旅游目的地外文文献翻译
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
旅游景点的吸引力和竞争力研究外文文献翻译旅游目的地2012年3000多字
旅游景点的吸引力和竞争力研究外文文献翻译旅游目的地2012年3000多字XXX years。
As a result。
it is XXX attractive to potential visitors and how they can XXX.One way to measure the XXX is through the use of indicators。
Indicators XXX factors。
such as the quality of the natural environment。
cultural heritage。
infrastructure。
and services.Another XXX is the role of marketing。
Effective marketing can help to create a positive image of a n and attract XXX。
it is XXX and focused on the specific characteristics that make a n unique and attractive.In n。
the development of XXX can help to preserve the natural and cultural resources of a n。
while also providing XXX.Overall。
XXX is essential for their long-term success。
By focusing on indicators。
marketing。
and sustainable practices。
ns XXX.The present study aims to XXX' XXX' feelings of well-being。
XXX in a given area。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOT Analysisn:XXX。
located at the crossroads of Asia。
Europe。
and Africa。
covers an area of approximately 780,000 square kilometers and has a coastline of 8,000 kilometers。
According to the 2000 n census。
the country has a n of 67,803,927.with approximately 35% XXX has nearly 37,000 villages。
with two-thirds of them having pXXX。
one-third of XXX.Body:XXX years。
In order to assess the potential of rural tourism in XXX。
a SWOT (Strengths。
Weaknesses。
Opportunities。
and Threats) analysis was conducted.Strengths:Turkey has a rich cultural heritage。
with many XXX。
as well as natural beauty。
such as mountains。
forests。
XXX。
XXX。
XXX.XXX:One of the main XXX。
many rural areas lack access to basic services such as XXX。
XXX.Opportunities:There is a growing XXX has recognized this trend and has XXX。
英旅行目的地英语作文
英旅行目的地：伦敦的魅力与探索London, the capital city of England, is a vibrant and diverse destination that attracts millions of travelers from all over the world. From its rich history and culture to its modern landmarks and vibrant nightlife, Londonoffers something for everyone. In this essay, we will explore some of the most popular travel destinations in London and the unique experiences they offer.One of the most iconic landmarks in London is the Tower Bridge, a symbol of the city's rich history.Built in the late 19th century, the bridge spans the River Thames and offers breathtaking views of the cityscape. Visitors can take a guided tour of the Tower Bridge Exhibition, which tells the fascinating story of the bridge's construction and its role in London's history.Another must-visit destination is Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the Queen of England. The palace is open to the public during the summer months, andvisitors can enjoy a guided tour of the state rooms, which are decorated with beautiful tapestries, paintings, and furniture. On special occasions, such as the Trooping theColour ceremony, the palace grounds are also open to the public, providing a glimpse into the royal lifestyle.For those interested in art and culture, the National Gallery is a must-visit. This extensive collection of Western art spans over 2,000 years and includes works by masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Vincent van Gogh, and Pablo Picasso. Visitors can spend hours exploring the gallery's vast collection and appreciate the beauty and diversity of Western art.London is also famous for its museums, and the British Museum is one of the most popular. This museum houses a vast collection of artifacts from around the world, including the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles. Visitors can learn about the history and culture of different civilizations and gain a deeper understanding of human history.For those seeking a more relaxing experience, Hyde Park is a beautiful oasis in the heart of the city. This vast park offers stunning views, lush green lawns, and peaceful walking paths. Visitors can also enjoy activities such as boating on the Serpentine Lake, watching concerts in thepark's Summer Series, or simply relaxing in the park's cafes and restaurants.In addition to its historical and cultural attractions, London is also a shopping paradise. The city is home to some of the most famous shopping streets in the world, such as Oxford Street and Bond Street. Here, visitors can find a wide range of high-end fashion brands, independent boutiques, and world-class department stores.London's nightlife is also legendary, with a vibrant and diverse range of bars, clubs, and restaurants. From cozy pubs serving traditional ales to trendy cocktail bars and dance clubs, London has something for every taste and budget. The city's West End is particularly famous for its theater district, where visitors can enjoy performances by leading actors and actresses in productions of musicals, plays, and operas.In conclusion, London is a city that offers something for everyone. Whether you are interested in history and culture, art and museums, shopping and nightlife, or simply want to enjoy the city's vibrant atmosphere, London has plenty to explore and discover. With its unique blend ofold and new, London is a truly captivating destination that will leave you with memories that last a lifetime.**伦敦的魅力与探索：英旅行目的地**伦敦，英格兰的首都，是一个充满活力和多元文化的旅游胜地，吸引着来自世界各地的数百万游客。
旅游文献资料中英文外文翻译
旅游文章Passage One天下绝景气吞云梦——黄鹤楼The Imposing Yellow Crane Tower黄鹤楼雄踞长江之滨，蛇山之首，背倚万户林立的武昌城，面临汹涌浩荡的扬子江，相对古雅清俊晴川阁，登上黄鹤楼，武汉三镇的旖旎风光历历在目，辽阔神州的锦绣山河也遥遥在望。
由于这独特的地理位置，以及前人流传至今的诗词、文赋、楹联、匾额、摩岩石刻和民间故事，使黄鹤楼成为山川与人文景观相互倚重的文化名楼，与湖南岳阳楼、江西滕王阁并称为“江南三大名楼”，素来享有“天下绝景”和“天下江山第一楼”的美誉。
Located on the top of Snake Hill, the Yellow Crane Tower stands against Wuchang, faces the vast Yangtze River and the elegant Qingchuan Pavilion. Ascending the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Wuhan. Thanks to its unique geological location, and the poems, prose, couplets and folk stories, the Yellow Crane Tower is reputed as one of the “three famous towers south of the Yangtze River”. It enjoys such titles as “best scenery under heaven” and “the first tower under heaven”.关于黄鹤楼因何而建，流传下来很多的传说，这就更给黄鹤楼增加了几分神秘色彩，引得无数人景仰。
传说一：一千多年前，有位姓辛的老人在蛇山上开了酒店，常客中有一道士，回回喝酒不买酒菜，只用随身带着的水果下酒。
国际旅游外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development of Global Social-Economic Processes（国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响）文献作者：Cherkasov I L等文献出处：《Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism》,2017,8(6 (22)):1166-1170.字数统计：英文2560单词，13979字符；中文4047汉字外文文献：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development ofGlobal Social-Economic ProcessesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes. The authors prove that international tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. The paper establishes that international tourism has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. Right now, the significance of tourism to the development of global social-economic processes is constantly growing, which is due to the influence of tourism on the economy of various nations. The authors conclude that the development of the tourism industry in various regions may also be fraught with certain dangers, like increased strains on the environment due to excessive concentration of production and people in tourism centers, devalued traditions, and declines in the prestige of national cultures as a result of the commercialization of life.Keywords:international tourism; development; globalization; need; service; export; cultureIntroductionTourism as a form of fulfilling people’s need for leisure has had a profound effect on the global community. Revenue from international tourism is currently among the more substantial components of so-called invisible export. The development of tourism relations is a crucial way to improve the situation around the world, strengthen partnership among nations, and foster mutual understanding among people of different cultures. Tourism has become an objective need in modern civilization.International tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. It has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. This adds extra relevance to investigating international tourism as a crucial phenomenon of today’s society.The basics of the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes have been examined by scholars K.B. Kostin (Kostin 2016), D.Yu. Rozhkova (Rozhkova 2015), E.N. Trofimov (Trofimov 2011), A.A. Shilnov (Shilnov 2014), O.A. Yastremskaya (Yastremskaya 2014), and others. Notwithstanding the large number of scholarly publications devoted to general and special issues related to international tourism, various aspects of the operation of international markets for tourism services, and issues related to national competitiveness in them, certain theoretical-methodological and applied aspects of optimizing participation in international tourism exchange may need further research.1.MethodsThe methodological basis for this study is a systemic approach, with a set of general scholarly and special economic methods also employed, namely: the historical-logical method of cognition; methods of comparative analysis; methods of structural, functional, and situational analysis; economic-statistical methods (employed in determining the latest trends in the development of the market for tourism services); methods of expert assessment and comparative analysis of existing models; methods of scholarly abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and extrapolation(employed in examining the prospects for the participation of various nations in international tourism exchange and ways to galvanize it).The study’s information base is grounded in various fundamental solutions, information-analytical reviews, research and methodological publications by domestic and foreign specialists, statutory and regulatory sources, and statistical materials from international organizations.The work is focused on the following aspects of tourism: its place in the world economy and the latest laws governing its influence on the development of global social-economic processes; the distinctive characteristics of the global market for tourism services and factors in the transformation of its structure; the effect of large-scale public activities on the development of the tourism industry.2.ResultsUnder today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services (Ek. Agamirova, El. Agamirova, Lebedeva, Lebedev, and Ilkevich 2017, Jacobs, Horowitz, Mavroudis, Siegel, and Sade 2013). The total volume of foreign currency receipts recorded between 1950 and 2016 has increased 145 times. To be specific, in 1950 the number of tourists globally was 25 million and the industry’s turnover totaled $2.2 billion, while in 2016 these figures exceeded 450 million and $372.8 billion respectively.Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. The region accounts for over 70% of the world’s tourism market and nearly 60% of all foreign currency receipts. Around 20% is accounted for by America and less than 10% by Asia, Africa, and Australia combined.The biggest suppliers of tourists are the US, Belgium, Denmark, Germany Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and England. The biggest recipients of tourists are Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt, Portugal, France, and Switzerland.Research indicates that international tourism may develop unevenly not only inparticular regions of the world but within a particular destination as well, which may be due to the degree of development of tourism infrastructure in the area, its remoteness, and other factors.The recent ebullience in the tourism market has had a positive effect on the economy of most nations around the globe, with the financial turnover of the global travel and tourism industry totaling nearly $6.3 trillion in 2016. The sector contributed a total of 10.7% of all revenue to global GDP, the largest share being accounted for by the EU (11.6%), North America (10%), and East Asia (9.7%).Thanks to the interrelationship between tourism and adjacent sectors of the economy, tourism has supported 221.7 million jobs (8.4% of total employment globally). The greatest number of residents employed in the tourism sphere is observed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and China) – 74,818 thousand people. Southeast Asia is followed by South Asia – 30,796 thousand people. In Europe, the figure is 24,302 thousand people.Receipts from international tourism have totaled around $2 billion per day. In 2016, total expenditure in the industry was $683 billion, which is $48 billion or 3.5% greater than the 2015 figure. If we add to this $132 billion spent by foreign tourists on transportation, we get over $850 billion worth of tourism exports, which is 7% of the world’s total goods and services exports.Most of the receipts to the tourism sector come from the expenditure of tourists who travel for personal reasons – $2,834 billion. In 2016, the way in tourist expenditure was led by the US, Japan, countries within the EU, Canada, and Mexico. The volume of tourist expenditure in Europe increased $21 million in 2016 and totaled $348.In Asia, the observed rate of increase is 51%. The increase in receipts has been brought about by high rates of growth in China and administrative regions – Hong Kong and Macau. Southeast Asia – especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam – is becoming one of the most attractive regions for tourists, its demand outpacing the supply of tourism services.The increase in receipts to the Pacific region has for the most part been broughtabout by tourists’ interest in the arts and everyday life of aborigines. The greatest number of tourists are visiting Australia and Oceania at a time when Europe and North America are experiencing a slump in tourism activity. This may help smooth out seasonal fluctuations in international tourism.Asia and the Pacific region attract tourists with their unique nature, and new industrial nations – with their business tours. Recreational tourism is well-developed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Japanese tourism industry is ranked 2nd in the world after that of the US. Hong Kong and Singapore offer shopping tourism services, while Thailand is developing new beaches on the country’s southern coast and organizing informative trips to its northern part.Tourism is well-developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. What additionally makes tourism lucrative for the Pacific Ocean islands is the relative proximity of the Australian market, and this getaway enjoys a good image with European tourists.In Africa, the current rate of increase is 64.2%. The warm climate, sandy beaches, unique historical and cultural monuments, and exotic flora and fauna of such nations as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Tunisia, and Algeria have been facilitative of increases in the number of tourists visiting the African region. Right now, the most popular destinations in the North are Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco, and in the East – Kenya, Tanzania, the Seychelles, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe. Some of these specialize in elite coastal tourism and have a world-class hotel industry in place, which helps them generate up to $900 off each tourist. However, overall Africa is lagging behind other regions in international tourism, as many of its nations are poorly developed economically and lack political stability, with the progress of many areas being impeded by military conflicts and epidemic diseases.America is second to Europe in terms of tourism’s contribution to GDP (30.6%). These are South America, Central America, North America, and islands within the Caribbean. The leading role in this region is played by the US and Canada, which have a vast internal tourism market and a highly-developed infrastructure with an extensive network of hotels and a solid transportation industry in place. SouthAmerica’s tourism flows are relatively minor, which is due to political instability and slow economic development. The major types of tourism in the region are coastal tourism, sports tourism, excursion tourism, and business tourism.Revenue from international tourism reaches 15–25% of overall export revenue. A level this high is the consequence of the region being competitive and certain regions actually specializing in tourism, like Canada and islands within the Caribbean.Europe remains the worldwide leader in tourism. In 2016, the rate of increase of its tourism resources totaled 5.3%. Europe leads the world in sanatorium-resort therapy, leisure, and tourism. The European region is home to popular mineral springs, beaches, and alpine areas. A major portion of the region has all the conditions for those interested in leisure and sanatorium-resort therapy.Evidence from practice suggests that international tourism is quite a dynamic phenomenon. Experts are forecasting the tourism sector to grow tangibly over the next 10 years, with annual demand for tourism services expected to increase 4.7% between 2017 and 2025 and the contribution of international tourism to the world economy expected to total $10.8 trillion in 2025.The production of tourism services is expected to have an annual growth of 3.6%, with the number of those employed in the tourism sector expected to increase 1.5%. Annual growth in tourist arrivals will total 5.8%, with growth in capital investment expected to reach 4.9% and total $1.7 trillion by 2025. The number of jobs in sectors adjacent to tourism is expected to reach 275 million by 2025.The way in terms of the number of those employed in the sector will be led by China (78.6 million people), followed by India (26.1 million) and the US (19.3 million). Tourist expenditure is expected to increase over the next 10 years. For instance, the expenditure of American tourists both inside and outside the country is expected to nearly double. And in terms of increase in this indicator it is, above all, the developing nations of Asia that are expected to be among the top 10 nations globally.Tourist expenditure will increase the fastest in China. Among European nations, the top 10 will include a couple of Eastern European nations – Poland, whose averageannual growth in tourism expenditure will total 8.3%, and the Czech Republic – 7.7%.According to the authors’ forecast, one should expect increases in the market share of international tourism through to 2030 in all regions of the world except Europe and America (Table 1).Table 1. Forecast for the development of international tourism across regions around theworld (million people)The average rates of growth will be the highest in the Middle East and East Asia and Oceania (7.2% and 6.4% respectively), while the lowest ones will be observed in America (3.8%).3.DiscussionThe reliability of the above approaches to assessing the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes has been substantiated by the study’s findings. Europeans will have to withstand tough competition for revenue from tourism, which will require that the European tourism industry boost the quality of services it provides (Dzhilavyan and Varyukhin 2012, Kuzakhmetova, Sitdikova, and Shilovskaya 2016, Urbanovich 2012).Expenditure on all types of travel – and, above all, on transportation – will increase faster than other family budget items. Trips will be more frequent but shorter, as expenditure on a single trip will reduce. On the whole, expenditure on travel will increase due to the inclination to consume higher-quality leisure.The number of trips will be increasing thanks to intercontinental trips from Europe to America, Asia, and Oceania. The use of airborne transportation will be expanding faster due to increases in the number of convenient direct flights.Considering the increasingly active implementation of computer systems, the waiting times for booking a trip will also be reducing.The following 2 age groups are expected to be represented by the most active tourists: senior citizens and youth. We will continue to witness growth in demand for tourism related to visits to major cultural heritage sites and active leisure. The condition of the environment will be one of the dominant factors in attracting tourists, especially in rural and seaside areas.The geography of international tourism will be determined by specific factors in the attractiveness of particular regions that will be a priority for tourists. Going forward, nature potential will remain the major source of satisfaction of tourist needs.International tourism will continue to boom, with South and Southeast Asia expected to be among the most popular regions to visit. There will be gravitation toward intact nature, which is naturally associated with the concept of beauty, and in this regard we are going to witness further development of, above all, the environmental tourism sector.ConclusionTo sum up, it is worth noting that the significance of tourism around the world is constantly growing. This is due to the influence of tourism on a nation’s economy: tourism boosts the contribution to its balance of payments, ensures employment for the population, facilitates the diversification of the economy, and helps ensure a more rational use of recreation resources. Having said that, the development of the tourism industry is also fraught with certain risks, like outflows of currency overseas, environmental and technogenic dangers, and loss of cultural values.Under today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. Going forward, some of the major trends in the development of tourism will be boosts in the quality of the tourism product, increased tourist expenditure on travel, and the development of non-traditional types of tourism.中文译文：国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响摘要本文的目的是分析国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响。
旅游目的地竞争力研究外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Kampala R. The Study on Tourism Destination Competitiveness [J]. Tourism Management, 2016, 5(3): 361-371.原文The Study on Tourism Destination CompetitivenessKampala RAbstractThe competition of tourist destination in the world is becoming increasingly fierce, and the tourism destination competitiveness is becoming a hot research area. The research on the competitiveness of tourism destination started early, and has been more mature, mainly including the definition of the concept of tourism destination competitiveness, the analysis of influencing factors and the evaluation of competitiveness. In this paper, through the study of foreign tourism destination competitiveness research literature review, focusing on the analysis of the impact factors and competitiveness of tourism destination competitiveness evaluation research, and pointed out the direction of future research.Key words: tourism destination competitiveness; evaluation index; evaluation method1 IntroductionFrom the point of view of the tourism system, and most of the tourism activities occurred in the destination, destination in any model of tourism system is an important pole; from the perspective of the management of the tourism industry, tourism destination but the basic unit of the many aspects of tourism relies on. The basic products of tourism is tourism experience in the destination, destination according to local supply potential provide tourism products, and may cause to maintain and expand market share of the traditional destinations and to obtain a fierce competition between the growing market share for new destination. The success of the tourist destination depends on the competitive advantage of the destination.The globalization of the market has brought about the globalization of competition, and the competition between tourist destinations in the world has become increasingly fierce. Therefore, the tourism destination should both have the ability in the increasingly fierce competition in the market effectively demonstrate their competitiveness, but also to ensure that the sustainable development of the economy, society and culture to achieve this goal, become tourism scholars, local government policies and formulate the hot spots and tourist industry practitioners concerned.Research on tourism destination competitiveness began in the early 1990s. AIEST meeting in Argentina in 1993, devoted to the study of the competitiveness of the long-distance travel destination. Then scholars have studied the competitiveness of tourism destination from different perspectives. So far, the research on tourist destination has formed a more mature system. This paper reviews the research literature of tourism destination competitiveness, focusing on the factors and evaluation of the competitiveness of the destination, and puts forward the direction of further research in the future.2 Analysis of tourism destination competitivenessWhat is the tourism destination competitiveness? This is the main problem that the destination managers must understand when they are in the management of the competition. So far, foreign scholars have not yet achieved a universal acceptance of the concept of tourism destination competitiveness. In the existing research results, Ritchie and crouch on the tourism destination competence definition is the most representative, they after years of research, from the perspective of Resident Welfare, social prosperity and sustainable development defined the competitiveness of the tourism destination. Ritchie and crouch that tourism destination competitiveness is a kind of to ability to provide a high standard of living for the local residents, and in 2000 from the point of view of sustainable development defined "destination competitiveness": for the visiting tourists to provide satisfactory and memorable travel experience, to attract more tourists visiting, improve the quality of life of local residents, and maintaining the ability of the natural assets for future generations. “Hassan in reference based on the porter's competition theory, the tourism destination competitiveness is defined as "is not only the objective can be maintained with respect to the competitor's market position, still in create and integrate to maintain resources sustainable use of tourism destination of value-added products can force." Bubals believes that the tourism destination competitiveness is the ability to create economic prosperity for a country's residents, which is consistent with the World Economic Forum (Economic Forum World) to promote the view. Clearly, these concepts are included in the connotation of sustainable tourism, and the competitiveness of tourism destination is established on the basis of sustainable development. Scholars also define the concept of tourism destination competitiveness from the market point of view. Hauteserre points out that tourism destination competitiveness are defined as the ability to maintain and improve market position and share with the passage of time. Yoon argues thattourism destination competitiveness is the ability to create and integrate value added products to maintain its market position. Tourism destination competitiveness is a relative concept. Edwards pointed out, to compare the different destination competitiveness, you first need to determine what the destination is the direct competitors, competitive strength is determined results compared with direct rivals, and put forward season is the evaluation of destination competitiveness is one of the important factors, different seasons, competition is not the same. Dwyer argues that competitiveness is more than other destinations in a destination, with the ability to provide better products and services, as well as those that are very important to the visitors. Kim proposed that the measure of competitiveness varies depending on the choice of different base and reference countries.3 Study on the influence factors of tourism destination competitivenessTourism destination competitiveness formation is affected by many factors, scholars mainly from price, environmental management, market demand, destination management and technology aspects of the competitiveness of tourism destination and related factors were in-depth study.3.1Travel price factorTourism price the cost of the tourists, including the cost of transportation costs and destination. Tourism destination competitiveness is a comprehensive concept, it includes caused by price differences, tourism exchange rate movements of the productivity level and the influence of each component destination attraction or other aspects of the qualitative factors. Changes in travel costs and exchange rate adjustments to the destination of the most important economic influence international market share. According to Edwards cost competitiveness research selected countries in the Asia pacific region, longer term, the increased cost of destination relative will bring every overseas tourist market share. It is generally believed the international tourists are very sensitive to price. So if a country wants to become a successful tourist destination, should pay special attention to a country's tourism industry relative to the competition price competitiveness. Which studies the four states of 19 destination price competitiveness? Them to Australia as a benchmark, to build the international price competitiveness index, compares the different destinations in tourism products and services in terms of price, to reflect the relative to another country is a country more competitive. Due to the above research ignores the determinants of price competitiveness implied, Dwyer continuation of the early stage of the price competitiveness oftourism research, again to choose four of 19 destinations as the research object, constructing price competition index from 1985 to 1998, analyzes the price competitiveness of the destination how to change and the reason for the change. Research shows that the change of different currencies and the consumer changes in relative prices are the underlying causes of change price competitiveness. The result shows that in terms of price competitiveness, Malta the least competitive.3.2 Environmental management factorsEnvironment is relying on the body in the development of tourism. the environmental quality has significant influence on tourists choose a destination. Although price is an important influencing factor of the tourism destination competitiveness, tourists experience is a positive correlation between quality and price, but in the long run, poor environmental quality tourist destination by lowering prices to maintain their competitiveness is difficult to achieve. Therefore, tourism destination management department must carry out the destination environment quality management, and incorporate this kind of management in major transaction management system. Mihalic think effective environment affect the quality management and environmental management helps to tourism destination competitiveness improvement. He offered to promote the competitiveness of the tourism destination from the following four aspects: first, on the basis of tourism environmental code of conduct of the destination environment management; Second, according to the practice of not officially issued by the environment and its environment to formulate environmental brand or logo for destination management; Third, according to the destination environment of higher brand awareness of environment management; Fourth, on the basis of the international famous ecological marks and ecological quality management schemes for the charter destination environment. Hassan, from the perspective of sustainable development of environment, builds a competitive model. He argues that to maintain the economic vitality of the tourism industry, tourism destination development plan should be consistent with the market demand and environmental integrity, environmental management is an important prerequisite for the revival of the tourism industry economy, and all stakeholders should play an important role. Dwyer and Kim in a Crouch - Ritchie model, on the basis of some factors to the integrated and classified, Dwyer - Kim integrated model is put forward. The model includes the resources, destination management, industry conditions and requirements, and many other factors. Destination management is including destination management organization, destination marketing,destination management policy, planning and development, human resource management and environmental management. They believe that environmental quality and tourists to buy the product there is a close relationship between cognitive, environmental management can bring economic benefit to the tourism sector. Bennett thinks the influence of the environmental management of tourism destination competitiveness is mainly manifested in two aspects; on the one hand, increase tourism enterprises operating costs, on the other hand, improve the level of the tourists demand for tourist destination. But the value of environment management is bringing new travel demand enough to cover the cost of the resulting. Therefore, tourism enterprises can benefit from environmental management, thus have an incentive to participate in the tourist destination of environmental management, and in the private sector and public sector cooperation tourist destination in environmental management.3.3 The market demand factorsDemand factors in deciding the destination competitiveness plays a particularly important role. Whether competitive destination for tourists is depends on the tourist motives of tourists. Dwyer demonstrated that because tourists for different tourist motives in different ways, destination, and price competitiveness will change due to different tourist groups, it further suggests that the demand conditions decide the importance of destination competitiveness. They think, if demand is valid, and then between brings the experience tourism products and tourists expect is matched. Therefore, destination competitiveness consists of three main parts: demand consciousness, awareness and preference.译文旅游目的地竞争力研究Kampala R摘要世界范围内旅游目的地的竞争正日益激烈,旅游目的地竞争力正逐渐成为研究的热点领域。
旅游目的地和行程作文英语
旅游目的地和行程作文英语English: My dream travel destination is Japan, a country known for its vibrant culture, beautiful landscapes, and delicious cuisine. I have always been fascinated by the rich history and traditions of Japan, from the ancient temples in Kyoto to the bustling streets of Tokyo. During my trip, I plan to visit iconic landmarks such as the cherry blossom-filled parks in spring, the majestic Mount Fuji, and the serene temples of Kamakura. I also cannot wait to immerse myself in the local culture by trying traditional Japanese tea ceremonies, attending a sumo wrestling match, and sampling fresh sushi and ramen. Exploring the historic neighborhoods of Gion in Kyoto and Harajuku in Tokyo are also high on my list, as well as experiencing the tranquil beauty of Japanese gardens and onsens. Overall, I am looking forward to experiencing the unique blend of old-world charm and modern innovation that Japan has to offer.中文翻译: 我梦想的旅行目的地是日本，这个国家以其丰富的文化、美丽的风景和美味的美食而闻名。
著名的旅游目的地英语作文
著名的旅游目的地英语作文Traveling is an excellent way to broaden one's horizons and experience different cultures. The world is filled with captivating destinations that draw millions of tourists every year. In this article, we will explore some of the most famous tourist attractions around the globe and why they continue to captivate visitors from all corners of the earth.One of the most visited cities in the world is Paris, France. This romantic city is famous for its breathtaking architecture, including the Eiffel Tower, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and the Louvre Museum. Paris is also renownedfor its cuisine, with dishes like baguettes, croissants, and cheeses attracting food lovers from everywhere. Thecity's annual events, such as the Bastille Day parade and the Paris Fashion Week, further add to its charm.Another popular destination is the Great Wall of China, a massive structure that has stood as a symbol of Chinese civilization for centuries. This ancient monument attracts millions of tourists every year, who come to appreciate itshistorical significance and enjoy the scenic views it offers.The Egyptian pyramids are another must-visitdestination for history buffs. These ancient tombs werebuilt as tombs for Egypt's Pharaohs and are a testament to the remarkable engineering skills of the ancient Egyptians. The Pyramids of Giza, in particular, are a popular tourist attraction, with their triangular shapes and mysterious allure captivating visitors.In terms of natural beauty, the Grand Canyon in Arizona, United States, is unparalleled. This巨大峡谷is a natural wonder that offers breathtaking views of its sheer cliffs and river gorges. Visitors can hike, raft, or simply enjoy the scenic views from the observation points along the rim. Australia's Great Barrier Reef is another natural wonder that draws divers and snorkelers from all over the world. This underwater paradise is home to a diverse arrayof marine life and coral reefs, providing a stunningdisplay of nature's beauty.These are just a few examples of the world's most famous tourist attractions. Each destination has its uniquecharm and offers a different experience for visitors. Whether it's the rich history and culture of Paris, the majestic beauty of the Great Wall, the ancient mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids, the natural wonders of the Grand Canyon, or the underwater paradise of the Great Barrier Reef, these places continue to captivate the world's imagination and remain popular tourist destinations for generations.**让世界为之倾倒的著名旅游胜地**旅行是拓宽视野、体验不同文化的绝佳方式。
旅游景点可持续发展旅游目的地外文文献翻译2013年译文5100多字
文献出处：Sharpley, Richard. "The research on sustainable development of tourism" [J]Journal o f Sustainable tourism 2013，8（01）：9-21原文The research on sustainable development of tourismSharpley, RichardAbstractSustainable development of the ecological environment is closely related to the social and economic development. A good ecological environment is the foundation for survival of the human beings and development, and the objective environment for development of tourism. At present, development of the tourist resources in all places catches equal importance to the economic, social and environmental benefits. With the rapid economic development of our country, however, its conflict against the ecological environment gets aggravated and in some areas, the ecological environment even continues to deteriorate. For many years, tourism has been regarded as the "smoke-free industry". But the negative effect upon the tourist places due to development of tourism has been an indisputable fact. Vigorous advocation of the Central Committee for building a conservation-minded society and developing the cyclic economy symbolizes that China's strategy of sustainable development has ushered in a new stage and sustainable development of the tourist places will surely become an important issue.Travel agencies (tourist team-forming agency) are tourist enterprises comparatively far from the tourist places but most closely linked in economy and information. They exert broad and profound influences directly or indirectly on the tourist places. The influences may be active, including efforts taken to organize thenation-wide ecological tourist activities to attract and guide the market environment of the source visitors, and promote the sustainable development of the tourist places. The influences may be negative, too, if the design of the short-term tourist lines or unhealthy tourist activities to attract large numbers of tourists, which can produce negative effects on the tourist places. This thesis proceeds from the day-to-day businesses of travel agencies to the probe of its active role in sustainable development of the tourist spots and means of controlling the negative influences.Keywords : tourism area, sustainable development, protection of the environment1 IntroductionSustainable development of tourism is a global issue within the tourist circle today. The sustainable development of tourism has been proposed and accepted quickly and widely in time of the rapid expansion and prosperity of the tourist industry when crisis starts to be exposed. People have discovered many new issues, for example, "depletion of tourist resources appears" along the shores of Mediterranean Sea in Europe. Only in such cases can people come to know that adherence to sustainable development is the workable principle for developing tourism. The sustainable development of the tourist places has been regarded as a theory to maintain and enhance the future development opportunity and satisfy the various demands of the present tourists and residents in the tourist spots. Its essence is to integrate tourism with the nature, cultures and the living environment of us human beings, coordinate with and balance the mutual relationships and unify the objectives of economic development with those of social development on a global scale. With the rapid development of tourism, tourists have not only created substantial economic returns for the tourist places but also aggravated the negative effects. How to coordinate the relations between tourist spots and the tourists, strengthen the technical management of the tourists by the tourist departments and try every way to reduce and control the tourists' negative effects upon the tourist places has already become a issuewhich cannot be ignored. Tourists are both the livelihood and service objects of the tourist places. In order to receive a certain quantity of tourists to achieve the economic objectives, develop, protect and publicize the protection of the tourist spots, the tourist places provide the tourists with tourist experiences, accommodation, catering, entertainment and other consumptions in return for economic benefits and economic inflows. But their capacity of self maintenance and self development has been weakened. Tourist spots serve as the media for tourists to experience the tourist targets and satisfy their own physical and spiritual requirements. It is in the tourist atmospheres that the tourists obtain the physical and spiritual pleasure through understanding, appreciation of and participation in various landscapes. Sometimes, there may be opposition between the tourist places and the tourists.2 Influences from the Travel Agencies' Businesses upon the Environment of Tourist placesBusinesses of the travel agencies exert both active and negative effects on the environment of the tourist places and the specific results vary with the related main bodies and interrelations concerning sustainable development of the tourist places. 2. 1 Active EffectsTravel agencies' design of the tourist lines plays a pivotal role in stimulating the economic development of the tourist spots. At the same time, development of the tourist industry can increase the employment and solve the issue related to the surplus laborers. In countries of developed tourism, employment for tourism accounts for 7%~10% of that for the whole country, and in our country, there are more and more people employed into the tourist industry. Tourism can provide job vacancies for more people, especially the non-professional people. Therefore, it plays a special role in development of economy and stability of the society.The travel agencies can organize the inbound tourism to attract foreign visitors to the domestic tourist spots, publicize the tourist images to the whole world, serve as the medium for the local economic development and play an important role in attracting capitals from other areas of our country and foreign countries. The touristdevelopment can promote the local infrastructure construction, optimize the life of the local people, speed up the construction of communications and contribute to the local traffic convenience, and create more favorable health facilities and medical conditions.Travel agencies can design the tourist lines of sustainable development and minimize the damages to the environment so as to maximize the economic benefits, protect the environment, ecological diversification and the living environment for wildlife and prevent the further disruption to the ecological environment.2. 2 Negative EffectsIt is often the case that the travel agencies seek for instant success and quick profits during their business operation, especially in the environment-sensitive regions, where large-scale development of tourism is not scientifically conducted. The developers are too optimistic to realize the latent negative effect from the blind rush for tourist development, only resulting in huge losses and damages to the environment.Too large a size of the tourist team organized by the travel agencies will mean a great pressure to the ecological environment and bring about negative effects to the development of the regional tourism. Visitors are of different backgrounds. They enjoy different awareness and moral consciousness and have different knowledge on environmental protection. If marketers of the travel agencies fail to treat them differently, the part of visitors who lack the awareness of environmental protection may cause great negative effects on the ecological environment. The main results include: depletion of the tourist resources, deterioration of the tourist environment, traffic congestion and over-load bearing reception of tourists, a silent and subtle transforming influence on the value senses, social outlook and morality of the local residents. If no correct guidance is made, the local national cultures and daily life may be externalized, even affecting stability of the social order.3. Operating Strategy of Travel Agencies Based on Sustainable Development of the Tourist Spots3. 1 Strengthen the management of the operating process of travel agenciesTravel agencies, as the intermediate link of visitors' tourist demand to the relevant tourist supplies within the tourist industrial aggregates, are directly connected with the environment, and its ecological orientation exerts a direct influence on the ecological environment of the tourist places. After entry into WTO, travel agencies have taken up the multi-aspect and diversified operation and realized the transition from intermediaries to enterprise entities. In such a trend, travel agencies will take more frequent participation into the environment and the influence from their ecological orientations on the environmental changes will increase, too. Moreover, travel agencies' ecological orientations serve as a guide to the tourists' behaviors, attitudes of the local residents and the business operating orientations of tourist enterprises. Therefore, sustainable development of the industry of tourism should start with efforts by the travel agencies. The marketing concept of sustainable development for travel agencies is to build up the friendly properties towards the ecological environment during the operating process based on the guiding ideology of ecologicalization. On the basis of this concept, marketing of the travel agencies should attach great importance to the sustainable management of the marketing concept, design of products and process management.Using the feeling of tourist well-being achieved by individual tourists we evaluate indirectly the competitive ability of the tourist area to offer a compound tourist site attractiveness. The methodology employed here uses individual survey questionnaires on the tourists' evaluation of the quality of tourist facilities and attributes in a given area (the ‘regional tourist profile’) as the basis for constructing an aggregate expression for the relative attractiveness of that area. Using various multidimensional statistical techniques an estimation of the competitive attractiveness of the Southern regions in Italy is pursued. We also compare our findings with quantitative results on tourist competitiveness values obtained in a related previous study on tourist competitiveness in Italian regions. Finally, the paper highlights the need to use micro and macro data to analyse tourist attractiveness and to identify policies for improving regional tourist competitiveness.Besides satisfying the visitors' requirements, travel agencies should also strengthen their management of the tourist behaviors. Before the normal start of tourist activities, travel agencies should take up pre-tour education to the visitors, including their codes of conducts for and matters needing attention to sustainable tourism, environmental policies, laws and regulations of the tourist spots, cautions for getting along properly with the local residents, and respect of others' privacy and dignity.Upon completion of the tourist activities, the travel agencies should conclude the experience and subsequent influence of the whole tourist process on the future visitors. After the tourist activities are over, the travel agencies should make timely summaries, accumulate good experience, analyze the successes and advocate them in the future work. Meanwhile, it is necessary to find out the weaknesses and improve them in the future tourist activities. On the other hand, travel agencies can seek feedback information from the visitors, including their experience during the tour, their comments on whether or not the tour is properly organized, whether or not the tourist purposes have been realized and whether or not they have been inspired or learned something during the tourist activities. For visitors engaged in sustainable tours, when they return to their real life, the education on environmental protection and ecological knowledge they have received during the tour will surely influence their life styles, working attitude and way of act. Generally, they pay more attention to protection of the environment and stimulate people around them with their oral publicity and practical actions to support and participate in protection of the environment so that the force for environmental protection will continue to expand, contributing to the promotion of awareness of environmental protection of the whole society.The travel agencies should strengthen their relations with the communities of the tourist places, win their supports to and understanding of the sustainable development of tourism. Local people of greater influences may be employed as tour guides of sustainable development so that visitors can both enjoy the beautiful sceneries of the nature and get better melted into the local cultural atmosphere. In this way, the tourist places of sustainable development will also serve as a beautiful classroom wherevisitors can improve their ecological awareness.The tourist product of sustainable development is only one of the many tourist products operated by the travel agencies. Travel agencies should not only give emphasis to protection of the environment when operating the tourist product of sustainable development but also attach awareness of environmental protection to other tourist products so that visitors who have not purchased the tourist product of sustainable development can also receive education on environmental protection and more and more people will join in the environmental forces and have sustainable tourist development deep-rooted in their mind.3.2 Promote the Awareness of Internal Employees in Environmental ProtectionThe travel agencies must offer overall education to their internal employees so that they can understand and master the tourist thoughts of sustainable development. Employees of the travel agencies must be first armed up with overall technical knowledge because this is the foundation for them to improve the visitors' quality of tourist experience. Second, tourist employees, especially those in direct contact with the visitors, should learn the science of public relations and communicate with the visitors correctly. They should share the awareness of environmental protection, understand the local conditions and situations and be familiar with the contents of sustainable development and their implementation. At the same time, they should know how to guide the visitors to minimize the negative effect to the environment during their tour.Discretionary time consumption has become an important activity for many people in a modern welfare society. As a consequence, the leisure sector has become a prominent economic industry in the Western world. The rise in disposable income and in free time in recent decades has created the foundation for a new lifestyle, where recreation and tourism have become major elements of consumer behaviour. Today, in many regions and countries, tourism is regarded as one of the major growth industries that deserve due policy attention. Clearly, tourism has become a global socio-economic phenomenon in a mobile world.The new trend in modern tourism towards non-traditional and remotedestinations is likely an expression of the passage from mass tourism to a new age of tourism, and illustrates a change in the attitudes and needs of many tourists towards tailor-made tourist facilities ([Fayos–Solà, 1996] and [Poon, 1993]). Nowadays, isolated or previously unknown destinations have become places to be explored, since they meet the tourists' expectations: namely, a unique or special leisure experience based on a specific tourist destination profile.A tourist destination (e.g. city, region or site) is at present often no longer seen as a set of distinct natural, cultural, artistic or environmental resources, but as an overall appealing product available in a certain area: a complex and integrated portfolio of services offered by a destination that supplies a holiday experience which meets the needs of the tourist. A tourist destination thus produces a compound package of tourist services based on its indigenous supply potential. This may also create fierce competition between traditional destinations seeking to maintain and expand their market share and new destinations that are trying to acquire a significant and growing market share. The success of tourist destinations thus depends on their regional tourist competitiveness in terms of the attractiveness characteristics (or quality profile) that make up the tourist strength of a certain area (see also [Agrawal, 1997], [Butler, 1980] and [Hovinen, 2002]).The dynamic nature of tourist channel competition requires destinations to be able to combine and manage their tourist resources in order to gain competitive advantage (see Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997). The new needs of tourists impose destinations constantly to reconfigure, gain, and dispose of attractive resource able to meet the demand of a shifting market. This has led to the concept of dynamic capabilities; viz. organisation's processes (in our case tourist destination) that “integrate, reconfigure, gain and release resources to match and even create market change” (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000: p. 1107).In the tourist field competition among territorial areas is usually not centred on the single aspects of the tourist product (environmental resources, transportation, tourism services, hospitality, etc.), but on the tourist destination as an integrated and compound set of tourist facilities for the clientTherefore, employees of the travel agencies must receive the training on awareness of environmental protection. First, either the administrators or the ordinary employees must build up their long-term concept of sustainable development, exercise their obligation of preservation of the ecological environment and promote the coordinated development of ecology with economy. Second, the resource-friendly sense of value must be established because for the travel agencies, uncontrolled consumption of tourist resources today means the loss of a foundation for enterprise development tomorrow. Third, build up the legal concept of environmental protection and consciously regulate the enterprise behaviors with laws and regulations. Fourth, establish the moral concept of environmental protection. The Central Government has already brought environmental protection into the category of socialist ideological and ethical progress. Modern tourist enterprises should perform their social responsibility, conscientiously abide by the social morality and endeavor to advocate the advanced cultures of our country. Only on basis of the above concepts can the travel agencies usher in harmonious development with the society and environment.3.3 Guide the Visitors in Protection of the EnvironmentDuring the design of tourist products, the travel agencies should fully listen to the opinions of the regional ecological researchers and the natural protecting bodies. It is better to employ the local people to operate the hotels and visitors should be suggested not purchasing the local and special products which may affect the natural environment. Guide the visitors to communicate properly with the local people and organize various public benefit activities conducive to protection of the ecological environment. If we want more people to support the environmental protection, the tour guide should be an environmentalist. Tour guides should use their rich ecological and environmental knowledge to influence and educate the visitors to tour happily through the beautiful sceneries, tourist knowledge and social responsibility.There should be the concept of guiding the visitor to protect the nature. Designers of the tour (travel agencies and design bodies) should share clear ecological concepts and the tour leaders and guides should educate the visitors timely in protection of the environment. Selection of different tour lines will exert differentinfluences on the bearing capacity of the resource environment (for example, avoid the tour peak time). Therefore, travel agencies should select tourist places with conditions for ecological tours and avoid the fragile and sensitive ecological regions. The number of visitors for each team must be controlled within the acceptable scope. Effective management can be conducted more easily of the smaller tour groups and reduce the artificial affections and damages to the ecological environment.ConclusionDevelopment of tourism must be based on the bearing capacity of the ecological environment and agree with the economic conditions and social morality of the tour places. Sustainable development is a guiding method for overall management of the resources for the purpose of preventing various resources from being damaged and protecting the natural and cultural resources. With the overall development of economy and tourism, the travel agencies are playing a more and more prominent role in their intermediary functions, especially their connections of the tourist places with the tourist sources. Therefore, the travel agencies should assume their due responsibility in the sustainable development of and benefit from the regional tourism so as to realize the sustainable development of both the tourist products and the images of the travel agencies.译文旅游景点可持续发展研究夏普利·理查德摘要生态环境的可持续发展与社会经济发展息息相关，良好的生态环境既是人类赖以生存的环境和发展的源泉，同时也是旅游业发展的客观环境。
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern AbstractProblems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.Key words:Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature1.Why a Common Concern?In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmonywith the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation.In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of landbased recreation on the area's natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region.2.A Summary of the SituationI. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape.II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along themainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over.The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called "bad weather facilities" like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species.IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathingthe fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The currentpossibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, "nature combing", walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature?A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it.3.Developments and New Trendsit When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector.1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already inprogress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns.2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required.3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often.The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume.4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.4.summarize:(I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist;(II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape;(III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds;(IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature;(V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise;(VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and.., disturb each other.The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the area's natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just toomany people around.It's not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds.A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area?When and where can they take place? Whatamounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation.5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden SocietyThe Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature" oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach.What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need moreresearch. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.T oformulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: "when', "where" and "what amounts'. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute itTime is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In "Nord Friesland a "Zukunftswerkstatt Tourism’s und Umwelt" is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for "umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung'.The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to developa common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests.译文:旅游业共同关心的问题摘要旅游业协会针对瓦登海问题进行了讨论，讨论的内容是关于陆地活动与自然和谐以及环境的保护。
影视旅游旅游目的地营销外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Hudson S. The film and television tourism: tourism destination marketing [J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2016, 12(2): 387-396.原文The film and television tourism: tourism destination marketingHudson SAbstractIn the film and television tourism destination will affect tourist's interest, to travel behavior. Destination for most of the existing literature is the study of film and television and the influence of the decision-making process for tourists in visitor Numbers and role, and also have to explore the film and television works for the influence of tourism destination image. Indicates the film and television tourism can be as a new way of promoting tourism destination marketing. Film and TV tourism is a marketing tool, related to tourism image plays an important role in it.Keywords: Film and television tourism; Destination marketing; Destination image1 IntroductionStudy of film and TV tourism is a relatively new field of tourism research. Since the 1990 s, some scholars view towards this field (Riley, 2006; Riley, 2008; Tooke, 2006; Mackay, 2007).In the 21st century, people focus on this research topic more deeply and widely (Busby, Klug, 2001; Kim, Richardson, 2003, Merciless, 2005; Hudson, Ritchie, 2006), one of the most important one researcher is Australia scholars Sue baton, she published many research articles and books about film and TV tourism. For the study of film and TV tourism is relatively late, the research articles in professional journals is one of the earliest (Riley, 2008) published articles "movie locations of tourist attraction. Although before that has appeared in a journal article about studio (Wirehair, 2009), the planning and construction, but its research is focused on the destination and the correlation of the film and television tourism is low. In the research achievements of many, is more focused on the discussion of the concept of movie and TV tourism and film and television tourism for tourists decision-making process and influence of the number of tourists (Cohen, 2006; Baker, 2006; Riley, 2008; Busby, 2009), the film and television works to the others for the influence of tourism destination image (Mackay, 2007; Kim, 2009).2 Literature reviewFilm and TV tourism is known as the movie (film tourism), film tourism caused by the(movie - induced tourism or film - induced tourism) (Gericault, 2009; Riley, 2008; Hudson, 2006; Beaton, 2006).Scholars (Evans, 1997) for film and TV tourism is defined as: because the destination appear on the screen, tape and screen and encourage tourists to visit these destinations and attractions of tourism activities. This definition is raised, by a great number of researchers in reference (Hudson, 2006).In the definition of movie and TV tourism is numerous, the scholar thinks, "the film and television tourism in film and television filming and production of the whole process of and something related to the film and television is to attract tourist activities" (Busby, 2010).Also the scholar thinks, "the so-called movie and TV tourism, from the perspective of supply, is refers to the development and utilization of tour operators, film and television production location, environment, process, festival activities and reflected in the film and television works can promote the cultural content of the tourism, the planning publicity, to the tourism market, in order to obtain travel demand satisfaction and consistent business interests of a new type of tourism products. From the perspective of tourists, refers to the tourists spend a certain amount of time, cost and effort, through to the field of film and television filming process, the environment, as well as by the film and television extended out of the tourist resources of sightseeing, experience, to meet their innovation, knowledge, psychological demand of tourism experience" (Ritchie, 2009).The researchers refer to the former is more (Klug, 2006).Clearly, the definition of connotation is more broad. This article cited in the study of film and TV tourism, the concept of the concept of shall prevail.Given by the film and television tourism can be seen that the concept of the media of movie and TV tourism includes three types: screen, tape and screen, they all belong to the mass media. For tourism destination is the object of film and TV tourism is not limited, as long as in the above three kinds of medium and attract tourists to visit places can be a film and television tourism destination. Generalize from the research literature, can be a film set, or background to the story happened, or location. The background is the most important. In the history of the cinema, some film background and location is in two different countries. Akira famous movie "The Last Samurai" (The Last Samurai) is Japan's background, but the movie is actually filmed in New Zealand, people followed the film to visit is Japan, rather than New Zealand. Scholars have system classification to the object of film and TV tourism, some scholars will be divided into two categories, broad sense and narrow sense, the "generalized film and TV tourism facing object canbe manufactured landscapes, can also be a natural landscape, cultural relics" and "narrow film and TV tourism object is mainly refers to the film and television theme park" (Ritchie, 2009);And some scholars to be divided into static in the form of film and TV tourism resources, the activities of film and TV tourism resources, cultural ideology of the film and television tourism resources. The research object of this article USES the taxonomy, namely appear on the screen, tape, and screen and encourage tourists visit destinations and attractions, does not mean a particular type of movie and TV tourism attractions.3 The use of film and television tourism marketing toolsFilm and television tourism marketing tools using the key, is to handle the relationship between the destination and film and television. As the destination, should make good use of film and television both the carrier, in the film at various stages, film and television have focused on its destination of all kinds of information, to ensure that establishing the destination image of the corresponding driving force in the viewer, making movies and TV destination marketing driven by pulling the viewer to destination tour of positive factors related to the film and television and the media, to achieve the purpose of make the viewer eventually converted to tourists. Phase of the marketing work, at this stage, film and television in the early stages of production, the aim of marketing is to tourists preliminary attention to tourism destination and film and television, clearly know the film and television is based on the destination location or at the destination, the destination in tourists become known as a destination in the heart, in order to strengthen the potential tourists in heart and primary destination tourism image.Film and television are before shooting, positive efforts to make destination goal, film and television association namely the background, location, or location. First of all, as the destination, should grasp the information about film and television shooting in advance. As some of the famous director in preparation for what kind of play, what kind of film and television will take these basic information. The information depended on the good grasp of such as director, actor and film and television industry, film and television investment company's public relations. Destination can also cooperate with film and television agency, access to this information. Second, assess in the information, choose those who can is good for destination marketing and promotion role of film and television, film and television as a target. Again, the destination shall actively take measures to make the film and television shooting will choose destination for setting orbackground. First, through brokers or agents, is to film and television shooting party actively promoting the destination. A project once established, they have a process of looking for location or locations. This is the best destination in time. British official tourism agency visit Britain (The Britain Authority) in The Indian market as The goal, to persuade India's bollywood film will Britain, as The film location or locations, bollywood took a large number of movies in The UK, The results of these films attracted a large number of Indian tourists, tourism has brought considerable economic benefits for England. Second, through the corresponding measures, and actively attract as film and television, film and television shooting will destination location or locations. Provide convenient conditions, offering tax breaks, provide a location or locations of search costs.Film and television filming, destination should and entertainment media and film and TV plays to maintain good public relations, the story of the film and television shooting at the same time, let the audience know, film and television location or locations is the destination, and maintaining high exposure. First of all, the destination marketing related staff should keep close contact with cast and advertising and promotion of personnel, to ensure the film publicity, information about destination as a location or locations can be referred to and the landscape characteristics such as location, the correctness of the disclosure and maximize the value as a tourist destination. Second, should make full use of cast, especially the main actors in the shooting location, that is, the behavior of the destination and conversation, to promote a destination. Main actors usually have stronger social influence, has a relatively fixed fan base, its behavior has a demonstration effect, talk with word of mouth effect, will deeply affect their fans and fans around the crowd, has the good marketing effect. Again, at this stage of the propaganda should not only stay on the landscape of the scenic spot, should be comprehensive publicity related to destination tour hotel, art, folk customs, food, handicrafts and local fashion trends, improve the whole attractive destination. Can invite destination media to the movie "or location field trips and sightseeing, and then launch special report on related media, expand the destination.Shown in the marketing work, should concentrate on keeping information accessibility and smooth general characteristic, and film and television film distributors together marketing, travel agencies, media, maximum limit arouse tourists tourism interests, prompting from the tourist motives to the transformation of the actual travel behavior, finally achieve the purpose of the filmand television tourism marketing. First of all, the close cooperation with the issuers of the film, television, attracts tourists to travel to the destination. Cooperation with film television issuers should establish marketing partnership before the screening, to determine the ways and means of cooperation, and ready for marketing materials. Secondly, establish strategic alliance with the travel agency, the facade shop through a travel agency, film and television and the network marketing the destination tour, group travel to film and television tourism destination. This is the film and television tourism marketing to achieve the ultimate goal of the most direct way. Again, we should use the film and television filming crew and actors used in hotel rooms, sets and props for targeted marketing campaigns to attract tourists have a special interest in tourism. Finally, give full play to all kinds of marketing tools, to maximize the effect of the film and television tourism marketing. In addition to the traditional advertising, photography, photo albums, brochures thereof should make full use of the new media such as Internet and film and television atlas.译文影视旅游:旅游目的地营销Hudson S摘要电影电视中出现的旅游目的地会影响旅游者的旅游兴趣,促成旅游行为。
旅游景点的吸引力和竞争力研究外文文献翻译旅游目的地2012年3000多字
文献出处：Cracolici M F, Nijkamp P. The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations [J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 30(3): 336-344.原文The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations Maria Francesca Cracolici and Peter NijkampAbstract: The present paper aims to assess the relative attractiveness of competing tourist destinations on the basis of individual visitors' perceptions regarding a holiday destination. Using the feeling of tourist well-being achieved by individual tourists we evaluate indirectly the competitive ability of the tourist area to offer a compound tourist site attractiveness. The methodology employed here uses individual survey questionnaires on the tourists' evaluation of the quality of tourist facilities and at tributes in a given area (the …regional tourist profile‟) as the basis for constructing an aggregate expression for the relative attractiveness of that area. Using various multidimensional statistical techniques an estimation of the competitive attractiveness of the Southern regions in Italy is pursued. We also compare our findings with quantitative results on tourist competitiveness values obtained in a related previous study on tourist competitiveness in Italian regions. Finally, the paper highlights the need to use micro and macro data to analyse tourist attractiveness and to identify policies for improving regional tourist competitiveness.Keywords: Tourist attractiveness; Tourist competitiveness; Resource based view; Multi-attribute utility; Principal component analysis1. IntroductionDiscretionary time consumption has become an important activity for many people in a modern welfare society. As a consequence, the leisure sector has become a prominent economic industry in the Western world. The rise in disposable income and in free time in recent decades has created the foundation for a new lifestyle, whererecreation and tourism have become major elements of consumer behaviour. Today, in many regions and countries, tourism is regarded as one of the major growth industries that deserve due policy attention. Clearly, tourism has become a global socio-economic phenomenon in a mobile world.The new trend in modern tourism towards non-traditional and remote destinations is likely an expression of the passage from mass tourism to a new age of tourism, and illustrates a change in the attitudes and needs of many tourists towards tailor-made tourist facilities ([Fayos–Solà, 1996] and [Poon, 1993]). Nowadays, isolated or previously unknown destinations have become places to be explored, since they meet the tourists' expectations: namely, a unique or special leisure experience based on a specific tourist destination profile.A tourist destination (e.g. city, region or site) is at present often no longer seen as a set of distinct natural, cultural, artistic or environmental resources, but as an overall appealing product available in a certain area: a complex and integrated portfolio of services offered by a destination that supplies a holiday experience which meets the needs of the tourist. A tourist destination thus produces a compound package of tourist services based on its indigenous supply potential. This may also create fierce competition between traditional destinations seeking to maintain and expand their market share and new destinations that are trying to acquire a significant and growing market share. The success of tourist destinations thus depends on their regional tourist competitiveness in terms of the attractiveness characteristics (or quality profile) that make up the tourist strength of a certain area (see also [Agrawal, 1997], [Butler, 1980] and [Hovinen, 2002]).The dynamic nature of tourist channel competition requires destinations to be able to combine and manage their tourist resources in order to gain competitive advantage (see Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997). The new needs of tourists impose destinations constantly to reconfigure, gain, and dispose of attractive resource able to meet the demand of a shifting market. This has led to the concept of dynamic capabilities; viz. organisation's processes (in our case tourist destination) that “integrate, reconfigure, gain and release resources to match and even create market change” (Eisenhardt &Martin, 2000: p. 1107).In the tourist field competition among territorial areas is usually not centred on the single aspects of the tourist product (environmental resources, transportation, tourism services, hospitality, etc.), but on the tourist destination as an integrated and compound set of tourist facilities for the client ([Buhalis, 2000] and [Ritchie and Crouch, 2000]). As a consequence, destinations have to face the challenge of managing and organizing their scarce resources efficiently in order to supply a holiday experience that must outperform alternative destination experiences on the tourist market. Consequently, in the recent literature the analysis and measurement of tourist destination competitiveness have attracted increasing interest ([Alavi and Yasin, 2000], [Crouch and Ritchie, 1999], [Enright and Newton, 2004], [Kozak, 2002], [Kozak and Rimmington, 1999], [Ritchie and Crouch, 2000] and [Ruhanen, 2007]).Our study seeks to provide an assessment of the relative competitiveness of tourist regions based on an analysis of tourists' judgements –or perceptions –of attractiveness profiles of destination areas. We will apply this approach to micro-based data from the Southern Italian regions.The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we describe the rationale and context of our study, where we will use the Crouch and Ritchie (1999) model as our main reference framework. Section 3 is then devoted to a description of the database, while section 4 outlines the statistical methodology employed in this study. Next, in section 5 the empirical results are presented and interpreted. These results will be compared in section 6 with findings from a previous study by the present authors. Section 7 makes some concluding remarks.2. The rationale and context of the studyRecent tourism research has highlighted the multifaceted driving forces of modern tourism (see also Matias, Nijkamp, & Neto, 2007). Destination areas are, therefore, challenged to offer a balanced package of those tourist services which all together shape an appealing multidimensional profile for a tourist area. An example of research along these lines can be found in the …magic pentagon‟ of Müller (1994), where attributes such as the visitors' satisfaction, the protection of natural resources, thesustainability of the local culture, and the like play a role in a balanced tourist portfolio.In our analysis, the multidimensional satisfaction of visitors/tourists is investigated in a broader setting. In the spirit of the resource based view (RBV) ([Barney, 1991], [Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000], Grant, (2005)and [Wernerfelt, 1984]), we consider tourist areas as set of specific physical, natural, cultural and human resources, which are rare, inimitable and non-substitutable and can generate capabilities which become useful to create and develop competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). The capabilities of a tourist place reflect the ability of a destination to achieve its goals; viz. providing better value to its stakeholders (tourists, residents, firms, etc.) (see Grant, (2005) and [Salaman and Asch, 2003]).译文旅游景点的吸引力和竞争力研究玛利亚·弗朗西斯卡；彼得·尼康摘要：本文的目的是在个别游客对一个度假胜地的看法的基础上，对竞争的旅游目的地相对吸引力进行评估。
自助游旅游外文文献翻译2011年译文2000多字
外文出处: Romita T, Perri A. The DIY Tourist[J]. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 2011, 6(2): 277-292.原文THE D.I.Y. TOURISTTullio; AntonellaAbstractIn this work we will be dealing with the figure of the D.I.Y. Tourist originated from the local development processes based on the “cottage tourist industry” concept. We will be doing this by using part of the results obtained through a research started more than three years ago, by which we are studying what happens in the territorial contexts where tourism develops mostly on a spontaneous basis, that is in the presence of a widespread and pervasive undetected tourism practiced through private accommodation and mostly self-managed.Keywords: spontaneous tourist context, D.I.Y. Tourist, sustainable tourism, undetected tourism.INTRODUCTIONIn a study carried out more than thirty years ago, Cohen (1974) proposed a conceptual distinction of the tourist figure into three typologies, a distinction which is still widely shared among tourism scholars all over the world.According to such distinction the tourist can be a vacationer, a sightseer and a drifter: in the case of the vacationer tourists, we are dealing with people who prefer relaxing and sedentary holidays in the resort of their choice, where there s no need to move from the hotel or accommodation they re staying at. They privilege habitual behaviours which are the result of routine - same beach, same umbrella, breakfast at the same bar, frequent meetings with friends and relatives; The sightseer tourist is constantly seeking for change and new experiences, he explores the new territory,tries to get in contact with the local folklore and easily changes type and standard of accommodation; finally, the drifter tourist is a person who has similar ways of travelling and vacationing as those of the wanderer, since he leaves without planning where he s going, what he will be doing and how long he will be staying. The part of the results we will be using in this work is the one which highlights the D.I.Y. tourist figure, that is the tourist who autonomously chooses the tourist resort where to spend his holiday and the holiday-making mode.The research has been carried out with the aim of verifying whether the whole series of theoretical and conceptual data available on the tourist figure, mostly related to the tour operators-guided tourist whose needs and characteristics are well known, were also appropriate to understand the D.I.Y. tourist s tourist behaviour: that is of the tourist who makes little or no use of the tourist operators intermediation and who doesn t purchase ready-made products.THE D.I.Y. TOURISTThere is, therefore, a typology of subjects who don t entrust others with the organisation and management of their own tourist experience. It s the tourist who, because of his self-directed behaviour we define as D.I.Y. tourist: “such is who organises holiday time and space, that is one s own tourist experience, in total autonomy, lodging in private accommodation and simply bearing in mind the basic rules of life, particularly those of the host tourist resort. A typology which, for obvious reasons, dominates those that we defined as the spontaneous tourist context”.It is important to point out how many tourist market operators and most part of the scientific tourist literature tend to commonly and improperly denote as D.I.Y. also another tourist typology. According to these, tourists are to be considered as D.I.Y. when they don t seem incline to make use of tourist packages organised by others, or of group trips and of the all-inclusive formula type of holiday. That is, the tourists who choose autonomously, or advised by a travel agency and/or by other people, among the available tourist destinations and services. To our opinion, such tourist typology is not properly classifiable as D.I.Y., since only a small part of its tourist behaviour is not decided by others , as he/she indeed makes use of services andproducts which are already available on the market and eventually because the responsibility of choice is someone elses.While the research and analyses on the hetero-directed tourist are many and diverse, both at a national and international level , data on the D.I.Y tourist is quite limited, therefore it is difficult to understand or evaluate his role, behaviour, attitude, choices. In order to fill in this gap, the D.I.Y. tourist figure has become, in recent years, object of study and research. The dimensions which qualify the tourist experience as D.I.Y. derive from the analysis of the D.I.Y. tourist s behaviour carried out in the summer 2007 and which has an exploratory character. The research has been carried out through a series of interviews with D.I.Y. tourists holidaying in Calabria s tourist sea resorts (60%) and mountain resorts (40%) with the highest density of private homes for holiday use. As many readers know, Calabria is one of the Italian regions counting a higher number of second homes.As far as the content is concerned, the questionnaire has been conceived keeping into account the empirical research carried out at a national level on similar matters, and in particular those carried out by Istat within its surveys on “The Italians holidays”. Before starting the survey campaign some pilot-interviews (about ten) were carried out in order to outline the questionnaire. In its final draft the questionnaire is organised into six subject macro-sections: 1) questions about the attachment to the holiday resort; 2) questions on the holidays habits in general; 3) questions on the motivations and on the tourist behaviour; 4) questions on tourist communication; 5) questions on modes and condition of stay; 6) questions on the interviewees socio-economic conditions. The survey has been produced by the Tourist Research Centre of the Department of Sociology and Political Science of the University of Calabria.THE D.I.Y. TOURIST EXPERIENCEOn the basis of the information gathered through the survey we can state the dimensions which qualify the tourist experience as a D.I.Y. experience.- The D.I.Y. tourist is not keen on extremely new experiences and perceives the holiday as an opportunity to interrupt everyday life routine more in a perspective of abreak than of a new experience: his stay is quite long (more than three weeks); during his stay he attends public meeting places and participates into local tourist events; he rarely goes on a trip or excursion in other territories; The most practiced activities are going for a walk and reading. During the holiday he is not willing to move to other locations and prefers staying at the resort of his choice. He tends to make the most of the opportunities of entertainment and of the natural and cultural resources available within the host community. He tries to be accepted by the local community by searching for opportunities for daily relationships and establishing friendship relationships.- The D.I.Y. tourist is faithful to his resort. He spends his holidays at the same resort for several years in a row or sometimes returns there after a few years break, maybe resuming a family tradition which had been interrupted for some reasons at a certain point. Even in the case they are not the owners but simply the tenants of the holiday home, they usually rent the same house for years and also leave personal belongings which they will need for their next holiday. The D.I.Y. tourist goes back to the same resort even for short periods during the year (Easter, Christmas, week-ends).- The D.I.Y. tourist is satisfied with the resort. On the one hand, he points out its faults and downsides, on the other hand, he shows a high satisfaction with the chosen resort not simply because, as we saw beforehand, he often returns there, but also because he s ready to recommend the resort to both relatives and friends. Such apparent incoherence depends on the variables which may more or less strongly affect the opinion (eg. the ownership of a property; its being at an easy reach; the closeness of relatives and friends; etc.) as well as especially on the fact that because the D.I.Y tourist s choices are totally auto-directed and well pondered, they hardly ever clash with their own expectations.译文DIY式自助游图利奥；东内拉摘要本文主要研究的是D.I.Y自助旅游，最早起源于当地旅游业开发过程种的“小屋旅游业”的概念。
自助游中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The Serendipity Finding and Independent TravelNorman W, Hallo JAbstractThe independent travel market is not homogeneous. As smart phones and mobile navigation devices became ubiquitous, independent travelers are now allowed to explore the destination without making detailed plans. The purpose of this study is to explore tourists' preferences for the level of structure vs. serendipity in their travel experience, and investigate how different styles of independent travel relate to other tourist behavior.Findings showed that independent travelers, overall, had a higher preference for serendipity than following a structured itinerary. Respondents who were more ‘serendipitous’ participated in more activities, particularly sightseeing and outdoor sports, while those who preferred ‘structured’ travel took part in fewer activities, in spite of their planning. As predicted, the ‘structured’ respondents spent more time on travel planning and were more likely to look for specific information, such as price and location. The ‘serendipitous’ respondents, however, did not wander without knowledge. Searching for more general information about the area, they in fact used more information sources than those who preferred ‘structured’ travel. Keywords: serendipity, independent travel, travel planning, information search Introduction Within tourism research, numerous typologies have emerged to classify tourists according to their travel behaviour, preference, and experiences (Uriely 2005) One fundamental distinction is the difference between tour groups and independent travellers (Madriga11995). In the past, joining package tours generally require less individual preparation, while independent travellers must engage in some level of planning and information search prior to their journey. The growing popularity of smartphones and mobile navigation devices, however, has increased the potential of personalized travel (Tumas and Ricci 2009). Independent travellers are now free to wander off and explore the destination with minimal planning and morespontaneity. The independent travel market can be further segmented into different groups, such as backpackers (e.g., Larsen 2011; O'Reilly 2006), bicycle tourism (e.g., Lamont 2009; Ritchie 1998), and self-drive tourism (e.g., Lane and Waitt 2007; Prideaux and Carson 2003). In addition to their choice of transportation and accommodation, independent travellers may also differ in the amount of structure and planning in their trips. While some like to check reviews and make reservations beforehand, others may prefer to discover hidden local gems and be surprised. This study is the first attempt to examine the concept of 'serendipity' as a travel style. The measurement for this new pattern of travel was developed based on the different activity styles of independent pleasure travellers by McKercher et al. (2006). Although it is labeled as'style ofindependent travel' (SIT) with two dimensions: structure and serendipity, travel style is a broad concept consisting of one's travel budget, choice of transportation, special interest activities, ypes of experience sought, and more. While previous typologies have identified other aspects of travel style, it is argued that mobile technology and increased global connectivity have made it easier for people to travel on the spur of the moment. Along with new technologies and social changes, tourists have also become more mature and experienced as they evolve into a 'new' style of tourists, who are more autonomous, flexible, environmentally sensitive, and enjoy the state of being a tourist rather than making a checklist of attractions tovisit (Stanciulescu et al. 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate independent travellers' preference for structured or serendipitous experiences so as to better understand the complexity of independent travel and provide appropriate information to different types of tourists in this new era. Literature ReviewNovelty and Independent Travel People of different personalities make different choices when it comes to travel. Plog (1974) first proposed that traveler personality fell on a spectrum from allocentrism to psychocentrism. Being more confident and curious, allocentric personalities were more likely to choose exotic locations and independent travel. On the contrary, psychocentric travellers were more insecure, and would prefer to visit familiar destinations and join packaged tours (Plog 1991). Building on Plog's allocentrism-psychocentrism continuum, Madrigal (1995) considered travel style as one type of travel behaviour with two main categories: group tour and independent travel. Becken (2003) further categorized the tourists in New Zealand into six clusters: coach tourists, visiting friends and relatives tourists (VFR), auto tourists, backpackers, campers, comfort travellers. Although auto tourists, backpackers, campers, and VFR tourists were generally considered independent travellers, they displayed a range of different characteristics within independent travel. The allocentrism psychocentrism continuum initially depicts the contrast between mass group tourists and independenttravellers, but both travel styles could be further examined under the same continuum. Novelty has been identified as one of the main motivations for travel (Crompton 1979; Lee and Crompton 1992; Snepenger 1987). Basala and Klenosky (2001) developed a novelty-familiarity continuumto classify different travel styles, including novelty seekers, familiarity seekers, and the group in between- average travellers. Weaver et al. (2009) also used 'novelty' to segment tourists into three groups: 'thrill seekers,' 'change seekers,' and 'homebodies' who were not seeking anything but trying to escape boredom. Their findings indicated that 'change seekers' were more likely to choose fully-packaged tours while 'thrill seekers' would rather buy partially-packaged tours, and their preferences would vary based on the destination.DiscussionThe two dimension of SIT also illustrated the difference between general and specific travel information. When asked about the type of travel information one would search for through the Internet, people who were more serendipitous would look for more general information about the area, while structured independent travellers would focus on detailed information related to price, addresses and phones numbers, and on-line reservations. Even though serendipitous travellers spent less time on travel planning than structured travellers, it should be noted that both types went through the anticipation stage of travel (Oawson and Knetsch1966). For those who preferred more structure in their trips, the longer planning time might signify a higher level of anticipation, as they mapped out their itinerary and imagined what they would see and taste. Serendipitous travellers, on the other hand, searched for general maps and images of the area, so they still had some pre-trip expectations. As opposed to iconic attractions and signature dishes, perhaps what they looked forward to the most was to be surprised. Hyde and Lawson found that some independent travellers purposely did not read up on the destination so as not to be 'disappointed' (2003: 19). The expectancy disconfirmation model of customer satisfaction stressed the importance of expectation as a point of reference for service quality and satisfaction (Oliver 1980). Therefore, it would be interesting to further explore how structure and serendipity may relate to different levels of pre-trip expectations, which in turn may affect travel experience and satisfaction.译文意外的发现之旅与自助游作者：诺曼；哈洛摘要目前的自助旅游市场发展的并不是很完善。
令人印象深刻的旅游目的地英语作文
令人印象深刻的旅游目的地英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of an Impressive Travel Destination, with the word count exceeding 1,000 words:Exploring the Breathtaking Beauty of Machu Picchu, PeruHigh in the Andes Mountains of Peru lies one of the most awe-inspiring and historically significant travel destinations in the world - Machu Picchu. This ancient Inca citadel, perched atop a verdant mountain ridge, has captured the imagination of explorers and adventurers for centuries. With its well-preserved ruins, stunning natural surroundings, and rich cultural heritage, Machu Picchu is truly a destination that leaves a lasting impression on all who visit.The journey to Machu Picchu is an adventure in itself. Visitors can choose to hike the renowned Inca Trail, a challenging multi-day trek through the Andes that culminates in the arrival at the iconic Sun Gate overlooking the ruins. The trail winds through lush cloud forests, past ancient Inca checkpoints, and over high mountain passes, offering trekkers awe-inspiring panoramic vistas at every turn. Alternatively, travelers can opt for the more leisurely train ride from the nearby town of Ollantaytambo, which provides a comfortableand scenic approach to this remarkable historical site.As you finally crest the ridge and catch your first glimpse of Machu Picchu, the sheer scale and grandeur of the site is immediately awe-inspiring. The intricate stone structures, precisely fitted together without the use of mortar, seem to effortlessly blend into the surrounding landscape. Towering stone terraces, elegant plazas, and the iconic Temple of the Sun all bear witness to the incredible engineering prowess and advanced civilization of the Inca people.Wandering through the ruins, visitors are transported back in time, imagining the bustling activity that once filled this remote mountain citadel. The attention to detail in the architecture is truly astounding, with every structure, path, and landscaping element serving a specific purpose within the Inca's sophisticated urban planning. Highlights include the Main Plaza, the Intihuatana Stone (a mysterious ritual stone aligned with the sun), and the Royal Tomb, where the remains of Inca royalty were once interred.What makes Machu Picchu truly remarkable, however, is not just its architectural wonders, but the breathtaking natural setting in which it is situated. Surrounded by the rugged, verdant peaks of the Andes, the site enjoys a privileged position overlooking the Urubamba River far below. Visitors are often struck by the serene, almost mystical atmosphere that permeates the site, as if the very air is imbued withthe lingering energy of the Inca civilization.One of the best ways to fully appreciate the natural splendor of Machu Picchu is to embark on a hike up Huayna Picchu, the iconic mountain that towers over the ruins. The challenging, steep ascent is well worth the effort, as it affords trekkers unparalleled panoramic views of the entire Machu Picchu complex, as well as the river valley and distant mountain ranges. Standing atop Huayna Picchu, it's easy to understand why the Inca chose this location for their revered sacred city.Beyond the ruins themselves, the surrounding region of the Sacred Valley is rich in Inca history and culture. Visitors can explore ancient terraced agricultural sites, visit traditional Quechua communities, and discover lesser-known Inca archaeological gems such as Ollantaytambo and Pisac. The town of Aguas Calientes, situated at the base of Machu Picchu, also offers a glimpse into the modern-day culture, with its bustling markets, artisan workshops, and restaurants serving up authentic Peruvian cuisine.No visit to Machu Picchu is complete without taking the time to immerse oneself in the local culture and traditions. Whether it's participating in a traditional Andean ceremony, learning about the medicinal plants used by the Inca, or simply observing the daily life of the Quechua people, these cultural interactions add an extra layerof depth and meaning to the Machu Picchu experience.In conclusion, Machu Picchu is a travel destination that truly lives up to its legendary status. From the awe-inspiring architectural wonders to the breathtaking natural beauty, this ancient Inca citadel offers visitors a profound and unforgettable experience. Whether you're a history buff, an outdoor enthusiast, or simply someone in search of a truly unique and transformative travel adventure, Machu Picchu is a destination that is sure to leave a lasting impression. It is a testament to the incredible ingenuity and resilience of the Inca civilization, and a poignant reminder of the enduring power of the human spirit to create something truly remarkable in the face of adversity.。
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文献出处：Cucculelli, Marco, and Gianluca Goffi. Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from the Italian Destinations of Excellence [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production (2015)：1-13.原文Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence fromItalian Destinations of ExcellenceMarco Cucculelli, Gianluca GoffibAbstractThis paper extends the Richie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination.Keywords: Sustainability; Tourism; Destination competitiveness; Italy Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in many countries around theworld, and the main source of foreign income for a significant number of developing countries. Therefore, the study of tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) has attracted the attention of policy makers, public and private organizations, and tourism researchers (Pearce, 1997, Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Kozak and Rimmington, 1999, Buhalis, 2000,Hassan, 2000, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Enright and Newton, 2004).After the milestone study by Ritchie and Crouch, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2003, a number of theoretical models have been developed to explain destination competitiveness (De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002 and Dwyer and Kim, 2003), as well as to analyze the competitive positions of tourism destinations (Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008). Many authors have highlighted the relationship between sustainability and the competitiveness of a tourism destination and suggested, with different emphases, that sustainability can improve competitiveness (among others, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Hassan, 2000).However, the large debate on the role of sustainable development has partly overlooked the call for a deeper empirical test, and there is still no clear empirical evidence of sustainability's role in explaining the competitiveness of a destination. The empirical models developed in the TDC literature (e.g., De Keyser and Vanhove, 1994, Sirše and Mihalič, 1999, Dwyer et al., 2003, Enright and Newton, 2004 and Gomezelj and Mihalič, 2008) provide very useful insights into destination competitiveness, but partly neglect the role of sustainability factors.This study aims at contributing to this literature by integrating a basic model of TDC (Ritchie and Crouch, 2000) with features related to sustainability. To test the relationship between factors of sustainability and TDC, we operationalize the conceptual approach by analyzing a number of indicators we have found to be important in defining sustainability. The study also has the potential to offer a more comprehensive assessment of the factors that influence TDC. We follow the Dwyer et al. (2003) approach in identifying a list of indicators derived from previous empirical models of TDC and from the literature in sustainable tourism and tourism planning and management.Furthermore, little empirical work has focused on small tourism destinations, and practically no research on TDC has been applied to small destinations such as villages or small towns. The existing literature has mostly dealt with countries or large geographical areas, whereas the issue of TDC has been assessed by considering the prevalent role of large tourist destinations. However, there are a number of countries where a significant part of the tourist competiveness actually relies on small places because of the highly fragmented cultural heritage, or the inherent nature of the tourist sites. Italy is a paradigmatic example of this pattern: the four major destination cities (Rome, Milan, Florence, and Venice) account only for a part of the tourism flows (24.7% in terms of total international bed nights), whereas a great number of minor destinations constitute the largest remaining part. Surprisingly, the empirical literature neglects the role of these small centers almost entirely: these destinations need attention not only because they account for a sizable share of the total arrivals, butalso because they represent a tourism model that is common to many other tourism countries. Therefore, our result could be of interest for a larger audience.We selected small Italian “destinations of excellence” as those that have been awarded importa nt international (“Blue Flag”) and national certifications (“Orange Flag,” “Most Beautiful Villages in Italy,” “Blue Sail”). To test the role played by sustainability factors on the competitiveness of a tourist destination, we studied the relationship between TDC, measured by four dependent variables (environmental impacts, socio-cultural impacts, economic impacts and tourists' satisfaction), and some explanatory variables that can be identified in terms of sustainability. To reduce the large set of independent variables to a smaller set, we performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as in Dwyer et al. (2004), and used these results in the subsequent OLS estimates of the model. As opposed to previous indicators of TDC such as arrivals, bed-nights, revenues, or market share, the TDC measures we use in the paper acknowledge the view of Müller, 1994, Hunter, 1995, Buhalis, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2000, and others who recognize that a competitive destination pursues and establishes the right balance on the following different objectives: optimum satisfaction of guest requirement, subjective well-being of the residents (economic health), unspoiled nature, and healthy culture.The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 sets the theoretical framework. Section 3 gives details about the empirical analysis (variables, case study, data and methodology). Section 4 provides a discussion of the main findings. Conclusions are drawn in the last section of the paper.Sustainability and competitiveness in small tourism destinationsMany studies and models have identified destination competitiveness by using the lens of high visitor numbers and market share as contributing factors to a competitive destination. This view has a major limitation in that it ignores the sustainable perspective of not overloading the carrying capacity of a destination, or preserving its environmental integrity (Croes, 2010). Many authors seem to agree that the competitive destination is the one that preserves natural and cultural resources and increases long-term well-being for its residents by delivering an experience that is more satisfying compared to similar destinations (Hassan, 2000, Heath, 2002, Ritchie and Crouch, 2003 and Bahar and Kozak, 2007).The concept of sustainability was introduced to tourism from the notion of sustainable development, following the publication of the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, known as the Bruntland Report (WCED, 1987). Even though after a quarter-century the world is an enormously different place (Sneddon et al., 2006), and the Report has been criticized for its central approach (Adam, 1990) and the lack of attention given to power relations among local-to-global actors (Lélé, 1991), it represented an important starting point for the formulation of sustainable policies. In Sharpley's view (2000), sustainable tourism development does not appear to be entirely consistent with the developmental aspects of sustainable development, but has a larger inward and product-centered perspective.Tourism researchers have been trying to define sustainable tourism development (STD) for many years. Despite the fact that it is widely accepted that STD is along-term goal (WTO, 1992), or a concept that is constantly evolving (Inskeep, 1991) and intrinsically dynamic (Liu, 2003), there is no standard definition for “sustainable to urism destinations” (Tepelus and Cordoba, 2005). Lee (2001, p. 314) observes that, “Since destinations are unique, so are sustainable development issues in these destinations.”However, there is an emerging consensus that STD aims to minimize environmentally negative impacts, preserve cultural heritage, while at the same time provide learning opportunities, including positive benefits for the local economy and contributing to the enhancement of local community structures (Weaver, 2005).Practical evidence shows that STD can not only stop further deterioration, but it can also contribute towards the appreciation of the destination (Aguiló et al., 2005). Various mass tourism destinations are trying to move toward a more sustainable approach for the tourism development model (Fortuny et al., 2008 and Rodríguez et al., 2008). Mass tourism was initially considered incompatible with the notion of sustainability (Krippendorf, 1987, Butler, 1991 and Valentine, 1993), as they were seen as polar opposites by Pearce (1992). This idea was followed by the position of the “movement,” resulting in the demand to change mass tourism into more sustainable forms (Cohen, 1987 and Butler, 1990), and finally to the idea of “convergence” between the two types (Inskeep, 1991). Inskeep, 1991, Hunter and Green,1995, Clarke,1997, Swarbrooke,1999, Budeanu,2005 and Tepelus,2005 highlight that all types of tourism can aim to be sustainable. Budeanu (2005, p.90) asserts that, “Sustainable tourism cannot be achieved if mass tourism practices arenot adjusted to integrate sustainability.”Hence, economic benefits for locals and the minimization of environmental and social repercussions could be complementary aims in every kind of destination: the key factor could be managing and controlling the tourism activity. That is the main reason why we aim to demonstrate that a more sustainable tourism policy and destination management could have a positive impact on destination competitiveness.Furthermore, two other aspects of sustainability need to be considered. Firstly, Liu (2003) and Kastenholz (2004) observe that sustainable tourism cannot be achieved without proper management of tourism demand. Notwithstanding, demand issues have often been neglected in the sustainable tourism debate. This may be due to the fact that the concept of sustainability was simply transposed from the broader concept of sustainable development, where the nature of demand is considered as a given condition. This is not the case for tourism – which is both supply and demand driven –requiring consideration of the demand factor in the explanation of TDC (Dwyer et al., 2003), and also in the case of small tourist destination competitiveness.Secondly, many authors agree that the competitive destination is the one that increases well-being for its residents in the long term (Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Bahar and Kozak, 2007, Dwyer and Kim, 2003 and Heath, 2002). In this sense, Bramwell, (1996) observed that “locals” need to be empowered in order to move towards sustainable tourism development: if tourism is an income-generating sector for local communities, and it can have a multiplier effect, then the host population has to feel empowered, fully participating in the development process,which could be even easier in a small community.译文可持续性能增强旅游目的地的竞争力吗？来自意大利优秀目的地的证据马尔科，詹卢卡摘要本文通过引入一组可持续性指标，继承了里奇,克劳奇(2000)关于目的地竞争力的模型，并测试了解释旅游目的地竞争力的作用。