国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。
国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)
Harvard Referencing – a quick guideLearning and InformationServicesWhen writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formalreferencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference?To avoid plagiarismAcknowledge the work of othersVerify quotesFollow-up reading – easier for academics to trace informationAbide by Copyright LawHelp a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions.Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are:Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text.Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text.Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further readingReference List - List of resources referred to in your work.Some examples:1) Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.2) Electronic Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.Available from: [Accessed 10 April, 2005]4) Chapter from a Book.MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead.In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-1825) Secondary Reference (work you haven’t read which is mentioned in another work)SMITH, D. (1993) Change good or bad?cited in: JONES, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. Routledge. pp.24 Within the body of the text:Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003) argued that social change…6) Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. COSGROVE, D. and JACKSON, P. (2001) “New directions in sport science.” American Scientist and Sport Vol.8, pp.103-167N.B. List up to three authors. When more, list first author only and add et al or and others7) Electronic Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. MARTIN, E.W. (2000) “The legislative history of special education.” The future of children Vol.6 (4), pp.49-63 [online]Available from: [Accessed 29th October, 2002]8) Journal Article from electronic journal service (database)COLQUHOUN, M.C. (2002) Defibrillation by general practitioners. Resuscitation [online] v.52 (2), February, pp.143-148Available at: /[Accessed 24th July 2002]9) Official Publications.ActChildren Act 1989, (c.41). [online] HMSO1989Available from: [Accessed: 29th January, 2005]Government ReportDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (1996) Special needs. HMSO.Command PapersHOME OFFICE, (1978) Reform for the Official Secrets Act 1911. (Cmnd.7285)H.M.S.O.Statistical SeriesOFFICE OF POPULATION, (1990) General Survey for 1988 No.19. HMSO.Ofsted ReportBURKE,B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: Bedford High School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TYAvailable at:/[Accessed 26th November 2002]10) Video/DVD/Film/CD.Meetings bloody meetings. (1992) Video. Miramax.Some like it hot. (1959). Film, directed by Billy Wilder. USA, United Artists. SHOSTAKOVICH, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg & Polish National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. CD. Sony.11) TV Programme.The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear. UK, ITV 26th October, 1988.12) Live Performance – Dance.CHOREOGRAPHER. (date of premier) Title. [Date seen and where].ALSTON. R. (22nd June, 1990) Soda Lake [19th September, 2003 Covent Garden]13) Web page.LEARNING AND INFORMATION SERVICES (2002) Guide to the Harvard Referencing System.Available from: /lea/78127.htm[Accessed: 10th July, 2004]Nursing theory 2000.Available from: /academics/nursing/theory/[Accessed: 18th July 2004]12) Electronic Images.In your reference list:The lunar interior [image] 1999. PlanetScapes, USA.Available from: /browse/moon/moonint.jpg[Accessed on: 31st January, 2003]In the body of a paragraph:When looking at the image “The lunar interior” (1999) it is obvious that…… etc, etc. If you have inserted the image into your essay then under the image:(The lunar interior, 1999)Quotations.A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. However, before including a quotation, stop to consider is it relevant? It is important that:It is easily identifiableProduced exactly as in the original including spelling/grammar errorsUse square brackets [ ] around any words you addUse 3 dots … to indicate omissions (see examples)Three lines or less should be in quotation marks and included in the body of the essay followed by the author and page number (see example 1) Longer quotes should be an indented paragraph without quotation marks around (see example 2)Some examples:1. “…their pay, including those referred to as fringe…” Titmuss (1958, p.51)2. Titmuss (1958) said controversially that:their pay, including those referred to as fringe…pensions foremployees, wives and dependants: child allowances; death duties; travel;entertainment; health…and an incalculable variety if benefits of kind ranging from the most tangible. (p.51)Finally…. r eferences to books, journal articles, etc. are presented in:a single sequence arranged alphabetically by author.References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of publication.Book titles or journal titles (not article) are normally underlined or in italicsPage numbers are included in reference list and bibliography entries for journal articles and essays only.To add a note insert number in text - (1) [1] ¹ etc at the appropriate point and use footnote for reference or include the note before the Reference List.Make sure any resource referred to in your work is in the Reference List Do not include everything consulted in your Bibliography– discriminate between important & less significant sources.Make a note of resources as you use them to save time.BE CONSISTENT!!This guide is not a definitive document on Harvard References and some lecturers have particular preferences regarding presentation - always seek guidance and clarification from your lecturer.For further details of the Harvard system, please refer to the full Harvard referencing system is available from: /lea/78127.htmJackie Feale. yMarch 2008。
harvard文献引用格式
harvard文献引用格式Harvard文献引用格式是一种常见的文献引用格式,通常用于学术写作和出版物中。
以下是Harvard文献引用格式的常见形式和示例:1、书籍引用格式:作者姓氏,作者名字缩写(年份),书名(出版地: 出版社)。
示例:1、Smith, John (2010), The Future of the Book (New York: Columbia University Press).2、Johnson, Laura (2005), Writing a Thesis (London: Routledge).3、Lewis, Michael (2013), The End of the Rainbow (London: Penguin).2、期刊文章引用格式:作者姓氏,作者名字缩写(年份),文章标题,期刊名(卷号:页码)。
示例:1、Brown, Peter (2017), 'The Rise and Fall of Christianity in China', Journal of Religion (88:3), pp. 281-302.2、Lee, K.K., & Chang, Y.K. (2020), 'The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism', Journal of Travel Research (59:7), pp. 1053-1064.3、Swift, A., & Johnson, L. (2019), 'Evaluating the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education', Distance Education (40:4), pp. 573-588.3、学位论文引用格式:作者姓氏,作者名字缩写(年份),学位论文标题(类型,学校,页码)。
英文论文参考文献哈佛格式
Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。
harvard reference中文格式
Harvard引文格式是学术写作中广泛使用的一种引文格式,它是在文章中标注引用来源的一种标准化方式。
在学术论文、期刊文章和其他学术著作中,引用来源是十分重要的,它可以帮助读者追溯论据和数据的来源,同时也可以确保作者对他人成果的尊重和承认。
正确使用Harvard引文格式是学术写作中的重要技能,本文将介绍Harvard引文格式的基本要求和使用方法。
一、Harvard引文格式的基本要求Harvard引文格式要求在正文中直接标注引用来源,包括作者姓氏、出版年份和引文页码(如果有)。
对于不同类型的引文来源,Harvard 格式有不同的要求。
一般来说,书籍、期刊文章、网页和报纸文章都有相应的引文格式要求,作者在引用这些来源时需要按照要求进行标注。
二、Harvard引文格式的使用方法1. 书籍引用书籍引用格式一般为“作者姓氏,出版年份,书名,出版地:出版社”,例如:(Smith, 2010, The Art of Writing, New York: HarperCollins)。
2. 期刊文章引用期刊文章引用格式一般为“作者姓氏,出版年份,文章标题,期刊名,卷号(期号),页码”,例如:(Jones, 2005, The Power of Language, Journal of Linguistics, 35(2), 123-136)。
3. 网页引用网页引用格式要求标注作者姓氏、出版年份(或更新日期)、文章标题、网页名称和全球信息站,例如:(Brown, 2019, The Impact of Climate Change, National Geographic, xxx)。
4. 报纸文章引用报纸文章引用格式一般为“作者姓氏,出版年份,文章标题,报纸名,日期”,例如:(Taylor, 2011, Global Economic Trends, The New York Times, August 3)。
三、Harvard引文格式的注意事项在使用Harvard引文格式时,需要注意以下几点:1. 引文格式的一致性:在文章中使用Harvard引文格式时,应保持引文格式的一致性,不同的引用来源需要按照相应的格式要求进行标注,以确保引文的规范和统一。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时,你需要经常参考读过的文献,以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注,在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是,不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为,便是抄袭,一旦发现,将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因,提供参考信息是必要的:●证明你对主题进行了研究,你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实;●承认你采用的资料的出处,以及你的观点是由此发展而来;●区别哪些观点是你自己的,哪些是别人的;●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处,能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法(即“名称和日期”法)受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先,在文章主体中借用他人作品之处,用括号标出引用标记。
其二,在作品最后,以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息,让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意:请各位学生注意,本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系,同时,学生也应注意,有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况,教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问,请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式:◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏,其后是文献的出版年份。
例如:最初结论(Williams,1990)已遭到质疑(Reynolds,1994)。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了,则在括号中只添加年份。
例如:最初结论已遭到Reynolds(1995)和Roberts(1994)的质疑。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
harvard会议文献引用格式
哈佛大学(Harvard University)的论文引用格式为一种著名的文献引用格式,广泛应用于学术研究、论文写作和期刊发表等领域。
它是一种著录引用法,用于标注论文中所引用的外部文献来源,并在文末列出完整的引用文献列表,以便读者查证原始资料。
哈佛大学论文引用格式严格规范,注重细节和准确性,因而受到学术界的高度重视。
现代科研和学术写作中,引用他人的成果和观点是非常普遍的行为。
这有助于强调作者的学术严谨性和文献立论的可信度;另也可以使读者在阅读原著资料时,更容易找到相关引用部分,方便追溯原始资料。
由于哈佛大学论文引用格式的灵活性和易用性,它已经成为了许多高等教育机构和期刊编辑所推荐的引用格式之一。
关于哈佛大学论文引用格式的具体要求和标准,主要包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等。
在引用的需要在文中作出相应的标注,并且在文末列出详细的文献引用列表。
通过这样的规范引用方式,可以清晰地展示出作者引用他人观点和成果的真实性和透明度,同时也给读者提供了充分的查找和验证引用来源的便利。
在学术写作中,准确并规范的引用格式是至关重要的。
它不仅体现了作者的学术诚信和严谨态度,也是对他人智慧和劳动成果的尊重和致谢。
而哈佛大学论文引用格式恰恰满足了这些要求,为科研工作者和学术界提供了一个权威且易用的引用标准。
哈佛大学论文引用格式是一种学术界公认的引用标准,在学术写作和期刊发表中广泛使用。
它的颁布和实施,对于规范学术研究、保障学术诚信和促进学术交流都起到了积极的作用。
我们在学术写作中应该严格遵守哈佛大学论文引用格式,并且要深入理解其背后的学术道德和知识交流的重要性。
哈佛大学论文引用格式作为学术界公认的引用标准,具有其独特的特点和优势。
它要求在引用他人观点和成果时,注重作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等细节信息,这样可以确保引用的准确性和完整性。
与此哈佛大学论文引用格式还要求在文中进行相应的标注,并在文末列出详细的文献引用列表,这样读者可以方便地查找和验证引用来源,保证论文的可信度和权威性。
哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科,自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式,它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来,放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末(尾注)。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类:•文献学。
参考文献格式harvard latex
标题:深度解析Harvard参考文献格式及其在LaTeX中的应用在学术圈中,参考文献的格式化和引用规范一直备受重视。
在众多格式中,Harvard风格的参考文献格式以其简洁清晰、易于阅读和使用而备受青睐。
为了更好地掌握这一格式,以及在学术写作中的应用,本文将从Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则、在LaTeX中的实现、以及个人观点和理解等方面展开讨论。
一、Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则1. 作者姓氏+出版年份根据Harvard格式,参考文献的引用通常是将作者的姓氏和出版年份放在括号中,用以标注引用的具体信息。
例如:(Smith, 2010)2. 引用格式在论文或学术著作中,需要按照Harvard格式援引他人观点或研究成果,强调引文标注的准确性和规范性。
此时,要根据作者的姓氏和出版年份将引文放在括号中。
比如:“……(Smith, 2010)认为……”3. 文献列表在参考文献的列举中,需要按照作者的姓氏首字母的顺序进行排列,并包括详细的出版信息。
比如书籍的引用格式为:“Smith, J. (2010). Title. Publisher.”二、Harvard参考文献格式在LaTeX中的应用在LaTeX中,可以通过一些特定的包实现Harvard参考文献格式的自动化管理,极大地提高了写作效率和质量。
其中,最常用的包包括natbib和apacite等。
使用这些包,可以轻松地实现文中引用格式和参考文献列表的自动生成,极大地减轻了作者的工作负担。
三、个人观点和理解在我看来,Harvard参考文献格式以其简洁明了、方便规范的特点在学术写作中发挥着重要作用。
它不仅使得读者能够清晰地了解引用信息的来源和时间,同时也方便了作者对文献进行管理和归纳。
在LaTeX中的应用更是提高了写作效率,使得学术著作更加规范和专业。
总结Harvard参考文献格式作为一种简洁规范的引用规范,在学术写作中扮演着重要的角色。
通过LaTeX的应用,更是使得其在学术著作中的使用变得更加便捷和高效。
(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译
经营分析与估值克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节1.简介本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。
因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据,投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。
各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决,如下面的示例所示:一位证券分析师可能会对问:“我的公司有多好?这家公司是否符合我的期望?如果没有,为什么不呢?鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估,该公司的股票价值是多少?”一位信贷员可能需要问:“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款?公司管理其流动性如何?公司的经营风险是什么?公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么?“一位管理顾问可能会问:“公司经营的行业结构是什么?该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么?不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么?”公司经理可能会问:“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗?是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程?”财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动,当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后,他们不可能完全披露这些信息。
在这一设置中,外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”,从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。
了解财务报表分析所做的贡献,这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作,财务报告的作用,形成财务报表制度的力量。
因此,我们首先简要说明这些力量,然后我们讨论的步骤,分析师必须执行,以提取信息的财务报表,并提供有价值的预测。
2.从经营活动到财务报表企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源,并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。
当公司在资本成本的超额投资时,就创造了价值。
管理者制定经营战略,实现这一目标,并通过业务活动实施。
企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。
经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场,以及公司经营的规章制度。
哈佛参考文献格式具体写法
哈佛注释体系(Harvard Harvard System System ),也叫“作者-日期法”(Author-date (Author-date method)method)。
根据哈佛体系,每一个引文,无论直接还是间接,都应分别在两处注明:在文中引用处注明;在全书或全文最后的参考书目(bibliography )处注明。
起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国,20世纪50、60年代开始年代开始流行流行,尤其在,尤其在物理学物理学和自然科学研究领域研究领域使用使用最多,近年来最多,近年来社会科学社会科学中也开始流行。
怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范,本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系(Harvard Harvard SystemSystem )作一介绍。
因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献,我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们,这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范,否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时,会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用,同时,也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。
哈佛注释体系(Harvard System ),也叫“作者-日期法”(Author-date method )。
根据哈佛体系,每一个引文,无论直接还是间接,都应分别在两处注明:在文中引用处注明;在全书或全文最后的参考书目(bibliography )处注明。
在文中引用处的注释规范1.当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时,给出作者姓和出版年份,将出版年份放在小括号内。
比如,In a recent study Harvey (1993)argued that ...。
2.当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时,姓和出版年份都放在括号中,比如,A recent study (Harvey,1993)shows that …。
3.被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文,用小写字母 a.b.c 等予以区别,放在年份后面,如,Johnson (1989a) 1989a) discussed discussed discussed the the subject …。
哈佛论文格式范文
哈佛论文格式范文篇一:哈佛格式范文Diversity and global managerIntroductionIn today’s hyper-complex marketplace, every organization confronts the challenge on how to take the most advantage of the international trends to promote the overall efficiency and effect of businesses and maximize profitability. In fact, diversity has become an overwhelmingly important trend that attracts global attention, especially the human resource diversity. Generally speaking, it is a crucially important fact on organizational performance that weather the employees at all levels are well-trained, dedicated and loyal at their works. The first section demonstrates the key benefits and drawbacks of diversity, which are important for the decision-making of all companies.In the second section, the traits of global managers and their significance arediscussed, which are professional background, profound management experiences, global insights and extraordinary leadership. In the last part, the link between diversity and global managers is analyzed from two aspects, and several recommendations are proposed accordingly.DiversityDiversity can be seen everywhere and the processes of most operations have a close relationship with diversity. From the very beginning, materials and manufacturing devices are outsourced from foreign regions to make commodity, advanced technology and inventions are bought to production in many ways, then, multinational workforce take their works in teams and solve problems together, in addition, attentions are paid to specific cultures to attract consumers in different countries and promotions are designed in accordance with habits of the target consumers of different nationalities.Diversity is so significant in resent days that any company can do nothing but come up with great ideas to manage diversity and take the most use of the trend. Diversity management emerges as a result of the rapid process of globalization, especially in the human resource sector suchas age, religion, race, gender, culture and specialty, consequently, it is not appropriate to implement a fix managing code in today’s world. It is believed that diversity can promote organizational performance as well as contribute to high efficiency.Positive aspectsThere are many sound reasons for creating a more diverse employee profile (Causon, 2008). The most obvious ones are presented as follows.Gathering diverse insightsIt is common for any company to confront many problems arising from manufacturing, promotion, recruitment and management, which may hinder the company from gain market opportunities (Samad, 2001). Although most challenges are solved by managers and superior officials, the decisive and tough ones need the insights and ideas that come from diverse workforce at all levels. Firstly, from a regional perspective, workers from the western country come up with creative ideas while east country workers come up with relative rational solutions. Secondly, with previous colorful life experiences, some workers can relate certain problems to their real-life experience and bringinsights to teams. For example, it is well known that a technology named brainstorm is widely used by managers to tackle certain time-consuming problems, one of the vital elements to gain best results is diverse workforce with various specialties. Therefore, workforce diversity in a team makes communication with each other, exchanging perspectives and refining ideas possible.Making full use of various abilitiesCox and Blake (1991) view diversity as a businessimperative and highlight that firms should understand how they valuediversity to establish a competitive edge over their competitors, Therefore, by setting up jobs properly and developing workers in response to the changing nature of work, a company can make the most of workforce diversity and enhance its competitive strength (Stolarski and Tilebein, 2009). Generally speaking, tasks that has to carry out in a prescribed way to an approved standard can be distributed to workers who are serious-minded and responsible, however, workers who are reactive and creative are in charge of new undertakings outside the worker’s formal duties according to the situations. For instance, if a worker who once was a painterhopes to find a job in a shoes manufacturing company, he can still have a try in the designing apartment although his previous experience seems uelated to shoes manufacturing. Radically high efficiency can be achieved as long as jobs are divided into specific sections according to the abilities of workforce with precise job description and responsibility.Preparing for global competitionWorkforce diversity is a significant advantage for any company whose aim is making brands work around the world.cross-cultural management become crucial if organizationsare to understand how to serve and retain a customer base that is much more diverse and demanding than in the past (Bergesen and Sonnett,2001). Firstly, the first-hand experience and latest information gathered from diverse workers, whose values and thoughts resemble the target consumers’in the same region, only by gather adequate information about customers’needs and wants can a company create customer loyalty and strength customer base. Then, the acquaintance of local conditions and personal relationship that workforce diversity provides are especially useful in the strategic design for a new product promotion. Thirdly, customers in acertain region inclined to give feedback to workers who share the same value and religion with them, with timely feedback information successiveprogress and better organizational performance can be achieved, and the company is bound to gain competitive advantage and maximize its profits.Negative aspectsWith the positive effects workforce diversity has on organizational performance above, attentions must be paid to adverse effects relating to workforce diversity, which are listed as follows.Bringing conflicts from different backgroundsOne common characteristic in a diverse team is that every individual has dissimilar even adverse views on one issue; this phenomenon exists because national culture is a major barrier in a diverse team. On one hand, conflicts show on how to carry out works, most workers are comfortable with their cultures characterized by leisure and freedom and prefer to work by self-motivation and have flexible working time, in contrast, some workers are exposed in cultures embodied by disciplines and stander,and therefore, they tend to hold precise responsibilities. On the other hand, conflictsarise when team members disagree with others’solutions. Although it is crucial for everyone to contribute their ideas and insights in every possible ways, too diverse suggestions will become useless and complicated for relative simple and urgent matters.Consumingresourceto coordinateFrom an overall view, organizational performance declines as conflicts consume too much resource, including time, energy, money and human resource. There are three causes. T o begin with, there is a specific time schedule for assignments taken by employees so that managers are able to arrange the whole workload organized and comprehensively, however, training and coordinating diverse work force tend to take a relative large amount of time and drag down the normal operational process becauseit is not easy to make a comprehensive set of regulations and laws to tell various workers how to act and achieve their goals, and efficiency drop as resources are spent to communicate with team members on disputes, which have a strong bond with workforce diversity. Secondly, various working equipments as well as advanced software have to be installed in accordance with the working style to fullycontribute to the working efficiency; however, diversity workforce makes it impossible to meet everyone’s requirements.Global managersWith the rapid growth of international operation, there exists a huge demand for the global managers who are capable of dealing businesses across the country boundary. The characteristics of global managersProfound management experiencesFacing with the increasingly complex challenges of the marketplace, a manager with profound experience in management can inspire and guide groups and people. Being the top managers of an organization, one has to considerthese challenges within his or her problemsolving expertise and great energy, which can take more than three months to remain the organization operating effectively and efficiently. when facing conflicts inside a team, the supervisor has the responsibility to solve it in a way that does not break down the team spirit or ignore the benefits of any individual involved, and this requires the high emotional intelligence. The leader with profound management experience can deal with the problem carefully andorganized, so the conflicts can be handled properly, and there will be no great damage to the overall organizational performance.It is known that people are characterized by social contacts and emotional communication, especially in a team, people are exposed in various reactions and coordination, consequently, it is necessary to motive and organize people in an appropriate way depending on the situation and characteristics of the involvers, a篇二:哈佛大学论文写作教程哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G. M. Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法,从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文,而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。
如何生成harvard参考文献格式
如何生成harvard参考文献格式哈佛参考文献格式是一种常用的引用格式,通常用于学术论文、研究报告和学术书籍等。
哈佛参考文献格式要求提供完整的引用信息,以便读者能够查找到所引用的来源。
下面,我将介绍如何按照哈佛参考文献格式写出相关参考内容,同时避免在文中出现链接。
首先,我将以书籍、期刊文章和网页等不同类型的来源为例,逐步介绍如何按照哈佛参考文献格式写出相关参考内容。
1. 书籍:作者姓,作者名. (年份). 书名. 城市: 出版社.例如,一本关于心理学的书籍的参考内容可以如下所示:James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York:Henry Holt and Co.2. 期刊文章:作者姓,作者名. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码.例如,一篇发表在《科学》期刊上的文章的参考内容可以如下所示:Smith, J. D., & Johnson, L. M. (2021). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Science, 354(6309), 1028-1033.3. 网页:作者姓,作者名. (发布年份). 文章标题. 网站名. 可获得的URL. (注意:此处不得出现链接)例如,一个关于人工智能的网页的参考内容可以如下所示:Winston, P. H. (2019). The Future of Artificial Intelligence. National Geographic. 可获得的URL.在撰写文中内容时,需要在引用的地方使用适当的引用标记,以提示读者该段内容的来源。
可以使用引号将直接引用的内容括起来,同时在引号后面加上引用标记。
例如:According to James (1890), "consciousness refers to the state of being aware of and able to think and reason about the world around us" (p. 25).根据以上介绍,我们可以按照哈佛参考文献格式写出相关参考内容,并通过适当的引用标记在文中引用相关内容,以满足学术规范和防止出现链接。
参考文献写法(哈佛版)
The Harvard System Teaching and Learning Unit Faculty of Economics andCommerceThe Harvard system of referencing is very similar to the APA system of referencing (see TLU Booklet: Basic Referencing Using the APA System) but there are subtle differences in how the reference list is written: •It uses “and” not “&” between multiple authors•The publishers name appears before the place of publication, separated by a comma (in APA itis place of publication then publisher separatedby a colon “:” )•The year of publication need not be enclosedin parentheses (…) though it is on someversions of Harvard•All major items are followed by commas andnot full stops (as in the APA)•“pp” for inclusive page numbers are given forjournal articles in Harvard, but not APA. Sample Harvard Reference ListAbrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S. 1997, 'The Dimensionality of Student Rating ofInstruction; What we Know and What we DoNot', in Higher Education: Handbook on Theoryand Research, vol. II, (ed Smart, J. C.) AgathonPress, New York.Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R.P. 1980,'Do Teacher Standards for AssigningGrades Affect Student EvaluationsInstruction?,' Journal of EducationalPsychology, vol. 72, pp. 107-118.Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of StudentEvaluation of Instructor Data', Journal ofEconomics Education, vol. 31, no. Summer, pp.211-226.Braskamp, L. A. and Ory, J. C. 1994, Assessing faculty work: Enhancing individual and institutionalperformance, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Cashin, W. E. 1988, 'Student Ratings of Teaching: A Summary of the Research', in IDEA Paper, vol.20, Center for Faculty Evaluation andDevelopment, Manhattan, Kansas: KansasState University.Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in StudentsRatings of Instruction: Issues for ImprovingPractice: New Directions for Teaching andLearning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. Cashin, W. E. 1992,'Student Ratings: The Need for Comparative Data,' Instructional Evaluation andFaculty Development, vol. 12, pp. 1-6. Feldman, K. A. 1989a,'The Association between Student Ratings of Specific Instructional Dimensionsand Student Achievement: Refining andExtending the Synthesis of Data fromMultisection Validity Studies,' Research inHigher Education, vol. 30, pp. 583-645. Feldman, K. A. 1989b,'Instructional Effectiveness of College Teachers as Judged by Teachersthemselves, Current and Former StudentsColleagues, Administrators and External(Neutral) Observers,' Research in HigherEducation, vol. 30, pp. 583-645.It is important to realise that there are two kinds of citations needed, whether one uses Harvard or APA. These are in text citations and bibliographic (or reference list) citations. Both are necessary. “In-text” citations occur in the text of an article “bibliographic” citations occur at the end as a reference list (as above). The following rules for in-text and bibliographic citations should be followed.RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE TEXTRule 1: Use a comma between the year and page (Cashin, 1999, p. 56)Rule 2: Use a semi-colon between multiple citations (Cashin, 1999, p. 56; Boex, 2000, p. 212)NOTE: Multiple citations are listed chronologically from earliest to latestRule 3: When authors’ names are incorporated in the text parentheses are placed around the yearCashin (1999) suggests that …Rule 4: In the case of a work that has more than three authors, use the surname of the first-listed Author [followed by et al (“and others” )]Abrami et. al. (1980) have found...NOTE: You must list ALL authors the first time the citation is made.Abrami, Dickens, Leventhal, and Perry (1980) found …Rule 5: When reference is made to more than one work by the same author, arrange in chronological order [order by least recent to most recent]Cashin (1990, 1990, 1992) was unable to explain…Rule 6: Reference to a number of works published by the same author in the same year should be distinguished by using lower case letters attached to the dateFeldman (1989a, p. 584; 1989b, p. 644) suggested...Rule 7: In the case of two authors with the same surname, use the first given initial to distinguish them.(A.Smith, 1999)(B. Smith, 2001)If the first given initial is the same, use the second initial.NOTE: The Harvard System--like the APA—operates by minimizing the amount of information in the in-text reference. Only use the essential information needed to identify the reference. For most references this is the Author and Date. If there is likely to be confusion, use titles and lower case letters to indicate multiple works by the same author. If there are two authors with the same surname use the given name initial to distinguish them. Only use given name initials in these situations and not at other times.RULES GOVERNING ENTRIES IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHYRule 1: Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author, alphabetise letter by letter, and alphabetise the prefixes M, Mc and Mac literally:“Anderson” is before “Antigone” in an alphabetical list (both begin “An” but “t” is after “d”, etc)Note in the above reference list that:Abrami, P. C., d'Appollonia, S. and Rosenfield, S.is before:Abrami, P. C., Dickens, W. J., Leventhal, L. and Perry, R. P.This is because “d’A” is alphabetically prior to “Di”.Rule 2: Single author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname:Kaufman, J.R. 1978, …Kaufman, J.R. and Wrong, D.F. 1978,…Rule 3: References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1977, …Kaufman, J.R. and Jones, K. 1980, …Rule 4: Order of several works by different authors with the same family name are arranged alphabetically by first initial:Eliot, A.L. 1983, …Eliot, G.E. 1980, …Specific Rules for JournalsThe title of the journal article always appears in single quotation marks, and the title of the journal is always underlined or italicised. It is important to provide inclusive page numbers of the journal article (NOT the page number of the in-text citation), and to present them as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding item by a comma.Boex, J. F. 2000,'Identifying the Attributes of Effective Economics Instructors: An Analysis of StudentEvaluation of Instructor Data,' Journal ofEconomics Education, vol. 31, Summer, pp.211-226.NOTE: Some journals have issue numbers as well as volume numbers. Some have season issues, not issue numbers (e.g., “summer”, “fall”). The issue numbers are sometimes given using the abbreviation No. before the number (see the reference list earlier) and sometimes given in brackets, e.g.: Vol. 1, (4). Either form is acceptableNewspaper Articles and Case StudiesIf a newspaper article or case study has an obvious author, the procedure described for journals should be followed, volume and series information being replaced by the day and month.If the article has no obvious author, it should be identified by means of the title. Such a citation should also be included alphabetically in the list of references.Brandis, G. 1987, ‘The Liberals: Just who is forgetting whom?’, Weekend Australian, 24-25 Jan, p. 19.‘Killing bin Laden won’t end the terror’, 2001, The Age, 19/10/01, p. 26.Legge, K. 1987, ‘Labor to cost the “Keating Factor”’, Times on Sunday, 1st Feb, p. 2. (Financial Review,(1987) 23 Jan, editorial)Edited BooksAn editor is someone who compiles a book from a number of sources. The editor might write a preface to the book, and make small changes to the contributions to the book, but most of the book is written by other people. An editor is identified by means of (ed)]: Cashin, W. E. (ed), 1999, …Article or Chapter in Edited BookPut the name of the chapter in ‘…’ and then identify the book that it appears in as follows:Cashin, W. E. 1990, 'Students do Rate Different Academic Fields Differently', in StudentsRatings of Instruction: Issues for ImprovingPractice: New Directions for Teaching andLearning, vol. 43, (eds Theall, M. and Franklin,J.) Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 113-121. NOTE: In this case it is a series of books and this is 43 in the series. This is not a journal because the title of the book is italicised and there is no italicised journal name.Multiple Edition BookYura, H. and Walsh, M. B. 1983, The Nursing Process, Assessing, Planning, Implementing, Evaluation,(4th edn), Appleton-Century-Crofts/Norwalk,Connecticut. Film or VideoMaas, J. B. (Producer) and Gluck, D.H. (Director), 1979, Deeper into Hypnosis [Film], Prentice-Hall, NewJersey.Koenig, W. (Producer) and O’Donoghue, A. (Director) 1986, The Old Person’s Friend, [Video], TheNational Film Board of Canada, Montreal.Audio Cassette RecordingClark, K. B. (Speaker) 1976, Problems of Freedom and Behaviour Modification, [Cassette Recording No.7612], American Psychological Association,Washington D.C.Personal CommunicationThis may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, and other forms of communication that are unpublished and generally not retrievable (you cannot find them again).They are cited in the body of the essay and should appear in the bibliography as well [if they can be found]. If they cannot be found they should NOT be in the bibliography but they should nonetheless appear in the in-text citation. See also Works without an Author’s Name].Material used by lecturers is often accessed from subject texts or weekly specified reading. These should be referenced in preference to the lecture notes.For example:In-text: According to J.O. Reiss, Lecturer in Accounting, ‘There has never been a better time to study accounting’ (Reiss, pers. comm., April 28, 1983).This would appear in the bibliography as:Reiss, J. O. 1983, Subject Handbook for Lectures in Accounting, Department of Accounting, University of Melbourne, 28/4/1983.Dubious Publication DateIf the publication date is dubious, a question mark is used.Quirk, E. (? 1751) …Anonymous WorksThe publication date follows the title. The expressions “Anonymous” or “Anon. 1”. should not be used and these publications should be listed first in your reference list under the title of the publication. For example:Bringing up Parents, 1953, …NOTE: Anonymous works are NOT works which have been published where the author is not listed (for example, Government publications). They are works where the author is unidentifiable, generally because the publication is too old. Works where the author is simply not mentioned should be listed alphabetically by title. Works without an Author’s NameSome authors do not use their name on publications so you cannot list the publication by surname. Examples of this include company reports, brochures and government publications. What should you do? You should always use the title of the publication instead. For example:The Arts Faculty Student Handbook, 2002, Monash University: Clayton.NOTE: In the Reference list or Bibliography you should omit articles (in this case, “The”) for purposes of alphabetical order and list under the first letter of the next word (in this case, “A”)Conference PapersPapers presented at conferences, seminars and meetings are forms of unpublished material.Bowd, D. G. 1957, ‘Richard Fitzgerald, 1772-1840’, Paper presented to Hawkesbury HistoricalSociety, NSW.Suzuki, R. 1982, ‘Workers’ Attitudes Toward Computer Innovation and Organizational Culture: The Casein Japan’, Paper presented to the 10th WorldCongress of Sociology, Mexico City, 16-21 Aug. Government PublicationsWhen citing government publications, the procedure described for books should generally be followed.Such citations often appear complex—for example, some publications have no obvious author, some have a sponsoring organisation and an author, some are the work of a committee.Pamphlets are often published by government departments. Pamphlets are also published by universities.In general list the reference by means of the title UNLESS there is a sponsoring body, in which case identify by the sponsor first. [If there is a sponsoring body it should be clearly stated: “Sponsored by X”].IN SUMMARY:•Identify by surname first, OR•Identify by Title UNLESS there is a sponsor, IN WHICH CASE•Identify by sponsorCiting Online SourcesMany students will want to cite references from the internet. As many good quality journals are now online this is acceptable. You will find detailed information on how to do this at the following location (Quinion, 1998):/words/articles/citation.htmThis kind of referencing requirement is still fairly new, but as a general rule, the following conventions apply.1. In-Text Online CitationsFor the in-text reference, simply identify by either surname and given name initials and year OR the title and year. In other words, the normal Harvard System practice applies. For example, if the website is clearly identified as being written by Bob Smith, the in-text reference should be:(Smith, 2000)•URLs do NOT appear in the text.•Note also that the writer’s name should be given, not the “webmaster”, unless they are thesame person.If the website is clearly identified as being by the Department of Management, which is a Department of the Faculty of Business and Economics, you identify by the title of the page you are citing (not necessarily the “index” or main page). For example:(‘Department of Management’, 2001)OR(Faculty of Business and Economics, 2001)depending on which page you are interested in taking information from.(The former is a ‘Chapter’ of the latter, so the department page is shown by ‘…’ and the main page is shown in italics). The following diagram makes this clear.Of course, using the usual Harvard method, the remaining citation information (publisher and place of publication) is given in the Bibliography.2. Bibliographic Online CitationsFor the bibliographic reference, you identify by surname of author (if available) as usual. If there is no author mentioned, the following conventions apply. Include the following in this order:•‘Name of article/page’ (This is the page you are citing from, not necessarily the “index” or mainpage)•year in brackets (…)•Name of journal/main website page (in italics)•URL: http://etc.--in ROUND brackets—parentheses, (…)•date of creation of site e.g., 14/5/01PLUS:•Accessed: your date of use of the page in SQUARE brackets. […]NOTE: The date of use of the page is usually different from date of creation, and is therefore important for accuracy given that pages are continually updated. e.g.,‘The Department of Management’, (2001) Faculty of Business and Economics, (URL: http:// etc ...) 14/3/01 [Accessed: 30/4/01].NOTE: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies the source of the material. This begins with a code for the type of access involved (“http://”, “ftp://”, “gopher://”, etc). If you wanted to cite the document we are referring to above it would be:Quinion, M., (1999), Citing Online Sources, (URL:/words/articles/citation.htm)[Accessed: 10 March 2001].Make sure you break the lines in a sensible place and never introduce hyphens. NOTE:In terms of managing reference information it is advisable to begin compiling your reference list as soon as you start reading. Add everything you read. Delete as necessary later.Using the Harvard system is made easy by a specific computer program designed for the purpose, e.g. EndNote. This is available for free for students..au/endnote/index.htmlSources:“The Q Manual”. Business and Economics, Monash University, (1998), URL:(.au/publications/qmanual/q-referencing.html#Harvard) (30/7/1998) [Accessed 5/2/04]。
哈佛大学文献标注方法的中文解说版
哈佛大学文献标注方法(Harvard referencing system)外国的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用,这个也是占分数的。
很多欧洲和澳洲的大学一般要求哈佛大学文献参考系统。
操作方法如下:一、正文中国外的文献引用方法和中文有很大的差异性,中文引用喜欢照搬别人的原话,但英文一般不这样,要自己归纳别人的观点,或者说别人做了什么研究,结论怎么样啊。
总之最好不要原文照搬。
(一)文中不出现作者姓名如果引用作者的某句话或者某个观点,就在这句话的末尾加(),()内要标注作者的姓名和该文章出版的年份,如(Author 2005)。
反是有引用的,不管是从报纸上来的、还是书本、论文都要标。
如:Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack 1994).如:(Jones 1946; Smith 1948)如:Recent research has found that the majority of……(Green et al 1995)(二)文中出现作者姓名如果正文中出现了作者的姓名,如xxx said/ concluded/ suggests….则在姓名后面加(),()内只要标注年份即可,如(2005)。
如:Cormack (1994, p.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.如:Jones (1946) and Smith (1948)have both shown……如:Green et al (1995) found that the majority ……(三) 其他情况如果一个作者同年出版了两本书,如2005年,要这样标:(Author 2005a) 或(Author 2005b);如果在一篇文章中引用多篇报纸文章,要表明这篇报纸文章的具体日期,如(The Guardian, October 18, 2005)。
哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing
Harvard referencing guideHSL-DVC1A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Citations in the text should give the author's name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation.This guide aims to outline how to reference using the Harvard method. The Harvard method is not the only standard of referencing and you should consult with your lecturers which they recommend. For a more interactive tutorial on how to reference correctly refer to the …Tutorials by department‟ tab on the Information Skills Resource website.Harvard method of citation in the textAll statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below:Single author:-In a study by Seedhouse (1997) coping with illness was investigated ....In a study (Seedhouse,1997) coping with illness was investigated ....When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. Burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health professionals that ....Two authors :-In the book by Basford and Slevin (1995) .....More than two authors:-Benner et al (1996) conclude that ....If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:-There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health.......... ( Francome and Marks, 1996; Bunton, 1995; Lupton, 1995)Harvard method of quoting in the textWhen quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:-Weir (1995) states that "defining roles and their remits is not simple"(p.10).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Thomas and Ingham (1995) in discussing staff development state that: "Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others"(p.33).If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:-Weir and Kendrick (1995) state that "networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . ."(p.88).Secondary referencingSecondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996). Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.Harvard method of listing references at the end of the textReferences should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors' forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are notrequired to be. The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics:A book by a single author:Seedhouse, D. (1997) Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester, John Wiley.A book by two authors:Burns, Nancy and Grove, Susan K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition. London, Saunders.A book by more than two authors:Mares, Penny et al. (1995) Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge, Health Education Council.A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation):Health Visitors' Association (1992) Principles into practice : an HVA position statement on health visiting and school nursing. London, Health Visitors' Association.An edited book:Basford, Lynn and Slevin, Oliver (eds) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh, Campion.A chapter in a book:Weir, Pauline (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds) Innovations in nursing practice. London, Edward Arnold. p. 5- 22.An article in a journal:Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1), 43-5.An article in a newspaper:White, M. (1998) £68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. If no author name is given then anon should be used instead.Anon (1998) Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. Government publicationsIn broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way.A White paper:Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future.Cm.3390. London, Stationery Office.A Green paper:Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health. Cm 3854. London, Stationery Office.An Act of Parliament:Great Britain (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19. London, HMSO.Conference proceedings:Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong Learning: innovativeA thesis or dissertation:Stones, Marian (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield.A secondary reference:Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman & Co. Cited in: Douglass, Laura Mae (1996) The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby. Acknowledgements:The following documents have been used in the compilation of this guide and further information can be obtained from them.Bournemouth University. Academic Services Group. Library and Information Services.(1996) Harvard System. [online] Bournemouth, Bournemouth University. [Accessed 9th June 1996].British Standards Institution (1989) BS Recommendations for references to published materials. BS.1629:1989. London, BSI.Citing electronic sources of informationThere is a separate guide giving details of how to cite electronic sources of information: “Citing electronic sources of information”.Citing online and audio visual sources ofinformationHSL-DVC2Data is available in various formats apart from printed documents such as books and journals. Increasingly information is becoming available electronically. This guidesets out to provide examples of how to cite these electronic sources of information in the Harvard style. There is a separate document outlining how to cite printed material. The standard copyright law applies equally to electronic sources and any referenceto other people's work should be acknowledged with citations in your text and inclusion in your reference list.The Information Skills Resource includes interactive tutorials on how to reference correctly. Select the ‘Tutorials by department’ tab for tutorials tailored for your subject area. Always check which referencing method your department recommends before submitting finished work.INTERNET SOURCESIndividual worksAuthor/editor surname, Initial. (Year) Title [online].Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL[Accessed date].Example:Marieb.E. (2000) Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site.[online]. 6th edition. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Available from: /bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/ [Accessed 4th July 2001].Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated on a regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. If you are not sure of the date click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write (No date).Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated.The accessed date is when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available.The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of Sheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot be ascertained then leave out.Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specificauthor. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method of citing works produced by a corporate body) or start with the title.Example:The University of Sheffield Library (2001) Nursing and Midwifery in the Library and on the Internet. [online]. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Available from:/library/subjects/subnurse.html [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Citing electronic journalsAuthor surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title[online], Volume (part), location within the host. Available from:URL [Accessed date].The "location within host" is the equivalent of page numbering used with printed sources. If the document does not include pagination an alternative may be used eg date, labelled part, or the the total number of lines, paragraphs or screens. Example of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form: Handwashing Liaison Group (1999) Hand washing. BMJ[online], 318 (7185),686. Available from: /cgi/content/full/318/7185/686 [Accessed 4th July 2001].Examples of articles from journals only available online:Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and Summary of Complementary Therapies: Are TheseReally Nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing [online], 6(2), 31st May 2001. Available from: http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed 4th July 2001.Peterson, M. (1997) Skills to enhance problem-based learning. Medical Education Online [online], 2,3. Available from: http://www.med-ed-/f0000009.htm#reference [Accessed 4th July 2001].Citing a full text item from an online bibliographical databaseAuthor surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title.Volume (part), pages. Full-text [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].Example of full text article from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:Newens, Andrew J. et al (1997). Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6(2), 153-160. Full-text [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc.[Accessed 28th May 1998].Citing an abstract from an online bibliographical databaseAn abstract should only be cited if it has proved impossible to obtain the full text of the article and it is essential to your work to do so.Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part), pages. Abstract [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].Example of abstract from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:Redman, G. M. (1997). LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36(3), 121-7. Abstract [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. [Accessed 28thMay 1998].Citation from a database that includes citation instructionsSometimes the database instructs you on how to cite references. This might be at the end of the article. You must cite the reference as they state. Put in brackets at the end of the citation that this is the case.Example of such a citation:Renfrew MJ and Lang S. Early initiation of breastfeeding. (Cochrane Review) In: the Cochrane Library, issue 2. Oxford:Update Software;1998. Updated quarterly. (Citation as instructed)JISCmail/Listserv email listsThese discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Many lists will archive the messages sent. References to these messages should be treated in a similar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title.For "Available from" use the email address of the list administrator. These details,together with the author, will appear in the message header.Author, (Day Month Year). Subject of message. Discussion list [online]. Available from: JISCmail/Listserv email address [Accessed date].Examples:Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric- nursing [online]. Available from: /lists/psychiatric-nursing.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].Sandall, J. (24 May 2001) Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research [online]. Available from: /lists/midwifery-research.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].Please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. A local copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citation, but a note should be given to this effect. It is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has beendeleted/moved/changed.Usenet newsgroups/Bulletinboards/BlogsUsenet newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and post messages in a common location on the Internet.Author (Day Month Year). Subject heading of message. Newsgroup [online].Available from: Name of Usenet newsgroup [Access date].Clark, D. & Young, J. (8 June 2001) Substance Misuse resource. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001].If the author's name and initial is not given, use the email/username.Example:news@ (7 June 2001) UK Learning Difficulty Website. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Example:Doctorow, C. (17 Jan 2010) Britain’s Business Secretary wants to turn the nation’s back on basic science [online]. Available from:/2010/01/17/britains-business-se.html [Accessed 19th January 2010].Personal emailIf you wish to make reference to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. You should get a sender's permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address.Sender (Sender's Email address) (Day Month Year). Subject of Message. Email to recipient (Recipient's Email address).Example:McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@) (28th November 1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal email to L.Parker (l.a.parker@).Audio visual materialsAudiocassettes, CD-ROMs, film, microform, radio broadcasts,television, and videos When citing one of the above items information about the nature of the item should be given where necessary after the title.Example:Peters, T. (1991) Tom Peters Live. [Audiocassette]. Boulder,USA, CareerTrack Publications.Many CD-ROMs, films, videos and broadcasts are the co-operative work of many individuals. These should either be cited with the title as the first element, or if there is an individual with clear responsibility for the intellectual content his name should be used e.g. the director.Examples:Pride and Prejudice. [Video]. (1997) London, BBC.Encarta 98 Encyclopaedia. [CD-ROM]. (1998) New York, Microsoft Ltd. Henderson, David. (1985) Reith Lectures. BBC Radio 3 and 4. Nov - Dec 1985. Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions.Example:Thatcher, Margaret. (1986) Interview. In: Six O'Clock , BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29.18.00hrs.。
哈佛分析框架 外文文献及翻译
经营分析与估值克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节1.简介本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。
因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据,投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。
各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决,如下面的示例所示:一位证券分析师可能会对问:“我的公司有多好?这家公司是否符合我的期望?如果没有,为什么不呢?鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估,该公司的股票价值是多少?”一位信贷员可能需要问:“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款?公司管理其流动性如何?公司的经营风险是什么?公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么?“一位管理顾问可能会问:“公司经营的行业结构是什么?该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么?不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么?”公司经理可能会问:“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗?是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程?”财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动,当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后,他们不可能完全披露这些信息。
在这一设置中,外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”,从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。
了解财务报表分析所做的贡献,这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作,财务报告的作用,形成财务报表制度的力量。
因此,我们首先简要说明这些力量,然后我们讨论的步骤,分析师必须执行,以提取信息的财务报表,并提供有价值的预测。
2.从经营活动到财务报表企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源,并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。
当公司在资本成本的超额投资时,就创造了价值。
管理者制定经营战略,实现这一目标,并通过业务活动实施。
企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。
经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场,以及公司经营的规章制度。
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Harvard Referencing – a quick guideLearning and InformationServicesWhen writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formalreferencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference?To avoid plagiarismAcknowledge the work of othersVerify quotesFollow-up reading – easier for academics to trace informationAbide by Copyright LawHelp a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions.Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are:Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text.Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text.Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further readingReference List - List of resources referred to in your work.Some examples:1) Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.2) Electronic Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.Available from: [Accessed 10 April, 2005]4) Chapter from a Book.MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead.In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-1825) Secondary Reference (work you haven’t read which is mentioned in another work)SMITH, D. (1993) Change good or bad?cited in: JONES, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. Routledge. pp.24 Within the body of the text:Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003) argued that social change…6) Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. COSGROVE, D. and JACKSON, P. (2001) “New directions in sport science.” American Scientist and Sport Vol.8, pp.103-167N.B. List up to three authors. When more, list first author only and add et al or and others7) Electronic Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. MARTIN, E.W. (2000) “The legislative history of special education.” The future of children Vol.6 (4), pp.49-63 [online]Available from: [Accessed 29th October, 2002]8) Journal Article from electronic journal service (database)COLQUHOUN, M.C. (2002) Defibrillation by general practitioners. Resuscitation [online] v.52 (2), February, pp.143-148Available at: /[Accessed 24th July 2002]9) Official Publications.ActChildren Act 1989, (c.41). [online] HMSO1989Available from: [Accessed: 29th January, 2005]Government ReportDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (1996) Special needs. HMSO.Command PapersHOME OFFICE, (1978) Reform for the Official Secrets Act 1911. (Cmnd.7285)H.M.S.O.Statistical SeriesOFFICE OF POPULATION, (1990) General Survey for 1988 No.19. HMSO.Ofsted ReportBURKE,B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: Bedford High School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TYAvailable at:/[Accessed 26th November 2002]10) Video/DVD/Film/CD.Meetings bloody meetings. (1992) Video. Miramax.Some like it hot. (1959). Film, directed by Billy Wilder. USA, United Artists. SHOSTAKOVICH, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg & Polish National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. CD. Sony.11) TV Programme.The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear. UK, ITV 26th October, 1988.12) Live Performance – Dance.CHOREOGRAPHER. (date of premier) Title. [Date seen and where].ALSTON. R. (22nd June, 1990) Soda Lake [19th September, 2003 Covent Garden]13) Web page.LEARNING AND INFORMATION SERVICES (2002) Guide to the Harvard Referencing System.Available from: /lea/78127.htm[Accessed: 10th July, 2004]Nursing theory 2000.Available from: /academics/nursing/theory/[Accessed: 18th July 2004]12) Electronic Images.In your reference list:The lunar interior [image] 1999. PlanetScapes, USA.Available from: /browse/moon/moonint.jpg[Accessed on: 31st January, 2003]In the body of a paragraph:When looking at the image “The lunar interior” (1999) it is obvious that…… etc, etc. If you have inserted the image into your essay then under the image:(The lunar interior, 1999)Quotations.A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. However, before including a quotation, stop to consider is it relevant? It is important that:It is easily identifiableProduced exactly as in the original including spelling/grammar errorsUse square brackets [ ] around any words you addUse 3 dots … to indicate omissions (see examples)Three lines or less should be in quotation marks and included in the body of the essay followed by the author and page number (see example 1) Longer quotes should be an indented paragraph without quotation marks around (see example 2)Some examples:1. “…their pay, including those referred to as fringe…” Titmuss (1958, p.51)2. Titmuss (1958) said controversially that:their pay, including those referred to as fringe…pensions foremployees, wives and dependants: child allowances; death duties; travel;entertainment; health…and an incalculable variety if benefits of kind ranging from the most tangible. (p.51)Finally…. r eferences to books, journal articles, etc. are presented in:a single sequence arranged alphabetically by author.References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of publication.Book titles or journal titles (not article) are normally underlined or in italicsPage numbers are included in reference list and bibliography entries for journal articles and essays only.To add a note insert number in text - (1) [1] ¹ etc at the appropriate point and use footnote for reference or include the note before the Reference List.Make sure any resource referred to in your work is in the Reference List Do not include everything consulted in your Bibliography– discriminate between important & less significant sources.Make a note of resources as you use them to save time.BE CONSISTENT!!This guide is not a definitive document on Harvard References and some lecturers have particular preferences regarding presentation - always seek guidance and clarification from your lecturer.For further details of the Harvard system, please refer to the full Harvard referencing system is available from: /lea/78127.htmJackie Feale. yMarch 2008。