源分配受到外部扰动（如货币政策、税收政策等）时，政府才有必要介入，以确保市场得到稳定。
其次，曼昆认为，货币政策是经济稳定和发展的重要因素，他强调货币政策的作用，政府应该尽可能保持货币稳定，避免货币通货膨胀或缩水。
他还认为，货币政策应该以可持续的方式来实施，即不应该采取过度紧缩的政策，也不应该采取过度宽松的政策，而要采取适当的政策，以确保经济的稳定性。
第三，曼昆认为，税收政策也是经济稳定和发展的重要因素，他认为，税收政策应该具有公平性，不同人应该按其所得收取相应的税收，以促进社会公平，并提高经济效率。
最后，曼昆认为，政府的政策需要符合人们的需求，应该根据市场需求来制定政策，使之更符合人们的利益。
他认为，政府的政策不应该受到太多的限制，而要尊重市场的决定，以便使经济政策更加有效地实施。
综上所述，曼昆的经济学原理是指由著名经济学家米尔科姆·曼昆（Milton Friedman）提出的经济学理论，其主要包括：认为市场资源分配是最有效的，政府干预无助于改善经济；强调货币政策的作用，货币政策应该以可持续的方式来实施；认为税收政策也是经济稳定和发展的重要因素，应该具有公平性；以及政府的政策需要尊重市场的决定，以便使经济政策更加有效地实施。
曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章
UNEMPLOYMENTWHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION:A new In the News feature on “Why Has Employment Declined” has been added and all statistics and tables have been updated.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:the data used to measure the amount of unemployment.how unemployment can result from minimum-wage laws.how unemployment can arise from bargaining between firms and unions.how unemployment results when firms choose to pay efficiency wages.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 15 is the fourth chapter in a four-chapter sequence on the level and growth of output in the long run. In Chapter 12, we learned that capital and labor are among the primary determinants of output and growth. In Chapter 13, we addressed how saving and investment in capital goods affect the production of output. In Chapter 14, we learned about some of the tools people and firms use when choosing capital projects in which to invest. In Chapter 15, we see how full utilization of our labor resources improves the level of production and our standard of living.The purpose of Chapter 15 is to introduce students to the labor market. We will see how economists measure the performance of the labor market using unemployment statistics. We will also address a number of sources of unemployment and some policies that the government might use to lower certain types of unemployment.KEY POINTS:The unemployment rate is the percentage of those who would like to work who do not have jobs.The Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates this statistic monthly based on a survey of thousands of households.247248❖Chapter 15/Unemployment∙ The unemployment rate is an imperfect measure of joblessness. Some people who call themselves unemployed may actually not want to work, and some people who would like to work have left the labor force after an unsuccessful search and therefore are not counted as unemployed.∙ In the U.S. economy, most people who become unemployed find work within a short period of time.Nonetheless, most unemployment observed at any given time is attributable to the few people who are unemployed for long periods of time.∙ One reason for unemployment is the time it takes for workers to search for jobs that best suit their tastes and skills. This frictional unemployment is increased as a result of unemployment insurance, a government policy designed to protect workers’ incomes.∙ A second reason our economy always has some unemployment is minimum-wage laws. By raising the wage of unskilled and inexperienced workers above the equilibrium level, minimum-wage laws raise the quantity of labor supplied and reduce the quantity demanded. The resulting surplus of labor represents unemployment.∙ A third reason for unemployment is the market power of unions. When unions push the wages in unionized industries above the equilibrium level, they create a surplus of labor.∙ A fourth reason for unemployment is suggested by the theory of efficiency wages. According to this theory, firms find it profitable to pay wages above the equilibrium level. High wages can improve worker health, lower worker turnover, raise worker quality, and increase worker effort.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Unemployment can be divided into two categories.A. The economy’s natural rate of unemployment refers to the amount of unemployment that theeconomy normally experiences.B. Cyclical unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its naturalrate.II. Identifying UnemploymentA. How Is Unemployment Measured?1. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) surveys about 60,000 households every month.2. The BLS places each adult (age 16 or older) into one of three categories: employed,unemployed, or not in the labor force.Chapter 15/Unemployment ❖ 2493. Definition of labor force: the total number of workers, including both the employedand the unemployed .4. Definition of unemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that isunemployed .5. Definition of labor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult populationthat is in the labor force .6. Example: Data from 2012. In that year, there were 142.5 million employed people and 12.5million unemployed people.a. Labor Force = 142.5 + 12.5 = 155.0 million.b. Unemployment Rate = (12.5/155.0) × 100 = 8.1%.c. Because the adult population was 243.3 million, the labor-force participation rate was:Labor-Force Participation Rate = (155.0/243.3) × 100 = 63.7%.7. Table 1 shows unemployment and labor-force participation rates for various sub-groups ofthe U.S. population.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:The country of Bada has collected the following information:Population 240,000 Employed 180,000 Unemployed30,000Labor Force = 180,000 + 30,000 = 210,000Unemployment rate = (30,000/210,000) × 100 = 14.3%Labor-force participation rate = (210,000/240,000) × 100 = 87.5%250 ❖ Chapter 15/Unemploymenta. Women of prime working age (25 to 54 years old) have lower rates of labor-forceparticipation than men, but once in the labor market, men and women have similar rates of unemployment.b. Prime-age blacks have similar labor-force participation rates as prime-age whites, butthey have much higher rates of unemployment.c. Teenagers have much lower rates of labor-force participation and much higher rates ofunemployment than older workers.8. Figure 2 shows the unemployment rate in the United States since 1960.B. Definition of the natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemploymentaround which the unemployment rate fluctuates . C. Definition of cyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from its naturalrate .D. Case Study: Labor-Force Participation of Men and Women in the U.S. Economy1. There has been a dramatic rise in the labor-force participation rates of women over the past60 years.2. Figure 3 shows this rise in the labor-force participation rate of women. The figure also showsthat the labor-force participation rates for men have actually fallen by a small amount over the same time period.E. Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To? 1. Measuring the unemployment rate is not as straightforward as it may seem.2. There is a tremendous amount of movement into and out of the labor force.a. Many of the unemployed are new entrants or re-entrants looking for work.b. Many unemployment spells end with a person leaving the labor force as opposed toactually finding a job.3. There may be individuals who are calling themselves unemployed to qualify for governmentassistance, yet they are not trying hard to find work. These individuals are more likely not a part of the true labor force, but they will be counted as unemployed.Chapter 15/Unemployment❖251 4. Definition of discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but havegiven up looking for a job.a. These individuals will not be counted as part of the labor force.b. Thus, while they are likely a part of the unemployed, they will not show up in theunemployment statistics.5. Table 2 presents other measures of labor underutilization calculated by the Bureau of LaborStatistics.252❖Chapter 15/UnemploymentF. How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?1. Another important variable that policymakers may be concerned with is the duration ofunemployment.2. Most spells of unemployment are short, and most unemployment observed at any given timeis long term.G. Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?1. In an ideal labor market, wages would adjust so that the quantity of labor supplied and thequantity of labor demanded would be equal.2. However, there is always unemployment even when the economy is doing well. Theunemployment rate is never zero; it fluctuates around the natural rate.a. Definition of frictional unemployment: unemployment that results because ittakes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes andskills.b. Definition of structural unemployment: unemployment that results because thenumber of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a jobfor everyone who wants one.c. Three possible reasons for structural unemployment are minimum-wage laws, unions,and efficiency wages.H. FYI: The Jobs Number1. When the Bureau of Labor Statistics announces the unemployment rate each month, it alsoannounces the number of jobs the economy gained or lost.2. This information comes from a survey of 160,000 business establishments.III. Job SearchA. Definition of job search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given theirtastes and skills.B. Because workers differ from one another in terms of their skills and tastes and jobs differ in theirattributes, it is often difficult for workers to match with the appropriate job.C. Why Some Frictional Unemployment Is Inevitable1. Frictional unemployment often occurs because of a change in the demand for labor amongdifferent firms.Chapter 15/Unemployment❖253a. When consumers decide to stop buying a good produced by Firm A and instead startbuying a good produced by Firm B, some workers at Firm A will likely lose their jobs.b. New jobs will be created at Firm B, but it will take some time to move the displacedworkers from Firm A to Firm B.c. The result of this transition is a period of unemployment.d. The same situation can occur across industries and regions as well.2. This implies that, because the economy is always changing, frictional unemployment isinevitable. Workers in declining industries will find themselves looking for new jobs, and firmsin growing industries will be seeking new workers.D. Public Policy and Job Search1. The faster information spreads about job openings and worker availability, the more rapidlythe economy can match workers and firms.2. Government programs try to facilitate job search in various ways.a. Government-run employment agencies give out information on job vacancies.b. Public training programs can ease the transition of workers from declining to growingindustries and help disadvantaged groups escape poverty.3. Critics of these programs argue that the private labor market will do a better job of matchingworkers with employers and therefore the government should not be involved in the processof job search.E. Unemployment Insurance1. Definition of unemployment insurance: a government program that partiallyprotects workers’ incomes when they become unemployed.2. Because unemployment insurance reduces the hardship of unemployment, it also increasesthe amount of unemployment that exists.3. Many studies have shown that more generous unemployment insurance benefits lead toreduced job search effort and, as a result, more unemployment.4. In the News: Why Has Employment Declined?a. The number of Americans receiving government benefits has grown substantially recentlywhile the employment-population ratio has declined.b. This article from The Wall Street Journal discusses the incentives created by thesegovernment benefits and the effects on the annual rate of real output growth.IV. Minimum-Wage LawsA. Unemployment can also occur because of minimum-wage laws.254 ❖ Chapter 15/Unemployment1. If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage in the labor market, a surplus oflabor will occur.2. While minimum-wage laws are one reason unemployment exists in the U.S. economy, theydo not affect everyone.a. The vast majority of workers in the economy have wages well above the legal minimum,so the law does not prevent most wages from adjusting to balance supply and demand.b. Minimum-wage laws therefore have the largest affect on the least skilled and leastexperienced members of the labor force, such as teenagers.B. Anytime a wage is kept above the equilibrium level for any reason, the result is unemployment.1. Other causes of this situation include unions and efficiency wages.2. This situation is different from frictional unemployment where the search for the right job isthe reason for unemployment.C FYI: Who Earns the Minimum Wage?1. In 2012, the Department of Labor released a study of which workers reported earnings at orbelow the minimum wage in 2011.a. Of those workers paid an hourly rate, about 4% of men and 6% of women reportedwages at or below the federal minimum.b. Minimum-wage workers tend to be young, with about half under the age of 25.c. Minimum-wage workers tend to be less educated. Of those workers ages 16 and overwith a high school education, only 5% earned the minimum wage.d.Minimum-wage workers are more likely to be working part time.Chapter 15/Unemployment❖255d. The industry with the highest proportion of workers with reported hourly wages at orbelow the minimum wage was leisure and hospitality.e. The proportion of workers earning the prevailing minimum wage has changedsubstantially over time, trending downward from 1979 to 2006 then increasing in 2011.The increase is partially attributable to an increase in the minimum wage.V. Unions and Collective BargainingA. Definition of union: a worker association that bargains with employers over wages andworking conditions.B. Unions play a smaller role in the U.S. economy today than they did in the past. However, unionscontinue to be prevalent in many European countries.C. The Economics of Unions1. Definition of collective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree onthe terms of employment.2. Unions try to negotiate for higher wages, better benefits, and better working conditions thanthe firm would offer if there were no union.3. Definition of strike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union.4. Economists have found that union workers typically earn 10% to 20% more than similarworkers who do not belong to unions.5. This implies that unions raise the wage above the equilibrium wage, resulting inunemployment.a. Unions are often believed to cause conflict between insiders (who benefit from highunion wages) and outsiders (who do not get the union jobs).b. Outsiders will either remain unemployed or find jobs in firms that are not unionized.c. The supply of workers in nonunion firms will increase, pushing wages at those firmsdown.D. Are Unions Good or Bad for the Economy?1. Critics of unions argue that unions are a cartel, which causes inefficiency because fewerworkers end up being hired at the higher union wage.2. Advocates of unions argue that unions are an answer to the problems that occur when a firmhas too much power in the labor market (for example, if it is the only major employer intown). In addition, by representing workers’ views, unions help firms provide the right mix ofjob attributes.VI. The Theory of Efficiency Wages256❖Chapter 15/UnemploymentA. Definition of efficiency wages: above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order toincrease worker productivity.B. Efficiency wages raise the wage above the market equilibrium wage, resulting in unemployment.C. There are several reasons why a firm may pay efficiency wages.1. Worker Healtha. Better-paid workers can afford to eat better and can afford good medical care.b. This is more applicable in developing countries where inadequate nutrition can be asignificant problem.2. Worker Turnovera. A firm can reduce turnover by paying a wage greater than its workers could receiveelsewhere.b. This is especially helpful for firms that face high hiring and training costs.3. Worker Qualitya. Offering higher wages attracts a better pool of applicants.b. This is especially helpful for firms that are not able to perfectly gauge the quality of jobapplicants.4. Worker Efforta. Again, if a firm pays a worker more than he or she can receive elsewhere, the worker willbe more likely to try to protect his or her job by working harder.b. This is especially helpful for firms that have difficulty monitoring their workers.5. Case Study: Henry Ford and the Very Generous $5-a-Day Wagea. Henry Ford used a high wage (about twice the going rate) to attract better employees.b. After instituting this higher wage policy, the company’s production costs actually fell dueto reduced turnover, absenteeism, and shirking.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The unemployment rate is measured starting with a survey of about 60,000 households. TheBLS categorizes individuals surveyed as employed, unemployed, and not in the labor force.Next, the BLS computes the labor force as the sum of the number of employed and thenumber of unemployed. Finally, the unemployment rate is calculated as the number ofunemployed divided by the labor force multiplied by 100. The unemployment rate overstates the amount of joblessness because some of those who report being unemployed may not, in fact, be trying hard to find a job. But the unemployment rate may understate the amount of joblessness because discouraged workers are considered not in the labor force even though they are workers without jobs.2. An increase in the world price of oil increases the amount of frictional unemployment as oil-producing firms increase output and employment, but other firms, such as those in the auto industry, reduce output and employment. The sectoral shift from the auto industry to oil firms causes higher frictional unemployment for a time until workers have shifted from the auto industry to the oil industry. Although no increase in unemployment is really desirable, this type of frictional unemployment is a natural outcome of the reallocation of resources between different sectors. Public policies that might affect the unemployment caused by this change in the price of oil include government-run employment agencies, which can helpautoworkers move into the oil industry, job-training programs to help workers adapt to a new industry, and unemployment insurance, which keeps workers from suffering economichardship while changing from one industry to another.3. Figure 1 shows the supply curve (S) and the demand curve (D) for labor. The wage (W) isabove the equilibrium wage (W E). The result is unemployment, equal to the amount bywhich the quantity of labor supplied (L S) exceeds the quantity of labor demanded (L D).Figure 14. A union in the auto industry raises the wages of workers employed by General Motors andFord by threatening to strike. To prevent the costs of a strike, the firms generally pay higher wages than they would if there were no union. However, the higher wages reduceemployment at General Motors and Ford. The unemployed autoworkers seek jobs elsewhere, reducing wages and increasing employment in the nonunion sector.5. There are four reasons that firms might find it profitable to pay wages above the level thatbalances the quantity of labor supplied and the quantity of labor demanded: (1) to ensurethat workers are in good health so they will be more productive; (2) to reduce workerturnover because it is costly to hire new workers; (3) to make workers eager to keep theirjobs, thus discouraging them from shirking; and (4) to attract a better pool of workers.Questions for Review1. The BLS categorizes each adult (16 years of age and older) as employed, unemployed, or notin the labor force. The labor force consists of the sum of the employed and the unemployed.The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the total adult population that is in the laborforce.2. Unemployment is typically short term. Most people who become unemployed are able to findnew jobs fairly quickly. But most unemployment observed at any given time is attributable tothe relatively few workers who are jobless for long periods of time.3. Frictional unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing. Some firmsare shrinking while others are expanding. Some regions are experiencing faster growth thanother regions. Transitions of workers between firms and between regions are accompaniedby temporary unemployment.The government could help to reduce the amount of frictional unemployment through publicpolicies that provide information about job vacancies in order to match workers and jobsmore quickly, and through public training programs that help ease the transition of workersfrom declining to expanding industries and help disadvantaged groups escape poverty.4. Minimum-wage laws are a better explanation for unemployment among teenagers thanamong college graduates. Teenagers have fewer job-related skills than college graduates do,so their wages are low enough to be affected by the minimum wage. College graduates'wages generally exceed the minimum wage.5. Unions affect the natural rate of unemployment via the effect on insiders and outsiders.Because unions raise the wage above the equilibrium level, the quantity of labor demandeddeclines while the quantity supplied of labor rises, so there is unemployment. Insiders arethose who keep their jobs. Outsiders, workers who become unemployed, have two choices:either get a job in a firm that is not unionized, or remain unemployed and wait for a job toopen up in the union sector. As a result, the natural rate of unemployment is higher than itwould be without unions.6. Advocates of unions claim that unions are good for the economy because they are anantidote to the market power of the firms that hire workers and they are important forhelping firms respond efficiently to workers' concerns.7. Four reasons why a firm's profits might increase when it raises wages are: (1) better paidworkers are healthier and more productive; (2) worker turnover is reduced; (3) the firm canattract higher quality workers; and (4) worker effort is increased.Quick Check Multiple Choice1. a2. c3. b4. b5. c6. aProblems and Applications1. a. The adult population consists of the number of employed (143,322,000) plus the numberof unemployed (12,332,000) plus those not in the labor force (89,008,000), which equals244,662,000.b. The labor force consists of the number of employed (143,322,000) plus the number ofunemployed (12,332,000), which equals 155,654,000.c. The labor-force participation rate is the labor force (155,654,000) divided by the adultpopulation (244,662,000) times 100, which equals 63.6%.d. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed (12,332,000) divided by the laborforce (155,654,000) times 100, which equals 7.9%.2. Many answers are possible.3. The fact that employment increased4.9 million while unemployment declined 2.7 million isconsistent with growth in the labor force of 2.2 million workers. The labor force constantlyincreases as the population grows and as labor-force participation increases, so the increasein the number of people employed may exceed the reduction in the number unemployed.4. a. If an auto company goes bankrupt and its workers immediate begin looking for work, theunemployment rate will rise and the employment-population ratio will fall.b. If some of the unemployed auto workers give up looking for a job, the unemploymentrate will fall and the employment-population ratio will remain the same.c. If numerous students graduate from college and cannot find work, the unemploymentrate will rise and the employment-population ratio will remain unchanged.d. If numerous students graduate from college and immediately begin new jobs, theunemployment rate will fall and the employment-population ratio will rise.e. If a stock market boom induces earlier retirement, the unemployment rate will rise andthe employment-population ratio will fall.f. Advances in health care that prolong the life of retirees will not affect the unemploymentrate and will lower the employment-population ratio.5. a. A construction worker who is laid off because of bad weather is likely to experienceshort-term unemployment, because the worker will be back to work as soon as theweather clears up.b. A manufacturing worker who loses his job at a plant in an isolated area is likely toexperience long-term unemployment, because there are probably few other employment opportunities in the area. He may need to move somewhere else to find a suitable job, which means he will be out of work for some time.c. A worker in the stagecoach industry who was laid off because of the growth of railroadsis likely to be unemployed for a long time. The worker will have a lot of trouble finding another job because his entire industry is shrinking. He will probably need to gain additional training or skills to get a job in a different industry.d. A short-order cook who loses his job when a new restaurant opens is likely to findanother job fairly quickly, perhaps even at the new restaurant, and thus will probably have only a short spell of unemployment.e. An expert welder with little education who loses his job when the company installsautomatic welding machinery is likely to be without a job for a long time, because he lacks the technological skills to keep up with the latest equipment. To remain in the welding industry, he may need to go back to school and learn the newest techniques.Figure 26. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the labor market with a binding minimum wage. At the initialminimum wage (w M,1), the quantity of labor supplied L S,1 is greater than the quantity of labor demanded L D,1, and unemployment is equal to L S,1 – L D,1. An increase in the minimum wage to w M,2 leads to an increase in the quantity of labor supplied to L S,2 and a decrease in the quantity of labor demanded to L D,2. As a result, unemployment increases as the minimum wage rises.7. a. Figure 3 illustrates the effects of a union being established in the manufacturing labormarket. In the manufacturing labor market (figure on the left), the wage rises from the non-union wage, w NU , to the union wage, w U , and the quantity of labor demanded declines from the non-union quantity of labor, L NU , to the union quantity of labordemanded, L UD . Because the wage is higher, the quantity supplied of labor increases toSupplyDemandWage Quantity of Laborw M,1w M,2 L D,2 L D,1L S,2L S,1the union quantity of labor supplied L US , so there are L US – L UD unemployed workers inthe unionized manufacturing sector.b. When those workers who become unemployed in the manufacturing sector seekemployment in the service labor market, shown in the figure on the right, the supply of labor shifts to the right from S 1 to S 2. The result is a decline in the wage in the nonunionized service sector from w 1 to w 2 and an increase in employment in the nonunionized service sector from L 1 to L 2.Figure 38. a. Wages between the two industries would be equal. If not, new workers would choosethe industry with the higher wage, pushing the wage in that industry down.b. If the country begins importing autos, the demand for domestic auto workers would fall.If the country begins to export aircraft, there would be an increase in the demand for workers in the aircraft industry.c. In the short run, wages in the auto industry would fall, while wages in the aircraftindustry would rise. Over time, new workers would move into the aircraft industry bringing its wage down until wages were equal across the two industries. d. If the wage did not adjust to its equilibrium level, there would be a shortage of workersin the aircraft industry and a surplus of labor (unemployment) in the auto industry.9. a. If a firm was not providing such benefits prior to the legislation, the curve showing thedemand for labor would shift to the left by exactly $4 at each quantity of labor, because the firm would not be willing to pay as high a wage given the increased cost of the benefits.b. If employees value the benefit by exactly $4 per hour, they would be willing to work thesame amount for a wage that is $4 less per hour, so the supply curve of labor shifts to the right by exactly $4.WageWageQuantity of LaborQuantityof LaborL UD US L NU SS 1S 2D DManufacturing Labor Market Service Labor Marketw NUw U w 1 w 21L 2。
宏观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)27章节
《经济学原理_宏观经济学》第27章 金融学的基本工具一、重要名词解释金融学：研究人们如何在某一时期内做出关于配置资源和应对风险的决策的学科。
现值：用现行利率产生一定量未来货币所需要的现在货币量。
终值：在现行利率既定时，现在货币量将带来的未来货币量。
复利：货币量的累积，比如说银行账户上货币量的累积，即赚得的利息仍留在账户上以赚取未来更多的利息。
保险：集合同类危险聚资建立基金，对特定的危险后果提供经济保障的一种危险财务转移机制。
风险厌恶：不喜欢不确定性，又称为风险规避。
多元化：通过用大量不相关的小风险代替一种风险来降低风险。
企业特有风险：只影响一家公司的风险，又称可分散风险、非系统风险。
市场风险：影响股市上所有公司的风险，即系统风险。
基本面分析：为决定一家公司的价值而对其会计报表和未来前景进行的研究。
有效市场假说：认为资产价格反映了关于一种资产价值的所有公开的、可获得的信息的理论。
信息有效：以理性方式反映所有可获得的信息的有关资产价格的描述。
随机游走：一种不可预期的变量变动的路径（一种随着时间变动而发生的并且无法预测的变动）。
二、重要摘抄1.如果利率是r ，那么在N 年后将得到的X 量的现值是/(1)N X r +。
由于赚到利息的可能性使现值降到X 量之下，所以寻找一定量未来货币现值的过程称为贴现。
一个称为70规则的古老经验规则有助于理解增长率和复利计算的结果。
根据70规则，如果某个变量每年按x%增长，那么大约在70/x 年以后，该变量翻一番。
终值的计算公式为：(1)n n FV PV i =+其中，n FV 为复利终值，PV 为复利现值，i 为利息率，n 为计息期数，,(1)n i n FVIF i =+为复利终值系数。
2.经济学家用效用的概念建立了风险厌恶模型。
效用是一个人对福利或满足的主观衡量。
随着财富的增加，效用函数变得平坦，这反映了边际效用递减的性质。
由于边际效用递减，损失1000美元减少的效用大于得到1000美元增加的效用。
Chapter 28 Unemployment经济学原理
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– Teenagers
• Lower rates of labor-force participation • Much higher rates of unemployment than
older workers
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2
Identifying Unemployment
• Unemployed
– Those who were not employed
• Available for work • Tried to find employment during the previous
曼昆宏观经济学最新英文版参考答案第29章
Chapter 29Problems and Applications1. a. A U.S. penny is money in the U.S. economy because it is used as a medium of exchange tobuy goods or services, it serves as a unit of account because prices in stores are listed interms of dollars and cents, and it serves as a store of value for anyone who holds it overtime.b. A Mexican peso is not money in the U.S. economy, because it is not used as a medium ofexchange, and prices are not given in terms of pesos, so it is not a unit of account. It couldserve as a store of value, though.c. A Picasso painting is not money, because you cannot exchange it for goods or services, andprices are not given in terms of Picasso paintings. It does, however, serve as a store ofvalue.d. A plastic credit card is similar to money, but represents deferred payment rather thanimmediate payment. So credit cards do not fully represent the medium of exchangefunction of money, nor are they really stores of value, because they represent short-termloans rather than being an asset like currency.2. For an asset to be useful as a medium of exchange, it must be widely accepted (so all transactionscan be made in terms of it), recognized easily as money (so people can perform transactions easily and quickly), divisible (so people can provide change), and difficult to counterfeit (so people will not print their own money). That is why nearly all countries use paper money with fancy designs for larger denominations and coins for smaller denominations.For an asset to be useful as a store of value, it must be something that maintains its value over time and something that can be used directly to buy goods and services or sold when money is needed.In addition to currency, financial assets (like stocks and bonds) and physical assets (like real estate and art) make good stores of value.3. a. Currency holdings jumped at the end of 1999. Many individuals were worried about Y2Kand its effect on computers. They withdrew large sums of money from banks to protectthemselves from any possible problems.b. Many answers are possible.4. When your uncle repays a $100 loan from Tenth National Bank (TNB) by writing a check from hisTNB checking account, the result is a change in the assets and liabilities of both your uncle and TNB, as shown in these T-accounts:1Chapter 29/The Monetary System 2By paying off the loan, your uncle simply eliminated the outstanding loan using the assets in his checking account. Your uncle's wealth has not changed; he simply has fewer assets and fewerliabilities.5. a. Here is BSB's T-account:b. When BSB's largest depositor withdraws $10 million in cash and BSB reduces its loansoutstanding to maintain the same reserve ratio, its T-account is now:c. Because BSB is cutting back on its loans, other banks will find themselves short of reservesand they may also cut back on their loans as well.d. BSB may find it difficult to cut back on its loans immediately, because it cannot forcepeople to pay off loans. Instead, it can stop making new loans. But for a time it might finditself with more loans than it wants. It could try to attract additional deposits to getadditional reserves, or borrow from another bank or from the Fed.6. If you take $100 that you held as currency and put it into the banking system, then the totalamount of deposits in the banking system increases by $1,000, because a reserve ratio of 10%means the money multiplier is 1/.10 = 10. Thus, the money supply increases by $900, becausedeposits increase by $1,000 but currency declines by $100.7. With a required reserve ratio of 10%, the money multiplier could be as high as 1/.10 = 10, if bankshold no excess reserves and people do not keep some additional currency. So the maximumincrease in the money supply from a $10 million open-market purchase is $100 million. Thesmallest possible increase is $10 million if all of the money is held by banks as excess reserves.8. a. If the required reserve ratio is 5%, then First National Bank's required reserves are$500,000 x .05 = $25,000. Because the bank’s total reserves are $100,000, it has excessreserves of $75,000.b. With a required reserve ratio of 5%, the money multiplier is 1/.05 = 20. If First Nationallends out its excess reserves of $75,000, the money supply will eventually increase by$75,000 x 20 = $1,500,000.Chapter 29/The Monetary System 39. a. With a required reserve ratio of 10% and no excess reserves, the money multiplier is 1/.10= 10. If the Fed sells $1 million of bonds, reserves will decline by $1 million and the moneysupply will contract by 10 x $1 million = $10 million.b. Banks might wish to hold excess reserves if they need to hold the reserves for theirday-to-day operations, such as paying other banks for customers' transactions, makingchange, cashing paychecks, and so on. If banks increase excess reserves such that there isno overall change in the total reserve ratio, then the money multiplier does not change andthere is no effect on the money supply.10. a. With banks holding only required reserves of 10%, the money multiplier is 1/.10 = 10.Because reserves are $100 billion, the money supply is 10 x $100 billion = $1,000 billion.b. If the required reserve ratio is raised to 20%, the money multiplier declines to 1/.20 = 5.With reserves of $100 billion, the money supply would decline to $500 billion, a decline of$500 billion. Reserves would be unchanged.11. a. If people hold all money as currency, the quantity of money is $2,000.b. If people hold all money as demand deposits at banks with 100% reserves, the quantity ofmoney is $2,000.c. If people have $1,000 in currency and $1,000 in demand deposits, the quantity of money is$2,000.d. If banks have a reserve ratio of 10%, the money multiplier is 1/.10 = 10. So if people holdall money as demand deposits, the quantity of money is 10 x $2,000 = $20,000.e. If people hold equal amounts of currency (C) and demand deposits (D) and the moneymultiplier for reserves is 10, then two equations must be satisfied:(1) C = D, so that people have equal amounts of currency and demand deposits; and (2)10 x ($2,000 –C) = D, so that the money multiplier (10) times the number of dollar billsthat are not being held by people ($2,000 –C) equals the amount of demand deposits (D).Using the first equation in the second gives 10 x ($2,000 –D) = D, or $20,000 – 10D = D,or $20,000 = 11 D, so D = $1,818.18. Then C = $1,818.18. The quantity of money is C +D = $3,636.36.。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——29monetary_system
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money • Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve Banks
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
pyright © 2004 South-Western
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:
曼昆经济学原理29精讲
?Fiat money is used as money because of government decree.
? It does not have intrinsic value. ? Examples: Coins, currency, check deposits.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Kinds of Money
?Commodity money takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value.
The Federal Reserve 联邦储备
? The Federal Reserve (Fed) serves as the nation's central bank. 联邦储备（Fed）——美国的中央银行
? It is designed to oversee the banking system. 它被设计用来监督银行体系。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Functions of Money 货币的职能
? Liquidity流动性
?Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy's medium of exchange. 流动性——一种资产可以兑换为经济中 交换媒介的容易程度。
曼昆 宏观经济学 第28章 失业与自然失业率
Unemployment and Its Natural Rate失业与自然失业率28失业的分类•失业问题通常分为两类。
•长期与短期：The natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率The cyclical rate of unemployment 周期性失业率自然失业率•自然失业率是在长期中不会自行消失的失业率。
它是经济中正常情况下存在的失业量。
周期性失业率•周期性失业率是指失业量围绕其自然失业率的逐年波动。
•它与经济活动的短期上升和下降密切相关。
描述失业三个基本问题:°如何衡量经济的失业率?±如何解释观察到的失业数据?²如何治理失业如何衡量失业？•衡量失业是劳工统计局(BLS)的工作。
它每月调查6万个随机挑选的家庭。
这种调查被称为现期人口调查。
根据对调查的回答，劳工统计局把每个受调查家庭中的每个成员（16岁以上）划入三类：Employed 就业者Unemployed 失业者Not in the labor force 非劳动力人口如何衡量失业？•美国劳工统计局把16岁或16岁以上的人看为成年人。
•如果一个人前一周的大部分时间用于有酬工作，这个人就被当作就业者。
•如果一个人暂时被解雇，正在寻找工作或等待新工作开始的日子，这个人就是失业者。
•如果一个人不属于前两类中的任何一类，这个人就是非劳动力人口，例如全日制学生、家务劳动者或退休者。
如何衡量失业？•劳动力–劳动力——既包括就业者又包括失业者的工人总量。
–劳工统计局把劳动力定义为就业者与失业者之和。
图2. 1960年以来的失业率108642019701975196019651980198519902005Percent ofLabor Force19952000Natural rate ofunemployment Unemployment rate劳动力百分比自然失业率失业率图3. 1950年以来男人与妇女的劳动力参工率1008060402001950195519601965197019751980198519902000劳动力百分比（％）Women男人1995中国失业率统计现状•目前，中国官方惟一定期发布的失业率为“城镇登记失业率”。
曼昆宏观第28章_失业
通常起源于劳动 力 的需求方
失业 27
主动学习 3
失业的类型
1.一般来说，某个大学生毕业后未能立即找到工作，属于 （ ） A.摩擦性失业 B.结构性失业 C.自愿性失业 D.周期性失业
2.某人因为纺织行业不景气而失业，属于（ A.摩擦性失业 B.结构性失业 C.周期性失业 D.永久性失业 3.由于经济萧条而形成的失业属于（ A.摩擦性失业 B.结构性失业 C.周期性失业 D.永久性失业 ）
）
失业
28
28
6.1 失业的确认
劳动力数据 失业率衡量了我们想要衡量的内容吗 失业者没有工作的时间有多长 为什么总有些人是失业者
6.2 寻找工作
为什么一些摩擦性失业是不可避免的 公共政策和寻找工作 失业保险
6.3 结构性失业的解释
最低工资法 工会 效率工资
失业 29
公共政策和寻找工作
政府努力以各种方式促进寻找工作
政府管理的就业机构 发布有关职位空缺的信息，加快工人与工作 的匹配
公共培训计划 其目的是使处于衰落行业的工人学到转移到 增长行业所需的技能
失业 31
倡导者：
这些计划可以通过使劳动力更充分地就业而 使经济更有效的运行，减少了始终变动的市 场经济中的固有的不平等
批评者 在向适当的工人传播适当的信息以及决定哪 一种工人培训最有价值方面，政府并不是更 好的 ——决策最好由工人和雇主以私人的方式作
失业 32
失业保险
失业保险： 当工人失业时为他们提 供部分收入保障的政府 计划
失业
33
优点： 减少收入的不确定性 给失业者更多的时间去寻 找工作，并使他们与工作 更好地匹配，进而提高生 产率
曼昆经济学原理课件(下)-宏观部分,北大课件Chapter-28Unemployment-and-Its-Natural-Rate
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
基于对调查问题的回答，劳工统计局将每 个成年人归入三种类型之一： Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories:
Number unemployed ×100 Unemployment rate= Labor force
14 14
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
劳动力参工率是成年人口中劳动力 的百分比 The labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force.
It is difficult to distinguish between a person who is unemployed and a person who is not in the labor force. 气馁的工人，即那些想工作，但在找不到工作后已放 弃了寻找工作的人，并没有体现在失业统计之中 Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics. 另有一些人即使没有在找工作，但为了得到资金援助 ，可能会宣称自己失业了 Other people may claim to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they aren’t looking for work. 19 19
曼昆《经济学原理[宏观经济学分册]》[第6版]课后习题详解[第28章失业]
![曼昆《经济学原理[宏观经济学分册]》[第6版]课后习题详解[第28章失业]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b6f94570915f804d2b16c196.png)
萧条阶段，需求水平和产量水平下降，从而引起失业。经济越萧条，周期性失业就越严重。
当经济达到繁荣阶段，这种失业就消失了。周期性失业的存在就意味着经济没有达到充分就
业。通过积极的财政政策和货币政策，可以在一定程度上减少周期性失业。
动力参工率的提高。这是性别歧视的下降、出生率的下降以及实际工资的上升等几个因素综
合作用的结果。与此同时，各国男性的劳动力参工率略有下降。在有些国家（例如英国）或
有些组织（例如国际劳工组织）也用活动率这个概念来替代劳动力参工率概念，但两者除名
称外，计算方法及所包含的意义并没有区别。
4．自然失业率（natural rate of unemployment）（中国人民大学2003研；华南理工
工作岗位是同样的，以至于所有工人都同样适应于所有工作，寻找工作就不是一个问题，被
解雇的工人可以很快找到非常适合于他们的新工作。但是，实际上工人的爱好与技术不同，
工作的性质不同，而且等候工作者和工作空位的信息在经济中许多企业和家庭中扩散得很
慢。政府可以通过设置就业机构和培训计划来促进寻找工作。
10．失业保险（unemployment insurance）
加，但在有些情况下，其他的利益团体也会出现在谈判桌上。例如在美国的部分地区，教师
谈判中也有家长代表参加。集体谈判可以在不同层面上进行，有全国性谈判，也有产业一级
的谈判，组织一级的谈判，甚至工厂一级的谈判。由于工会会员范围的不同，集体谈判的覆
..整理分享..
WORD完美格式
盖面（集体协议所覆盖的雇员占雇员总数的比例）可能包括某一产业的所有工人或部分工人；
答：失业保险是指国家通过立法强制实行的，由社会集中建立基金，对因失业而暂时中
曼昆《宏观经济学》每章关键概念名词解释
第一章宏观经济学：对整体经济运行的研究，包括对整个社会的产量，收入、价格和就业水平进行分析。
1.通货膨胀和通货紧缩：物价总水平的上升；物价总水平的下降2.失业：一个人愿意并有能力为获取报酬而工作，但尚未找到工作的情况3.衰退：实际GDP的减少不严重的时期4.萧条：实际GDP的减少很严重的时期5.模型：所研究的系统、过程、事物或概念的一种表达形式，其目的就是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量6.内生变量：模型要解释的变量7.外生变量：模型接受为给定的变量8.市场出清：产品或服务的价格使供给量与需求量平衡9.有伸缩性和粘性的价格：价格能否对供求变动作出即时的调整，长期适用于假设价格有伸缩性，短期适用于假设价格有粘性10.微观经济学：研究企业和个人如何作出决策，以及这些决策者是如何相互作用的第二章1.国内生产总值GDP：经济社会(即一国或一地区)在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。
2.消费物价指数CPI：一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于某个基年同样一篮子产品与服务的价格3.失业率：想要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例4.国民收入核算：用于衡量GDP和许多相关统计数字的核算体系5.存量：衡量一个给定时点上的数量；流量：衡量每一个单位时间内的数量6.增加值：该企业产出的价值减去企业购买的中间产品的价值7.估算值：对于一些不在市场上销售的产品，没有市场价格，对其使用价值的估算8.名义GDP：按现期价格衡量的产品与服务的价值；实际GDP=＝名义GDP／物价指数：用一组不变价格衡量的产品与服务的价值9.GDP平减指数：又称为GDP的隐含价格平减指数，定义为名义GDP与实际GDP的比率10.国民收入核算恒等式：GDP＝消费＋投资＋政府支出＋净出口（Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX）11.消费：家庭购买的产品与服务12.投资：包括为未来使用而购买的产品。
（投资是新资本的创造，不包括在不同个人之间重新配置的资产购买）a)企业固定投资：企业购买的新工厂和设备b)住房固定投资：家庭和房东购买的新住房c)存货投资：企业产品存货的增加13.政府购买G:包括政府用于商品和服务的支出，不包括转移支付，如社会保障和福利。
曼昆《经济学原理[宏观经济学分册]》[第6版]课后习题详解[第28章失业]
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进
行咨询。
一、概念题
1．劳动力（labor force）
答：劳动力指一国或地区法定劳动年龄以上的，或者在工作，或者在积极寻找工作，或
者因为暂时失业而等待召回的所有人。劳动力包括失业者和就业者。一国劳动力的规模取决
定，筹集的失业保险费，不分来源渠道，不分缴费单位的性质，全部并入失业保险基金，在
统筹地区内统一调度使用以发挥互济功能。
11．工会（union）
答：工会指一个就工资与工作条件与雇主进行谈判的工人协会。工会是一种卡特尔，它
是卖者共同行动以希望发挥其共同市场势力的一个集团。在经济中大部分工人单独地与其雇
主讨论工资、津贴和工作条件。与此相比，工会的工人是作为一个集团来这样做的。
适用于非工会会员，在雇主协会代表资方参加谈判的情况下，集体协议可适用于尚未工会化
的组织，这些国家的政府有时也会将工会化部门集体谈判所达成的协议适用于非工会化部
门。20世纪80年代以来，集体谈判在主要西方国家的一个重要发展就是分散化（或称分权），
即在更低层面上处理劳资关系。全国性谈判和全国性协议的作用越来越小，组织（公司或企
工作岗位是同样的，以至于所有工人都同样适应于所有工作，寻找工作就不是一个问题，被
解雇的工人可以很快找到非常适合于他们的新工作。但是，实际上工人的爱好与技术不同，
工作的性质不同，而且等候工作者和工作空位的信息在经济中许多企业和家庭中扩散得很
慢。政府可以通过设置就业机构和培训计划来促进寻找工作。
10．失业保险（unemployment insurance）
结构性失业，因而结构性失业不可能长期存在。他们还认为，自然失业率包含一种摩擦性和
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(第28章 失业)
第28章 失 业28.1 复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．失业的衡量指标（1）失业失业指在一定年龄范围内，有工作能力，愿意工作并积极寻找工作而未能按当时通行的实际工资水平找到工作的人。
要注意：①年龄规定以外的无工作者不计入失业者。
②丧失工作能力者不计入失业者。
③在校学习的不计入失业者。
④由于某种原因不愿工作或不积极寻找工作的人不计入失业者。
⑤有些未领取失业救济的未登记注册的无工作者，不计入失业者。
衡量经济中失业状况的最基本指标是失业率。
失业率是指失业人数占劳动力总数的百分比，公式表示为：100%=⨯失业人数失业率劳动力人数公式中的劳动力总数是指失业人数和就业人数之和。
（2）充分就业充分就业并非人人都有工作，消灭了周期性失业的就业状态就是充分就业。
由于社会总需求不足而造成的失业叫周期性失业。
由于经济中某些难以克服的原因而造成的失业叫自然失业。
充分就业与自然失业的存在并不矛盾。
实现了充分就业时的失业率就是自然失业率。
劳动力参工率指劳动力在成年人口中所占的百分比，这个统计数字表示人口中选择参与劳动市场的人口的比率。
即：100%劳动力劳动力参工率成年人口=⨯ 经济中总存在某种失业，而且各年的失业量都在变动。
失业率围绕正常失业率而波动。
正常失业率称为自然失业率，失业率与自然失业率的背离称为周期性失业。
（3）失业率不能准确地衡量失业的原因①一些人只是为了能得到政府的福利或由于得到“暗中”支付而装着找工作，他们仍被算在劳动力之中，作为失业者。
这种行为使失业统计数字偏高。
②一些人寻找工作不成功，并放弃了寻找工作，因此他们未被算在失业者之内。
宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆名词解释(带英文)
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学( microeconomics )，研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
宏观经济学( macroeconomics )，研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
国内生产总值GDP( gross domestic product )，在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。
消费( consumption )，家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务的支出。
投资( investment )，用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
政府购买( government purchase )，地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口( net export )，外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口) ，减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口) 。
名义GDP(nominal GDP,按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
真实GDP(real GDP,按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
(总之，名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真实GDP是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值。
)GDF平减指数(GDP, deflator )，用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。
消费物价指数CPI(consumer price index )，普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率( inflation rate )，从前一个时期以来，物价指数变动的百分比。
生产物价指数( producer price index )，企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。
指数化( indexation )，根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响，对货币数量的自动调整。
名义利率( nominal interest rate )，通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响，校正的利率。
曼昆《经济学原理》28unemployment
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT
• Cyclical Unemployment
• Cyclical unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate. • It is associated with with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.
Not in labor force (70.1 million)
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How Is Unemployment Measured?
• Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories:
• Employed • Unemployed • Not in the labor force
Labor Statistics (BLS).
• It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month.
• The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• It is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT
• Cyclical Unemployment
• A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
• A person who fits neither of these categories, such as a full-time student, homemaker, or retiree, is not in the labor force.
• Cyclical unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate.
• It is associated with with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Ø the data used to measure the amount of unemployment.
• Ø how unemployment can result from minimum-wage laws.
• Ø how unemployment can arise from bargaining between firms and unions.
• The problem of unemployment is usually divided into two categories.
• The long-run problem and the short-run problem:
• The natural rate of unemployment • The cyclical rate of unemploymeWestern
IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT
• Describing Unemployment
• Three Basic Questions:
• How does government measure the economy’s rate of unemployment?
• Ø how unemployment results when firms choose to pay efficiency wages.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT
• Categories of Unemployment
• What problems arise in interpreting the unemployment data?
• How long are the unemployed typically without work?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Is Unemployment Measured? • Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of
Unemployment and Its Natural Rate
28
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About Unemployment
• Movies recommended • Raining Stone • Bicycle Thieves
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT
• Natural Rate of Unemployment
• The natural rate of unemployment is unemployment that does not go away on its own even in the long run.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Is Unemployment Measured? • Labor Force
• The BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Is Unemployment Measured?
• A person is considered employed if he or she has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.