ASTM D395-2003压缩永久变形中文版

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d395橡胶压缩永久变形特性试验方法

Designation:D395–02Standard Test Methods forRubber Property—Compression Set1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D395;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover the testing of rubber intended for use in applications in which the rubber will be subjected to compressive stresses in air or liquid media.They are applicable particularly to the rubber used in machinery mountings,vibra-tion dampers,and seals.Two test methods are covered as follows:Test Method Section A—Compression Set Under Constant Force in Air7–10B—Compression Set Under Constant Deﬂection in Air11–14 1.2The choice of test method is optional,but consideration should be given to the nature of the service for which correlation of test results may be sought.Unless otherwise stated in a detailed speciﬁcation,Test Method B shall be used.1.3Test Method B is not suitable for vulcanizates harder than90IRHD.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:D1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for Testing2D3182Practice for Rubber—Materials,Equipment,and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets2D3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products2D3767Practice for Rubber—Measurement of Dimensions2 D4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Meth-ods Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries2E145Speciﬁcation for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens33.Summary of Test Methods3.1A test specimen is compressed to either a deﬂection or by a speciﬁed force and maintained under this condition for a speciﬁed time and at a speciﬁed temperature.3.2The residual deformation of a test specimen is measured 30min after removal from a suitable compression device in which the specimen had been subjected for a deﬁnite time to compressive deformation under speciﬁed conditions.3.3After the measurement of the residual deformation,the compression set,as speciﬁed in the appropriate test method,is calculated according to Eq1and Eq2.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1Compression set tests are intended to measure the ability of rubber compounds to retain elastic properties after pro-longed action of compressive stresses.The actual stressing service may involve the maintenance of a deﬁnite deﬂection, the constant application of a known force,or the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting from intermittent compressive forces.Though the latter dynamic stressing,like the others,produces compression set,its effects as a whole are simulated more closely by compressionﬂexing or hysteresis tests.Therefore,compression set tests are considered to be mainly applicable to service conditions involving static stresses.Tests are frequently conducted at elevated tempera-tures.5.Test Specimens5.1Specimens from each sample may be tested in duplicate (Option1)or triplicate(Option2).The compression set of the sample in Option1shall be the average of the two specimens expressed as a percentage.The compression set of the sample in Option2shall be the median(middle most value)of the three specimens expressed as a percentage.5.2The standard test specimen shall be a cylindrical disk cut from a laboratory prepared slab.5.2.1The dimensions of the standard specimens shall be:1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on PhysicalTesting.Current edition approved Dec.10,2002.Published January2003.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2001as D395–01.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol09.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol14.04.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.Type1A2BThickness,mm(in.)12.560.5(0.4960.02)6.060.2 (0.2460.01)Diameter,mm(in.)29.060.5(1.1460.02)13.060.2 (0.5160.01)A Type1specimen is used in Test Methods A and B.B Type2specimen is used in Test Method B.5.2.2When cutting the standard specimen,the circular die having the required inside dimensions speciﬁed in5.2.1shall be rotated in a drill press or similar device and lubricated by means of a soap solution.A minimum distance of13mm(0.51 in.)shall be maintained between the cutting edge of the die and the edge of the slab.The cutting pressure shall be as light as possible to minimize cupping of the cut edges.The dies shall be maintained carefully so that the cutting edges are sharp and free of nicks.5.3An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the direct molding of a circular disk having the dimensions required for the test method used and speciﬁed in 5.2.1.N OTE1—It should be recognized that an equal time and temperature,if used for both the slab and molded specimen,will not produce an equivalent state of cure in the two types of specimen.A higher degree of cure will be obtained in the molded specimen.Adjustments,preferably in the time of cure,must be taken into consideration if comparisons between the specimens prepared by different methods are to be considered valid. N OTE2—It is suggested,for the purpose of uniformity and closer tolerances in the molded specimen,that the dimensions of the mold be speciﬁed and shrinkage compensated for therein.A two-plate mold with a cavity13.060.1mm(0.51060.004in.)in thickness and29.2060.05 mm(1.14860.002in.)in diameter,with overﬂow grooves,will provide Type1specimens for Test Method A and Test Method B.A similar mold but having a cavity of6.360.3mm(0.2560.012in.)in thickness and 13.260.1mm(0.5260.004in.)in diameter will provide Type2 specimens for Test Method B.5.4When the standard test specimen is to be replaced by a specimen taken from a vulcanized rubber part of greater thickness than the one indicated in5.2.1,the sample thickness shall be reducedﬁrst by cutting transversely with a sharp knife and then followed by buffing to the required thickness in accordance with Practice D3183.5.5An alternative method of preparing specimens is by plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared in accordance with Practice D3182using the specimen sizes speciﬁed in5.2.1and cutting as described in5.2.2,or where a drill press is not available cutting the specimens with a single stroke from a cutting die.5.5.1The disks shall be plied,without cementing,to the thickness required.Such plies shall be smooth,ﬂat,of uniform thickness,and shall not exceed seven in number for Type1 specimens and four in number for Type2specimens.5.5.2Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the testﬁxture by keeping the circular faces parallel and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.5.5.3The results obtained on plied specimens may be different from those obtained using solid specimens and the results may be variable,particularly if air is trapped between disks.5.5.4The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one of the methods may be compared only to those prepared by the same method.5.6For routine or product speciﬁcation testing,it is some-times more convenient to prepare specimens of a different size or shape,or both.When such specimens are used,the results should be compared only with those obtained from specimens of similar size and shape and not with those obtained with standard specimen.For such cases,the product speciﬁcation should deﬁne the specimen as to the size and shape.If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product,the test method and allowable limits must be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser.6.Conditioning6.1Store all vulcanized test specimens or product samples to be tested at least24h but not more than60days.When the date of vulcanization is not known,make tests within60days after delivery by the producer of the article represented by the specimen.6.2Allow buffed specimens to rest at least30min before specimens are cut for testing.6.3Condition all specimens before testing for a minimum of 3h at2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compression set properties are affected by atmospheric moisture shall be conditioned for a minimum of24h in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.7.Precision and Bias47.1These precision statements have been prepared in ac-cordance with Practice D4483.Please refer to Practice D4483 for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts.7.2Prepared test specimens of two rubbers for Test MethodsA andB were supplied toﬁve laboratories.These were tested in duplicate each day on two separate testing days.A test result, therefore,is the average of two test specimens,for both Test Methods A and B.7.3One laboratory did not run the Test Method A testing; therefore,the precision for Test Method A is derived from four laboratories.7.4The Type1precision results are given in Table1and Table2.4Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters.Request RR: D11–1138.TABLE1Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod AMaterialMeanLevelWithin Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r(r)S R R(R)1 1.73(%)0.0500.1428.20.1900.5431.1 226.10.898 2.549.7 2.37 6.7125.7A Sr=within laboratory standard deviation.r=repeatability(in measurement units).(r)=repeatability(in percent).S R=between laboratory standard deviation. R=reproducibility(in measurement units). (R)=reproducibility(in percent).7.5Bias—In test method statistical terminology,bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference or true test property value.Reference values do not exist for these test methods since the value or level of the test property is exclusively deﬁned by the test method.Bias,therefore,cannot be determined.TEST METHOD A—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT FORCE IN AIR8.Apparatus8.1Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer,for measuring specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice3767,Method A1.8.2Compression Device,consisting of a force application spring and two parallel compression plates assembled bymeans of a frame or threaded bolt in such a manner that the device shall be portable and self-contained after the force has been applied and that the parallelism of the plates shall be maintained.The force may be applied in accordance with either 8.2.1or8.2.2.8.2.1Calibrated Spring Force Application—The required force shall be applied by a screw mechanism for compressing a calibrated spring the proper amount.The spring shall be of properly heat-treated spring steel with ends ground and per-pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spring.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig. 1.The spring shall conform to the following requirements:8.2.1.1The spring shall be calibrated at room temperature 2365°C(73.469°F)by applying successive increments of force not exceeding250N(50lbf)and measuring the corresponding deﬂection to the nearest0.2mm(0.01in.).The curve obtained by plotting the forces against the corresponding deﬂections shall have a slope of7063.5kN/m(400620 lbf/in.)at1.8kN(400lbf).The slope is obtained by dividing the two forces above and below1.8kN by the difference between the corresponding deﬂections.8.2.1.2The original dimensions of the spring shall not change due to fatigue by more than0.3mm(0.01in.)after it has been mounted in the compression device,compressed under a force of1.8kN(400lbf),and heated in the oven for one week at70°C62°C(15863.6°F).In ordinary use,a weekly check of the dimensions shall show no greater change than this over a period of1year.8.2.1.3The minimum force required to close the spring (solid)shall be2.4kN(530lbf).8.2.2External Force Application—The required force shall be applied to the compression plates and spring by external means after the test specimen is mounted in the apparatus. Either a calibrated compression machine or known masses may be used for force application.Provision shall be made by the use of bolts and nuts or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring from losing their initial deﬂections when the external force is removed.The spring shall have essentially the same characteristics as described in8.2.1,but calibration is not required.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig.2.8.3Plates—The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.8.3.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium platedﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.8.3.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of250µm(10µin.) and then chromium plated and polished.8.3.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect theﬁnalﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in8.3.2.8.4Oven,conforming to the speciﬁcation for a Type IIB laboratory oven given in Speciﬁcation E145.8.4.1Type IIB ovens speciﬁed in Test Method E145are satisfactory for use through70°C.For higher Temperatures Type II A ovens are necessary.8.4.2The interior size shall be as follows or of an equivalent volume:TABLE2Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod BMaterial MeanLevelWithin Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r(r)S R R(R)113.7(%)0.591 1.6712.2 1.54 4.3631.8 252.80.567 1.60 3.0 5.9216.831.7 A Sr=within laboratory standard deviation.r=repeatability(in measurement units).(r)=repeatability(in percent).S R=between laboratory standard deviation.R=reproducibility(in measurement units).(R)=reproducibility(in percent).Interior size of air oven:min.300bt300mm by300mm(12by12by12in.)max.900by900by1200mm(36by36by48in.) 8.4.3Provision shall be made for placing test specimens in the oven without touching each other or the sides of the aging chamber.8.4.4The heating medium for the aging chamber shall be air circulated within it at atmospheric pressure.8.4.5The source of heat is optional but shall be located in the air supply outside of the aging chamber.8.4.6A suitable temperature measurement device located in the upper central portion of the chamber near the test speci-mens shall be provided to record the actual aging temperature.8.4.7Automatic temperature control by means of thermo-static regulation shall be used.8.4.8The following special precautions shall be taken in order that accurate,uniform heating is obtained in all parts of the aging chamber.8.4.8.1The heated air shall be thoroughly circulated in the oven by means of mechanical agitation.When a motor driven fan is used,the air must not come in contact with the fan motor brush discharge because of danger of ozone formation.8.4.8.2Baffles shall be used as required to prevent local overheating and dead spots.8.4.8.3The thermostatic control device shall be so located as to give accurate temperature control of the heating medium. The preferred location is adjacent to the temperature measuring device listed in section8.4.6.8.4.8.4An actual check shall be made by means of maxi-mum reading thermometers placed in various parts of the oven to verify the uniformity of the heating.9.Procedure9.1Original Thickness Measurement—Measure the original thickness of the specimen to the nearest0.02mm(0.001in.). Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.9.2Application of Compressive Force—Assemble the specimens in the compression device,using extreme care to place them exactly in the center between the plates to avoid tilting.If the calibrated spring device(see Fig.1)is used,apply the compressive force by tightening the screw until the deﬂection as read from the scale is equivalent to that shown on the calibration curve for the spring corresponding to a force of 1.8kN(400lbf).With the external loading device(see Fig.2), apply this force to the assembly in the compression machine or by adding required masses,but in the latter case,take care to add the mass gradually without shock.Tighten the nuts and bolts just sufficiently to hold the initial deﬂections of the specimen and spring.It is imperative that no additional force be applied in tightening the bolts.9.3Test Time and Test Temperature—Choose a suitable temperature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and heating periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D1349.Suggested test periods are22h and70h.The specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the specimens immedi-ately and allow it to cool.9.4Cooling Period—While cooling,allow the specimens to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of theﬁnal thickness. Conduct the cooling period at a standard laboratory tempera-ture of2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compres-sion set property is affected by atmospheric moisture shall be cooled in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.9.5Final Thickness Measurement—After the rest period, measure theﬁnal thickness at the center of the specimen in accordance with9.1.10.Calculation10.1Calculate the compression set as a percentage of the original thickness as follows:C A5@~t o2t i!/t o#3100(1) where:C A=Compression set(Test Method A)as a percentage ofthe original thickness,t o=original thickness(see9.1),andt i=ﬁnal thickness (see 9.5).11.Report11.1Report the following information:11.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen,including the original thickness,t o ,11.1.2Actual compressive force on the specimen as deter-mined from the calibration curve of the spring and spring deﬂection reading (see 8.2.1)or as applied by an external force (see 8.2.2),11.1.3Thickness of the test specimen 30min after removal from the clamp,t i ,11.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,11.1.5Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original thickness,11.1.6Test method used (Test Method A),and 11.1.7Number of specimens tested.TEST METHOD B—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT DEFLECTION IN AIR 12.Apparatus12.1Dial Micrometer —A dial micrometer,for measuring the specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice D 3767,Method A 1.N OTE 3—For vulcanizates having a hardness below 35IRHD,the force on the presser foot should be reduced to 0.260.05N (0.0460.01lbf).12.2Spacer Bars ,to maintain the constant deﬂection re-quired under Test Method B.12.2.1Spacer bars for Type 1samples shall have a thickness of 9.560.02mm (0.37560.001in.).12.2.2Spacer bars for Type 2samples shall have a thickness of 4.5060.01mm (0.177060.0005in.).12.3Compression Device ,consisting of two or more ﬂat steel plates between the parallel faces of which the specimens may be compressed as shown in Fig.3.Steel spacers for the required percentage of compression given in 13.2shall be placed on each side of the rubber specimens to control their thickness while compressed.12.4Oven ,see 8.4.12.5Plates —The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.12.5.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium-plated ﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.12.5.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished.12.5.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect the ﬁnal ﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in 12.5.2.13.Procedure13.1Original Thickness Measurement —Measure the origi-nal thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.02mm (0.001in.).Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.13.2Application of Compressive Force —Place the test specimen between the plates of the compression device with the spacers on each side,allowing sufficient clearance for the bulging of the rubber when compressed (see Fig.3).Where a lubricant is applied,it shall consist of a thin coating of a lubricant having substantially no action on the rubber.For most purposes,a silicon or ﬂuorosilicon ﬂuid is suitable.Tighten the bolts so that the plates are drawn together uniformly until they are in contact with the spacers.The amount of compression employed shall be approximately 25%.A suitable mechanical or hydraulic device may be used to facilitate assembling and disassembling the test ﬁxture.13.3Test Time and Temperature —Choose a suitable tem-perature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and test periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D 1349.Suggested test periods are 22h and 70h.The test specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within 2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the test specimen immediately and allow them to cool.13.4Cooling Period —While cooling,allow the test speci-men to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of the ﬁnal thickness.Maintain the conditions during the cooling period in accordance with 9.4.13.5Final Thickness Measurement —After the rest period,measure the ﬁnal thickness at the center of the test specimen in accordance with 13.1.14.Calculation14.1Calculate the compression set expressed as a percent-age of the original deﬂection as follows:C B 5@~t o 2t i !/~t o 2t n !#3100(2)where:C B =compression set (Test Method B)expressed aspercentage of the original deﬂection,t 0=original thickness of specimen (13.1),t i =ﬁnal thickness of specimen (13.5),and t n =thickness of the spacer bar used.N OTE 4—Lubrication of the operating surfaces of thecompressionFIG.3Device for Compression Set Test Under ConstantDeﬂection,Test MethodBdevice is optional while giving more reproducible results;lubrication may somewhat alter the compression set values.15.Report15.1Report the following information:15.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen including the original thickness,t o,15.1.2Percentage compression of the specimen actually employed,15.1.3Thickness of the test specimen30min after removal from the clamp,t i,15.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,15.1.5Whether or not the surfaces of the compression device are lubricated.If they are,what type lubrication was used,15.1.6Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original deﬂection,15.1.7Test method used(Test Method B),and15.1.8Number of specimens tested.16.Keywords16.1compression set;compression set under constant de-ﬂection;compression set under constant force;deﬂection; deformation;elastic property;hysteresis;recoveryASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

压缩永久变形中文版

编号：D 395-03橡胶性能的标准试验方法----------压缩永久变形1此项标准在固定编号B 117下发布，紧随编号的数字表示标准采纳的年度，如果是修正，数字表示最后一次修正的年度。

在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

此项标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立合适的安全健康规范以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件2.1 ASTM标准2：D1349 橡胶规范---测试的标准温度D 3182D 3183D 3767D 4483E 145---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会的工作范围，是其下属D11.10物理测试子委员会的直接责任。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

上一个版本在2003年批准，编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准，访问ASTM网站，. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》的内容信息，浏览ASTM网站的标准索引页。

3 测试方法概要3.1 用挠力或规定的力压缩试样，并在规定的温度下保持规定的时间。

3.2 在试样在合适的装置内，在规定的条件下经过特定时间的压缩变形后，取出试样，等待30分钟，测量试样的残留变形。

3.3 在测量残留变形后，根据Eq1和Eq2计算压缩永久变形。

ASTM D395-2003压缩永久变形中文版

在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

此项标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立合适的安全健康规范以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件2.1 ASTM标准2：D1349 橡胶规范---测试的标准温度D 3182 混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序的标准实施规程D 3183 橡胶实施规范---从橡胶制品中制备试验目的用试片D 3767 橡胶的标准规程----尺寸测量D 4483 评定橡胶和炭黑制造工业试验方法标准的精度的实施规程E 145 重力对流式和强制通风式烘炉的规范---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会的工作范围，是其下属D11.10物理测试子委员会的直接责任。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

上一个版本在2003年批准，编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准，访问ASTM网站，或联系ASTM客户服务****************. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》的内容信息，浏览ASTM网站的标准索引页。

硅胶压缩永久变形测试标准SOP

硅胶压缩永久变形测试标准SOP在硅胶压缩永久变形率测定方面，经常采用的标准试验方法主要有4种：国际标准ISO 815-1：2008、美国材料与试验协会标准ASTM D395-03、日本工业标准JIS K6262：2013以及中国国家标准GB/T 77591996（1）ISO 815-120080（常温或高温条件下，硫化硅胶或热塑性硅胶压缩永久变形测定）：ISO 815于1972年由国际化标准组织制定（ISO 815：19722），于1991年进行了修订，将ISO 815：1972规定的室温和高温下，压缩永久变形试验与ISO 1653：1975规定的低温下压缩永久变形试验进行统一合并，把压缩永久变形试验，从低温到高温归纳成一个标准ISO 815：进行了再次修订，此次修订将常温和高温条件下压缩永久变形与低温条件下压缩永久变形再次分开，形成了2个标准，即ISO 815-1和ISO815-2（2）ASTM D395-03（硅胶性能的标准试验方法一压缩永久变形）：ASTM D395标准制定于1998年，分别于2001年、2002年和2003年进行了修订，现行有效版本为ASTM D395-03.ASTM D395-03规定了A和B共2种试验方法，方法A为空气中恒定压力条件下的压缩永久变形率测定方法，方法B为空气中恒定压缩比条件下压缩永久变形率测定方法"，鉴于国内很少选用A方法，所以本文的内容仅涉及方法（3）JIS K6262：2013（硫化硅胶、热塑性硅胶常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定）：JS K6262源于JIS K6301（硫化硅胶物理性能试验方法，包括拉伸性能、硬度、撕裂性能和压缩永久变形率等共18种性能测试方法）0，日本工业标准调查会于1993年将JIS K6301中压缩永久变形测试方法独立出来，并等效采用了ISO 815：1972，同时，添加了拉伸永久变形测定的内容（等效采用ISO 2285：1988）形成了JIS K62621993。

ASTMD395-2003压缩永久变形中文版

ASTMD395-2003压缩永久变形中文版编号：D 395-03橡胶性能的标准试验方法----------压缩永久变形1此项标准在固定编号B 117下发布，紧随编号的数字表示标准采纳的年度，如果是修正，数字表示最后一次修正的年度。

在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

此项标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立合适的安全健康规范以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件ASTM标准2：D1349 橡胶规范---测试的标准温度D 3182D 3183D 3767D 4483E 145---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会的工作范围，是其下属物理测试子委员会的直接责任。

目前的版本在批准，出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

上一个版本在2003年批准，编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准，访问ASTM网站，. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》的内容信息，浏览ASTM网站的标准索引页。

3 测试方法概要用挠力或规定的力压缩试样，并在规定的温度下保持规定的时间。

在试样在合适的装置内，在规定的条件下经过特定时间的压缩变形后，取出试样，等待30分钟，测量试样的残留变形。

在测量残留变形后，根据Eq1和Eq2计算压缩永久变形。

ASTM_D395_2003压缩永久变形中文版

在括号的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

此项标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立合适的安全健康规以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件2.1 ASTM标准2：D1349 橡胶规---测试的标准温度D 3182 混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序的标准实施规程D 3183 橡胶实施规---从橡胶制品中制备试验目的用试片D 3767 橡胶的标准规程----尺寸测量D 4483 评定橡胶和炭黑制造工业试验方法标准的精度的实施规程E 145 重力对流式和强制通风式烘炉的规---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会的工作围，是其下属D11.10物理测试子委员会的直接责任。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

上一个版本在2003年批准，编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准，访问，或联系ASTM客户服务. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》的容信息，浏览ASTM的标准索引页。

【免费下载】ASTM D395 压缩永久变形中文版

7.5 偏差---在测试方法统计术语里。

偏差是指测试平均值与参考或实际性能值的差异。

因为所测性能的值完全由此测试方法定义，所以不存在参考值。

应此，偏差不能被测定。

测试方法A---------空气中恒定力下的压力永久变形8 装置8.1 千分测试盘-------根据规范D3767,方法A1的用于测量试样厚度的千分测试盘8.2 压力装置由施力弹簧，两个平行的压力片组成。

压力装置由框架或螺纹螺栓固定。

压力装置的装配方法应使其可移动，并在施力后能够保持压力片的平行。

施加的力应符合8.2.1或8.2.2的规定。

8.2已校施力弹簧------应使用螺丝钉装置向已校弹簧施力。

弹簧应由经合适热处理的弹簧钢制成，弹簧应磨平，磨平面与弹簧长轴垂直。

图1 是一个合适的压力装置。

弹簧应符合以下要求：8.2.1.1 弹簧应在室温23 ±5℃（73.4±9℉）下校正。

连续施以递增的力[递增幅度不超过250N（50lbf）]，测量相应的变形长度，取精度为0.2mm（0.01in.）。

在1.8kN(400lbf)的力下，力与变形距离的曲线的斜率应为70±3.5kN/m(400±20lbf/in.) 斜率用相应的变形长度除以1.8kN上下的两个力获得。

8.2.1.2 在弹簧被装入压力装置，在1.8kN(400lbf)的力下被压缩，在温度为70±2℃（158±3.6℉）的热空气炉中加热一周后，由于疲劳造成弹簧原始尺寸的变化不应超过3mm（0.01in.）。

在常规的使用中，在一年的时长内，每周对尺寸的检查得出的尺寸变化不应超过上述值。

8.2.1.3 压紧弹簧(压至各线圈接触)所需的最小力应为2.4kN(530lbf).图1 压力永久变形测试方法A使用的带有已校弹簧压力装置8.2.2 外部力的施加------在试样装入装置后，应向压力片和弹簧施加必要的外部力。

可以使用已校的压力器械或已知重量的重物。

D 395 压缩变形

名稱：D 395-01橡膠屬性的標准測試方法—壓縮永久變形1.范圍1.1 此測試方法覆蓋用於液壓或氣壓橡膠的測試。

它們特別適用於用於機器配件、震動調節閥的橡膠和密封件。

兩個測試方法包括如下：測試方法節A-在空氣中持续壓力下的永久壓縮變形 7-10B-在空氣中持续彎曲的永久壓縮變形 11-141.2 測試方法是可選擇的，但是要考慮到測試結果服務的本性。

除非規格細節中聲明，一般應使用方法B.1.3 測試方法B不適用於硫化硬度超過90度的。

1.4 標有SI的值被認為是標准值。

1.5此標准目的不是用來處理所有安全事宜，如果有，與其用途相關。

使用此標准的使用者有責任在使用之前，建立適當安全和健康的操作並決定適用的管理限制。

2.參考書籍2.1 ASTM標准：D 1349 橡膠常規--標准溫度測試D 3182橡膠常規—原料、設備、標准混煉膠混煉和准備標准硫化薄片的程序D 3183橡膠常規—准備從產品用於測試目的的片D 3767橡膠常規—尺寸的測試D 4483橡膠及黑碳工業測試方法標准的決定精度常規E 145 比重-傳達和強力-通風烤箱規格3.測試方法總結3.1 一測試標本在規定的溫度下，被彎曲或規定的壓力下壓縮，並保持此情況在規定的時間。

3.2 剩下變形的標本，從合適的壓縮裝置下移開，30分鐘後再測量。

3.3 測量變形的標本後，壓縮永久變形，如正確的測試方法中所定義，按Eq1和Eq2來計算。

4. 重要性和使用4.1壓縮永久變形測試目的是測量橡膠在長時間的壓力下，其保持彈性的屬性。

實際的壓力裝置可能包括使其彎曲的保持物、連續使用的既知壓力器、或使其快速重復變形和恢復的間歇壓縮裝置。

雖然後者有力量的壓力，像其它，產生壓縮永久變形，導致如一個整體更接近類似於壓縮彎曲或磁滯現象測試。

但是，壓縮永久變形測試主要用於服務情況包括靜態承受壓力。

測試經常在提高的溫度中進行。

5.測試標本5.1 從每個樣板中取得的標本應測試兩次(選擇1)或三次(選擇2)。

弹性体压缩永久形变

弹性体的压缩永久变形TPE的压缩永久变形压缩永久变形值是材料在一定温度下被压缩至一定形状，并维持一定时间后而发生永久性变形的量。

通常采用的ASTM测试方法(ASTM D395)要求使材料变形（压缩）达25%并保持一定的时间。

任其复原30分钟后再测量此样品。

23 °C（室温）22小时，70小时，168小时（1星期），1000小时（42天）。

70 °C22小时，70小时，168小时（1星期），1000小时（42天）。

121 °C22小时，70小时，168小时（1星期），1000小时（42天）。

.150 °C22小时，70小时，168小时（1星期），1000小时（42天）。

所得的测试值是材料样品未能恢复到它原有高度的百分比。

例如，40%压缩永久变形表示，此热塑性弹性体只恢复了被压缩厚度的60%。

100%压缩永久变形则表示此热塑性弹性体无丝毫恢复，也就是说，它保持了被压缩的状态。

往往压缩永久变形易与蠕变相混淆。

然而，压缩永久变形是在某一恒定的应变条件下所发生变形的量，而蠕变则是在某一恒定应力条件下所发生变形的量。

变形是橡胶制品的重要性能指标之一。

硫化橡胶压缩永久变形的大小，涉及到硫化橡胶的弹性与恢复。

有些人往往简单地认为橡胶的弹性好，其恢复就快，永久变形就小。

这种理解是不够的，弹性与恢复是相互关联的两种性质。

但有时候，橡胶的本质没有发生根本的变化，永久变形的大小主要是受橡胶恢复能力的变化所支配。

影响恢复能力的因素有分子之问的作用力(粘性)、网络结构的变化或破坏、分子问的位移等。

当橡胶的变形是由于分子链的伸张引起的，它的恢复(或永久变形的大小)主要由橡胶的弹性所决定：如果橡胶的变形还伴有网络的破坏和分子链的相对流动，这部分可以说是不可恢复的，它是与弹性无关的。

所以，凡是影响橡胶弹性与恢复的因素，都是影响硫化橡胶压缩永久变形的因素。

有几个概念，如弹性、打击弹性(回弹性)、弹性与模量、压缩永久变形、扯断永久变形等，它们之间的关系，不易表述清楚，现将个人的理解提出与大家讨论。

压缩永久变形试验标准分析解读

作者简介：尤黎明（1993-），男，从事胶筒模具设计与胶筒制造工艺方面工作。

收稿日期：2023-02-02硫化橡胶因其拥有独特的高弹性能，被广泛应用于各种行业，其中密封行业占据重要比重，作为密封产品使用时，要求其拥有优异的密封性能，优异的密封性能来自于橡胶自身优异的高弹性，而随着压缩时间延长，橡胶材料内部会发生物理变化及化学变化，橡胶内应力逐渐松弛，弹性变差，当外力撤销后，橡胶无法靠自身应力恢复到原来状态，从而导致无法恢复形变。

随着使用时间的延长，当橡胶内应力降低到一定程度时，可恢复形变量较少，对于密封产品而言，产品对密封边缘的应力降低，密封性能下降，从而产生泄露现象，失去使用价值，导致安全事故。

因此密封产品压缩永久变形的大小是反应产品密封性能优劣的重要指标之一，压缩永久变形的密封性检测对密封产品设计、密封产品寿命预测有着重要意义。

橡胶密封产品压缩永久变形测试结果与众多因素有关，产品配方设计、加工工艺、测试温度、测试时间、试样尺寸等因素对压缩永久变形影响较为明显。

压缩永久变形是橡胶密封制品最为关注的性能之一，不同试验标准测得压缩永久变形试验结果有所不同，下面将对4个常用压缩永久变形标准进行对比与总结。

1　压缩永久变形常用标准简介（1）IS0 815-1:2019(常温或高温条件下,硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶压缩永久变形测定):于2008年进行第三次修订，此次修订将压缩永久变形常温和高温试验方法分开，形成了ISO 815-1和ISO815-2两个标准。

本次解读最新修订版本IS0 815-1:2019，与上一版相比，主要变化如下：在第2条中更新了规范参压缩永久变形试验标准分析解读尤黎明，程文佳，刘明泰，靳浩楠，李权(中海油田服务股份有限公司油田生产事业部，天津 300450)摘要：为对橡胶密封产品压缩永久变性能进行研究，找到合适实验标准，对O 型密封圈进行压缩永久变形试验，对比分析了4种常用的压缩永久变形标准(IS0 815-1:2019，ASTM D395-2018，GB/T 7759.1-2015，GB/T 1683-2018)，从实验方法、试样尺寸、试验步骤等角度进行分析，为选取合适的试验标准提供参考。

橡胶压缩永久变形率

橡胶压缩永久变形率
1、橡胶压缩永久变形率的定义
橡胶压缩永久变形率是指在一定温度和压力下，橡胶在压缩过程中所产生的永久变形。

这一指标通常用于评估橡胶材料的弹性和弹性恢复能力。

2、橡胶压缩永久变形率的测试方法
橡胶压缩永久变形率的测试通常采用ASTM D395标准方法进行。

方法是在一定的温度和压力下，将一个橡胶样品压缩一定程度，然后将样品恢复原状，多次重复测试，得出橡胶材料的压缩永久变形率。

3、橡胶压缩永久变形率的影响因素
橡胶压缩永久变形率的影响因素较多，其中包括温度、压力、时间、样品尺寸和形状等。

在一定的温度和压力下，压缩时间越长，橡胶永久变形率越大。

同时，橡胶材料的尺寸和形状也会影响永久变形率的结果。

4、橡胶压缩永久变形率的应用
橡胶压缩永久变形率的应用十分广泛，特别是在工程领域中。

例如，橡胶垫片经过多次压缩后，可能会发生永久变形，导致失去原有的密封效果。

因此，压缩永久变形率的测试可以帮助评估橡胶垫片的性能。

此外，该指标还可以用于评估橡胶材料在高温、高压条件下的可靠性和耐久性。

5、总结
橡胶压缩永久变形率是评估橡胶材料性能的重要参数之一。

在测试和应用过程中，需要考虑多种因素对永久变形率的影响，并根据具体情况进行选择和优化。

通过对橡胶压缩永久变形率的研究和应用，可以提高橡胶材料的性能和可靠性，为各个行业的发展提供支持。

橡胶压缩永久变形测试标准

橡胶压缩永久变形测试标准橡胶压缩永久变形测试是评估橡胶材料压缩性能的一种常见试验方法。

本文将介绍橡胶压缩永久变形测试的相关参考内容和标准，帮助读者了解该测试方法的基本原理和操作规范。

一、ASTM D395-03标准ASTM D395-03是美国材料和试验协会（ASTM）发布的一项标准，名为"Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set"，中文译为《橡胶性能试验方法—压缩永久变形》。

该标准规定了橡胶材料在一定压缩载荷下的压缩永久变形测试方法。

ASTM D395-03标准主要包括以下内容：1. 试样的准备：包括试样的尺寸、形状和制备方法；2. 试验设备和仪器：包括压缩试验机、压缩板和计算压缩变形的测量仪器；3. 试验过程：包括试样的压缩速率、保持时间和温度条件等；4. 数据处理和结果计算：包括压缩永久变形的计算方法和结果的统计分析。

二、ISO 815:2008标准ISO 815:2008是国际标准化组织（ISO）发布的一项标准，名为"Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic -- Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperatures"，中文译为《硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶——在常温、高温或低温下测定压缩永久变形》。

该标准主要用于测定硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶在不同温度条件下的压缩永久变形性能。

ISO 815:2008标准包括以下内容：1. 试样的准备：包括试样的尺寸和形状；2. 试验设备和仪器：包括压缩试验机、压缩板和计算压缩变形的测量仪器；3. 试验过程：包括试样的压缩速率、保持时间和温度条件等；4. 数据处理和结果计算：包括压缩永久变形的计算方法和结果的报告要求。

三、GB/T 7759-2009标准GB/T 7759-2009是中国国家标准，名为"硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶常温、高温和低温压缩永久变形试验方法"。

橡胶压缩永久变形标准

橡胶压缩永久变形标准摘要：1.橡胶压缩永久变形率的定义2.常用橡胶压缩永久变形率测定标准简介3.试样尺寸、试验步骤和试验数据处理对测试结果的影响4.GB/T 7759-1996 标准在某些条款规定方面的不当之处及原因分析5.结论与展望正文：橡胶压缩永久变形率是指橡胶材料在受到一定的压缩力后，其形状发生的永久性变化。

这一指标是衡量橡胶材料性能的重要参数，对于研究橡胶材料的压缩性能和设计橡胶制品具有重要意义。

在实际应用中，橡胶压缩永久变形率的测定通常需要参考相关标准进行。

本文将对橡胶压缩永久变形率测定常用的标准试验方法进行对比分析，并探讨试样尺寸、试验步骤和试验数据处理等对测试结果影响较大的测试因素及其对测试结果的影响规律。

一、常用橡胶压缩永久变形率测定标准简介目前，橡胶压缩永久变形率测定常用的标准试验方法有4 种，分别是：1.ISO 815-1:20082.ASTM D395-033.JIS K6262:20134.GB/T 7759-1996这些标准分别代表了国际、美国、日本和中国的橡胶压缩永久变形率测试方法。

虽然这些标准在试样尺寸、试验步骤和试验数据处理等方面存在一定的差异，但它们的核心思想和测试原理基本一致。

二、试样尺寸、试验步骤和试验数据处理对测试结果的影响试样尺寸、试验步骤和试验数据处理是影响橡胶压缩永久变形率测试结果的主要因素。

试样尺寸的大小直接影响到测试结果的可靠性和准确性。

不同的标准对试样尺寸的规定也不尽相同，因此在进行测试时需要严格按照相应标准的要求进行。

试验步骤是影响测试结果的另一个重要因素。

在试验过程中，需要保证橡胶试样在恒定的温度和压力下进行测试，以确保测试结果的准确性。

此外，试验过程中需要遵循标准的操作步骤，以避免因操作不当导致的测试结果偏差。

试验数据处理是对测试结果进行分析和解释的关键环节。

在数据处理过程中，需要对测试数据进行合理的修约和处理，以确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性。

ASTM D395-03(R2008)

Designation:D395–03(Reapproved2008)Standard Test Methods forRubber Property—Compression Set1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D395;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover the testing of rubber intended for use in applications in which the rubber will be subjected to compressive stresses in air or liquid media.They are applicable particularly to the rubber used in machinery mountings,vibra-tion dampers,and seals.Two test methods are covered as follows:Test Method Section A—Compression Set Under Constant Force in Air7–10B—Compression Set Under Constant Deﬂection in Air11–14 1.2The choice of test method is optional,but consideration should be given to the nature of the service for which correlation of test results may be sought.Unless otherwise stated in a detailed speciﬁcation,Test Method B shall be used.1.3Test Method B is not suitable for vulcanizates harder than90IRHD.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for TestingD3182Practice for Rubber—Materials,Equipment,and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Product Pieces for Test Purposes from ProductsD3767Practice for Rubber—Measurement of Dimensions D4483Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing IndustriesE145Speciﬁcation for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3.Summary of Test Methods3.1A test specimen is compressed to either a deﬂection or by a speciﬁed force and maintained under this condition for a speciﬁed time and at a speciﬁed temperature.3.2The residual deformation of a test specimen is measured 30min after removal from a suitable compression device in which the specimen had been subjected for a deﬁnite time to compressive deformation under speciﬁed conditions.3.3After the measurement of the residual deformation,the compression set,as speciﬁed in the appropriate test method,is calculated according to Eq1and Eq2.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1Compression set tests are intended to measure the ability of rubber compounds to retain elastic properties after pro-longed action of compressive stresses.The actual stressing service may involve the maintenance of a deﬁnite deﬂection, the constant application of a known force,or the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting from intermittent compressive forces.Though the latter dynamic stressing,like the others,produces compression set,its effects as a whole are simulated more closely by compressionﬂexing or hysteresis tests.Therefore,compression set tests are considered to be mainly applicable to service conditions involving static stresses.Tests are frequently conducted at elevated tempera-tures.5.Test Specimens5.1Specimens from each sample may be tested in duplicate (Option1)or triplicate(Option2).The compression set of the sample in Option1shall be the average of the two specimens expressed as a percentage.The compression set of the sample in Option2shall be the median(middle most value)of the three specimens expressed as a percentage.5.2The standard test specimen shall be a cylindrical disk cut from a laboratory prepared slab.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on PhysicalTesting.Current edition approved May1,2008.Published June2008.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2003as D395–03.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.5.2.1The dimensions of the standard specimens shall be: Type1A2BThickness,mm(in.)12.560.5(0.4960.02)6.060.2 (0.2460.01)Diameter,mm(in.)29.060.5(1.1460.02)13.060.2 (0.5160.01)A Type1specimen is used in Test Methods A and B.B Type2specimen is used in Test Method B.5.2.2When cutting the standard specimen,the circular die having the required inside dimensions speciﬁed in5.2.1shall be rotated in a drill press or similar device and lubricated by means of a soap solution.A minimum distance of13mm(0.51in.)shall be maintained between the cutting edge of the die and the edge of the slab.The cutting pressure shall be as light as possible to minimize cupping of the cut edges.The dies shall be maintained carefully so that the cutting edges are sharp and free of nicks.5.3An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the direct molding of a circular disk having the dimensions required for the test method used and speciﬁed in 5.2.1.N OTE1—It should be recognized that an equal time and temperature,if used for both the slab and molded specimen,will not produce an equivalent state of cure in the two types of specimen.A higher degree of cure will be obtained in the molded specimen.Adjustments,preferably in the time of cure,must be taken into consideration if comparisons between the specimens prepared by different methods are to be considered valid. N OTE2—It is suggested,for the purpose of uniformity and closer tolerances in the molded specimen,that the dimensions of the mold be speciﬁed and shrinkage compensated for therein.A two-plate mold with a cavity13.060.1mm(0.51060.004in.)in thickness and29.2060.05 mm(1.14860.002in.)in diameter,with overﬂow grooves,will provide Type1specimens for Test Method A and Test Method B.A similar mold but having a cavity of6.360.3mm(0.2560.012in.)in thickness and 13.260.1mm(0.5260.004in.)in diameter will provide Type2 specimens for Test Method B.5.4When the standard test specimen is to be replaced by a specimen taken from a vulcanized rubber part of greater thickness than the one indicated in5.2.1,the sample thickness shall be reducedﬁrst by cutting transversely with a sharp knife and then followed by buffing to the required thickness in accordance with Practice D3183.5.5An alternative method of preparing specimens is by plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared in accordance with Practice D3182using the specimen sizes speciﬁed in5.2.1and cutting as described in5.2.2,or where a drill press is not available cutting the specimens with a single stroke from a cutting die.5.5.1The disks shall be plied,without cementing,to the thickness required.Such plies shall be smooth,ﬂat,of uniform thickness,and shall not exceed seven in number for Type1 specimens and four in number for Type2specimens.5.5.2Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the testﬁxture by keeping the circular faces parallel and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.5.5.3The results obtained on plied specimens may be different from those obtained using solid specimens and the results may be variable,particularly if air is trapped between disks.5.5.4The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one of the methods may be compared only to those prepared by the same method.5.6For routine or product speciﬁcation testing,it is some-times more convenient to prepare specimens of a different size or shape,or both.When such specimens are used,the results should be compared only with those obtained from specimens of similar size and shape and not with those obtained with standard specimen.For such cases,the product speciﬁcation should deﬁne the specimen as to the size and shape.If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product,the test method and allowable limits must be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser.6.Conditioning6.1Store all vulcanized test specimens or product samples to be tested at least24h but not more than60days.When the date of vulcanization is not known,make tests within60days after delivery by the producer of the article represented by the specimen.6.2Allow buffed specimens to rest at least30min before specimens are cut for testing.6.3Condition all specimens before testing for a minimum of 3h at2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compression set properties are affected by atmospheric moisture shall be conditioned for a minimum of24h in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.7.Precision and Bias37.1These precision statements have been prepared in ac-cordance with Practice D4483.Please refer to Practice D4483 for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts.7.2Prepared test specimens of two rubbers for Test MethodsA andB were supplied toﬁve laboratories.These were tested in duplicate each day on two separate testing days.A test result, therefore,is the average of two test specimens,for both Test Methods A and B.7.3One laboratory did not run the Test Method A testing; therefore,the precision for Test Method A is derived from four laboratories.7.4The Type1precision results are given in Table1and Table2.3Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11–1138.TABLE1Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod AMaterialMeanLevelWithin Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r(r)S R R(R)1 1.73(%)0.0500.1428.20.1900.5431.1 226.10.898 2.549.7 2.37 6.7125.7A Sr=within laboratory standard deviation.r=repeatability(in measurement units).(r)=repeatability(in percent).S R=between laboratory standard deviation. R=reproducibility(in measurement units). (R)=reproducibility(in percent).7.5Bias —In test method statistical terminology,bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference or true test property value.Reference values do not exist for these test methods since the value or level of the test property is exclusively deﬁned by the test method.Bias,therefore,cannot be determined.TEST METHOD A—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT FORCE IN AIR 8.Apparatus8.1Dial Micrometer —A dial micrometer,for measuring specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice 3767,Method A 1.8.2Compression Device ,consisting of a force application spring and two parallel compression plates assembled by means of a frame or threaded bolt in such a manner that the device shall be portable and self-contained after the force has been applied and that the parallelism of the plates shall be maintained.The force may be applied in accordance with either 8.2.1or 8.2.2.8.2.1Calibrated Spring Force Application —The required force shall be applied by a screw mechanism for compressing a calibrated spring the proper amount.The spring shall be of properly heat-treated spring steel with ends ground and per-pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spring.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig.1.The spring shall conform to the following requirements:8.2.1.1The spring shall be calibrated at room temperature 2365°C (73.469°F)by applying successive increments of force not exceeding 250N (50lbf)and measuring the corresponding deﬂection to the nearest 0.2mm (0.01in.).The curve obtained by plotting the forces against the corresponding deﬂections shall have a slope of 7063.5kN/m (400620lbf/in.)at 1.8kN (400lbf).The slope is obtained by dividing the two forces above and below 1.8kN by the difference between the corresponding deﬂections.8.2.1.2The original dimensions of the spring shall not change due to fatigue by more than 0.3mm (0.01in.)after it has been mounted in the compression device,compressed under a force of 1.8kN (400lbf),and heated in the oven for one week at 70°C 62°C (15863.6°F).In ordinary use,a weekly check of the dimensions shall show no greater change than this over a period of 1year.8.2.1.3The minimum force required to close the spring (solid)shall be 2.4kN (530lbf).8.2.2External Force Application —The required force shall be applied to the compression plates and spring by external means after the test specimen is mounted in the apparatus.Either a calibrated compression machine or known masses may be used for force application.Provision shall be made by the use of bolts and nuts or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring from losing their initial deﬂections when the external force is removed.The spring shall have essentially the same characteristics as described in 8.2.1,but calibration is not required.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig.2.8.3Plates —The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.8.3.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium plated ﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.8.3.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished.8.3.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect the ﬁnal ﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in 8.3.2.N OTE 3—The speciﬁcations regarding the surface roughness (smooth-ness)of the contact surfaces of the plates is to be considered only at the time of manufacture or refurbishing as it is not a property that is easily determined in the course of routine use.The suitability for the use of the device is to be determined by the user.8.4Oven ,conforming to the speciﬁcation for a Type IIB laboratory oven given in Speciﬁcation E 145.TABLE 2Type 1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod BMaterial Mean Level Within Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r (r )S R R (R )113.7(%)0.591 1.6712.2 1.54 4.3631.8252.80.567 1.60 3.0 5.9216.831.7AS r =within laboratory standard deviation.r =repeatability (in measurement units).(r)=repeatability (in percent).S R =between laboratory standard deviation.R =reproducibility (in measurement units).(R)=reproducibility (inpercent).FIG.1Device for Compression Set Test,Using Calibrated SpringLoading,Test MethodA8.4.1Type IIB ovens speciﬁed in Speciﬁcation E 145are satisfactory for use through 70°C.For higher Temperatures Type II A ovens are necessary.8.4.2The interior size shall be as follows or of an equivalent volume:Interior size of air oven:min.300bt 300mm by 300mm (12by 12by 12in.)max.900by 900by 1200mm (36by 36by 48in.)8.4.3Provision shall be made for placing test specimens in the oven without touching each other or the sides of the aging chamber.8.4.4The heating medium for the aging chamber shall be air circulated within it at atmospheric pressure.8.4.5The source of heat is optional but shall be located in the air supply outside of the aging chamber.8.4.6A suitable temperature measurement device located in the upper central portion of the chamber near the test speci-mens shall be provided to record the actual aging temperature.8.4.7Automatic temperature control by means of thermo-static regulation shall be used.8.4.8The following special precautions shall be taken in order that accurate,uniform heating is obtained in all parts of the aging chamber.8.4.8.1The heated air shall be thoroughly circulated in the oven by means of mechanical agitation.When a motor driven fan is used,the air must not come in contact with the fan motor brush discharge because of danger of ozone formation.8.4.8.2Baffles shall be used as required to prevent local overheating and dead spots.8.4.8.3The thermostatic control device shall be so located as to give accurate temperature control of the heating medium.The preferred location is adjacent to the temperature measuring device listed in section 8.4.6.8.4.8.4An actual check shall be made by means of maxi-mum reading thermometers placed in various parts of the oven to verify the uniformity of the heating.9.Procedure9.1Original Thickness Measurement —Measure the original thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.02mm (0.001in.).Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.9.2Application of Compressive Force —Assemble the specimens in the compression device,using extreme care to place them exactly in the center between the plates to avoid tilting.If the calibrated spring device (see Fig.1)is used,apply the compressive force by tightening the screw until the deﬂection as read from the scale is equivalent to that shown on the calibration curve for the spring corresponding to a force of 1.8kN (400lbf).With the external loading device (see Fig.2),apply this force to the assembly in the compression machine or by adding required masses,but in the latter case,take care to add the mass gradually without shock.Tighten the nuts and bolts just sufficiently to hold the initial deﬂections of the specimen and spring.It is imperative that no additional force be applied in tightening the bolts.9.3Test Time and Test Temperature —Choose a suitable temperature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and heating periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D 1349.Suggested test periods are 22h and 70h.The specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within 2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the specimens immedi-ately and allow it to cool.9.4Cooling Period —While cooling,allow the specimens to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of the ﬁnal thickness.Conduct the cooling period at a standard laboratory tempera-ture of 2362°C (73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compres-sion set property is affected by atmospheric moisture shall be cooled in an atmosphere controlled to 5065%relative humidity.9.5Final Thickness Measurement —After the rest period,measure the ﬁnal thickness at the center of the specimen in accordance with 9.1.10.Calculation10.1Calculate the compression set as a percentage of the original thickness as follows:C A 5[~t o 2t i !/t o #3100(1)FIG.2Device for Compression Set Test,Using External Loading,Test MethodAwhere:C A =Compression set (Test Method A)as a percentage ofthe original thickness,t o =original thickness (see 9.1),andt i=ﬁnal thickness (see 9.5).11.Report11.1Report the following information:11.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen,including the original thickness,t o ,11.1.2Actual compressive force on the specimen as deter-mined from the calibration curve of the spring and spring deﬂection reading (see 8.2.1)or as applied by an external force (see 8.2.2),11.1.3Thickness of the test specimen 30min after removal from the clamp,t i ,11.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,11.1.5Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original thickness,11.1.6Test method used (Test Method A),and 11.1.7Number of specimens tested.TEST METHOD B—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT DEFLECTION IN AIR 12.Apparatus12.1Dial Micrometer —A dial micrometer,for measuring the specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice D 3767,Method A 1.N OTE 4—For vulcanizates having a hardness below 35IRHD,the force on the presser foot should be reduced to 0.260.05N (0.0460.01lbf).12.2Spacer Bars ,to maintain the constant deﬂection re-quired under Test Method B.12.2.1Spacer bars for Type 1samples shall have a thickness of 9.560.02mm (0.37560.001in.).12.2.2Spacer bars for Type 2samples shall have a thickness of 4.5060.01mm (0.177060.0005in.).12.3Compression Device ,consisting of two or more ﬂat steel plates between the parallel faces of which the specimens may be compressed as shown in Fig.3.Steel spacers for the required percentage of compression given in 13.2shall be placed on each side of the rubber specimens to control their thickness while compressed.the steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished (see Note 3).12.4Oven ,see 8.4.12.5Plates —The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.12.5.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium-plated ﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.12.5.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished.12.5.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect the ﬁnal ﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in 12.5.2.13.Procedure13.1Original Thickness Measurement —Measure the origi-nal thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.02mm (0.001in.).Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.13.2Application of Compressive Force —Place the test specimen between the plates of the compression device with the spacers on each side,allowing sufficient clearance for the bulging of the rubber when compressed (see Fig.3).Where a lubricant is applied,it shall consist of a thin coating of a lubricant having substantially no action on the rubber.For most purposes,a silicon or ﬂuorosilicon ﬂuid is suitable.Tighten the bolts so that the plates are drawn together uniformly until they are in contact with the spacers.The amount of compression employed shall be approximately 25%.A suitable mechanical or hydraulic device may be used to facilitate assembling and disassembling the test ﬁxture.13.3Test Time and Temperature —Choose a suitable tem-perature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and test periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D 1349.Suggested test periods are 22h and 70h.The test specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within 2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the test specimen immediately and allow them to cool.13.4Cooling Period —While cooling,allow the test speci-men to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of the ﬁnal thickness.Maintain the conditions during the cooling period in accordance with 9.4.13.5Final Thickness Measurement —After the rest period,measure the ﬁnal thickness at the center of the test specimen in accordance with 13.1.14.Calculation14.1Calculate the compression set expressed as a percent-age of the original deﬂection as follows:C B 5[~t o 2t i !/~t o 2t n !#3100(2)FIG.3Device for Compression Set Test Under ConstantDeﬂection,Test MethodBwhere:C B=compression set(Test Method B)expressed aspercentage of the original deﬂection,t0=original thickness of specimen(13.1),t i=ﬁnal thickness of specimen(13.5),andt n=thickness of the spacer bar used.N OTE5—Lubrication of the operating surfaces of the compression device is optional while giving more reproducible results;lubrication may somewhat alter the compression set values.15.Report15.1Report the following information:15.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen including the original thickness,t o,15.1.2Percentage compression of the specimen actually employed,15.1.3Thickness of the test specimen30min after removal from the clamp,t i,15.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,15.1.5Whether or not the surfaces of the compression device are lubricated.If they are,what type lubrication was used,15.1.6Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original deﬂection,15.1.7Test method used(Test Method B),and15.1.8Number of specimens tested.16.Keywords16.1compression set;compression set under constant de-ﬂection;compression set under constant force;deﬂection; deformation;elastic property;hysteresis;recoveryASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().主营业务范围：ASTM、NAS、NASM、MIL、ISO、EN、DIN等技术标准翻译；技术资料翻译；国外技术标准中文版代购。

ASTM D395-2003压缩永久变形中文版

在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

上一个版本在2003年批准，编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准，访问ASTM网站，或联系ASTM客户服务Service@. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》的内容信息，浏览ASTM网站的标准索引页。

硫化橡胶压缩应力应变测试 astm

硫化橡胶压缩应力应变测试 astm
硫化橡胶压缩应力应变测试的ASTM标准是D395-03（08）。

该标准规定了硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶压缩应力应变性能的测定方法。

ASTM D395适用于所有类型的硫化橡胶，包括IRHD大于90的材料。

其测试原理是通过施加恒定的力或变形，并保持在一定温度下保持一定时间，然后解除力或变形，测试样品的变形。

测试结果包括变形量、压缩永久变形、压缩应力、回弹性等。

ASTM D395还规定了三种方法：使用标准试样并且金属板经润滑剂润滑（方法A）、使用标准试样并且金属板与试样粘合在一起（方法B）、使用产品或产品的一部分并且金属板经润滑剂润滑（方法C）。

其中，方法A和方法B所得结果不相同，方法B的试验结果与橡胶的模量及试样的形状有关，而方法A的试验结果仅与橡胶的模量有关。

需要注意的是，ASTM D395仅用于测定硫化橡胶的压缩永久变形性能，不能用于测定热塑性橡胶的压缩永久变形性能。

如需测定热塑性橡胶的压缩永久变形性能，可参考ISO815-1/ GB/T 7759标准。

ASTMD中文

编号：D 395-03橡胶性能地标准实验方法----------压缩永久变形1此项标准在固定编号B 117下发布,紧随编号地数字表示标准采纳地年度,如果是修正,数字表示最后一次修正地年度.在括号内地数字表示最后一次重申批准地年度.上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来地编辑改动.此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用.1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力地橡胶.本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件,减震器,封条中使用地橡胶.本测试方法包含以下两种方法：测试方法小节A—空气中恒定力下地压力永久变形7-10B—空气中恒定挠力下地压力永久变形11-141.2测试方法可以选择,但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联地实际情况下使用地橡胶地性质.除非在具体地规范中有其他规定,应使用测试方法B.1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD地硫化橡胶.1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位地数值应被认为是标准.在括号内地数值起参照作用.1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关地所有地安全隐患.此项标准地使用者有责任在使用前建立合适地安全健康规范以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件2.1 ASTM标准2：D1349 橡胶规范---测试地标准温度D 3182混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序地标准实施规程D 3183橡胶实施规范---从橡胶制品中制备实验目地用试片D 3767橡胶地标准规程----尺寸测量D 4483评定橡胶和炭黑制造工业实验方法标准地精度地实施规程E 145重力对流式和强制通风式烘炉地规范---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会地工作范围,是其下属D11.10物理测试子委员会地直接责任.目前地版本在2008.3.1批准,2008.07出版.原始地版本在1934年批准.上一个版本在2003年批准,编号为D395-03.2如需参照ASTM 标准,访问ASTM网站,或联系ASTM客户服务Service@. 如需要《ASTM标准年鉴》地内容信息,浏览ASTM网站地标准索引页.3 测试方法概要3.1 用挠力或规定地力压缩试样,并在规定地温度下保持规定地时间.3.2 在试样在合适地装置内,在规定地条件下经过特定时间地压缩变形后,取出试样,等待30分钟,测量试样地残留变形.3.3 在测量残留变形后,根据Eq1和Eq2计算压缩永久变形.4. 意义和用途4．1 压缩永久变形测试用于测量在长时间受压后,橡胶化合物保持弹性地能力.实际情况下地压力可能包括持续地挠力,持续地已知力,时短时续地压力产生地交替变形和恢复.虽然后者也产生压力永久变形,它地效果更接近于压缩挠曲和滞后测试.因此,压力永久变形测试主要适用于静态力地使用环境.测试经常在高温下进行.5 试样5.1 可以使用来自相同样品地2个（选项1）或3个（选项2）相同地试样.选项1地压力永久变形应为两个试样地平均值,表示为百分比；选项2地压力永久变形应为三个试样地中间值,表示为百分比.5.2 标准测试试样应从实验室准备地平面上切割,形状为圆形.5.2.1 试样地尺寸为：尺寸1A2B厚度,mm（in.）12.5±0.5 6.0±0.2（0.49±0.02）（0.24±0.01）直径,mm（in.）29.0±0.5 13.0±0.2（1.14±0.02）（0.51±0.01）A 类型1试样可用于方法A,B.B 类型2仅用于方法B.5.2.2在切割标准试样时,具有5.2.1中规定地内部尺寸地圆形裁刀应在钻床上旋转,并用肥皂溶液润滑.在切割边缘与试样平面边缘之间地距离最小为13mm（0.51in.）.切割压力应越小越好,以最小化切割边地翘弯.裁刀应仔细维护,使切割边缘保持锋利并没有割口.5.3 制作标准试样地另一个方法是直接模制具有测试方法要求地和5.2.1规定地尺寸地圆形试样.注1---应注意如果样品平面和模制试样如在相同地温度下进行相同时长地烘培固化,两者地状态不会完全相同.模制地试样地固化程度会更高.如果要使按不同测试方法得出地测试结果具有可比性,一定要调整烘培时间.注2----为了达到模制试样地一致性和较小地公差,应规定模具地尺寸,弥补模具地收缩.带有溢流槽,腔厚度为13.0±0.1mm （0.510±0.004in.）,腔直径为29.20±0.05mm（1.148±0.002in.）地双片模可以为方法A,B提供类型1试样.腔厚度为 6.3±0.3mm （0.25±0.012in.）,腔直径为13.2±0.1mm（0.52±0.004in.）地相似模具可以为方法B提供类型2试样.5.4 当要用从厚度大于5.2.1中厚度地硫化橡胶制成地试样替代标准试样,应首先用锋利地刀横切样品,然后抛光以达到规范D 3183中要求地厚度.5.5准备试样地另一个方法是将从根据规范D 3182制备地样品片切割地,尺寸符合5.2.1规定,切割方法符合5.2.2规定地圆形试样叠合起来.如果在切割试样是没有钻床,用切割裁刀一次切割试样.5.5.1 圆形试样叠合时应不使用粘合剂.叠合后地厚度要达到规定厚度.叠合试样应平滑,平坦,厚度一致.对于类型1试样,叠合地圆形试样地数量不应超过7个；对于类型2试样,叠合地数量不应超过4个.5.5.2 在挪移叠合试样和将叠合试样放入测试装置时应将圆形表面保持水平并与圆柱轴垂直.5.5.3 从叠合试样得出地结果可能与单片试样地出地结果不同,并且结果可能变动,特别是在圆形层中间有空气地情况下.表1 压力永久变形测试---测试方法A地类型1精度结果,%材料平均值单个实验室A多个实验室ASr r (r) S R R (R)1 1.73(%) 0.050 0.142 8.2 0.190 0.54 31.12 26.1 0.898 2.54 9.7 2.37 6.71 25.7A Sr=单个实验室标准差r=重复性（测量单位）（r）=重复性（百分比）S R=多个实验室标准差R=再现性（测量单位）（R）=再现性（百分比）5.5.4只有用相同方法准备地试样地结果才可以相互比较.5.6 对于常规测试或产品规格测试,有些情况下准备不同大小或形状地试样会更加方便.当使用这些试样时,仅可以比较相似形状或大小地试样地测试结果,而不能与标准试样地结果比较.在这些情况下,产品规格应标明大小和形状.如果不能从产品取得试样,测试方法和允许限度应有买卖双方共同决定.6 处理6.1 在长于24小时,短于60天地时间内储存所有硫化橡胶试样或产品样品.当硫化日期未知时,在收到货物60天内测试代表货物地试样.6.2 在切割试样前让抛光地试样休息至少30分钟.6.3 在测试前将试样放置在温度为23±2℃（73.4±3.6℉）地环境中至少3小时.压力永久变形性能受大气湿度影响地试样应在相对湿度控制在50±5%地大气环境下放置至少24小时.7 精度和偏差37.1此精度和偏差小节根据规范D 4483编制.有关术语和数据计算请参照规范D 4483.------------------3 支持数据已在ASTM国际总部存档,可以通过索要研究报告RR:D11-1138获得.7.2 用于方法A,B地两种橡胶制成地试样被供应给5个实验室.相同试样地数量为2,测试在两个测试日进行.对于方法A,B,测试结果都是两个试样地平均值.7.3 一个实验室没有进行方法A测试,所以方法A地精度数据是从4个实验室取得地.7.4 表1,2给出了类型1精度结果.表2 压力永久变形测试---测试方法B地类型1精度结果,%材料平均值单个实验室A多个实验室ASr r (r) S R R (R)1 13.7(%) 0.591 1.67 12.2 1.54 4.36 31.82 52.8 0.567 1.60 3.0 5.92 16.8 31.7A Sr=单个实验室标准差r=重复性（测量单位）（r）=重复性（百分比）S R=多个实验室标准差R=再现性（测量单位）（R）=再现性（百分比）7.5 偏差---在测试方法统计术语里.偏差是指测试平均值与参考或实际性能值地差异.因为所测性能地值完全由此测试方法定义,所以不存在参考值.应此,偏差不能被测定.测试方法A---------空气中恒定力下地压力永久变形8 装置8.1 千分测试盘-------根据规范D3767,方法A1地用于测量试样厚度地千分测试盘8.2 压力装置由施力弹簧,两个平行地压力片组成.压力装置由框架或螺纹螺栓固定.压力装置地装配方法应使其可移动,并在施力后能够保持压力片地平行.施加地力应符合8.2.1或8.2.2地规定.8.2已校施力弹簧------应使用螺丝钉装置向已校弹簧施力.弹簧应由经合适热处理地弹簧钢制成,弹簧应磨平,磨平面与弹簧长轴垂直.图1 是一个合适地压力装置.弹簧应符合以下要求：8.2.1.1 弹簧应在室温23±5℃（73.4±9℉）下校正.连续施以递增地力[递增幅度不超过250N（50lbf）],测量相应地变形长度,取精度为0.2mm（0.01in.）.在 1.8kN(400lbf)地力下,力与变形距离地曲线地斜率应为70±3.5kN/m(400±20lbf/in.) 斜率用相应地变形长度除以1.8kN上下地两个力获得.8.2.1.2 在弹簧被装入压力装置,在1.8kN(400lbf)地力下被压缩,在温度为70±2℃（158±3.6℉）地热空气炉中加热一周后,由于疲劳造成弹簧原始尺寸地变化不应超过3mm（0.01in.）.在常规地使用中,在一年地时长内,每周对尺寸地检查得出地尺寸变化不应超过上述值.8.2.1.3 压紧弹簧(压至各线圈接触)所需地最小力应为2.4kN(530lbf).图1 压力永久变形测试方法A使用地带有已校弹簧压力装置8.2.2 外部力地施加------在试样装入装置后,应向压力片和弹簧施加必要地外部力.可以使用已校地压力器械或已知重量地重物.应使用螺栓,螺母或其他装置来防止在撤销外部力后弹簧原先地压紧也被释放.弹簧应含有与8.2.1中特征基本相同地特征,但不需校正.图2展示了一个合适地压力装置.8.3 压力片--------用于压缩试样地压力片应由足够厚度地钢制成,从而在压力下不会弯曲.8.3.1 试样接触地表面应有铬涂层,并在每次测试前彻底清洗然后擦干.8.3.2与试样接触地钢表面应先经最大为250μm(10μm)地粗糙度处理,然后镀上铬并磨光.8.3.3 铬镀层和其后地磨光不应超出8.3.2中地公差范围影响最终表面处理.注3-----有关压力片接触表面粗糙度地规格仅能在制造或翻新阶段测定,因为在常规使用中地测定非常困难.装置地合适程度由使用者决定.8.4 热空气炉应符合规范E 145中IIB型实验室热空气炉地规格.图压力永久变形测试方法A使用地外部施力压力装置8.4.1规范E 145描述地IIB型热空气炉在70℃以下可以取得满意地结果.对于更高地温度,必须使用IIA型热空气炉.8.4.2内部尺寸应如下,或具有相同体积：热空气炉地内部尺寸最小 300⨯300⨯300mm（12⨯12⨯12 in.）最大 900⨯900⨯1200mm （36⨯36⨯48 in.）8.4.3试样地摆放方式应使其不互相接触或接触老化容器壁 8.4.4老化容器地加热媒介内部空气应流动,气压为大气压.8.4.5热量来源种类是可选择地,但热源应位于老化容器外,空气供应装置中.8.4.6应使用合适地位于容器地上中部,靠近试样地测试装置来记录实际老化温度. 8.4.7应使用恒温控制装置自动控制温度.8.4.8为了使老化容器各部分达到精确均匀地温度,应采取以下特殊预防措施：8.4.8.1应通过机械搅动使热空气在热空气炉内充分流动.当使用马达驱动地风扇,空气必须不与马达地刷形放电接触,以防止臭氧生成.8.4.8.2应使用折流板防止局部过热和死角.8.4.8.3恒温控制装置应位于能够精确控制加热媒介温度地地方.最好地位置是8.4.6中地温度测试装置地附近. 8.4.8.4应使用位于热空气炉各个部分地最高读数温度计来核实加热地均匀程度.9 程序9.1 测量原始厚度------测量试样地原始厚度,取精度为0.02mm （0.001in.）.将试样放在千分刻度盘地砧铁上,使压脚测量试样中心地厚度.9.2 压力地使用-------将试样装入装置,小心地将试样放在压力片地中间以防止倾斜.如使用已校弹簧装置（见图1）,拧紧螺丝钉,直到刻度上读出地变形数据与校准曲线上对应于1.8kN(400lbf)地力弹簧变形相同.当使用外部施力装置时（见图2）,用压力机械或重物对装置施力.在使用重物时,应逐渐添加放置突然地重压.螺栓和螺母地紧固程度应刚好保持试样和弹簧一开始地变形.在拧紧螺栓时,一定不能施加其他地力.9.3 测试时间和温度---------根据可能地使用环境为压力永久变形测试选择温度和时长.在对比测试中,使用相同地温度和加热时间.建议选择规范D1349中地温度.建议地测试时长是22小时和70小时.当放入装置时,试样地温度应为室温.在组装完成后2小时内将装置放入热空气炉,在选定地测试温度下放置必要地时间.热空气炉中地空气应干燥.在测试结束后,从热空气炉取出装置,马上取出试样冷却.9.4 冷却周期--------冷却时试样应摆放在导热能力低地表面上（如木头）30分钟,然后测量最终地厚度.在标准实验室温度23±2℃（73.4±3.6℉）下进行冷却.压力永久变形性能受湿度影响地试样应在相对湿度为50±5%地空气中冷却.9.5 最终厚度测定------在休息期结束后,按照9.1在试样中心测试最终厚度.10 计算10.1 按以下公式计算表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形.[()/]100o o i A C t t t =-⨯ （1）A C =表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形（方法A ）o t =原始厚度（见9.1）i t =最终厚度（见9.5）11 报告11.1 报告以下信息：11.1.1 试样地原始尺寸,包括原始厚度o t11.1.2 试样上地实际压力,由弹簧地校正曲线和弹簧变形读数（见8.2.1）或外部力量大小决定.11.1.3 从夹紧装置取出30分钟后地厚度i t11.1.4 试样类型,测试时间和温度11.1.5表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形11.1.6 使用地测试方法（方法A）11.1.7 测试试样地数量测试方法B----空气中恒定挠力下地压力永久变形12 装置12.1千分测试盘-------根据规范D3767,方法A1地用于测量试样厚度地千分测试盘注4 对于硬度低于35IRHD地硫化橡胶,压脚上地力应被降至0.2±0.05N(0.04±0.01lbf)12.2 垫片-------用于维持方法B需要地恒定挠力.12.2.1 用于1型样品地垫片地厚度应为9.5±0.02mm（0.375±0.001in.）12.2.2用于2型样品地垫片地厚度应为4.50±0.01mm（0.1770±0.0005in.）12.3 压力装置-------如图3所示,压力装置有两个或两个以上地压力片组成,试样在压力片平行地表面间被压缩.为了达到13.2中地压缩率,应在试样两侧放置钢垫片以控制试样在压缩时地厚度.与试样接触地钢表面应先经最大为250μm(10μm)地粗糙度处理,然后镀上铬并磨光.（见注3）12.4 热空气炉,见8.4图3恒定挠力下地压力永久变形测试方法B地装置12.5压力片--------用于压缩试样地压力片应由足够厚度地钢制成,从而在压力下不会弯曲.12.5.1试样接触地表面应有铬涂层,并在每次测试前彻底清洗然后擦干.12.5.2与试样接触地钢表面应先经最大为250μm(10μm)地粗糙度处理,然后镀上铬并磨光12.5.38.3.3 铬镀层和其后地磨光不应超出8.3.2中地公差范围影响最终表面处理.13 程序13.1测量原始厚度------测量试样地原始厚度,取精度为0.02mm（0.001in.）.将试样放在千分刻度盘地砧铁上,使压脚测量试样中心地厚度.13.2压力地使用--------将试样放入压力装置地压力片间,试样两边都应有垫片,垫片与试样间应有足够地距离来容纳压缩时试样地侧向延伸（见图3）当使用润滑剂时,应仅敷一层,并且润滑剂不应对橡胶有作用.对于大多数目地,可以使用硅胶或氟素矽胶.拧紧螺栓,使压力片平均地接近试样,直到接触试样.压缩率应约为25%.可以使用合适地机械或液压设备来加速测试设备地运作.13.3测试时间和温度---------根据可能地使用环境为压力永久变形测试选择温度和时长.在对比测试中,使用相同地温度和加热时间.建议选择规范D1349中地温度.建议地测试时长是22小时和70小时.当放入装置时,试样地温度应为室温.在组装完成后2小时内将装置放入热空气炉,在选定地测试温度下放置必要地时间.热空气炉中地空气应干燥.在测试结束后,从热空气炉取出装置,马上取出试样冷却.13.4冷却周期--------冷却时试样应摆放在导热能力低地表面上（如木头）30分钟,然后测量最终地厚度.根据9.4维持冷却周期地状况.13.5最终厚度测定------在休息期结束后,按照13.1在试样中心测试最终厚度.14 计算14.1按以下公式计算表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形.[()/()]100o o n i B C t t t t =--⨯ （2）B C =表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形（方法A ）o t =原始厚度（见13.1）i t =最终厚度（见13.5） n t =使用地垫片地厚度15 报告15.1 报告以下信息：11.1.1 试样地原始尺寸,包括原始厚度o t 15.1.2试样地压缩百分比15.1.3 从夹紧装置取出30分钟后地厚度i t15.1.4 试样类型,测试时间和温度15.1.5压力装置地表面是否被润滑；如被润滑,润滑剂地类型 15.1.6表示为原始厚度百分比地压力永久变形 15.1.7 使用地测试方法（方法B ） 15.1.8 测试试样地数量16 关键词16.1 压力永久变形,恒定挠力下地压力永久变形,恒定力下地压力永久变形,挠力,变形,弹性,滞后,恢复.ASTM 国际不确认任何与在此项标准中出现地物品相关地专利权地有效性.ASTM 国际明确声明,对于此等专利权有效性地确定,以及侵犯此等权利地风险由标准使用者完全负责.此项标准在任何时候都可以被负责地技术委员会修正,每五年重申一次.如果重申时没有修正,此项标准就被再认可或取消.欢迎您对修改此项标准或新增标准地建议.此类建议应投往ASTM 国际总部.您地建议会由负责地技术委员会会议考虑,您可以参加.如果您觉得您地建议没有获得公平地对待,您应通知ASTM 标准委员会.。

ASTM D 395-03

Designation:D 395–03Standard Test Methods forRubber Property—Compression Set 1This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D 395;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover the testing of rubber intended for use in applications in which the rubber will be subjected to compressive stresses in air or liquid media.They are applicable particularly to the rubber used in machinery mountings,vibra-tion dampers,and seals.Two test methods are covered as follows:Test MethodSection A—Compression Set Under Constant Force in Air 7–10B—Compression Set Under Constant Deﬂection in Air11–141.2The choice of test method is optional,but consideration should be given to the nature of the service for which correlation of test results may be sought.Unless otherwise stated in a detailed speciﬁcation,Test Method B shall be used.1.3Test Method B is not suitable for vulcanizates harder than 90IRHD.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:D 1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for Testing 2D 3182Practice for Rubber—Materials,Equipment,and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets 2D 3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products 2D 3767Practice for Rubber—Measurement of Dimensions 2D 4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Meth-ods Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries 2E 145Speciﬁcation for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens 33.Summary of Test Methods3.1A test specimen is compressed to either a deﬂection or by a speciﬁed force and maintained under this condition for a speciﬁed time and at a speciﬁed temperature.3.2The residual deformation of a test specimen is measured 30min after removal from a suitable compression device in which the specimen had been subjected for a deﬁnite time to compressive deformation under speciﬁed conditions.3.3After the measurement of the residual deformation,the compression set,as speciﬁed in the appropriate test method,is calculated according to Eq 1and Eq 2.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1Compression set tests are intended to measure the ability of rubber compounds to retain elastic properties after pro-longed action of compressive stresses.The actual stressing service may involve the maintenance of a deﬁnite deﬂection,the constant application of a known force,or the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting from intermittent compressive forces.Though the latter dynamic stressing,like the others,produces compression set,its effects as a whole are simulated more closely by compression ﬂexing or hysteresis tests.Therefore,compression set tests are considered to be mainly applicable to service conditions involving static stresses.Tests are frequently conducted at elevated tempera-tures.5.Test Specimens5.1Specimens from each sample may be tested in duplicate (Option 1)or triplicate (Option 2).The compression set of the sample in Option 1shall be the average of the two specimens expressed as a percentage.The compression set of the sample in Option 2shall be the median (middle most value)of the three specimens expressed as a percentage.5.2The standard test specimen shall be a cylindrical disk cut from a laboratory prepared slab.5.2.1The dimensions of the standard specimens shall be:1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Aug.10,2003.Published September 2003.Originally approved in st previous edition approved in 2002as D 395–02.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 09.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 14.04.1Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Copyright ASTM InternationalProvided by IHS under license with ASTMNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---//^:^^#^~^^"^~"^"^:$^~#:"#:$@"*@^^#^*^~^$^~:^#*^^:^^*\\Type1A2BThickness,mm(in.)12.560.5(0.4960.02)6.060.2 (0.2460.01)Diameter,mm(in.)29.060.5(1.1460.02)13.060.2 (0.5160.01)A Type1specimen is used in Test Methods A and B.B Type2specimen is used in Test Method B.5.2.2When cutting the standard specimen,the circular die having the required inside dimensions speciﬁed in5.2.1shall be rotated in a drill press or similar device and lubricated by means of a soap solution.A minimum distance of13mm(0.51 in.)shall be maintained between the cutting edge of the die and the edge of the slab.The cutting pressure shall be as light as possible to minimize cupping of the cut edges.The dies shall be maintained carefully so that the cutting edges are sharp and free of nicks.5.3An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the direct molding of a circular disk having the dimensions required for the test method used and speciﬁed in 5.2.1.N OTE1—It should be recognized that an equal time and temperature,if used for both the slab and molded specimen,will not produce an equivalent state of cure in the two types of specimen.A higher degree of cure will be obtained in the molded specimen.Adjustments,preferably in the time of cure,must be taken into consideration if comparisons between the specimens prepared by different methods are to be considered valid. N OTE2—It is suggested,for the purpose of uniformity and closer tolerances in the molded specimen,that the dimensions of the mold be speciﬁed and shrinkage compensated for therein.A two-plate mold with a cavity13.060.1mm(0.51060.004in.)in thickness and29.2060.05 mm(1.14860.002in.)in diameter,with overﬂow grooves,will provide Type1specimens for Test Method A and Test Method B.A similar mold but having a cavity of6.360.3mm(0.2560.012in.)in thickness and 13.260.1mm(0.5260.004in.)in diameter will provide Type2 specimens for Test Method B.5.4When the standard test specimen is to be replaced by a specimen taken from a vulcanized rubber part of greater thickness than the one indicated in5.2.1,the sample thickness shall be reducedﬁrst by cutting transversely with a sharp knife and then followed by buffing to the required thickness in accordance with Practice D3183.5.5An alternative method of preparing specimens is by plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared in accordance with Practice D3182using the specimen sizes speciﬁed in5.2.1and cutting as described in5.2.2,or where a drill press is not available cutting the specimens with a single stroke from a cutting die.5.5.1The disks shall be plied,without cementing,to the thickness required.Such plies shall be smooth,ﬂat,of uniform thickness,and shall not exceed seven in number for Type1 specimens and four in number for Type2specimens.5.5.2Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the testﬁxture by keeping the circular faces parallel and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.5.5.3The results obtained on plied specimens may be different from those obtained using solid specimens and the results may be variable,particularly if air is trapped between disks.5.5.4The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one of the methods may be compared only to those prepared by the same method.5.6For routine or product speciﬁcation testing,it is some-times more convenient to prepare specimens of a different size or shape,or both.When such specimens are used,the results should be compared only with those obtained from specimens of similar size and shape and not with those obtained with standard specimen.For such cases,the product speciﬁcation should deﬁne the specimen as to the size and shape.If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product,the test method and allowable limits must be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser.6.Conditioning6.1Store all vulcanized test specimens or product samples to be tested at least24h but not more than60days.When the date of vulcanization is not known,make tests within60days after delivery by the producer of the article represented by the specimen.6.2Allow buffed specimens to rest at least30min before specimens are cut for testing.6.3Condition all specimens before testing for a minimum of 3h at2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compression set properties are affected by atmospheric moisture shall be conditioned for a minimum of24h in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.7.Precision and Bias47.1These precision statements have been prepared in ac-cordance with Practice D4483.Please refer to Practice D4483 for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts.7.2Prepared test specimens of two rubbers for Test MethodsA andB were supplied toﬁve laboratories.These were tested in duplicate each day on two separate testing days.A test result, therefore,is the average of two test specimens,for both Test Methods A and B.7.3One laboratory did not run the Test Method A testing; therefore,the precision for Test Method A is derived from four laboratories.7.4The Type1precision results are given in Table1and Table2.4Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11–1138.TABLE1Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod AMaterialMeanLevelWithin Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r(r)S R R(R)1 1.73(%)0.0500.1428.20.1900.5431.1 226.10.898 2.549.7 2.37 6.7125.7A Sr=within laboratory standard deviation.r=repeatability(in measurement units).(r)=repeatability(in percent).S R=between laboratory standard deviation. R=reproducibility(in measurement units). (R)=reproducibility(in percent).7.5Bias—In test method statistical terminology,bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference or true test property value.Reference values do not exist for these test methods since the value or level of the test property is exclusively deﬁned by the test method.Bias,therefore,cannot be determined.TEST METHOD A—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT FORCE IN AIR8.Apparatus8.1Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer,for measuring specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice3767,Method A1.8.2Compression Device,consisting of a force application spring and two parallel compression plates assembled bymeans of a frame or threaded bolt in such a manner that the device shall be portable and self-contained after the force has been applied and that the parallelism of the plates shall be maintained.The force may be applied in accordance with either 8.2.1or8.2.2.8.2.1Calibrated Spring Force Application—The required force shall be applied by a screw mechanism for compressing a calibrated spring the proper amount.The spring shall be of properly heat-treated spring steel with ends ground and per-pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spring.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig. 1.The spring shall conform to the following requirements:8.2.1.1The spring shall be calibrated at room temperature 2365°C(73.469°F)by applying successive increments of force not exceeding250N(50lbf)and measuring the corresponding deﬂection to the nearest0.2mm(0.01in.).The curve obtained by plotting the forces against the corresponding deﬂections shall have a slope of7063.5kN/m(400620 lbf/in.)at1.8kN(400lbf).The slope is obtained by dividing the two forces above and below1.8kN by the difference between the corresponding deﬂections.8.2.1.2The original dimensions of the spring shall not change due to fatigue by more than0.3mm(0.01in.)after it has been mounted in the compression device,compressed under a force of1.8kN(400lbf),and heated in the oven for one week at70°C62°C(15863.6°F).In ordinary use,a weekly check of the dimensions shall show no greater change than this over a period of1year.8.2.1.3The minimum force required to close the spring (solid)shall be2.4kN(530lbf).8.2.2External Force Application—The required force shall be applied to the compression plates and spring by external means after the test specimen is mounted in the apparatus. Either a calibrated compression machine or known masses may be used for force application.Provision shall be made by the use of bolts and nuts or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring from losing their initial deﬂections when the external force is removed.The spring shall have essentially the same characteristics as described in8.2.1,but calibration is not required.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig.2.8.3Plates—The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.8.3.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium platedﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.8.3.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of250µm(10µin.) and then chromium plated and polished.8.3.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect theﬁnalﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in8.3.2. N OTE3—The speciﬁcations regarding the surface roughness(smooth-ness)of the contact surfaces of the plates is to be considered only at the time of manufacture or refurbishing as it is not a property that is easily determined in the course of routine use.The suitability for the use of the device is to be determined by the user.8.4Oven,conforming to the speciﬁcation for a Type IIB laboratory oven given in Speciﬁcation E145.TABLE2Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—TestMethod BMaterial MeanLevelWithin Laboratory A Between Laboratory AS r r(r)S R R(R)113.7(%)0.591 1.6712.2 1.54 4.3631.8 252.80.567 1.60 3.0 5.9216.831.7 A Sr=within laboratory standard deviation.r=repeatability(in measurement units).(r)=repeatability(in percent).S R=between laboratory standard deviation.R=reproducibility(in measurement units).(R)=reproducibility(in percent).8.4.1Type IIB ovens speciﬁed in Test Method E145are satisfactory for use through70°C.For higher Temperatures Type II A ovens are necessary.8.4.2The interior size shall be as follows or of an equivalent volume:Interior size of air oven:min.300bt300mm by300mm(12by12by12in.)max.900by900by1200mm(36by36by48in.) 8.4.3Provision shall be made for placing test specimens in the oven without touching each other or the sides of the aging chamber.8.4.4The heating medium for the aging chamber shall be air circulated within it at atmospheric pressure.8.4.5The source of heat is optional but shall be located in the air supply outside of the aging chamber.8.4.6A suitable temperature measurement device located in the upper central portion of the chamber near the test speci-mens shall be provided to record the actual aging temperature.8.4.7Automatic temperature control by means of thermo-static regulation shall be used.8.4.8The following special precautions shall be taken in order that accurate,uniform heating is obtained in all parts of the aging chamber.8.4.8.1The heated air shall be thoroughly circulated in the oven by means of mechanical agitation.When a motor driven fan is used,the air must not come in contact with the fan motor brush discharge because of danger of ozone formation.8.4.8.2Baffles shall be used as required to prevent local overheating and dead spots.8.4.8.3The thermostatic control device shall be so located as to give accurate temperature control of the heating medium. The preferred location is adjacent to the temperature measuring device listed in section8.4.6.8.4.8.4An actual check shall be made by means of maxi-mum reading thermometers placed in various parts of the oven to verify the uniformity of the heating.9.Procedure9.1Original Thickness Measurement—Measure the original thickness of the specimen to the nearest0.02mm(0.001in.). Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.9.2Application of Compressive Force—Assemble the specimens in the compression device,using extreme care to place them exactly in the center between the plates to avoid tilting.If the calibrated spring device(see Fig.1)is used,apply the compressive force by tightening the screw until the deﬂection as read from the scale is equivalent to that shown on the calibration curve for the spring corresponding to a force of 1.8kN(400lbf).With the external loading device(see Fig.2), apply this force to the assembly in the compression machine or by adding required masses,but in the latter case,take care to add the mass gradually without shock.Tighten the nuts and bolts just sufficiently to hold the initial deﬂections of the specimen and spring.It is imperative that no additional force be applied in tightening the bolts.9.3Test Time and Test Temperature—Choose a suitable temperature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and heating periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D1349.Suggested test periods are22h and70h.The specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the specimens immedi-ately and allow it to cool.9.4Cooling Period—While cooling,allow the specimens to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of theﬁnal thickness. Conduct the cooling period at a standard laboratory tempera-ture of2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens whose compres-sion set property is affected by atmospheric moisture shall be cooled in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.9.5Final Thickness Measurement—After the rest period, measure theﬁnal thickness at the center of the specimen in accordance with9.1.10.Calculation10.1Calculate the compression set as a percentage of the original thickness as follows:C A5@~t o2t i!/t o#3100(1)where:C A =Compression set (Test Method A)as a percentage ofthe original thickness,t o =original thickness (see 9.1),and t i =ﬁnal thickness (see 9.5).11.Report11.1Report the following information:11.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen,including the original thickness,t o ,11.1.2Actual compressive force on the specimen as deter-mined from the calibration curve of the spring and spring deﬂection reading (see 8.2.1)or as applied by an external force (see 8.2.2),11.1.3Thickness of the test specimen 30min after removal from the clamp,t i ,11.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,11.1.5Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original thickness,11.1.6Test method used (Test Method A),and 11.1.7Number of specimens tested.TEST METHOD B—COMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT DEFLECTION IN AIR 12.Apparatus12.1Dial Micrometer —A dial micrometer,for measuring the specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice D 3767,Method A 1.N OTE 4—For vulcanizates having a hardness below 35IRHD,the force on the presser foot should be reduced to 0.260.05N (0.0460.01lbf).12.2Spacer Bars ,to maintain the constant deﬂection re-quired under Test Method B.12.2.1Spacer bars for Type 1samples shall have a thickness of 9.560.02mm (0.37560.001in.).12.2.2Spacer bars for Type 2samples shall have a thickness of 4.5060.01mm (0.177060.0005in.).12.3Compression Device ,consisting of two or more ﬂat steel plates between the parallel faces of which the specimens may be compressed as shown in Fig.3.Steel spacers for the required percentage of compression given in 13.2shall be placed on each side of the rubber specimens to control their thickness while compressed.the steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished (see Note 3).12.4Oven ,see 8.4.12.5Plates —The plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stresses without bending.12.5.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium-plated ﬁnish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.12.5.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished.12.5.3The chromium plating and subsequent polishing shall not affect the ﬁnal ﬁnish beyond the tolerance stated in 12.5.2.13.Procedure13.1Original Thickness Measurement —Measure the origi-nal thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.02mm (0.001in.).Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presser foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.13.2Application of Compressive Force —Place the test specimen between the plates of the compression device with the spacers on each side,allowing sufficient clearance for the bulging of the rubber when compressed (see Fig.3).Where a lubricant is applied,it shall consist of a thin coating of a lubricant having substantially no action on the rubber.For most purposes,a silicon or ﬂuorosilicon ﬂuid is suitable.Tighten the bolts so that the plates are drawn together uniformly until they are in contact with the spacers.The amount of compression employed shall be approximately 25%.A suitable mechanical or hydraulic device may be used to facilitate assembling and disassembling the test ﬁxture.13.3Test Time and Temperature —Choose a suitable tem-perature and time for the compression set,depending upon the conditions of the expected service.In comparative tests,use identical temperature and test periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chosen from those listed in Practice D 1349.Suggested test periods are 22h and 70h.The test specimen shall be at room temperature when inserted in the compression device.Place the assembled compression device in the oven within 2h after completion of the assembly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature selected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the test specimen immediately and allow them to cool.13.4Cooling Period —While cooling,allow the test speci-men to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of the ﬁnal thickness.Maintain the conditions during the cooling period in accordance with 9.4.13.5Final Thickness Measurement —After the rest period,measure the ﬁnal thickness at the center of the test specimen in accordance with 13.1.14.Calculation14.1Calculate the compression set expressed as a percent-age of the original deﬂection as follows:C B 5@~t o 2t i !/~t o 2t n !#3100(2)FIG.3Device for Compression Set Test Under ConstantDeﬂection,Test MethodBwhere:C B=compression set(Test Method B)expressed aspercentage of the original deﬂection,t0=original thickness of specimen(13.1),t i=ﬁnal thickness of specimen(13.5),andt n=thickness of the spacer bar used.N OTE5—Lubrication of the operating surfaces of the compression device is optional while giving more reproducible results;lubrication may somewhat alter the compression set values.15.Report15.1Report the following information:15.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen including the original thickness,t o,15.1.2Percentage compression of the specimen actually employed,15.1.3Thickness of the test specimen30min after removal from the clamp,t i,15.1.4Type of test specimen used,together with the time and temperature of test,15.1.5Whether or not the surfaces of the compression device are lubricated.If they are,what type lubrication was used,15.1.6Compression set,expressed as a percentage of the original deﬂection,15.1.7Test method used(Test Method B),and15.1.8Number of specimens tested.16.Keywords16.1compression set;compression set under constant de-ﬂection;compression set under constant force;deﬂection; deformation;elastic property;hysteresis;recoveryASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

ASTM__D395-2003_中文版

在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1 范围1.1 本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：测试方法小节7-10A—空气中恒定力下的压力永久变形B—空气中恒定挠力下的压力永11-14久变形1.2 测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

此项标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立合适的安全健康规范以及决定法规限制是否适用2 参考文件2：2.1 ASTM标准D1349 橡胶规范---测试的标准温度D 3182 混合标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶薄片用橡胶材料、设备及工序的标准实施规程D 3183 橡胶实施规范---从橡胶制品中制备试验目的用试片D 3767 橡胶的标准规程----尺寸测量D 4483 评定橡胶和炭黑制造工业试验方法标准的精度的实施规程E 145 重力对流式和强制通风式烘炉的规范---------------------------------------1此测试方法属于ASTM D 11橡胶委员会的工作范围，是其下属D11.10物理测试子委员会的直接责任。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

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在括号内的数字表示最后一次重申批准的年度。

上标表示自最后一次修正或重申批准以来的编辑改动。

此项标准已被批准供美国国防部下属机构使用。

1范围1.1本测试方法测试应用中会在气体或液体媒介中承受压力的橡胶。

本测试方法特别适用于在机械固定器件，减震器，封条中使用的橡胶。

本测试方法包含以下两种方法：1.2测试方法可以选择，但是应考虑用于与测试结果关联的实际情况下使用的橡胶的性质。

除非在具体的规范中有其他规定，应使用测试方法B。

1.3测试方法B不适用于硬度大于90IRHD的硫化橡胶。

1.4以国际单位（SI）为单位的数值应被认为是标准。

在括号内的数值起参照作用。

1.5此项标准不包括与其应用有关的所有的安全隐患。

目前的版本在2008.3.1批准，2008.07出版。

原始的版本在1934年批准。

3 测试方法概要3.1 用挠力或规定的力压缩试样，并在规定的温度下保持规定的时间。

3.2 在试样在合适的装置内，在规定的条件下经过特定时间的压缩变形后，取出试样，等待30分钟，测量试样的残留变形。

3.3 在测量残留变形后，根据Eq1和Eq2计算压缩永久变形。

4. 意义和用途4．1 压缩永久变形测试用于测量在长时间受压后，橡胶化合物保持弹性的能力。

实际情况下的压力可能包括持续的挠力，持续的已知力，时短时续的压力产生的交替变形和恢复。

虽然后者也产生压力永久变形，它的效果更接近于压缩挠曲和滞后测试。

因此，压力永久变形测试主要适用于静态力的使用环境。

测试经常在高温下进行。

5 试样5.1 可以使用来自相同样品的2个（选项1）或3个（选项2）相同的试样。

选项1的压力永久变形应为两个试样的平均值，表示为百分比；选项2的压力永久变形应为三个试样的中间值，表示为百分比。

5.2 标准测试试样应从实验室准备的平面上切割，形状为圆形。

A 类型1试样可用于方法A,B.B 类型2仅用于方法B。

5.2.2 在切割标准试样时，具有5.2.1中规定的内部尺寸的圆形裁刀应在钻床上旋转，并用肥皂溶液润滑。

在切割边缘与试样平面边缘之间的距离最小为13mm（0.51in.）。

切割压力应越小越好，以最小化切割边的翘弯。

裁刀应仔细维护，使切割边缘保持锋利并没有割口。

5.3 制作标准试样的另一个方法是直接模制具有测试方法要求的和5.2.1规定的尺寸的圆形试样。

注1---应注意如果样品平面和模制试样如在相同的温度下进行相同时长的烘培固化，两者的状态不会完全相同。

模制的试样的固化程度会更高。

如果要使按不同测试方法得出的测试结果具有可比性，一定要调整烘培时间。

注2----为了达到模制试样的一致性和较小的公差，应规定模具的尺寸，弥补模具的收缩。

带有溢流槽，腔厚度为13.0±0.1mm （0.510±0.004in.），腔直径为29.20±0.05mm（1.148±0.002in.）的双片模可以为方法A,B提供类型1试样。

腔厚度为6.3±0.3mm （0.25±0.012in.），腔直径为13.2±0.1mm（0.52±0.004in.）的相似模具可以为方法B提供类型2试样。

5.4 当要用从厚度大于5.2.1中厚度的硫化橡胶制成的试样替代标准试样，应首先用锋利的刀横切样品，然后抛光以达到规范D 3183中要求的厚度。

5.5 准备试样的另一个方法是将从根据规范D 3182制备的样品片切割的，尺寸符合5.2.1规定，切割方法符合5.2.2规定的圆形试样叠合起来。

如果在切割试样是没有钻床，用切割裁刀一次切割试样。

5.5.1 圆形试样叠合时应不使用粘合剂。

叠合后的厚度要达到规定厚度。

叠合试样应平滑，平坦，厚度一致。

对于类型1试样，叠合的圆形试样的数量不应超过7个；对于类型2试样，叠合的数量不应超过4个。

5.5.2 在挪移叠合试样和将叠合试样放入测试装置时应将圆形表面保持水平并与圆柱轴垂直。

5.5.3 从叠合试样得出的结果可能与单片试样的出的结果不同，并且结果可能变动，特别是在圆形层中间有空气的情况下。

表1 压力永久变形测试---测试方法A的类型1精度结果，%A Sr=单个实验室标准差r=重复性（测量单位）（r）=重复性（百分比）S R=多个实验室标准差R=再现性（测量单位）（R）=再现性（百分比）5.5.4 只有用相同方法准备的试样的结果才可以相互比较。

5.6 对于常规测试或产品规格测试，有些情况下准备不同大小或形状的试样会更加方便。

当使用这些试样时，仅可以比较相似形状或大小的试样的测试结果，而不能与标准试样的结果比较。

在这些情况下，产品规格应标明大小和形状。

如果不能从产品取得试样，测试方法和允许限度应有买卖双方共同决定。

6 处理6.1 在长于24小时，短于60天的时间内储存所有硫化橡胶试样或产品样品。

当硫化日期未知时，在收到货物60天内测试代表货物的试样。

6.2 在切割试样前让抛光的试样休息至少30分钟。

6.3 在测试前将试样放置在温度为23 ±2℃（73.4±3.6℉）的环境中至少3小时。

压力永久变形性能受大气湿度影响的试样应在相对湿度控制在50±5%的大气环境下放置至少24小时。

7 精度和偏差37.1此精度和偏差小节根据规范D 4483编制。

有关术语和数据计算请参照规范D 4483.------------------3 支持数据已在ASTM国际总部存档，可以通过索要研究报告RR:D11-1138获得。

7.2 用于方法A,B的两种橡胶制成的试样被供应给5个实验室。

相同试样的数量为2，测试在两个测试日进行。

对于方法A,B，测试结果都是两个试样的平均值。

7.3 一个实验室没有进行方法A测试，所以方法A的精度数据是从4个实验室取得的。

7.4 表1，2给出了类型1精度结果。

表2 压力永久变形测试---测试方法B的类型1精度结果，%A Sr=单个实验室标准差r=重复性（测量单位）（r）=重复性（百分比）S R=多个实验室标准差R=再现性（测量单位）（R）=再现性（百分比）7.5 偏差---在测试方法统计术语里。

偏差是指测试平均值与参考或实际性能值的差异。

因为所测性能的值完全由此测试方法定义，所以不存在参考值。

应此，偏差不能被测定。

压力装置由框架或螺纹螺栓固定。

压力装置的装配方法应使其可移动，并在施力后能够保持压力片的平行。

施加的力应符合8.2.1或8.2.2的规定。

8.2已校施力弹簧------应使用螺丝钉装置向已校弹簧施力。

弹簧应由经合适热处理的弹簧钢制成，弹簧应磨平，磨平面与弹簧长轴垂直。

图1 是一个合适的压力装置。

弹簧应符合以下要求：8.2.1.1 弹簧应在室温23 ±5℃（73.4±9℉）下校正。

连续施以递增的力[递增幅度不超过250N（50lbf）]，测量相应的变形长度，取精度为0.2mm（0.01in.）。

在 1.8kN(400lbf)的力下，力与变形距离的曲线的斜率应为70±3.5kN/m(400±20lbf/in.) 斜率用相应的变形长度除以1.8kN上下的两个力获得。

在常规的使用中，在一年的时长内，每周对尺寸的检查得出的尺寸变化不应超过上述值。

可以使用已校的压力器械或已知重量的重物。

应使用螺栓，螺母或其他装置来防止在撤销外部力后弹簧原先的压紧也被释放。

弹簧应含有与8.2.1中特征基本相同的特征，但不需校正。

图2展示了一个合适的压力装置。

8.3 压力片--------用于压缩试样的压力片应由足够厚度的钢制成，从而在压力下不会弯曲。

8.3.1 试样接触的表面应有铬涂层，并在每次测试前彻底清洗然后擦干。

8.3.2 与试样接触的钢表面应先经最大为250μm(10μm)的粗糙度处理，然后镀上铬并磨光。

8.3.3 铬镀层和其后的磨光不应超出8.3.2中的公差范围影响最终表面处理。

注3-----有关压力片接触表面粗糙度的规格仅能在制造或翻新阶段测定，因为在常规使用中的测定非常困难。

装置的合适程度由使用者决定。

8.4 热空气炉应符合规范E 145中IIB型实验室热空气炉的规格。

图压力永久变形测试方法A使用的外部施力压力装置8.4.1规范E 145描述的IIB型热空气炉在70℃以下可以取得满意的结果。

对于更高的温度，必须使用IIA型热空气炉。

8.4.2内部尺寸应如下，或具有相同体积：热空气炉的内部尺寸最小 300⨯300⨯300mm（12⨯12⨯12 in.）最大 900⨯900⨯1200mm（36⨯36⨯48 in.）8.4.3试样的摆放方式应使其不互相接触或接触老化容器壁8.4.4老化容器的加热媒介内部空气应流动，气压为大气压。