国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch07

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国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch

05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.

Chopra2ndEditionChapter10.ppt

Figure Error! No text of
Seasonal Inventory
© 2007 Pearson Education
10-3
Role of Cycle Inventory in a Supply Chain
Lot, or batch size: quantity that a supply chain stage either produces or orders at a given time
– Lots are ordered and delivered jointly for all products – Lots are ordered and delivered jointly for a subset of
products
© 2007 Pearson Education
10-8
If demand increases by a factor of 4, it is optimal to increase batch size by a factor of 2 and produce (order) twice as often. Flow time should decrease as demand increases.
D = 12000 units C = $500 h = 0.2 Use EOQ equation and solve for S: S = [hC(Q*)2]/2D = [(0.2)(500)(200)2]/(2)(12000) =
$166.67 To reduce optimal lot size by a factor of k, the fixed order
cost must be reduced by a factor of k2

萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)

.
FIGURE 16-1 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments with Exchange Rate Changes.
FIGURE 16-2 Derivation of the U.S. Demand and Supply Curves for Foreign Exchange.
.
Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
Price adjustment mechanism relies on depreciation and devaluation of currency to adjust current account and balance of payments.
.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
.
Introduction
Assumptions
International private c responses to cover temporary trade imbalances.
The nation wants to correct a deficit in its current account by exchange rate changes.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)

也就是说，两个国家GDP越大、距离越近，则预期两国贸易额越大
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living

(国际经济学英文课件)ch10Trade Policy in Developing Countrie

It promoted inefficiently small industries.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
10-13
Trade Liberalization
• There is some evidence that low and middle income countries which had relatively free trade had higher average economic growth than those that followed import substituting industrialization.
The knowledge created when starting an industry may be not appropriable (may be a public good) because of a lack of property rights.
If establishing a system of property rights is not feasible, then high tariffs would be a second-best policy to encourage growth in new industries.
(国际经济学英文课件 )ch10Trade Policy in Developing
Countries
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件

Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.

ch07 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)

*CHAPTER 7(Core Chapter)INTEGRATIONECONOMICOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.1 Forms of Economic Integration7.2 Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in Customs Unions7.3 Dynamic Benefits from Customs Unions7.4 The European UnionCase Study 7-1 Economic Profile of EU, NAFTA, and JapanCase Study 7-2 Gains from the Single EU Market in 19927.5 The European Free Trade Association7.6 The North-American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)7.7 Attempts at Economic Integration Among Developing CountriesCase 7-3 Economic Profile of MercosurCase 7-4 Changes in Trade Pattern with Economic Integration7.9 Economic Integration in Central and Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet RepublicsCase Study 7-5 Per Capita Income in Transition EconomiesKey TermsdeflectionTradeEconomicintegrationPreferential trade arrangements European Economic Area (EEA)Free trade area North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)MarketCommon(Mercosur)SouthernCustomsunionmarket Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or (COMECON) Commoncompaniestradingunion StateEconomicDuty-free zones or free economic zones Centrally planned economiesagreementsBilateralTradecreationBulkpurchasingdiversionTradeandEastern European Countries (CEEC) factoriesCentralTariffNewly Independent States (NIS)(EU)EuropeanUnionVariable import levies Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA)(BFTA)AreaBalticTradeFree-53-Lecture Guide:1. This is not a core chapter and I would skip it, except for sections 7-4 to 7-8 dealing with theEuropean Union (EU), The European Free Trade Association, the North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA), and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur).2. I would take two classes to cover the material. Case Studies 7-1 to 7-4 can be used for a very stimulating class discussion.Answers to Problems:1. If Nation A imposes a 100 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will produce commodity X domestically because thedomestic price of commodity X is $10 as compared with the tariff-inclusive price of$16 if Nation A imported commodity X from Nation B and $12 if Nation A importedcommodity X from nation C.2. a. If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, Nation A will import commodityX from Nation B at the price of $8 instead of producing it itself at $10 or importing itfrom Nation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.b. The formation by Nation A of a customs union with Nation B leads to trade creationonly because Nation A replaces the domestic production of commodity X at Px=$10with tariff-free imports of commodity X from Nation B at Px=$8.3. If Nation A imposes a 50 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will import commodity X from nation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $9 instead of producing commodity X itself or importing it fromNation B at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.4. a. If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, Nation A will import commodityX from Nation B at the price of $8 instead of importing it from Nation C at the tariff- inclusive price of $9.b. The formation by Nation A of a customs union with Nation B leads not only to tradecreation but also to trade diversion because it replaces lower-cost imports of commodity X of $6 (from the point of view of Nation A as a whole) with higher priced imports of Commodity X from Nation B at $8.Specifically, Nation A's importers do not import commodity X from Nation C becausethe tariff-inclusive price of commodity X from Nation C is $9 as compared with theno-tariff price of $8 for imports of commodity X from Nation B. However, since thegovernment of Nation A collects the $3 tariff per unit on imports of commodity Xfrom Nation C, the net effective price for imports of commodity X from Nation C isreally $6 for Nation A as a whole.-54-5. a. See Figure 1 below.b. The net gain from the trade-diverting customs union shown in Figure 1 is given byC'JJ'+B'HH'-MJ'H'N. As contrasted with the case in Figure 7-1 in the text, however,the sum of the areas of the two triangles (measuring gains) is here greater than the area the rectangle (measuring the loss). Thus, the nation would now gain from the formation of a custom union. Had we drawn the figure on graph paper, we would have been able to measure the net gain in monetary terms also.6. A customs union that leads to both trade creation and trade diversion is more likely to lead to a net positive welfare gain of the nation joining the union (1) the smaller is the relative inefficiency of the union member in relation to the non-union member and (2) the higher is the level of the tariff imposed by the customs union on the non-union member.7. The dynamic benefits resulting from the formation of a customs union are (1) increasedcompetition, (2) economies of scale, (3) stimulus to investment, and (4) better utilizationof economic resources. These are likely to be much more significant than the static benefits.8. See Figure 2 below. The formation of the customs union has no effect.9. NAFTA created much more controversy because the very low wages in Mexico led togreat fears of large job losses in the U. S.10. The possible cost to the U.S. from EU92 arose from the increased efficiency andcompetitiveness of the E.U. The benefit arose because a more rapid growth in the EUspills into a greater demand for American products, which benefits the U. S.Fig 7.1xPFig 7.2xP-55-Multiple-choice Questions:1. Which of the following statements is correct?*a. in a customs union, member nations apply a uniform external tariffb. in a free-trade area, member nations harmonize their monetary and fiscal policiesc. within a customs union there is unrestricted factor movementd. a customs union is a higher form of economic integration than a common market2. A customs union that allows for the free movement of labor and capital among itsmember nations is called a:a. preferential trade arrangementb. free-trade area*c. common marketd. all of the above3. A customs union creates trade when:a. lower-cost imports from outside the customs union are replaced by higher-costimports from a union member*b. some domestic production in a member nation is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nationc. trade among members increases but trade with nonmembers decreasesd. trade among members decreases while trade with nonmembers increases4. Trade diversion arises in a customs union if it:a. increases trade among union members and with nonmember nationsb. reduces trade among union members and with nonmember nations*c. increases trade among members but reduces trade with non-membersd. reduces trade among union members but increases it with nonmembers5. Customs union usually results in:a. trade diversion onlyb. trade creation only*c. both trade creation and trade diversiond. we cannot say-56-6. The formation of a customs union that leads only to trade creation and all economic resources of member nations are fully employed before and after the formation of the customs union leads to an:*a. increase in the welfare of member and nonmember nationsb. increase in the welfare of member nations onlyc. increase in the welfare of nonmember nations onlyd. increase or decrease in the welfare of member and nonmember nations7. A customs union that leads to both trade creation and trade diversion:a. increases the welfare of member and nonmember nationsb. reduces the welfare of member and nonmember nationsc. increases the welfare of member nations but reduces that of nonmembers*d. reduces the welfare of nonmembers and may increase or reduce that of members8. A customs union is more likely to lead to trade creation:a. the lower are the pre-union trade barriers of the member countries*b. the lower are the customs union's barriers on trade with the rest of the worldc. the smaller is the number of countries forming the customs union and the smallertheir sized. the more complementary rather than competitive are the economies of the nationsforming the customs union9. Which is not a dynamic benefit from the formation of a customs union?a. increased competitionb. economies of scalec. stimulus to investment*d. trade creation10. The formation of the EU resulted in:a. trade creation in industrial and agricultural productsb. trade diversion in industrial and agricultural products*c. trade creation in industrial products and trade diversion in agricultural productsd. trade diversion in industrial products and trade creation in agricultural products11. The benefit that the United States receives from NAFTA:*a. increasing competition in product and resource marketsb. greater technical innovationc. improvements in its terms of traded. all of the above-57-12. The benefit that Mexico is likely to receive from NAFTA:a. greater export-led growthb. encouraging the return of flight capitalc. more rapid structural change*d. all of the above13. Which is a stumbling block to successful economic integration among groups ofdeveloping nations?a. benefits are not evenly distributed among nationsb. many developing nations are not willing to relinquish part of their newly-acquiredsovereignty to a supranational community body, as required for successful economicintegrationc. the complementary nature of their economies and competition for the same worldmarkets for their agricultural exports*d. all of the above14. The formation of a free trade area among the countries of Eastern Europe is advocatedin order to:a. restore trade trading*b. retain the traditional trade links that can be justified on market principlesc. reduce the need for structural changed. none of the above15. The Members of Mercosur are:a. Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and venezuelab. Argentina, Brazil, the United States and Peru*c. Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguayd. Brazil, Chile, Peru and Canada-58-。

萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)

– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software

[经济学]国际经济学萨尔瓦多英文PPTchapter

Chapter 9
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff

萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch13

Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
international transaction is recorded twice – once as a credit, once as a debit.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
Debit transactions (-)

Transactions that involve payment to foreign sources. Major types:
Credit (+) Debit (-)
Financial inflow (purchase of U.S. Treasury bills by foreigner) Financial outflow (reduction in foreign bank balances in U.S.)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

(克鲁格曼)英文课件国际经济学CH07

– Suppose the countries produce two goods, one laborintensive and one land-intensive.
– Trade offers an alternative to factor mobility: Home can export labor and import land by exporting the labor-intensive good and importing the land-intensive good.
– Some countries will be biased toward present output. – Some countries will be biased toward future output.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 7-11
two countries.
– Home workers would like to move to Foreign until the marginal product of labor is the same in the two countries.
– This movement will reduce the Home labor force and thus raise the real wage in Home.
▪ A One-Good Model Without Factor Mobility

– There are two countries (Home and Foreign).
– There are two factors of production: Land (T) and Labor (L).

国际经济学英文课件chapter7

Comparison with import quotas
▪Different gainer of revenue effect or rents
▪Less effective in limiting imports
The Uruguay Round
Case Study 9-1(P278)
▪Require the phasing out of all
Export Quota Voluntary Export Restraints Import Quota
▪ Effects of an Import Quotas
▪ Comparison of an import quota to an import tariff
Chapter 6
4
Effects of an Import Quota
▪ The highest revenue effect : SJHMN =$30
Chapter 6
6
Comparison of an import quota and an import tariff
Any Shift in SX or DX ?
If DX shifts to D’X ,
▪With an import quota : PX↑，SX↑，DX↑，Qtrade remains unchanged
Chapter 6
9
7.2.1 Voluntary Export Restraints
Definition
(VERs)
Voluntary export restraints refer to the case where an
importing country induces another nation to reduce its

国际经济学(萨尔瓦多)第10版课件

2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
23
2、斯密的经济思想和《国富论》的中心
资源配置和收入分配分工和经济增长自由市场的效率
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
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3、经济增长与分工
“劳动生产力上最大的增进、以及运用劳动时所表现的更大的熟练、技巧和判断力、似乎都是分工的结果”

2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
48
数学分析：封闭经济条件下

单位产品包含劳动量
X A 6 1 Y 4 2 A国有绝对劣势
B
B国有绝对优势
A国在Y商品上的绝对劣势小，有比较优势 B国在X商品上的绝对优势大，有比较优势
2018/12/15 CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论 49
2018/12/15 CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论 45
• 国际贸易的基础
生产技术的相对差异劳动生产率的相对差异
生产成本的相对差异
商品相对价格的差异
国际贸易
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
46
基本内容

即使一国在两种商品生产上效率均低于另一国，仍有可能进行互利贸易。
分工的好处：
1、劳动者的技巧因业专而日进 2、可以免除因工作转换而损失的时间 3、有利于机械的发明
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
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4、分工的原由

人类特有的倾向不同交易主体的差异性及差异的内生性
2018/12/15
CUEB-国际经济学第一章导论
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国际经济学英文课件chapter10

Chapter 10
2
10.1 Foreign Exchange Markets
▪ Definition
Foreign exchange markets are the markets where individuals, firms and banks buy and sell foreign currencies or foreign exchange.
A weighted average of the exchange rates between the domestic currency and the nation’s most important trade partners, with weights given by the relative importance of the nation’s trade with each of these trade partners.
Normal Exchange Rate Real Exchange Rate
Chapter 10
11
10.2.2 Arbitrage
Definition
Arbitrage refers to the purchase of a currency where it is cheaper for immediate resale where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.
the Balance of Payments
Chapter 10
8
10.2.1 Equilibrium Foreign Exchange Rates
Definition
See Table 14.2 (P463)

萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch

Economic structure
Export oriented economy, highly dependent on external markets and raw material supply; The economic structure is single and sensitive to changes in the external economic environment; The relatively low labor cost is conducive to the development of export processing industry.
Development of service industry
Vigorously develop service industries such as tourism and finance, and increase the proportion of service industry in the national economy.
目录
contents
Frontier issues in international economicsCourse Summary and Outlook
CHAPTER
01
Course Introduction
Developing students' understanding and analytical abilities in international economics
要点一
要点二
Detailed description
Based on traditional trade theory, the new international trade theory explores the impact of factors such as technological progress, economies of scale, and imperfect competition on international trade, providing a new perspective for understanding the current world trade pattern.

国际经济学英文课件萨尔瓦多第十版ppt

Technical Progress
All technical progress reduces the amount of both labor and capital required to produce any given level of output.
Three different types of Hicksian technical progress:
Growth of Factors of Production
The Rybczynski Theorem
At constant commodity prices, an increase in the ende by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technical Progress
All technical progress reduces the amount of both labor and capital required to produce any given level of output.
The production frontier will shift out evenly in all directions at the same rate at which technical progress takes place.