英语修辞学

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unit 9 英语修辞学(Rhetoric)

Metaphor
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. • mark: be • Experience is the mother of wisdom • she is shedding crocodile tears • Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. • The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. • 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心
Rhetorical Devices
English Figures of Speech
• how many figures of speech do you know? • identify the following sentences, using certain rhetorical devices. • 你像个神人 • 你是个神人 • 神人，神事啊！ • 你还真是个“神人”啊。 • 。。。。
Simile
• It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison Marriage is like a between two unlike• elements having at least one beleaguered fortress; quality or characteristic in common. to make the those who are without comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like want to get in, and are used to transfer the quality we associate with those within want go one to the other. get out . • mark: like, as, seem, as if, similar to, such as • 婚姻象是一个被包围 • I wandered lonely as a cloud. 的堡垒；外面的想 • He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen 要进去，里面的人想 to hear him crow. 要出来。

英语修辞答案

英语修辞答案英语修辞学是英语学科的一个分支，它主要研究语言运用中的各种表达方式，包括隐喻、比喻、夸张、反语、排比、对仗等等。

英语修辞手法的运用可以大大增强语言的表达力，让消息传递更加生动、有趣、深层次。

隐喻是一种最常见的修辞手法，它通过将一种事物或概念转喻为另一种事物或概念来达到更加深入、有力的表达。

例如，我们常听到这样一句话：“时间是一把割舌刀。

”这是一种隐喻，它将时间比喻成了割舌刀，意味着时间可以破坏语言的能力，使人变得无言以对。

此外，隐喻还可以通过暗示隐含的意义来达到表现的效果。

比喻是另一种非常常见的修辞手法，它通过将两个不同的事物直接做比较来表达某种含义。

比喻常常使用“像”、“如同”、“好像”等连词来引出比喻，例如：“他像一只豹子一样狡猾。

”这句话中，豹子是一个明显的比喻对象，用来形容这个人狡猾、善于隐藏。

夸张是一种常用于幽默色彩的修辞手法，在表达中大大夸张某些事物或概念。

例如：“我的泪水可以灌溉整个沙漠。

”这句话明显不是字面意义，而是通过夸张来表达这个人的悲伤情绪非常深刻，达到一种诗意的境界。

反语是一种很有冲击力的表达方式，通常是通过否定来表达肯定的意思。

例如：“你真是个聪明的笨蛋啊！”这句话明显是在夸奖，但是通过反话的方式来表达。

排比是一种常用于修辞的手法，它通过一连串重复的元素来达到强调效果。

例如，“她是聪明、优美、热情的音乐家。

”这句话通过三个并列的形容词来表达对这个音乐家才华的赞誉。

对仗是一种将词语进行对称排列的修辞手法，它通常用来表达一种对称、平衡的感觉。

例如：“今夜月色真美好，我想念你几分，你却来了二分。

”除了上述手法，还有一些其他的修辞手法，比如借代、比兴、拟人、讽刺等等。

这些手法的灵活运用可以大大提升英语语言的表达力，使得我们的言辞更加富有感染力和表现力，更好地传达信息和思想。

英语修辞学例子

精心整理高考复习（精品）：英语修辞和英语修辞学例子修辞格（FiguresofSpeech）英语修辞学分为广义修辞学（BroadStylisticContext）和狭义修辞学。

广义修辞学涉及语体和体裁（StyleandTypeofWriting）等问题。

狭义修辞学（NarrowStylisticContext）主要涉及各种修辞手法，即修辞格（StylisticDevices,RhetoricalDevicesorFiguresofSpeech）的问题。

英语常用修辞格分为词义上的修辞格（（SyntacticStylisticDevices（红色为10级讲过Simile一词源于拉丁语Similis，意为like借助比喻词（如like，as的运用（一）Simile的构成Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（（comparativeword）。

如：Myloveislikearedredrose.①②).[Simile]John和hisfather同类，例②是明喻，因为本体和喻体不同类。

（二）1.like+likeEg.Heworkslikeanox.(实意动词+like)2.as型：①as……as②as……soEg.Asthelionisthekingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.鹰为百鸟之王，犹如狮是百兽之王。

3.虚拟句型：①asif②asthoughEg.HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.这匹马真骏，看起来仿佛是从一幅维拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来的一样。

4.what型：①AistoBwhatXistoY②whatXisY,AistoB③whatAcallsB,XcallsYEg.Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。

英语修辞学

英语修辞学
英语修辞学，作为一门语言学研究，是研究英语中构词、词类和句法结构，以及它们之间的关系的学科。

它关注汉语中的句子，例子说明句子的构成成分及其内在的互动关系。

此外，它还关注修辞结构，如形象、措辞、修饰等，以及英语表达方式的特点及其情感影响等方面，其目的是让英语成为一种有效、有趣、有影响力的语言。

英语修辞学可以从几个不同的角度进行分析：词汇、句法和修辞学。

词汇：词汇是英语中最简单的部分，但也是最重要的部分，即分析出词汇的含义，以及它们之间的互动关系。

从词汇上看，英语修辞学就是研究词汇的含义，以及它们之间的关系，从而使读者更好地理解文本的内容。

句法：句法是汉语中的句子的构成结构，它使用不同的句子结构来表达语言的含义。

英语修辞学从句法的角度分析，例子说明句子的构成成分及其内在的互动关系。

修辞学：修辞学是英语中的构成结构，它使用形象、措辞、修饰等，以及英语表达方式的特点及其情感影响等方面，使英语成为一种有效、有趣、有影响力的语言。

英语修辞学不仅能够帮助更好地理解文本内容，而且可以弥补汉语在表达方面的不足，并使其更具有感染力和表现力。

除了从词汇、句法和修辞学的角度分析外，英语修辞学还可以从四种观点进行解读：符号论观点、文体论观点、概念论观点和阐释性
论观点。

综上所述，英语修辞学主要包括词汇、句法和修辞学三个方面，以及符号论、文体论、概念论和阐释性论四种观点。

它不仅可以帮助人们理解文本内容，同时也可以提高他们的表达能力。

正是由于英语修辞学的发展，使英语成为一种更加准确、有效、有趣的语言。

英语修辞学(打印版)

英语修辞手法1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

英语修辞学知识要点

英语修辞学知识要点Chapter 1 Syntactic Devices1. Long and Short Sentences 长句和短句2. The Simple Sentence 简单句3. The Compound Sentence 复合句4. The Complex Sentence 复杂句5. Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences简单句、复合句和复杂句6. Branching Sentences 分支句（松散句和圆周句）7.The Active and the Passive Voiced Sentences 主动句和被动句8. Syntactic Schemes of Balance平衡句｛排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)｝9. Syntactic Schemes of Inversion倒装句10. Syntactic Schemes of Omission 句子的省略｛省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)｝11. Syntactic Schemes of Addition or Insertion 添加句｛连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasis) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)｝12.Syntactic Schemes of Repetition 反复句｛二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)｝13. Syntactic Schemes of Climax and Anti-climax 层进和突降14. Rhetorcal Question 修辞问句15. Apodioxis 断然拒绝16. Apostrophe 顿呼17. Syntactic Schemes with "it" it句18. Existential Sentences 存在句Chapter 2 Lexical Devices1.Lexical optionsShort words or long words 长短词Common words or learned words 普通词和书面词Formal,informal or colloquial words 正式词、非正式词和口语词General or specific words 一般词和特殊词Concrete or abstract words 具体词和抽象词Referential or emotive words 指称词和情感词Choice between synonymous words 近义词的选择2.choice of abbreviationsAcronyms 首字母缩略词ClippingsBlends 混合词3.Lexical repetitionImmediate repetition连接反复Lexical anaphora 首语反复Lexical epistrophe 尾语反复Symploce首尾语反复Anadiplosis链形反复distant or intermitten repetition间隔反复root repetition 词根反复ploce换义反复Chapter 3 Phonetic Devices and Prose Rhythm 1. Phonetic Devices语音词格Alliteration头韵Assonance元韵Consonance 辅韵Homeoteleuton谐缀格Onomatopoeia拟声Combined use of Phonetic Devices2. Prose Rhythm散文节奏Stress重音Pitch语调Pause and tempo停顿和语速Chapter 4 Figures of Speech1.Simile明喻2.Metaphor暗喻3.Analogy类比4.Personification\physicalification拟人\拟物5.Metonymy借代6.Synecdoche提喻7.Antonomasia换称8.Syllepsis一笔双叙9.Zeugma轭式搭配10.Paradox隽语11.Oxymoron矛盾修饰法12.Hyperbole夸张13.Understatement低调陈述14.Euphemism委婉语15.Irony反语16.Innuendo讥讽17.Sarcasm讽刺18.Transferred Epithet 移就19.Pun双关（antanaclasis语音双关；paronomasia语义双关)20.Epigram警句21.synesthesia通感22.palindrome 回文Chapter 5 Allusions典故的来源和改引。

英语修辞学课程教学大纲版汇编

《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息1．课程编号：325025062．课程名称：英语修辞学3．英文名称：English Rhetoric4. 课程简介：《英语修辞学》是为英语专业本科高年级开设的一门专业选修课，适用于英语专业教师教育方向和应用翻译方向，于第五学期开设，主要讲授英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，以及各类英语文体的语言风格特征，旨在引导学习者全面认识英语的语体特征、文体风格及其修辞要求和技巧，从本质上了解英语语体，掌握各类文体的修辞手段和语言特点，熟悉各种修辞手法，各类英语的功能，掌握语言使用中的“常规”和变异及其在各种文体中所表现出的规律，提高语言使用中的修辞与文体意识，使学习者具备一定的文学批评和对各类文体的分析和鉴赏水平。

二、课程说明1．教学目的和要求：通过本课程的学习，使学习者较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。

学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对各类文体的语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。

掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文体的能力。

2．与相关课程衔接：先修课程：《英语国家概况》、《基础英语》、《英语听说》、《英语阅读》、《英语写作》、《英语语法》、《英国文学》等专业必修课，以及《英语词汇学》、《西方文化入门》等选修课。

并修课程：《高级英语》、《英语语言学》、《英国文学》后续课程：《美国文学》、《学术论文写作》等必修课，《笔译1》、《笔译2》、《口译1》、《口译2》、《实用文体翻译》等专业方向课程，以及《跨文化交际》、《商务英语翻译》、《经贸口译》、《会展口译》、《计算机辅助翻译》等选修课程。

3．学时：本课程周学时为2，共开16周，讲授学时32，总学时32，共计2学分。

4．开课学期：本课程于第五学期开设5．教学方法：以教师为主导、学生为中心。

《英语修辞学》第二章

这幅巨型壁画把古希腊以来的50多个著名的哲学家和思想家聚于一堂包括柏拉图亚里士多德苏格拉底毕达哥拉斯等以此歌颂人类对智慧和真理的追求赞美人类的创造力
English Rhetoric
Chapter Two Brief History of Western Rhetoric
By Song Pingfeng
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/NewInfor/html/30370.htm • 拉斐尔最著名的壁画是为梵蒂冈宫绘制的《雅典学院》。这幅巨型壁画把古希腊以来
的５０多个著名的哲学家和思想家聚于一堂，包括柏拉图、亚里士多德、苏格拉底、毕达哥拉斯等，以此歌颂人类对智慧和真理的追求，赞美人类的创造力。
• 然而，柏拉图对修辞的看法并非一成不变。海德格尔在1924-1925年讲授《智者篇》时提出，柏拉图的修辞观念有一个演变的过程，其轨迹可以通过比较三篇对话勾勒出来（Brogan：3-15）。《高尔吉亚篇》代表了早期柏拉图全盘否定修辞的态度；海德格尔认为，在《智者篇》中，柏拉图的态度有了重大变化，转而相信修辞对“不在”（non-being）或者说“存在”之外的领域的关注应当在哲学中占据一席之地，辩证（dialectic）能够克服修辞的欺骗倾向，使之为哲学服务；《斐德若篇》(Phaedrus)则是发生这一转变的关键场所。在这篇对话中，柏拉图着重探讨了真理（ aletheia ）与语言（logos）的关系。
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1.4 Some Ancient Greek Rhetoricians and their theory
(1). Corax (科拉克斯)
Corax of Syracuse and his students Tisias(蒂西亚斯，有名的捉刀人，专门为诉讼者撰写诉状) were the first rhetoricians in history. His theory: the first is a theory of how arguments should be developed from probabilities; the second is their first concept of organization of a message. According to Corax, legal arguments should consist of four parts: introductory, explanation, argumentation and conclusion. (Corax 将法律演说分成四个部分：前言，解释，论辩和结论。)

《英语修辞学》第一章

manipulate [ mə'nipjuleit ] others.
现代英语修辞学研究的是人类使用符号互相交流的能力，这种能力是人类所持有的，人类使用符号来构建自己的世界，来认识自我，来和其他人一起互动，使生活更有意义。
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• 通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化，更好地交流思想，表情达意。所谓“调整”，主要指依据题旨(subject) 情境 (occasion / context)的需要，对词语、句式、段落篇章作恰当地选择和安排；所谓“修饰”，主要指恰当地选择一些修辞手段、修辞方法，增强语言表达的艺术效能。调整的目的，就是要求语言准确、鲜明，没有丝毫的模糊，也没有丝毫的歧义，使人家清楚、明白。 -- 杨鸿儒《当代中国修辞学》
• the foundation of rhetoric
• more than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking (a special purpose, a special way, a special time)
• to impress, convince, or move the audience to action
Communicative rhetoric the choice of words, the choice of sentences, paragraph and essay construction
Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)
discovered by reason (Cicero) ➢ "Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle;

英语修辞学

英语修辞学事先声明，此贴转自百度贴吧，具体地方忘记了，是好久以前存在电脑里的。

有人问到修辞，所以贴一下，大家都来学习一下。

1. 比喻 (metaphor)比喻就是打比方。

可分为明喻和暗喻:A. 明喻 (simile):A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things arecompared.明喻:一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。

例如:“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you(Shakespeare). to my thoughts as food to life”“我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” (莎士比亚)O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

B. 暗喻 (metaphor): 缩写 met.， metaph.A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarilydesignates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicitcomparison.用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。

英语修辞学概论读书笔记

英语修辞学概论读书笔记课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修一、课程介绍1.课程描述：英语修辞学是研究人类使用英语互相交流、培养英语学习者使用英语进行交流能力的学科。

本课程针对高年级英语专业学生开设，课程内容包括修辞学的若干基本内容：修辞学的定义、三美、五言等基本概念以及西方修辞学理论、视觉修饰以及修辞活动涉及的词汇、句法、段落、修辞格等。

通过课程学习，要求学生掌握英语修辞学的基本理论内容和修辞方法等，并且能够利用这些理论方法对英语学习者过程中的实际问题进行分析，进而提高英语修辞能力，正确而恰当地使用英语，达到学习英语的目的。

This course will introduce the fundamental concepts of English rhetoric, such as the definition of rhetoric, three aesthetic criterion of rhetoric, five cannons of rhetoric. It will provide students with tools to deal with the rhetorical practice at lexical level, syntactic level, textual level. Topics will include western rhetorical theories, visual rhetoric, rhetoric in advertisements. By the discussion on these topics, students will be equipped with the theoretical and practical basis for English rhetoric in English learning with theirrhetorical competence improved, using English properly and appropriately.2.设计思路：本课程引导高年级英语专业学生通过修辞学来探讨和理解由实际问题所驱动的修辞在理论和应用两方面的发展途径。

英语修辞学(5 修辞手段)

5 修辞手段
5.2 辞格 (Figure of Speech
1) 明喻 (Simile): like, as
2) 隐喻/暗喻 (Metaphor): be Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. The population mushroomed in the postwar decades. I was all smiles, looking forward to a pleasant homey evening. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.
5 修辞手段
5.2 辞格 (Figure of Speech
4) 转喻/借喻/借代 (Metonymy) c. 用特征或特定环境代表具有该特征的或该环境下的人或物 cradle—childhood, grave—death, crown—king, the Cross—the Christian religion d. 用抽象代具体或具体代抽象 brain—mind, a beauty—a beautiful woman I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
5 修辞手段
5.2 辞格 (Figure of Speech
c. 用局部代表全部 sail—ship, hands—helpers, roofs—houses d. 用全部代表局部 China—Chinese team, year—spring e. 用原材料代表成品 silver—money, canvas—sail, steel—sword, boards—stage, silk—silk coat

英语修辞学大纲【精选】

《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、说明适用专业四年制本科英语专业语言文学方向先修课程高级英语总学时32总学分2（一）本课程的目的、要求（1）使学生较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。

（2）使学生学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。

（3）使学生掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文学作品的能力。

（二）内容选取和实施中注意的问题（1）本课程应坚持理论与实践相结合的原则，适当介绍修辞理论，重点讲述实用性内容，要求学生运用所学理论分析语言实例。

（2）突出重点、兼顾一般。

在选取内容上要注意以语音、词汇、句子三级修辞方法为重点，其中又应以喻类辞格为重点。

（3）学生对明喻比较熟悉，可以略而不讲或只作为隐喻的比较对象略谈。

（4）培养学生对语言的观察能力，让学生自己寻找例句并作出说明，以加深对所学内容的理解。

（5）大纲中不带“*”号的内容属于基本内容，带“*”号内容可讲可不讲。

（三）教学方法（1）教师为主导、学生为中心。

防止教师一言堂，要在教师指导下，发挥学生的学习主动性。

（2）理论与实践相结合，课堂讲授与学生分析讨论相结合。

（四）考核方式本课程为考查课程，采用口头与笔头相结合的方式:（1）口头方式主要以课堂提问和课堂讨论表现情况为考核依据。

（2）笔头方式主要以学生平时笔头作业完成情况和课程结束时笔头测验成绩为考核依据。

（3）口头考核成绩占40%，笔头考核成绩占60%。

（五）教学内容与学时分配教学章节教学内容学时安排备注1修辞学定义22西方修辞学简史44词语的选择35句子的选择27语音类修辞格48-9句法类修辞格610语义类修辞格611逻辑类修辞格4机动2测验二、大纲内容Chapter 1 What Is Rhetoric?1.1 Rhetoric and oratory1.2 Connotation of rhetoric1.3 Definitions of rhetoric1.4 Five assumptions说明和要求:（1）了解修辞与演说之间的关系（2）修辞学的定义Chapter 2 Brief History of Western Rhetoric2.1 Classical rhetoric (5th c. B.C.---5th c. A.D.)2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages (5th---14th c.)*2.3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance (15th---16th c.)*2.4 New Classical Rhetoric (17th---19th c.)2.5 Contemporary Rhetoric说明和要求:（1）了解西方修辞学产生与发展的历史（2）了解亚里士多德等学者对西方修辞学的贡献（3）了解当今修辞学发展的现状和主要趋势Chapter 4 Choice of Words4.1 Use suitable words4.2 Denotation and connotation4.3 General words and specific words4.4 Abstract words and concrete words4.5 Short words and long words说明和要求:（1）了解词的本义与衍生义（2）了解概括词与特指词的语用功能（3）了解抽象词和具体词的语用功能（4）了解大词和小词的来源和对语体色彩的影响Chapter 5 Choice of Sentences5.1 Types of sentences5.2 Long and short sentences说明和要求:（1）了解不同句子结构的修辞作用（2）了解长句和短句的语用功能Chapter 7 Phonetic Figures of Speech7.1 Alliteration7.2 Assonance7.3 Consonance7.4 Onomatopoeia7.5 Aposiopesis7.6 Apostrophe7.7 Pun说明和要求:（1）本部分从语音在语言中的地位讲起，适当介绍语音学方面的知识，重点提示音韵法在诗歌中所起的重要作用及其对散文、广告等各语体的影响。

英语修辞学考试复习重点

Rhetorical options1、What is rhetoric Definitions of rhetoricthe art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline; esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. Longman Modern English Dictionary2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric 两种说法①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding ; to please the imagination; to move the passion ;or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” 18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell3、What is discussed in rhetoric contents of rhetoricalRhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric; while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things;including structure; diction. Rhythm; tone; style; and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation; that is; “adaptability” or “appropriateness”. Sentencesyntactic device1、What is sentenceA sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally; an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness; clearness; unity; coherence and emphasis.正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb although one may be implied.①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence并列3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 复合4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence 圆周句left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence松散句right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences; on the whole; are characterized by their brevity; quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form; clear in grammatical relation; and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form; fully expressive in capacity; and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple;compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement; and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status; that is; the clauses are paratactic parallel; coordinate in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentenceloose sentence：Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion.Right-branching sentenceloose sentence：in a loose sentence; the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence;and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning;it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases orclauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate..⑵Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis..⑶Chiasmus回文 and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements; the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first;with or without a repetition of words..For example：①we eat for live;not live for eat..here the key words in the first statement are repeated;and reversed in order in the second..This is called antimetabole..②he was an angle on the surface;but at heart a knave..here there is no repetition of words;but the position of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.⑷climax渐进：it is extremely effective in stirring up feelings and emotions;or in driving home a point..⑸anti-climax or bathos突降或渐降：is a device that involves stating one‘s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity;from strong to weak;from weight to light or frivolous..It is often used to ridicule or satirize..9、syntactic schemes of inversion句子的倒装：分为grammatical inversion语法倒装和rhetorical inversion修辞倒装；一个倒装句能倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装;不能倒回的是语法倒装..The inversion is not a factor of correctness; but effectiveness of that sentence.Function of emphasis; vividness; balance; close connection and compactness and rhyming verse..10、the function of sentence：The four basic sentence functions in the world's languages include the declarative; interrogative; exclamative; and the imperative.Lexical deviceword 词1、the meaning of word：两种Associative meaning and conceptual meaning..或者七种conceptual meaning;connotative meaning;social meaning;effective meaning;reflective meaning;collocating meaning;thematic meaning..2、词的分类①three layers of words：The learned; the common and the colloquial.②Four types of vocabulary：Reading vocabulary;listening vocabulary;writing vocabulary;speaking vocabulary..③short words and long words; common words or learned words; formal; informal or colloquial words; general or specific words; concrete or abstract words; referential or emotive words意义词或情感词. 3、the principle of choice of words：words for clearnesswords for accuracywords for effectiveness4、lexical repetition⑴syntactic anaphorarepetition of beginning words首语重复5、rhetorical question设问Phonetic device语音学1、修辞格Alliteration头韵Assonance类韵Homeoteleuton同韵脚Onomatopoeia拟声2、rhythm 的组成：the rhythm of English prose involves prosodic features such as stress;pitchtone;volumeloudness;pause and tempo;apart from the usual intonation patterns..Figures of speech修辞格1、what is figures of speech修辞学的定义Figure of speech is an “Ancient term for any form of expression in which the normal use of language is manipulated; stressed; or altered for rhetorical effect” P.H. Matthews.2、functions of figure of speech四大功能Figures of speech are devices to make our language figurative; they lend force to an idea; heighten effect of expression; or create suggestive imagery..3、Figures of speech大体分为三类：音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices 是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法..它主要包括onomatopoeia; alliteration; homeoteleuton谐缀格; assonance and consonance.词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法..它们主要包括 simile; metaphor; allusion; metonymy; transferred epithet; personification; hyperbole; irony; euphemism; pun; oxymoron; zeugma; contrast 等..句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices 句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法..这类辞格主要包括repetition; rhetorical question; antithesis; apostrophe 等..它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同 ..另外一种分类;分为相似修辞格4种simile;metaphor;analogy;personification..相反修辞格opposition和相关修辞格association..There are many kinds of figure of speech and they can be divided into many groups; such as :figures of similarity; figures of relationship; figures of opposition; figures of emphasis; figures of sound and so on.Simile明喻：A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common..Words like as;so;like..组成要素：comparing words;subject;reference;ground..功能：simile have three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：her locks were yellow as gold..Metaphor暗喻：a metaphor makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements..功能：three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：jim was a fox..Analogy类比： a comparison of two things based on their being alikein some way..Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea..只有三种形式：①A is to B as C is to D②A is to B what C is to D③just as A and B so C and DPersonification拟人：is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animal;or life and personal attributesMetonymy借代Synecdoche提喻Antonomasia换称Syllepsis一语双叙Zeugma轭式搭配Paradox反论Oxymoron矛盾修饰法Hyperbole夸张Understatement低调陈述Euphemism委婉Irony反讽：irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant;the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense..Innuendo暗讽：a mild form of irony;hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person orsubject mentioned..Sarcasm反语：sarcasm is an intensity form of irony;it attacks in a taunting and bitter manner; and its aim is to disparage;ridicule and wound the feeling of the subject attacked..Transferred epithet转移修饰法Punning双关Allusion典故：An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to; or representation of; a place; event; literary work; myth; or work of art; either directly or by implication.功能： It is often employed to reinforce the emotion or the ideas of one’s own work with the emotion or ideas of another work.例子：Goldilocks and the Three Bears:金凤花和三只小熊 Goldilocks now stands for anything that is “just right” for any situation. Until recently; financial markets appeared to be betting that the Goldilocks economy—neither too hot; nor too cold—was safe from the bears. The rattled markets are a reminder that sooner or later growth will slow or inflation will rise. 一直以来;金融机构似乎都笃信于经济既没过热或过冷;远离熊市;直到市场最近的恐慌才再一次提醒了人们;经济的增长迟早会减速;通胀迟早会出现.。

英语修辞学(Rhetoric)

谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体（variety）：博喻（sustained 博喻（博喻 metaphor）和延喻（extended ）和延喻（ metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类）型。（1）博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体）的方法就叫做博喻。的方法就叫做博喻。比如：
There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpent（动态）， shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。
名词型和动词型
"noun" pattern名词型 A is B 名词型: "verb" pattern动词型动词型: 名词型动词型 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 Snow clothes the ground. 雪覆盖了大地。 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. 没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。这个案子像滚雪球似地最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。 Some people think that marriage is a lottery. 有些人认为婚姻是缘分。 A stranger then is still dogging us. 一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。 He is the eyes and ears of the manager. 他是经理的耳目。 My desk is flooded with paper. 我的桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水泛滥一样。 Look at that guy all meat and no potatoes. 瞧那个家伙，浑身都是肉。 The years have silvered her hair. 岁月已使她的鬓发如霜。 I was, inwardly, all white flag. 我内 The population mushroomed in the 心里却妥协了。 postwar decades. Greece was the cradle of Western culture. 希腊是西方文化的发源地/ 战后数十年里人口快速增长。摇篮。 My heart was pumping. 我的心怦怦 The old man's face is a map of 直跳。 time. 那老人脸就是岁月的写照。 He doesn't have any idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。

英语修辞学(Rhetoric).ppt

4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语的“物称倾向”。 An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个例子。 It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver. 长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。 The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. 我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
Illustrative说明型
Illuminative启发型
E.g.
What happened to a dream deferred 延期的 (postponed)? Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化脓) like a sore? Does it stink like a rotten meat?
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
English Figures of Speech
英语修辞的一般规律与特点 General principles and features of English rhetoric
1. 关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。

英语修辞学中文版

英语修辞学中文版简介英语修辞学是一门研究英语语言修辞现象和修辞技巧的学科。

在中文语境下，英语修辞学的研究和应用同样具有重要意义，可以帮助中文学习者更好地理解和应用英语语言技巧，提高语言表达能力。

本文将介绍英语修辞学的定义、历史背景、主要修辞手法以及在中文语境下的应用和意义。

一、英语修辞学的定义英语修辞学（English Rhetoric）是一门研究如何运用语言技巧来有效地表达思想、情感和观点的学科。

它涉及到语言的各个方面，包括词汇、语法、句子结构、篇章结构等。

英语修辞学不仅关注语言的表达形式，还关注语言的内容和效果，旨在通过恰当的语言手段来影响听众或读者的态度和行为。

二、英语修辞学的历史背景英语修辞学源于古希腊和罗马时代的古典修辞学，当时被广泛应用于法庭辩论、政治演讲和宗教仪式中。

随着时间的推移，修辞学逐渐发展成为一门独立的学科，并形成了不同的流派和理论体系。

现代英语修辞学开始于19世纪，随着语言学和文学研究的不断发展，修辞学逐渐成为一门跨学科的综合性学科，与语言学、文学、心理学、社会学等多个领域产生了密切的联系。

三、英语修辞学的主要修辞手法1.比喻（Metaphor）: 通过将一个事物比喻为另一个事物来表达某种意象或概念。

比喻可以分为明喻和暗喻两种形式。

明喻是直接将一个事物比喻为另一个事物，而暗喻则是暗示一个事物具有另一个事物的特征或性质。

2.拟人（Personification）: 将非人类的事物赋予人类的特征或情感，使其形象更加生动。

例如，“春天是一位温柔的姑娘，给大地披上五彩斑斓的衣裳。

”3.夸张（Hyperbole）: 通过夸大或缩小事物的特征来强调某种情感或效果。

例如，“他饿得像一只三天没吃饭的老虎。

”4.反语（Irony）: 通过说反话或使用讽刺的方式来表达与字面意思相反的含义。

例如，“你真是个天才，居然在考试前一天才开始复习。

”5.排比（Parallelism）: 通过使用结构相似或意义相近的词语或句子来增强语言的表现力和节奏感。

隽语英语修辞学

隽语英语修辞学
隽语英语修辞学（Elocution）是一个修辞学的分支，主要研究
和探讨演讲和朗诵的艺术。

隽语这个词源于拉丁语"eloquentia"，意为雄辩和口才。

英语修辞学旨在培养和提高演讲者的表达能力，使其能够以流利、准确、优美的语言向听众传达信息并引发共鸣。

隽语英语修辞学包括以下重要元素和技巧：
1. 发音（Phonetics）：研究语音的产生、轻重、音调和语调的运用等，旨在使演讲者的语音发音准确清晰。

2. 语调（Intonation）：通过改变声调的高低、升降和延长缩
短等手段，使语言更有感染力和表情。

3. 节奏（Rhythm）：有效利用语言中的重音和停顿，使演讲
更有节奏感和韵律性。

4. 语音语调（Inflection）：通过改变语音的强弱、上升或下降的方式表达情感，使演讲更加生动和富有表情。

5. 语气（Tone）：在演讲中选择合适的语气，如严肃、幽默、感慨等，以达到有效传达信息的目的。

6. 发声（Articulation）：训练演讲者清晰地发出每个音节和音素，使听众能够准确理解。

7. 姿势与仪态（Posture and Gesture）：通过身体语言，如姿势、手势和面部表情，在演讲中增加互动和有效的沟通。

隽语英语修辞学不仅关注语言技巧，还涉及演讲表达的情感和感染力。

它旨在培养演讲者的口才和演讲能力，使其能够更好地与听众建立联系，达到沟通并影响他人的目的。