西安交通大学研究生英语写作SummaryWriting
英语写作summary
Book Report
It includes:
Information about the author and his times A summary of the book Comments on it
Information about the author and his times
Summary Writing
Focus: How to write a summary
Definition
A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or comment. All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning.
方法二：You may also make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences. Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holiday with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.
考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结
考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结
考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing)
2019级高一英语学案新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作一. 概要写作题型特点概要写作（summary），《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8 版）对它的定义如下:“A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details”。
也就是要求考生在整体把握原文的前提下，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度的浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文，也可称之为摘要。
这一题型一方面考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，另一方面也考查学生的写作能力即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容；写作时要尽可能避免使用原文中的字句。
考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容。
需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句。
简洁性：简洁是概要写作的一个显著特点。
概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。
写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。
写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
二. 评分原则《考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
summary writing(原文及范文)
summary writing(原文及范文）WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth,less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science hasbeen employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science andtechnology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclearweapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that ifthe weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been thecomplete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn,good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand ofhuman activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to beso? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process ofnatural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with itsawesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still arecognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning processhas been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harshconditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics areimmutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well aseverywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientistsunderstand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on theTibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC （China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gascompany, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-e fficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” ex plains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-o pen field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” say s Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government canbe persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and theleadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every fouryears. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
概要写作英语作文
概要写作英语作文English:Summary writing is a concise form of writing that aims to capture the main points of a longer piece of text, such as an article, essay, or report. It involves identifying the key ideas, arguments, and supporting details and presenting them in a condensed form while retaining the essence of the original content. To effectively summarize a text, one must first carefully read and understand the material, identifying the central themes and important information. Then, it's crucial to select the most relevant points and organize them logically to ensure coherence and clarity in the summary. While paraphrasing is essential to convey the information in one's own words, it's equally important to avoid distorting the original meaning or omitting crucial details. Additionally, summarizing requires the writer to exercise critical thinking skills to discern the significance of each point and prioritize them accordingly. The ultimate goal of summary writing is to provide readers with a concise overview of the text's main ideas and arguments, enabling them to grasp the content quickly and efficiently. By mastering the art of summary writing, individuals can enhance their reading comprehension skills, improvetheir ability to extract essential information from complex texts, and communicate effectively in various academic and professional contexts.中文翻译:概要写作是一种简洁的写作形式，旨在捕捉长篇文本（如文章、论文或报告）的主要要点。
summary写作范文80字
summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: The article discusses the importance ofsetting goals and how it can lead to personal growth and success. It emphasizes the need to have a clear vision, create actionable steps, and stay motivated throughout the process. The article also highlights the role of perseverance and adaptability in achieving goals.Setting goals is crucial for personal growth and success. It gives us direction and purpose in life. Without goals, we may feel lost and aimless. For example, when I was in college, I set a goal to graduate with honors. This goal motivated me to work hard, stay focused, and excel in my studies.Having a clear vision is essential when setting goals. It helps us visualize what we want to achieve and keeps us motivated. For instance, if someone wants to start theirown business, they should have a clear vision of what the business will look like and how it will operate. Thisvision will guide them in making decisions and takingaction towards their goal.Creating actionable steps is another important aspectof goal setting. It involves breaking down the goal into smaller, manageable tasks. This allows us to track our progress and stay motivated. For instance, if someone wants to run a marathon, they can start by setting smaller goals such as running a certain distance each day orparticipating in shorter races. These small steps will eventually lead them to their ultimate goal.Perseverance is key when working towards our goals. We may face obstacles and setbacks along the way, but it's important to stay determined and never give up. For example, when I started learning a new language, I faceddifficulties and felt frustrated at times. However, I persevered and kept practicing, which eventually led to fluency.Adaptability is also crucial in goal setting. Sometimes, our initial plans may not work out as expected, and we need to be flexible and open to change. For instance, if someone's goal is to get a promotion at work, but they face unexpected challenges, they may need to adapt their strategies or explore alternative opportunities. Being adaptable allows us to overcome obstacles and continue moving forward.In conclusion, setting goals is essential for personal growth and success. It provides us with direction, motivation, and a sense of purpose. By having a clear vision, creating actionable steps, and staying motivated,we can achieve our goals. Perseverance and adaptability are also important traits that help us overcome challenges and achieve success.中文回答：Summary: 本文讨论了设定目标的重要性，以及它如何促进个人成长和成功。
新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing)
新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing) 2019级高一英语学案新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作一、概要写作题型特点概要写作（summary）是指用简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度浓缩的一种写作形式。
这一题型考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，同时也考查学生的写作能力，即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：1.客观性：概要写作是一种客观的复述，要全面、忠实地再现作者的思想，不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容。
考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容，不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评判。
2.简洁性：概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节、减少例证、简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
3.连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。
写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。
写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
二、评分原则考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
其中最高档次第五档（21-25分）的给分描述如下：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言。
三、解题思路概要写作需要考生先通读全文，理解文章的主旨大意和关键词，然后根据文章的结构和逻辑关系，用自己的语言对主要内容进行浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文。
研究生英语万能作文模板
研究生英语万能作文模板Being a graduate student is both challenging and rewarding. It requires a high level of dedication and hard work, but the experience and knowledge gained are invaluable.One of the most important aspects of being a graduate student is conducting research. This involves formulating a research question, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Research is a fundamental part of the graduate school experience and is essential for contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular field.In addition to research, graduate students also have the opportunity to engage in teaching and mentorship. This can involve leading undergraduate classes, supervising lab work, or mentoring junior graduate students. Teaching and mentorship are valuable experiences that help graduate students develop their communication and leadership skills.Another important aspect of graduate school is networking and professional development. Graduate students have the opportunity to attend conferences, present their research, and connect with other professionals in their field. These experiences are crucial for building a professional network and staying current with the latest developments in their field.Balancing all of these responsibilities can be challenging, but it is important for graduate students to prioritize self-care. This can involve setting boundaries, seeking support from peers and mentors, and finding healthy ways to manage stress. Taking care of oneself is essential for maintaining productivity and well-being throughout the graduate school journey.Overall, being a graduate student is a multifaceted experience that involves research, teaching, networking, and self-care. It is a time of growth and development, and the skills and knowledge gained during this time will be invaluable for future career success.。
研究生英语summary范文
研究生英语summary范文In the realm of academia, the art of summarizing is a crucial skill that transcends disciplines. As a graduate student, mastering the ability to distill complex information into concise summaries is essential for both academic and professional success.Summarizing an English text requires a deep understanding of the material, the ability to identify key points, and the skill to present them in a coherent and succinct manner. It's about capturing the essence without losing the integrity ofthe original content.A well-crafted summary should be objective, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations. It should reflect the author's main arguments, findings, or themes, and bestructured in a way that is easy for readers to follow.In the context of English literature, a summary might highlight the central conflict, the development of characters, and the overarching themes of a novel. It should also respect the original author's voice and style, ensuring that the summary remains true to the source material.For academic papers, the summary must encapsulate the research question, the methodology, the findings, and the implications of the study. It should be written in a neutral tone, with a focus on clarity and brevity.In the business world, a summary of a report or proposal should outline the problem, the proposed solution, and the expected outcomes. It should be persuasive, yet concise, designed to inform and influence decision-makers.The length of a summary can vary, but it's generally shorter than the original text, often by half or even more. The key is to prioritize information, ensuring that every sentence contributes to the overall understanding of the material.Lastly, a good summary is not a substitute for reading the original text. It serves as a tool for quick reference, a way to refresh one's memory, or to provide an overview for those who may not have the time to delve into the full text.In conclusion, the summary is a versatile tool in the graduate student's toolkit. Whether for academic papers, literature reviews, or professional reports, the ability to summarize effectively can enhance one's communication skills and contribute to the clarity of one's academic and professional endeavors.。
英文总结怎么写范文
英文总结怎么写范文范文一：Writing a Summary in EnglishA summary aims to capture the main ideas and essential details of a text or presentation concisely and accurately. It is an important skill for students and professionals alike, as it helps to developcritical thinking, enhances comprehension, and facilitates effective communication. In this article, we will discuss the key steps and strategies forwriting a well-structured and cohesive summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextBefore attempting to write a summary, it is crucial to read the text thoroughly and understand its main message. Identify the key ideas, arguments, and supporting details. Pay attention to the organization and structure of the text, as it will help you in structuring your summary.2. Determine the Purpose and Length of the Summary Understand the purpose of the summary – whether it is to provide an overview of the text, present a balanced discussion, or highlight specific points. Additionally, consider the desired length of the summary; it should be concise and to the point, typically shorter thanthe original text.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas and central arguments presented in the text. These may be explicitly stated or implied within the paragraphs. Highlight or underline these key points, and make note of any supporting information or evidence.4. Omit Irrelevant InformationWhile writing a summary, it is crucial to omit any irrelevant or less significant details that do not contribute to the main message or purpose of the text. Focus on the essential information that conveys the core message effectively.5. Paraphrase and Use Key PhrasesInstead of copying sentences directly from theoriginal text, paraphrase the ideas using your own words. Understand the main points deeply and express them in a clear and concise manner. Additionally, incorporate key phrases that capture the essence of the text while avoiding excessive quotations.6. Organize the SummaryA well-organized summary follows a logical structure. Begin by providing a brief introduction, including the title and author of the original text. In the body paragraphs, present the main ideas in a cohesive and sequential manner. Use transitional phrases to maintain coherence and flow within the summary.Finally, conclude the summary by restating the main message or offering a final thought.7. Revise and ProofreadAfter completing the first draft, revise the summaryfor clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or spelling errors. Ensure that the summary effectively conveys the main ideas and maintains the intended focus. Consider seeking feedback from a classmate or a teacher to further improve the quality of the summary.Remember, summarizing is not about retelling the entire text in a condensed form but about capturingthe essence of the original message. It requirescritical thinking, analysis, and strong writing skills. Through practice and careful attention to structureand content, anyone can master the art of writing an effective summary in English.范文二：How to Write a Summary in EnglishWriting a summary is an essential skill thatallows us to synthesize information and communicate effectively. It requires the ability to extract key points from a text, condense them, and present them in a clear and concise manner. In this article, we will explore the step-by-step process of crafting a well-written summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextStart by reading the text thoroughly to grasp its main ideas. Identify the author's central arguments, supporting evidence, and any relevant examples. Understanding the text's structure and organization will help you identify its main points.2. Determine the Objective and Length of the SummaryBefore writing, clarify the objective of your summary. Are you summarizing to provide an overview, analyze an argument, or evaluate a text? Also, consider the desired length for your summary. It should be shorter than the original text, focusing on the core ideas.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas or themes discussed in the text. These are often found in topic sentences or the opening and closing paragraphs of each section. Highlight or make notes of these main ideas to use asa reference when writing your summary.4. Omit Unnecessary DetailsExclude any extraneous or less important details that do not directly contribute to the main ideas of the text. Focus on what is most relevant and critical to understanding the author's message. Avoid including personal opinions or additional information not present in the original text.5. Paraphrase and Use SynonymsWhen writing your summary, avoid directly copyingsentences from the original text. Instead, paraphrase the information using your own words. Ensure that the meaning remains intact while condensing the content. Use synonyms to vary your vocabulary and make the summary more engaging.6. Organize the SummaryA well-structured summary should have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, include the title, author, and any relevant background information about the text. The body paragraphs should present the main ideas in a logical order, supporting them with appropriate evidence or examples. Concludeby summarizing the key points and restating the main message.7. Revise and EditReview your summary for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or punctuation errors. Ensure that the summary accurately reflectsthe main ideas of the text and maintains a consistent tone. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or teacher to improve your writing further.In conclusion, writing a summary involves careful reading, analysis, and effective communication skills. By practicing these steps and paying attention to detail, you can become proficient in writing clear and concise summaries in English总之，写摘要需要仔细阅读、分析和有效沟通的技巧。
硕士英语综合教程西安交大版-课后作文
一How to put learner firstWith the development of the society, education has been grown attention by people. So as a developing country, our education is now experiencing a great challenge. How should we improve our educational status quo? The answer is that we should put learner first in the process of education, because students are the subject of education.How to put learner first? In the teaching process, we come up with every idea and established every goal that must depart from the student's own development. Teachers should first prepare students in class, and then prepare knowledge so that every student gets progress, rather than a cookie-cutter to education. Only in this way can it motivate students' learning desire, spontaneous learning makes them, let them have fun in learning,to cater to the students' own development rule, only in this way can china education obtain a good development.In short, students as the main body in the process of education, teachers in the teaching process should more understand each student's own development situation, according to the actual situation of students set teaching plan, and put the students in the first place all the time.二My view on graduate education in chinaGraduate education is an important part of China's higher education. It shoulders the important mission of cultivating advanced talents. However, the current development of postgraduate education is not satisfied.Due to increase enrollment, the education of talent quality becomes lower.There are many reasons about it. First, with the increase number of graduate enrollment, it’s number almost close to the undergraduate enrollment in recent years.Although this kind of situation to adapt to the situation of our country at present stage, improve the whole national culture quality and delay the employment pressure, there are many problem that not allow ignoring, especially the postgraduate education quality problem. Second, there will always be some students who are turned away by the job market in the recruitment process because of a variety of reasons. This is due to the relatively independent between the academic and market demand. Final this problem should be solved immediately so that our country’s the graduate education can get good development.On the whole, while the graduate student education still has some problems, I believe that government will make some relevant measures to solve these problems. It makes the graduate student education a positive development.三The cyberattack in our lifeWith the further development of the internet, all kinds of online activities has become increasingly frequent，this makes the network security issues become more prominent, all kinds of network attack emerge in endlessly, how to prevent network attacks, network environment is particularly important to protect the unit and personal.In the real network environment, the measures of prevention hacker attacks mainly have two aspects: first, we should establish a safe network environment, all kinds of security software installed, updated software and use the latest virus library;Second, we should strengthen our knowledge about computer security, network attack ways and means, we don't open those unsafe websites; Final, we should pay attention to personal account and password protection, develop good habits on the internet.All in all, the government should improve the network information security laws and regulations. At the same time, we should enhance their consciousness of network information security. I believe that one day our network environment will become better.四Romantic love and marriageLove and marriage play an important role in the life of people. I think love is the most important to the marriage, because love is the foundation of the marriage.For us, with love, the couple will have the strong power to face everything in their future life, not for his or her own, but for the other half in their life. It is love that makes their hearts close and makes their life full of warmth. This type of marriage usually brings happiness. Many couples live a happy life because their marriage is based on true love. In real life, however, some people get married just to seek for a life partner, but marriage like this won’t be happy, for the two don’t have the same faith, and their marriage is destined to be a failure. Numerous facts prove that marriage based on true love lasts and cannot be easily split up whereas marriage without love does not endure and may end in divorce.In my opinion, love is romantic and marriage is realistic. However, no matter how love should be the premise of marriage. Marriage is not a game and we have to consider many issues, such as family and children. So when we consider the marriage must be realistic and want to think calmly. That makes it possible to obtain a successful marriage.五how to battle the outbreaks of pandemics With the development of the society, people's life quality rise ceaselessly, more and more disease repeated outbreaks. It brought huge influence to people's life. How should we do to prevent various infectious diseases。
英语写作 如何写summary
Uses of summary writing
Summary writing is also helpful to composition writing. When writing a summary, one has to work within strict limits. One must express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words. So it is important to choose words carefully, to make sentences with accuracy and brevity, and to write with summary in logical order.
Writing skill
Omit the details. Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out.
缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息， 以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材 料的原意。
Writing
Summary writing is an exercise in compression. In writing a summary, you may:
缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
Writing skill
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为： ”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was
研究生英语summary万能模板
研究生英语summary万能模板第一段：介绍第一句：As is symbolically depicted by the cartoon,there is sb doing sth, doing sth, with sb doing sth.斜线区域可以替换为：with sb doing sth/with sth in front of/behind sp.第二句：This picture reveals a phenomenon that people in growing numbers are paying attention to the value of sth, ignoring the necessity of sth.斜线区域可以替换为：an undeniable truth that the virture/quality of being XXX perform an indispensable role in our life.第二段：内涵+原因角度段落不能公开了，确实大多数不是我自己写的，只是我考研的时候从各个地方整理的，分享出来只是希望能够希望为大家节省一下整理的时间。
但终究会涉及与其他付费的模版相同的情况，为了别人的付费利益（人家都找到我了····），以及为了尊重版权，所以已经将相同的部分删除。
祝大家考研顺利！Part1第一句套话：It can be inferred that the author of the picture is drawing our attention to the value/necessity/harm of sth.Part2从以下角度中选择2个来谈一下，加入on the one/other hand或in the first/second place来隔开构成分层（前8个的为最通用最基础角度）：个人-->个人品质：XXX很重要：影响一生+获得竞争优势XXX很重要：保持积极向上的心态个人-->社会公德：XXX很重要：帮你成为一个真正的人例：As the world becomes materially rich, wealth accumulation and pursuit of comfort have become a fashion trend. Many young adults influenced have become spendthrift/dependent on sth, they intentionally or unintentionally deny the detrimental effect of pollution on environment.XXX很重要：随着物质丰富，人们忽视可XXX的影响第二段补充：如果发现第二段感觉字数不够，可以用以下“套话”嵌入增加字数。
英语写作-如何写summary
Features of Summary
Brevity Objectivity Completeness
Uses of summary writing
Summary writing is a very good exercise for improving reading comprehension. Some students read carelessly, and gain only a vague idea of what they have read. Summary writing can force them to try to understand what they read, because summarizing requires one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page.
Writing skill
Omit the details. Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out.
认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理 解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文 的理解就越深刻。
Reading
Give a title to your summary. Think of some word, phrase or short sentence that will sum up briefly the main idea of the passage. Sometimes what is called a topic sentence may be used. The topic sentence may be found at the beginning or at the end of the passage. To find a suitable title will help you to define what exactly the subject, or main theme, of the passage is.
西安交通大学研究生《高级英语写作》期末考试试题
20090~2010学年第2学期西安交通大学研究生《高级英语写作》期末考试试题(B)姓名学号英语班号考场所在院系考试日期Part I: Summary writing (40 points)Read the following article carefully, and then write a summary in about 200 words.The most commonly held perception regarding animal experimentation is that it is necessary for the development of vaccines, cures and treatments for human illness. Proponents ask the important question, what will happen to research on AIDS, heart disease, and cancer if animal experimentation is completely stopped? Will the progress in cures and treatments for these types of illnesses also come to a halt?There is a growing movement of healthcare professionals including doctors, scientists, and educated members of the public who are opposed to non-human animal-based experimentation on specifically medical and scientific grounds. They argue that animal research is based on a false premise, that results obtained through animal experimentation can be applied to the human body.Animals not only react differently than humans to different drugs, vaccines, and experiments, they also react differently from one another. Ignoring this difference has been and continues to be very costly to human health.The most famous example of the dangers of animal testing is the Thalidomide tragedy of the 1960s and 1970s. Thalidomide, which came out on the German market late in the 1950s, had previously been safely tested on thousands of animals. It was marketed as a wonderful sedative for pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and it supposedly caused no harm to either mother or child. Despite this "safety testing", at least 10,000 children whose mothers had taken Thalidomide were born throughout the world with severe deformitiesClioquinol is another example of a drug that was safety tested in animals and had a severely negative impact on humans. This drug, manufactured in Japan in the 1970s, was marketed as providing safe relief from diarrhea. Not only did Clioquinol not work in humans, it actually caused diarrhea. As a result of Clioquinol being administered to the public, some 30,000 cases of blindness and/or paralysis and thousands of deaths occurred.Are these two examples just isolated cases? Even though pharmaceuticals are routinely tested on animals, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that 100,000 people everyyear are killed and more than 2 million are hospitalized as a result of prescription drugs used as prescribed. The British Medical Journal recently reported that 4 out of every 10 patients who take a prescribed drug can expect to suffer severe or noticeable side effects, while numerous clinical observers agree that the incidence of autogenesis (medically induced disease) is now so great that approximately 1 in every 10 hospital beds is occupied by a patient who has been made ill by their doctor.What about all the important breakthroughs, as a result of animal research, that have aided human health? The animal research industry cites many examples of treatments or cures for illness that have been found using animals. They claim that if animal research is discontinued, it will be at the expense of human health and life. Industry groups, such as Americans for Medical Progress credit animal research with advances such as the development of the polio vaccine, anesthesia, and the discovery of insulin. But a close examination of medical history clearly disputes these claims."Giving cancer to laboratory animals has not and will not help us to understand the disease or to treat those persons suffering from it."Dr. A. Sabin, 1986, developer of the oral polio vaccine Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin, are credited with the development of a vaccine to combat poliomyelitis (polio). Yet in the medical industry itself there remains a dispute as to the means by which the development of the polio vaccine occurred and whether or not the vaccine even played a major role in stopping the virus. Dr. John Enders, Dr.Thomas H. Weller, and Dr. Frederick C. Robbins won the Nobel Prize in 1954 for proving for the first time that it was possible to grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nervous-system human tissue. This team stopped just short of creating the polio vaccine that would be released to the public. Around the time Enders, Weller, and Robbins won the Nobel Prize, Sabin and Salk began using monkey kidney cells to produce their polio vaccines despite the existence of better alternatives. It was unknown at the time that viruses commonly found in monkey kidney cells are now known to cause cancer in humans.The claim that the polio vaccine was developed through the use of animal experimentation is misleading. Furthermore, as far as the benefits are concerned, there is ample evidence demonstrating the harmful effects the polio vaccine has had on human health. Deborah Blum, in her 1984 book, The Monkey Wars, wrote, "In the late 1980s, scientists tracking the life histories of 59,000 pregnant women all vaccinated with Salk polio vaccine found that their offspring had a thirteen times higher rate of brain tumors than those who did not receive the vaccine." (pg. 229) Many historians believe that the decline in cases in polio, like many epidemics of the past, must be attributed to factors such as improved hygiene and not solely vaccination.Surgical anesthesia was discovered in the mid nineteenth century when Crawford WilliamsonLong observed the effects of ether on humans during "ether parties", a popular form of entertainment involving ether inhalation. Long observed that while etherized, people appeared impervious to pain. He transformed this observation into a more practical use in surgery. The discovery of anesthesia, like many other medical discoveries, came from the critical observation of humans."There are no alternatives to animal experimentation, for one can only talk of alternatives if these replace something of the same worth; and there is nothing quite as useless, misleading and harmful as animal experimentation."-Prof. Pietro Croce, M.D.At one time, due to the animal research based conclusions of Claude Bernard, diabetes was believed to be cause by liver damage. However, Thomas Crawley, in 1788 established the relationship between pancreatic damage and diabetes by performing autopsies on diabetic cadavers. Later on, Dr. M. Barron came to the conclusion that damage to the Islets of Langerhams causes diabetes in humans after studying the human pancreas. He concluded that insulin could be derived from an extract of the Islets of Langerhans. Then in 1920, Frederick Banting, using this knowledge, created the first extract that contained insulin. Animal research is not aiding the fight against cancer. In fact, it is diverting resources from effective research and from the most obvious solution which is prevention. According to the National Cancer Institute, 80% of all cancers are preventable. Clinical observation and epidemiological studies have shown us that high fat diets, smoking, environmental pollutants, and other lifestyle factors are the main causes of cancer."Indeed, while conflicting animal tests have often delayed and hampered advances on the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer."-Dr. Irwin Bros, director of Roswell Park Memorial Moneim A. Fadali, M.D., in his book, Animal Experimentation: A Harvest of Shame, reports: "Despite screening over half a million compounds as anti-cancer agents on laboratory animals between 1970-1985, only 80 compounds moved into clinical trials on humans. Of these, a mere 24 had any anti-cancer activity and only 12 appeared to have a 'substantial clinical role.' Actually, these so-called 'new' active agents were not so new: they are analogs of chemotherapeutic agents already known to work in humans." (pg.25)With billions of dollars, countless animals, and well over 30 years spent on the war on cancer, concrete results should have been seen if animal research was actually working. On the contrary, the incidence of cancer continues to rise. A March 22, 2004 article in Fortune Magazine, "Why We're Losing the War on Cancer", explains that animal-based cancer research is failing because "The models of cancer stink."1.Animals are not good models for human cancer for 2 fundamental reasons: Animals andhumans do not get the same diseases. As a result, animal research focuses on artificially inducing symptoms of human cancer and attempting to treat those symptoms.2.Experimental drugs and treatments that have been found effective on animal models willnot necessarily work in people.The progress that has been made in the study of AIDS has come from human clinical investigation and in vitro (cell and tissue culture) research. Animal models continue to be used even though they do not develop the human AIDS virus. The development of life saving protease inhibitors was delayed by misleading monkey data. Referring to efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine, leading AIDS researcher Dr. Mark Feinberg stated: "What good does it do you to test something in a monkey? You find five or six years from now that it works in the monkey, and then you test it in humans and you realize that humans behave totally differently from monkeys, so you've wasted five years".Clearly, if we are going to make medical progress, a new approach is needed. Human medicine can no longer be based on veterinary medicine. It is fraudulent and dangerous to apply data from one species to another. There are endless examples of the differences between humans and non-human animals.1.PCP is a sedative for chimps2.Penicillin kills cats and guinea pigs but has saved many human lives.3.Arsenic is not poisonous to rats, mice, or sheep.4.Morphine is a sedative for humans but is a stimulant for cats, goats, and horses.5.Digitalis while dangerously raising blood pressure in dogs continues to save countlesscardiac patients by lowering heart rate.The National Institutes of Health alone pours well over five billion dollars annually into superfluous animal experimentation. Abolishing animal research will mean these resources could be redirected into prevention and the types of research which actually have a chance of advancing human medicine and human health.Part II: Essay writing (60 points)In the article in Part I, some scientists have argued against animal testing. Now please write an essay about 400 words to refute it. You may brainstorm the draft by jotting down a list of the author’s points. And then choose the most controversial points to focus on and use proper logical pattern you have learnt to develop your argumentation. You need to include the hook, thesis restatement, topic sentences, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences in your article.。
summary-writing(原文及范文)
summary writing(原文及范文）WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continuedexistence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species."The web of our life is of a mingled (混William Shakespeare said:合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so Must ill always accompany good deeds Are we biologically programmed for aggression and warI am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a processof natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institutionThe preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.&We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of ofone, by accelerating the rate of progress science Two ways come to mind:in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirementof every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinctthat man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)】China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, whichfeed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the world’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “lo w-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.，More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Franc isco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology inno vator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. Chinahas relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only % of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has hugeadvantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a strongerleadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写
❖
❖ - The thesis statement does not contain specific details discussed in the text.
Steps in Writing a Summary
❖ ►1.Read the article ❖ ►2.Reread the Article.
❖ - Divide the article into segments or sections of ideas. Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme. A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs.
❖ Even in developed countries, they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy, education and labor division.
❖ The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden, etc. But women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy.
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III. Techniques in summary writing
2. Grasping the central ideas
III. Techniques in suቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱmary writing
3. Ways of condensation Use synonyms or synonymous phrases He had a good command of English. (He knew English well.) Change the structure of simple sentences My brother has an appreciation of modern art. (My brother appreciates modern art.)
➢ Write the final draft
Grammar and the structure of writing avoid direct quotation; use transitional words
Length 1/4 to 1/3 of the original
3.Steps in writing a summary
➢ Read the article To understand the article and find the general theme.
The importance of paraphrasing
★It helps us understand the original
better. ★It helps us grasp the central idea and
the main points. ★It helps us write summaries that are
Supporting ideas major supporting ideas; relationships among these ideas no specifics the author’s purpose in writing no personal opinions, ideas, and inferences.
➢ Edit the draft
• Is all the important information in the summary? • Am I listing things out? • Am I saying the same thing over and over again? • Have I left out my personal views and ideas? • Does my summary ‘hang together’? • Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct?
Chapter 4
Summary Writing
Objectives
1. Give an appropriate definition for a summary
2. Know the characteristics of a good summary
3. Learn the techniques in summary writing
III. Techniques in summary writing
1. Paraphrasing To paraphrase means to completely
and correctly express other people’s ideas in one’s own words.
Examples:
➢ Formulate the thesis statement Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together.
➢ Write the first draft A. In the first sentence or two:
1. The author’s name 2. The article’s or chapter’s name 3. The author’s thesis statement
title, author, source; date of publication and the text (journal articles)
Thesis statement the topic or general subject matter of the text; the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic
Turn complex sentences into simple sentences He received a welcome that was as cold as ice. (He received an icy welcome.) Combine the sentences Hurry up. If you don’t, you’ll miss the train. (Hurry up or you’ll miss the train.)
Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains only the ideas or information of, the original;
Is brief without any unnecessary detail; Is a readable unified whole
➢ Reread the article Divide into sections and label each section. Understand the important parts.
➢ Write one-sentence summaries Summarize each section of thought.
B. Then the summary sentences for each paragraph or section.
C. Express in your own words, to avoid plagiarism.
D. Occasional supporting ideas if necessary. Note:
4. Learn the steps in summary writing 5. Practice
I. What is a summary?
A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the contents of a passage.
brief and to the point, and in our own words.
Steps of paraphrasing
★Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly.
★Consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences.
4. Finding the topic sentence and making an outline
5. topic sentence / outline
IV. How to write a summary?
1. The importance of summary writing 2. Necessary elements for a good summary Proper citation
Note: you simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments.
II. Characteristics of a good summary
Can be understood without reference to the original;
1. Eliminate unnecessary words and repetitions. 2. Eliminate personal ideas and inferences. 3. Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of
ideas. 4. Conclude with a ‘summing up’ sentence.
1. You’ve cooked us all a hot potato. (a troublesome person or issue) 2. Prevention is better than cure. (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.)