英美文学浪漫主义
英国浪漫主义和美国浪漫主义有什么不同?
英国浪漫主义和美国浪漫主义有什么不同?英国英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一。
英国的浪漫主义作家不满于资本主义城市文明的发展,具有愤世嫉俗、归隐自然的倾向。
18世纪中后期的诗人罗伯特·彭斯(1759年-1796年)和威廉·布莱克(1757年-1827年7)是浪漫主义文学的先驱,他们在英语诗歌文体和语言上做出了很多可贵的尝试。
彭斯从苏格兰民歌中吸取养料,其《苏格兰方言诗集》擅长抒情和讽刺,语言通俗;布莱克的《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》则具有象征意义和神秘色彩,在20世纪大放异彩,影响了整个现代英诗。
然而,英国浪漫主义第一批真正的大师则是被称为“湖畔派”的三位诗人。
威廉·华兹华斯(1770年-1850年)是湖畔派诗人中成就最高者,他与“湖畔派”另一诗人萨缪尔·柯勒律治(1772年-1834年)共同出版《抒情歌谣集》,成为英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作。
诗集中收录的诗歌大部分为华兹华斯所做,而柯勒律治的名诗《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汉》亦收入其中,充满幻觉和奇谲的意象。
然而华兹华斯这一时期最重要的作品则是长诗《序曲》。
骚塞的诗歌极富古之幽情,与世俗格格不入。
湖畔派三位诗人均蛰居于英国西北湖区,缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活,是浪漫主义文学中温婉清丽的代表。
乔治·拜伦(1788年-1824年)和雪莱(1792年-1822年)两位诗人将英国的浪漫主义文学推向高峰。
他们和湖畔派诗人的不同之处在于其作品更具战斗意识和政治倾向。
雪莱的代表作《解放了的普罗米修斯》通过神话描写被压迫的人民的苦难和暴君的必然下场,预言革命一定会到来。
他的短诗《西风颂》、《致云雀》等音韵铿锵,更有“冬天如果来了,春天还会远吗?”等名句传世。
拜伦是19世纪上半期最为著名的浪漫主义诗人,他一生游历各地,其诗作充满异域情调。
代表作《唐璜》是对资本主义制度的一场深入骨髓的检阅,发人深省。
在欧洲,拜伦成为一种文化现象。
英美文学的历史与发展
英美文学的历史与发展英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,追溯至英国的中世纪文学,至今经历了数个世纪的发展,并逐渐形成独特的风格和特点。
本文将探讨英美文学的历史与发展,并介绍几位重要的英美文学家和他们的代表作品。
一、中世纪文学英美文学的历史可以追溯至中世纪,该时期的英国文学受到了宗教和骑士文化的影响。
著名的作品包括乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》,该作品通过描绘一群朝圣者的故事,展现了当时社会各阶层的形象,并探讨了宗教、道德和人性的问题。
二、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要阶段,这一时期的作家受到古希腊罗马文化的启发,并开始研究人类的本质和人类关系。
莎士比亚是这一时期的重要代表,他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等成为经典,并对后世剧作产生了深远的影响。
三、17世纪的清教徒文学17世纪是英美文学中的一个重要转折点。
清教徒运动影响了当时的文学创作,约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被视为是英美文学史上最重要的作品之一。
该作品探讨了人类的堕落和原罪,并呼吁自由与正义。
四、浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期是英美文学的又一重要阶段,这一时期的作家强调想象力、个人情感和对自然界的热爱。
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是该时期的代表作家,他们的作品反映了对自然与人类关系的思考,以及对社会问题的关注。
五、现代主义与后现代主义20世纪以来,现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学产生了深远的影响。
这一时期的作家追求形式上的创新,并对现实进行批判性的探讨。
T·S·艾略特的《荒原》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙的《至灯未灭》都是这一时期的重要作品,它们以其独特的叙事方式和思考角度引起了广泛的关注。
六、当代文学当代英美文学呈现出多样化和多元化的特点,作家们对文学的形式和内容进行了全新的探索。
托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和菲利普·罗斯的《美国牧歌》等作品引起了广泛的争议和讨论。
(完整版)美国浪漫主义与英国浪漫主义的相同与不同之处
美国浪漫主义与英国浪漫主义的相同与不同之处1.定义在最抽象的术语中,浪漫主义可以被认为是想象力自发性、富有远见的独创性、奇观和情感自我表达价值的胜利,它超越了平衡、秩序、克制、比例和客观性的经典标准。
In the most abstract terms, Romanticism may be regarded as the triumph of the values of imaginative spontaneity, visionary originality, wonder, and emotional self-expression over the classical standards of balance, order, restraint, proportion, and objectivity。
浪漫主义作家倾向于把自己塑造成在荒野中哭泣的先知声音,脱离社会等级体系。
The Romantic writers tended to cast themselves as prophetic voices crying in the wilderness, dislocated from the social hierarchy.他们鄙视模仿古典模式是对所有重要角色想象的自主性的侮辱。
They scorned the imitation of classical models as an affront to the autonomy of the all-important creative imagination.浪漫主义虽然继承了启蒙运动的大部分人道和政治自由精神,但在很大程度上拒绝了它的分析理性主义,将其与当代商业、政治和道德哲学的冷酷计算思维联系在一起(例如,在本-瑟姆的作品中)。
Although inheriting much of the humane and politically liberal spirit of the *Enlightenment, the Romantics largely rejected its analytic rationalism,associating it with the coldly calculating mentality of contemporary commerce, politics, and moral philosophy (as for example in the work of *Bentham).浪漫主义培养了各种形式的怀旧和原始主义。
英美文学时期划分
美国文学
北美殖民地时期文学
一、科顿•马瑟(1663-1728)
二、乔纳森•爱德华兹(1703-1758)
三、安妮•布拉德斯特里特(1612-1672)
独立革命前后的文学
一、托马斯•潘恩(1737-1809)
二、本杰明•富兰克林(1706-7190)
三、菲力浦•弗瑞诺(1752-1832)
浪漫主义时期
一、华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)
二、詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库柏(1789-1851)
三、拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生(1803-1882)超验主义Transcendentalism
四、纳森尼尔•霍桑(1804-1864)象征主义(Symbolism)
五、亨利•大卫•梭罗(1817-1862)超验主义Transcendentalism
六、埃德加•爱伦•坡(1808-1849)象征主义(Symbolism)
七、赫尔曼•梅尔维尔(1819-1891)象征主义(Symbolism)
八、华尔特•惠特曼(1819-1892)象征主义(Symbolism)
九、爱米莉•狄金森(1830-1886)
十、亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗(1807-1882)
十一、约翰•格林利夫•惠蒂埃(1807-1896)十二、哈丽特•比彻•斯托(1811-1896)
十三、弗雷德里克•道格拉斯(1817-1895
现实主义时期
现代时期。
英美文学史之英国文学 浪漫主义
英美文学史5浪漫主义俩个时期的代表人物:第一代:布莱克、彭斯、华兹华斯第二代:拜伦、雪莱、济慈The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义----Romantic writing emphasizes emotionsand feelings instead of reason and logic . 浪漫主义强调的是情感和感觉而不是理性和逻辑。
The time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798),ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)浪漫主义开始的标志是华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》(他和S.T Coleridge联合发表的)发表,结束于斯科特的去世。
一.俩大派别:Lake poets湖畔派诗人(又称:Escapist poets逃避诗人Negativepoets消极诗人): Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治Satanic poets魔鬼派(又称:Active poets积极诗人) :Lord Byron拜伦、Shelley雪莱、Keats济慈二.William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯-----poet-laureate桂冠诗人Lake poets湖畔派诗人(又称:Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人):Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治作品:I wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独的漫游,像云朵一样(选自The Daffodils《黄水仙》)She Dwelt Among theUntrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方(mourning悲伤的、Dwelt居住)补充了解:1.其他作品Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺、The Prelude序曲(自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry)、The Excursion、the Lucy poems《露西诗》2.Symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.符号是用来代表抽象事物的概念His style:simplicity and purity of the language,love of nature,fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长,在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家,这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景,也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初,强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
(一)英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一,其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素,《古舟子咏》(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦(George Gordon Byron)拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称,作品有《唐璜》(Don Juan)等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神,《西风颂》(Ode to theWest Wind)广为流传。
(二)美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving)他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格,《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀(James Fenimore Cooper)以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名,《皮袜子故事集》(The Leatherstocking Tales)是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起,注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
(一)英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活,如《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)、《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)浪漫主义时期(1)
Chapter III The Romantic Period ⼀、本章的学习⽬的和要求 通过本章的学习,了解浪漫主义⽂学的产⽣的历史,⽂化背景,认识该时期⽂学创作的基本特征,基本主张,及其对时代及后世英国⽂学⽤⾄⽂化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的⽂学⽣涯,创作思想,艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物刻画,语⾔风格,思想意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特⾊,培养理解和欣赏⽂学作品的能⼒。
⼆、本章考核知识点及考核要求 (⼀)考核知识点 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1)浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治,经济,⽂化背景 2)浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张 3)英国浪漫主义⽂学的特⾊ 4)浪漫主义⽂学对同时代及后世英国⽂学的影响 2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的⽂学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物塑造,语⾔风格,艺术⼿法及社会意义等。
威廉.布莱克;威廉.华兹华斯;塞.特.科勒律治;乔治.⼽登.拜伦;珀.⽐.雪莱;约翰.济兹;简.奥斯汀 (⼆)考核要求 1.浪漫主义时期概述 1)识记:a.浪漫主义时期的界定 b.历史⽂化背景 2)领会:a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。
b.浪漫主义⽂学创作的基本主张及对后世⽂学的影响。
、 3)应⽤:a.名词解释:浪漫主义 b.浪漫主义时期⽂学特点的分析 2.该时期的重要作家 1)识记:浪漫主义时期的重要作家,代表作品及其主要内容。
2)领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特⾊及其代表作品的主题结构,⼈物塑造,语⾔风格,社会意义等。
3)应⽤:a.浪漫派诗歌(所选作品)的主题,意象分析 b.⼩说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要⼈物的性格分析。
⼀、概述 1. ⼀般识记 English Romanticism English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2. 识记 Historical & Cultural background During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization, the peasants were driven of their land; some emigrated to the colonies; some sank to thelevel of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers'''' disturbances in England. 3. 领会 (1) Influences of the Romantic Movement Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual''''s experiences. (2) The Romantic views about literature a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period. 4.应⽤ (1) Literary Terms a. The Romantic Movement It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual''''s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer. b. The Gothic novel It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader''''s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. (2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history. The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature. To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.。
英美文学浪漫主义比较
1.agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialization one
2.economic exploitation of the workers by the capitalists
Booming economy: experiencing industrial transformation
1.Rousseau’s new idea about Nature, society, education
2.radicals sympathized the French Revolution, claiming Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Two-party system:
1782—1861 Washington Irving’sThe Sketch Book; Walt Whitman’sLeaves of Grass
Historically
Background: Economically
Politically
1.The French Revolution
2.The English Industrial Revolution
1.free expression of emotions andpsychic statesof the charter
2.emphasis on imaginative qualities: picturesque, exotic, sensuous, the supernatural
3.the wildness and American Puritanism; moremoralizing
最新 英美文学中浪漫主义情怀的比较-精品
英美文学中浪漫主义情怀的比较英国浪漫情怀起源于18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级革命时期,是诗人对当时社会工业革命的真实反映,以下是小编搜集整理的一篇探究英美中浪漫主义情怀比较的,欢迎阅读参考。
一、浪漫情怀的相同之处(一)文学作品的时间及其历史背景“Romanticim”(浪漫主义)这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。
(frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception,and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.)浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。
随后美国、法国等西方国家都有所发展和创新。
19世纪英国的浪漫主义文学代表了欧洲的浪漫主义文学的巅峰,而同一时期的作品对美国产生了很大的影响。
从时间上来说,这次浪漫主义在英美两国都发生在18世纪末至19世纪初。
英国与美国的浪漫主义文学作品都是发生于动荡的社会历史背景下,表达人们对现实社会的不满、渴望革命和对新生活的追求。
英国浪漫主义时期经受了法国大革命以及英国大革命,而美国是“西部扩张”,然后浪漫主义的文学代表作如雨后春笋般涌现出来。
(二)浪漫主义情怀的定义与主题从某种程度上看,英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山鼻祖,而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华,再根据本国的社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展,以激起国民对于革命的爆发和对新生活的追求。
所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。
英美文学经典浪漫主义与现实主义
英美文学经典浪漫主义与现实主义浪漫主义和现实主义是英美文学中两个具有重要影响力的文学流派。
这两种文学风格的兴起和发展,既受到时代背景和社会变革的影响,也受到作家个人的思想和情感的驱使。
本文将探讨英美文学中的经典浪漫主义和现实主义,以及它们对于文学创作的影响。
一、浪漫主义的兴起与特点浪漫主义起源于18世纪末19世纪初的欧洲,随后传入英美文学领域,并影响了整个19世纪的文学创作。
浪漫主义强调个人情感与直观经验,提倡对自然、爱情和艺术的狂热追求。
浪漫主义作品中常常出现理想化的英雄形象和浪漫的情节,以及描绘自然的壮丽景色和情感的激烈表达。
在英美文学中,浪漫主义的代表作家有英国的威廉·华兹华斯和美国的爱默生。
威廉·华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》是浪漫主义的经典之作,他通过对自然景色的描写和对内心情感的表达,展示了对自然和人类情感的追求。
爱默生的《自然》和《代表作》则关注了个体的自我实现和追求个人独立。
这些作品在思想和情感上积极回应了浪漫主义的核心价值观。
二、现实主义的崛起与特点与浪漫主义相比,现实主义更加注重对社会现实的揭示和对人类生活的客观描述。
现实主义强调对社会问题和人类经验的观察和分析,形成了真实而全面的创作风格。
现实主义作品着重刻画社会人物的命运和人性的弱点,以此揭示社会的弊端和人类的无奈。
在英美文学中,现实主义的代表作家有英国的查尔斯·狄更斯和美国的马克·吐温。
狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》以生动的笔触揭示了当时英国社会的贫富差距和社会问题,抨击了社会的不公和人性的黑暗。
吐温的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》则通过讲述主人公的冒险经历,回应了社会和政治的问题,并挖掘了人性的复杂性。
三、两种文学流派的比较浪漫主义和现实主义代表了不同的文学创作倾向和价值观。
浪漫主义追求内心情感的自由和个体的情感表达,强调个人的理想和超越现实的精神世界。
相比之下,现实主义更注重对社会和人类生活的客观观察和分析,力图真实地揭示社会的弊端和个体的命运。
英美文学选读(英国)浪漫主义时期笔记
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe” while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。
英美文学的浪漫主义
6.Romanticism 浪漫主义时期文学特征:1.Background①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化,manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3.romanticism的特点Frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。
4.transcendentalism超验主义:①As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of lawand custom.不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americansociety.呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义。
英美文学:浪漫主义文学经典作品欣赏
英美文学:浪漫主义文学经典作品欣赏"文学是灵魂的窗口,经典作品是那扇引领我们进入美好世界的大门。
在英美文学中,浪漫主义作品无疑是探索人性、情感和社会的重要篇章。
通过欣赏这些经典作品,我们可以领略到浪漫主义的精髓和魅力。
本文将带你深入探索英美文学中的浪漫主义作品,一同品味这些文学瑰宝的情感和思想的奇迹。
"引言人类灵魂早在文明的破晓时就向往着美好和浪漫,人们对于理想和遥远的东西总是充满着向往和渴望。
于是,浪漫主义文学应运而生。
浪漫主义以个人感情、自然界的宏伟和人性的完美为核心,追求纯粹、真实和渴望的情感体验。
英美文学中的浪漫主义作品通过其丰富多样的情感和引人入胜的故事,引领读者走进了那个神秘而奇妙的世界。
下面我们将深入探索英美文学中的浪漫主义经典作品,一同欣赏这些文学佳作。
威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)作为英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一,威廉·莎士比亚的作品充满了浪漫主义的精神。
他的悲剧作品《罗密欧与朱丽叶》被誉为浪漫主义文学的象征之一。
这部作品以两个年轻人的爱情为主线,表达了对于纯真爱情和个人意愿的追求。
爱情的力量《罗密欧与朱丽叶》通过巧妙的情节、精彩的对白和深刻的人物刻画,展现了爱情的力量。
无论是罗密欧还是朱丽叶都为了爱情不顾一切,他们的爱情不仅战胜了两个家族之间的仇恨,也超越了物质和社会的束缚。
这种对爱情的追求和牺牲精神让人们对纯美爱情充满了向往和渴望。
个人意愿的对抗《罗密欧与朱丽叶》还揭示了个人意愿与社会压力之间的冲突。
罗密欧与朱丽叶来自两个敌对的家族,他们的爱情必然会遭遇到巨大的阻力。
然而,他们勇敢地与社会的规范和家族的期望作斗争,坚持自己的爱情,最终选择了共同的悲剧结局。
这个故事提醒我们要勇敢面对自己的内心声音,坚持个人意愿,而不是被外界的压力所左右。
简·奥斯丁(Jane Austen)简·奥斯丁是英国文学史上最受欢迎的女作家之一,她的作品以浪漫主义情感为基石,以描绘中产阶级日常生活为背景。
自考英美文学选读 第三章 浪漫主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译(英语专业自考)第一部分:英国文学第三章浪漫主义时期西方文学史上的浪漫主义运动是不易用一言以蔽之的,尤其是它的确切时间与特点,因为这是一场席卷全欧及美国的浩大文学变革。
而英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华滋华斯与柯勒治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃特·斯哥特的去世及议会第一个改革提案的通过。
但上述这些标志也并非精确而权威,因为作为一股文学潮流,浪漫主义早在《抒情歌谣集》之前就开始了。
在前一章提到的感伤主义作家中,我们就可以发现他们对古希腊罗马的作品风范已失去兴趣,取而代之的是对文学与传奇的重新思考。
这一切都是自蒲柏至约翰逊时期的新古典主义理性文学的叛逆。
而英国文学史上最伟大的浪漫主义作品有不少都产生于激进与传统相冲撞的18世纪末,这时英国又面临着新的发展动力,一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
法国哲学家让·亚克·卢梭是18世纪后半叶的主导思想家。
1762年,他出版了两部作品震惊欧洲,《社会契约论》与《爱弥尔》。
在这两部作品中,他探索了有关自然、社会与教育的新思想。
卢梭的这些思想为法国大革命做了必要的意识形态准备,因为它激起了人们对封建暴君的愤恨及对美好未来的希望。
法国革命的消息,尤其是《人权宣言》的发表及攻打巴士底狱也点燃了英国自由主义与激进主义者同情的火花。
英国遍地都成立了各种爱国者俱乐部或协会,宣传自由、平等与博爱。
1790年10月,埃德蒙·伯克出版了《法国大革命写照》。
他的这本政论小册子以笔墨诛伐了激进的革命以及对君主制与宗教特权摒弃,他对狂热的革命暴动及未来的暴民统治与军事独裁大泼冷水。
伯克的文章激起了要求打倒暴君、废除压迫政府的邀进派作家的反驳。
其中托马斯·潘因的《人权宣言》(1791-1792)最有力度。
潘因对欧洲的情势深为了解:大革命期间他本人就在法国,并在文章中下出结论,1789年以前的法国一片黑暗,处处都是压迫与不幸,除了革命,没有一条通向自由的路,此外,威廉·戈德温在他的《有关政治正义的研究》(1793)中强烈谴责了不合理的经济制度与政治压迫。
天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理
天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料 - 英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理英美文学与语言学是外国语言文学专业考研中的重要科目之一。
为了帮助考生更好地复习准备,本文将对英美文学与语言学的重点知识点进行梳理。
以下是相关知识点及其概要:1. 英美文学史英美文学的历史可以追溯到古老的民间故事和传说,其中包括古希腊和古罗马的文学作品。
英美文学史可大致分为古代文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现代主义以及当代文学等。
2. 莎士比亚与他的作品威廉·莎士比亚被誉为英语文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一,他的作品具有广泛的代表性和深远的影响。
莎士比亚的作品包括悲剧、喜剧、历史剧等,他通过对人性、权力、爱情等主题的深入探讨,揭示了社会和个体的复杂性。
3. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是18世纪末19世纪初兴起于欧洲的一种文学思潮。
浪漫主义作家追求个人情感的表达和内心体验的真实性,重视自然、幻想和想象力。
浪漫主义文学在英美文学中有着重要的地位,其代表作品包括雪莱的《西风颂》、拜伦的《唐璜》等。
4. 英美现代主义文学现代主义文学是20世纪初起源于欧美的文学运动,其作品以对传统形式和价值观的抗拒为特征。
英美现代主义作品以流派多样、风格独特而著称。
代表作家包括乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》、福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》等。
5. 英美语言学英美语言学研究英语的发展、演变和使用规则等问题。
重点研究包括语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学等方面的内容。
在英美语言学中,还包括对英语教学和学习的理论研究,以及对不同地区和社会群体使用英语的语言变体和方言的研究。
6. 英美文学与社会变革英美文学与社会变革密切相关,作家们通过作品表达对社会问题、种族关系、文化冲突等的看法和思考。
在奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》中,揭示了贵族社会的种种局限与偏见;在奥威尔的《1984》中,对权力与控制的恐怖描写引起了人们对社会现实的深思。
英美文学简史 第7章 浪漫主义时期
• • • • • • • •
Poetry I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Influence of Natural Objects London, 1802 Love My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways To a Skylark To the Cuckoo We Are Seven
16
1791 took his B.A. from Cambridge 1798 wrote Lyrical Ballads
1799 moved to the Lake District of England with his sister 1843 succeeded Robert Southey (1774-1843) as England's poet laureate. 1850 died April 23,.
7 7
• “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,” and pressed for the use of natural everyday diction in literary works. Coleridge emphasized the importance of the poet’s imagination and discounted adherence to arbitrary literary rules. • Such English romantic poets as Byron, Shelley, Keats, Robert Southey, and William Cowper 8
英美文学浪漫主义
英美文学浪漫主义英美文学浪漫主义【篇一:英美文学浪漫主义】一、英美文学浪漫情怀的相同之处中国论文网 /7/view-3799669.htm(一)文学作品的时间及其历史背景“romanticim”(浪漫主义)这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。
(frequently shared certain general characteristics;moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of inp>(二)浪漫主义情怀的定义和主题从某种程度上看,英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山鼻祖,而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华,再根据本国的社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展,以激起国民对于革命的爆发和对新生活的追求。
所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。
英国木可勒律治的浪漫主义的超自然主义,华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义以及雪莱的无神论的精神主义,司各特的对以往时代的缅怀,都充分表露出浪漫主义的主色调就是反对现实社会的黑暗肮脏以及统治者的不满,而追求大自然、追求正义讲究实际的道德观和人生观。
和此同时,看看美国的作家:欧文(irving)、库柏(cooper)、坡(poe)、布雷思特(bryant),则反对传统的文化思想,反对旧的封建殖民主义的思想,追求浪漫主义情怀,在这点上看来,英美文学在浪漫主义的情怀上有着异曲同工之妙。
(三)浪漫主义情怀相同的特色对美国的文学做深入的了解,就会很容易发现,英国的文学对于美国的浪漫主义文学有着至关重要的影响。
很多美国作家跟英国作家都处于相同的历史文化背景下,所以有着很多相似的优秀文化传统道德。
毋庸置疑,在文学创作方面也有很多相似之处。
美国浪漫主义文学运动起源于新英格兰的(transcendentalism)超验主义,表露的是不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达;呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义;相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。
英美Chapter 4 浪漫主义时期
Chapter 4: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p123)1798-1832, English Romanticism, the publication of Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth & Coleridge)《抒情歌谣集》的出版the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill沃尔特.斯各特去世& 议会通过第一个改革方案➢The romantic era is an age of crisis.浪漫的时代是一个危机的时代。
1.French Revolution (1789) 法国大革命It affected the feudal order of the whole Europe,It aroused great sympathy & enthusiasm in the English liberals & radicals.它影响了整个欧洲的封建秩序,引起了英国自由主义者和激进派的极大同情和热情。
“liberty, equality and fraternity”自由平等博爱two influential books: Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man,William Godwin’s Inquiry Concerning Political Justice两个有影响力的书:托马斯·潘恩的人权,威廉·戈德温《论政治公平》2.“the full swing of English Industrial Revolution” 英国工业革命的蓬勃The capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market. 资产阶级不仅主宰了生产资料,而且主宰了贸易和世界市场。
英美文学选读美国部分第一章浪漫主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)(1)美国清教(2)美国西进运动(3)新英格兰超验主义运动2、主要特点(General characteristics)(1)衍生的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings as being derivative) (a)强调文学的想象力和情感特质(b)倡导情感的自由表达和人物心理状态的展示(c)颂扬普通人和作为个体的人(d)迷恋历史和异国情调(2)本土的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings on the native grounds) (a)全国性“西部拓荒”的体验(b)自然/美国山水风光的作用(c)清教道德(d)超验主义哲学二、本时期主要作家(Major writers of the period)A、华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving,1783-1859)1、观点(Points of view)(1)社会保守主义(Social conservatism)总体上看,欧文是保守主义者。
他不喜欢疆土扩张以及当时席卷整个大陆的政治、文化的急剧变化。
因此通常欧文在故事中以正在不可避免地变化着的美国为背景,并对过去的荣耀和安宁的古老公社生活时时流露出哀惋叹息。
这种对人类万物皆无常,或人生苦短的伤感浸染了欧文的大多数作品。
然而,欧文并不是强求时间停止,或者逆转历史进程,而是暗示人类舍稳求变时丢掉了重要的价值观念。
(2)怀古的文学偏好(Literary preference for the past)在欧文看来,文学想象力应该孕育于有着丰富历史文化的土地之上,具体体现于岁月沉积而成的珍宝中,如破败的城堡、坍塌的塔楼、艺术的珍品、高度文明社会的精妙物件以及远古和当地风俗的古怪意趣。
英美文学史之英国文学 浪漫主义
英美文学史5浪漫主义俩个时期的代表人物:第一代:布莱克、彭斯、华兹华斯第二代:拜伦、雪莱、济慈The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义----Romantic writing emphasizes emotionsand feelings instead of reason and logic . 浪漫主义强调的是情感和感觉而不是理性和逻辑。
The time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798),ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)浪漫主义开始的标志是华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》(他和S.T Coleridge联合发表的)发表,结束于斯科特的去世。
一.俩大派别:Lake poets湖畔派诗人(又称:Escapist poets逃避诗人Negativepoets消极诗人): Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治Satanic poets魔鬼派(又称:Active poets积极诗人) :Lord Byron拜伦、Shelley雪莱、Keats济慈二.William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯-----poet-laureate桂冠诗人Lake poets湖畔派诗人(又称:Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人):Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治作品:I wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独的漫游,像云朵一样(选自The Daffodils《黄水仙》)She Dwelt Among theUntrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方(mourning悲伤的、Dwelt居住)补充了解:1.其他作品Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺、The Prelude序曲(自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry)、The Excursion、the Lucy poems《露西诗》2.Symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.符号是用来代表抽象事物的概念His style:simplicity and purity of the language,love of nature,fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌。
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英美文学浪漫主义【篇一:英美文学浪漫主义】一、英美文学浪漫情怀的相同之处中国论文网 /7/view-3799669.htm(一)文学作品的时间及其历史背景“romanticim”(浪漫主义)这一形式的文学作品最早出现在英国。
(frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of inp>(二)浪漫主义情怀的定义与主题从某种程度上看,英国浪漫主义文学在该形式的文学作品中是开山鼻祖,而美国等其他国家则是在其基础上取其精华,再根据本国的社会现状以及基本国情做出相应的创新发展,以激起国民对于革命的爆发和对新生活的追求。
所以从美国浪漫主义文学作品中很容易看出英国浪漫主义文学的影子。
英国木可勒律治的浪漫主义的超自然主义,华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义以及雪莱的无神论的精神主义,司各特的对以往时代的缅怀,都充分表露出浪漫主义的主色调就是反对现实社会的黑暗肮脏以及统治者的不满,而追求大自然、追求正义讲究实际的道德观与人生观。
与此同时,看看美国的作家:欧文(irving)、库柏(cooper)、坡(poe)、布雷思特(bryant),则反对传统的文化思想,反对旧的封建殖民主义的思想,追求浪漫主义情怀,在这点上看来,英美文学在浪漫主义的情怀上有着异曲同工之妙。
(三)浪漫主义情怀相同的特色对美国的文学做深入的了解,就会很容易发现,英国的文学对于美国的浪漫主义文学有着至关重要的影响。
很多美国作家跟英国作家都处于相同的历史文化背景下,所以有着很多相似的优秀文化传统道德。
毋庸置疑,在文学创作方面也有很多相似之处。
美国浪漫主义文学运动起源于新英格兰的(transcendentalism)超验主义,表露的是不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达;呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义;相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。
这个超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(emeroson)的人性本善(believed that man was a part of absolute good)和梭罗(thoreau)的自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”(beheld p>二、英美文学浪漫情怀的不同之处英国的浪漫情怀起源于诗歌。
英国诗人彭斯和布莱克开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河,后来诗歌中的浪漫主义逐渐融入文学作品中。
美国的文学史上浪漫情怀最重要的阶段就是18世纪末到南北战争爆发。
而且美国的浪漫情怀受国外影响甚大,虽然英美文化传统在很多方面都一样,因而文学中的浪漫情怀也不可避免地有许多相似之处,但不同国家背景、社会发展现状和地域差异等各种因素导致英美文学中的浪漫情怀的不同点多于相似点。
(一)出现的时间、历史背景不同英国浪漫情怀起源于18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级革命时期,是诗人对当时社会工业革命的真实反映。
作者所抒发的浪漫情感与社会紧密相连。
第一次工业革命使世界最大的农业生产国——英国转变为世界工厂,成为世界上最大的工业国家。
农业时代被工业时代所取代,机器高速生产使这一时期的英国成为世界生产领域的龙头老大。
与此同时,产品也面临各国的需求,由于英国本土能源有限,所以生产出现了前所未有的资源短缺状况。
社会最底层而且人口数量最大的工人们开始了大面积的能源开采以满足生产需要。
工人们的辛苦劳动与获得的价值不成正比。
统治者不顾人民群众的需要,把剥削压榨工人们而来的资本用来进行无休止的殖民扩张,在国外开拓无境的领地,在国内,政府用严酷的刑法对付人民群众,最后导致人民的反抗情绪日趋高涨,最终导致了宪章运动和议会的改革。
浪漫诗人们对这样的社会环境有着深刻的感受,形之于诗,因而表现出空前尖锐的浪漫主义情怀诞生了。
美国的浪漫主义情怀起源于18世纪末期,一直持续到南北战争爆发,这一时期是美国文学史上最重要的阶段。
因为英、美两国许多传统相似,所以美国这一时期的浪漫主义文学作品受到了英国浪漫主义诗人的深刻影响。
但由于国家所处的环境不同,美国这一时期社会比较动乱,地方运动此起彼伏,所以这一时期兴起了写美国本土壮丽的自然风光,同时又强调自然对人的作用。
人类是神圣不可侵犯的,因此人必须充分相信和依靠自己,具有多样化特点的美国浪漫情怀诞生了。
(二)英美浪漫情怀的流派不同英国的浪漫主义大致可以分为两个流派:一个是以赞美美丽自然风景为主,具有田园气息的消极“湖畔派”,与之对应的是充满时代气息和对现实社会不满想要破除封建社会的等级制度,希望革命带来和平新生活的积极浪漫主义。
不同流派代表着不同的价值观和世界观。
消极的浪漫情怀充满对社会的各种失望,他们在文学作品中的幻想创造了一种太平天国中理想的太平社会,他们逃避现实。
积极的浪漫主义则是面对现实社会有着一种积极乐观的心态,即使社会上存在着很多的不公平和黑暗,但是仍然能够以“得之我幸,失之我命”的乐观主义态度面对人生的挫折以及社会和家庭赋予自己的压力。
相对于英国的两个流派而言,美国的浪漫主义情怀更多的是强调对人物性格特征的表达,超验主义中这样说道:人是神圣的,必须强调人真实的感受,超自然的心态。
每个人必须充分依靠自己和相信自己,这样人类才能够团结在一起为人类社会的和平事业而奋斗。
(三)英美浪漫情怀的定义和主题不同英国的浪漫情怀主要指的是反对现实,追求浪漫,这是当时英国残酷的社会现实所决定的。
因为现实过于悲催,所以更多的浪漫主义诗人寄情于虚幻的情感和自己创造的不真实世界中,以此来获得心灵上的最大安慰。
这也必然决定了英国浪漫情怀的主题是充满忧郁和苦难的。
而美国浪漫主义情怀则是反对传统,强调人的作用。
很多浪漫主义作品中的主人公都表现出了极为敏感的人性特征。
绝大部分作品都是赞扬个人和普通人,这几乎成了美国这一时期的文学信仰。
美国浪漫情怀既有对英国文学作品中浪漫主义的继承,又添加了许多新的元素。
它的主题表达的是美国人民乐观的情感和对社会发展相对满意的心态。
(四)英美浪漫情怀的特点不同英国浪漫主义所创造的是一种自然、想象的环境,反对古典主义,多以抒情为主,托物言志,抒发对现实的不满。
而且还强调音乐美,音乐能够陶冶人的情操,使人忘记烦恼与痛苦,并且还夹杂着不少哥特式的成分。
而美国的浪漫主义情怀则是派生的,具有派教主义的特点,反对道德上的约束,大力提倡通过教义使人思想开放,信仰加尔文教。
(五)英美浪漫主义文学的内容的不同之处[参考文献][3] 《转型时期中国浪漫主义文学研究》课题组课题组成员:聊城大学石兴泽,杨春忠.新时期浪漫主义文学处境尴尬[n].社会科学报,2009.[作者简介]杨文文(1980—),女,硕士,聊城大学大学外语教育学院讲师,主要研究方向为翻译理论与实践专业。
【篇二:英美文学浪漫主义】万丽丽摘要:英美浪漫主义时期的文学产生于18世纪末到19世纪初期,这一时期正好是英国的封建主义向资本主义过渡时期,这种文学思潮的产生,对未来的英美文学乃至欧洲文学和世界文学都起到了重要的启示意义。
浪漫主义流派喜欢自然和自由的意志,用文字来诠释自己表达的意愿,代表着英美文学的成熟。
分析认为英美浪漫主义时期的文学是具有基本的特色和文学内涵的,一方面,封建主义的落后已经不能够再适应社会的发展了,作家要站在民主主义的立场;另一方面,资本主义的原始积累时期又有很血腥和残酷的一面,作家又有一种留念旧制度的立场。
因此,笔者从英美文学浪漫主义时期的基本特色入手,着重分析英国和美国浪漫主义时期文学代表作和代表作家的文学特色和内涵。
关键词:英美浪漫主义;文学特色;自由[中图分类号]:i106 [文献标识码]:a[文章编号]:1002-2139(2016)-17-0-02英美浪漫主义时期产生于18世纪末到十九世纪初期,所谓浪漫主义是一种文学思潮,是一种创作的方法,是一种文学的释放和一种人文精神的体现。
纵观浪漫主义产生的时期,其特色就是封建主义向资产阶级过渡的时期,有着一种“理性崇拜”的文学思潮,因此,这一时期的资产阶级被当成了英雄来进行描写,其这一时期的英美文学作品有着很明显的哲学寓意和政治的议论性,在艺术的表现手法上也是多姿多彩的。
19世纪的英美浪漫主义的文学是英美文学发展的辉煌时期,其发展过程为英美近代文学的发展甚至欧洲近代文学的发展都奠定了坚实的基础,也为后期的英美文学和欧洲文学带来了繁荣的景象,标志着欧洲文学和英美文学的成熟。
一、英美浪漫主义时期文学的基本特色和文学内涵首先,19世纪英美浪漫主义时期的文学特色在创作的过程中强调了创作的绝对的自由和无拘无束,喜欢在一种自由的形式下创作自己的作品,不想受英美文学早期的古典主义时期的清规和要求,因此19世纪浪漫主义时期的英美文学的书写是突破了文学在早期的写作特色的现实的藩篱的。
其次,19世纪的英美浪漫主义时期,是封建主义向资产阶级的过渡时期,这一时期的社会表现是十分复杂的,一方面,封建主义的落后已经不能够再适应社会的发展了,一大批作家要通过文学的形式来表现对封建主义的抨击,从民主主义的立场;另一方面,资本主义的原始积累时期又有很血腥和残酷的一面,一部分作家在进行文学创作的时候又有一种留念旧制度的立场,而抨击资本主义罪恶的现象。
再次,英美浪漫主义时期还表现的文学特色体现在浪漫主义的文学都是从中世纪以来的历史分不开的,有一大部分的作家比如雨果和大仲马都是用浪漫主义的无拘无束的手法来描写历史现象。
另外,在19世纪的浪漫主义时期,还有一部分作家的写作特点着手于自然风光,因为在体验资本主义时期的时候,比较厌恶资本主义时期的文明和现实,因此从浪漫主义的立场回归到自然中,成为“回归自然”的主张。
最后,从英美浪漫主义文学的艺术特点来看,从写作上来看,一般都是强调作者感情的自由的表达和抒发,在感情的表达下已经突破了原有的古典主义的拘束,有强烈的自由的意志。
浪漫派还对各种艺术表现形式都开始了有成效的探索,从浪漫主义文学开始,尤其是对民间艺术民间文学和社会底层的重视开始加剧,从创作题材来说,诗歌题材和长篇小说的创造也在加强。
英美浪漫主义时期的文学作品在修饰和表达上还喜欢用对比和夸张的手法,从美学的价值和文学的价值体现来说,比较重视丑,也大力的提倡了文学的想象力。
英美的浪漫主义文学在表达作者感情的时候,最喜欢的基调就是忧伤、忧郁的情怀,这是浪漫派作家最喜欢的表达形式。
二、英国浪漫主义时期的文学特色英国的浪漫主义派在创作的过程中,是对资本主义的文明和发展是有一定意见的,是不满的,因此在描述自己感情的时候有一种愤世嫉俗的感觉,也有想隐蔽自然的想法和倾向。
作为浪漫主义派别,这些伟大的代表作都为20世纪英国和世界文学的发展做出了突出的贡献。