1989年救助公约
《1989国际救助公约》International Convention of Salvage
The International Convention On Salvage, IMO 1989Chapter I - General provisionsArticle 1 - DefinitionsArticle 2 - Application of the ConventionArticle 3 - Platforms and drilling unitsArticle 4 - State-owned vesselsArticle 5 - Salvage operations controlled by public authoritiesArticle 6 - Salvage contractsArticle 7 - Annulment and modification of contractsChapter II - Performance of salvage operationsArticle 8 - Duties of the salvor and of the owner and masterArticle 9 - Rights of coastal StatesArticle 10 - Duty to render assistanceArticle 11 - Co-operationChapter III - Rights of salvorsArticle 12 - Conditions for rewardArticle 13 - Criteria for fixing the rewardArticle 14 - Special compensationArticle 15 - Apportionment between salvorsArticle 16 - Salvage of personsArticle 17 - Services rendered under existing contractsArticle 18 - The effect of salvor's misconductArticle 19 - Prohibition of salvage operationsChapter IV - Claims and actionsArticle 20 - Maritime lienArticle 21 - Duty to provide securityArticle 22 - Interim paymentArticle 23 - Limitation of actionsArticle 24 - InterestArticle 25 - State-owned cargoesArticle 26 - Humanitarian cargoesArticle 27 - Publication of arbitral awardsChapter V - Final clausesArticle 28 - Signature, ratification, acceptance approval and accessionArticle 29 - Entry into forceArticle 30 - ReservationsArticle 31 - DenunciationArticle 32 - Revision and amendmentArticle 33 - DepositaryArticle 34 - LanguagesThe International Convention On Salvage, IMO 1989THE STATES PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTIONRECOGNIZING the desirability of determining by agreement uniform international rules regarding salvage operations,NOTING that substantial developments, in particular the increased concern for the protection of the environment, have demonstrated the need to review the international rules presently contained in the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea, done at Brussels, 23 September 1910,CONSCIOUS of the major contribution which efficient and timely salvage operations can make to the safety of vessels and other property in danger and to the protection of the environment,CONVINCED of the need to ensure that adequate incentives are available to persons who undertake salvage operations in respect of vessels and other property in danger,HAVE AGREED as follows:Chapter I - General provisionsArticle 1 - DefinitionsFor the purpose of this Convention:(a) Salvage operation means any act or activity undertaken to assist a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable waters or in any other waters whatsoever.(b) Vessel means any ship or craft, or any structure capable of navigation.(c) Property means any property not permanently and intentionally attached to the shoreline and includes freight at risk.(d) Damage to the environment means substantial physical damage to human health or to marine life or resources in coastal or inland waters or areas adjacent thereto, caused by pollution, contamination, fire, explosion or similar major incidents.(e) Payment means any reward, remuneration or compensation due under this Convention.(f) Organization means the International Maritime Organization.(g) Secretary-General means the Secretary-General of the Organization.Article 2 - Application of the ConventionThis Convention shall apply whenever judicial or arbitral proceedings relating to matters dealt with in this Convention are brought in a State Party.Article 3 - Platforms and drilling unitsThis Convention shall not apply to fixed or floating platforms or to mobile offshore drilling units when such platforms or units are on location engaged in the exploration, exploitation or production of sea-bed mineral resources.Article 4 - State-owned vessels1. Without prejudice to article 5, this Convention shall not apply to warships or other non-commercial vessels owned or operated by a State and entitled, at the time of salvage operations, to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law unless that State decides otherwise.2. Where a State Party decides to apply the Convention to its warships or other vessels described in paragraph 1, it shall notify the Secretary-General thereof specifying the terms and conditions of such application.Article 5 - Salvage operations controlled by public authorities1. This Convention shall not affect any provisions of national law or any international convention relating to salvage operations by or under the control of public authorities.2. Nevertheless, salvors carrying out such salvage operations shall be entitled to avail themselves of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention in respect of salvage operations.3. The extent to which a public authority under a duty to perform salvage operations may avail itself of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention shall be determined by the law of the State where such authority is situated.Article 6 - Salvage contracts1. This Convention shall apply to any salvage operations save to the extent that a contract otherwise provides expressly or by implication.2. The master shall have the authority to conclude contracts for salvage operations on behalf of the owner of the vessel. The master or the owner of the vessel shall have the authority to conclude such contracts on behalf of the owner of the property on board the vessel.3. Nothing in this article shall affect the application of article 7 nor duties to prevent or minimize damage to the environment. Article 7 - Annulment and modification of contractsA contract or any terms thereof may be annulled or modified if:(a) the contract has been entered into under undue influence or the influence of danger and its terms are inequitable; or(b) the payment under the contract is in an excessive degree too large or too small for the services actually rendered. Chapter II - Performance of salvage operationsArticle 8 - Duties of the salvor and of the owner and master1. The salvor shall owe a duty to the owner of the vessel or other property in danger:(a) to carry out the salvage operations with due care;(b) in performing the duty specified in subparagraph (a), to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment;(c) whenever circumstances reasonably require, to seek assistance from other salvors; and(d) to accept the intervention of other salvors when reasonably requested to do so by the owner or master of the vessel or other property in danger; provided however that the amount of his reward shall not be prejudiced should it be found that such a request was unreasonable.2. The owner and master of the vessel or the owner of other property in danger shall owe a duty to the salvor:(a) to co-operate fully with him during the course of the salvage operations;(b) in so doing, to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment; and(c) when the vessel or other property has been brought to a place of safety, to accept redelivery when reasonably requested by the salvor to do so.Article 9 - Rights of coastal StatesNothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the coastal State concerned to take measures in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law to protect its coastline or related interests from pollution or the threat of pollution following upon a maritime casualty or acts relating to such a casualty which may reasonably be expected to result in major harmful consequences, including the right of a coastal State to give directions in relation to salvage operations.Article 10 - Duty to render assistance1. Every master is bound, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his vessel and persons thereon, to render assistance to any person in danger of being lost at sea.2. The States Parties shall adopt the measures necessary to enforce the duty set out in paragraph 1.3. The owner of the vessel shall incur no liability for a breach of the duty of the master under paragraph 1.Article 11 - Co-operationA State Party shall, whenever regulating or deciding upon matters relating to salvage operations such as admittance to ports of vessels in distress or the provision of facilities to salvors, take into account the need for co-operation between salvors, other interested parties and public authorities in order to ensure the efficient and successful performance of salvage operations for the purpose of saving life or property in danger as well as preventing damage to the environment in general.Chapter III - Rights of salvorsArticle 12 - Conditions for reward1. Salvage operations which have had a useful result give right to a reward.2. Except as otherwise provided, no payment is due under this Convention if the salvage operations have had no useful result.3. This chapter shall apply, notwithstanding that the salved vessel and the vessel undertaking the salvage operations belong to the same owner.Article 13 - Criteria for fixing the reward1. The reward shall be fixed with a view to encouraging salvage operations, taking into account the following criteria without regard to the order in which they are presented below:(a) the salved value of the vessel and other property;(b) the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment;(c) the measure of success obtained by the salvor;(d) the nature and degree of the danger;(e) the skill and efforts of the salvors in salving the vessel, other property and life;(f) the time used and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors;(g) the risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment;(h) the promptness of the services rendered;(i) the availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations;(j) the state of readiness and efficiency of the salvor's equipment and the value thereof.2. Payment of a reward fixed according to paragraph 1 shall be made by all of the vessel and other property interests in proportion to their respective salved values. However, a State Party may in its national law provide that the payment of a reward has to be made by one of these interests, subject to a right of recourse of this interest against the other interests for their respective shares. Nothing in this article shall prevent any right of defence.3. The rewards, exclusive of any interest and recoverable legal costs that may be payable thereon, shall not exceed the salved value of the vessel and other property.Article 14 - Special compensation1. If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under article 13 at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with this article, he shall be entitled to special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined.2. If, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to the salvor under paragraph 1 may be increased up to a maximum of 30% of the expenses incurred by the salvor. However, the tribunal, if it deems it fair and just to do so and bearing in mind the relevant criteria set out in article 13, paragraph 1, may increase such special compensation further, but in no event shall the total increase be more than 100% of the expenses incurred by the salvor.3. Salvor's expenses for the purpose of paragraphs 1 and 2 means the out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by the salvor in the salvage operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used in the salvage operation, taking into consideration the criteria set out in article 13, paragraph 1 (h), (i) and (j).4. The total special compensation under this article shall be paid only if and to the extent that such compensation is greater than any reward recoverable by the salvor under article 13.5. If the salvor has been negligent and has thereby failed to prevent or minimize damage to the environment, he may be deprived of the whole or part of any special compensation due under this article.6. Nothing in this article shall affect any right of recourse on the part of the owner of the vessel.Article 15 - Apportionment between salvors1. The apportionment of a reward under article 13 between salvors shall be made on the basis of the criteria contained in that article.2. The apportionment between the owner, master and other persons in the service of each salving vessel shall be determined by the law of the flag of that vessel. If the salvage has not been carried out from a vessel, the apportionment shall be determined by the law governing the contract between the salvor and his servants.Article 16 - Salvage of persons1. No remuneration is due from persons whose lives are saved, but nothing in this article shall affect the provisions of national law on this subject.2. A salvor of human life, who has taken part in the services rendered on the occasion of the accident giving rise to salvage, is entitled to a fair share of the payment awarded to the salvor for salving the vessel or other property or preventing or minimizing damage to the environment.Article 17 - Services rendered under existing contractsNo payment is due under the provisions of this Convention unless the services rendered exceed what can be reasonably considered as due performance of a contract entered into before the danger arose.Article 18 - The effect of salvor's misconductA salvor may be deprived of the whole or part of the payment due under this Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.Article 19 - Prohibition of salvage operationsServices rendered notwithstanding the express and reasonable prohibition of the owner or master of the vessel or the owner of any other property in danger which is not and has not been on board the vessel shall not give rise to payment under this ConventionChapter IV - Claims and actionsArticle 20 - Maritime lien1. Nothing in this Convention shall affect the salvor's maritime lien under any international convention or national law.2. The salvor may not enforce his maritime lien when satisfactory security for his claim, including interest and costs, has been duly tendered or provided.Article 21 - Duty to provide security1. Upon the request of the salvor a person liable for a payment due under this Convention shall provide satisfactory security for the claim, including interest and costs of the salvor.2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the owner of the salved vessel shall use his best endeavours to ensure that the owners of the cargo provide satisfactory security for the claims against them including interest and costs before the cargo is released.3. The salved vessel and other property shall not, without the consent of the salvor, be removed from the port or place at which they first arrive after the completion of the salvage operations until satisfactory security has been put up for the salvor's claim against the relevant vessel or property.Article 22 - Interim payment1. The tribunal having jurisdiction over the claim of the salvor may, by interim decision, order that the salvor shall be paid on account such amount as seems fair and just, and on such terms including terms as to security where appropriate, as may be fair and just according to the circumstances of the case.2. In the event of an interim payment under this article the security provided under article 21 shall be reduced accordingly.Article 23 - Limitation of actions1. Any action relating to payment under this Convention shall be time-barred if judicial or arbitral proceedings have not been instituted within a period of two years. The limitation period commences on the day on which the salvage operations are terminated.2. The person against whom a claim is made may at any time during the running of the limitation period extend that period by a declaration to the claimant. This period may in the like manner be further extended.3. An action for indemnity by a person liable may be instituted even after the expiration of the limitation period provided for in the preceding paragraphs, if brought within the time allowed by the law of the State where proceedings are instituted.Article 24 - InterestThe right of the salvor to interest on any payment due under this Convention shall be determined according to the law of the State in which the tribunal seized of the case is situated.Article 25 - State-owned cargoesUnless the State owner consents, no provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention by any legal process of, nor for any proceedings in rem against, non-commercial cargoes owned by a State and entitled, at the time of the salvage operations, to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law.Article 26 - Humanitarian cargoesNo provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention of humanitarian cargoes donated by a State, if such State has agreed to pay for salvage services rendered in respect of such humanitarian cargoes.Article 27 - Publication of arbitral awardsStates Parties shall encourage, as far as possible and with the consent of the parties, the publication of arbitral awards made in salvage cases.Chapter V - Final clausesArticle 28 - Signature, ratification, acceptance approval and accession1. This Convention shall be open for signature at the Headquarters of the Organization from 1 July 1989 to 30 June 1990 and shall thereafter remain open for accession.2. States may express their consent to be bound by this Convention by:(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or(c) accession.3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General.Article 29 - Entry into force1. This Convention shall enter into force one year after the date on which 15 States have expressed their consent to be bound by it.2. For a State which expresses its consent to be bound by this Convention after the conditions for entry into force thereof have been met, such consent shall take effect one year after the date of expression of such consent.Article 30 - Reservations1. Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, reserve the right not to apply the provisions of this Convention:(a) when the salvage operation takes place in inland waters and all vessels involved are of inland navigation;(b) when the salvage operations take place in inland waters and no vessel is involved;(c) when all interested parties are nationals of that State;(d) when the property involved is maritime cultural property of prehistoric, archaeological or historic interest and is situated on the sea-bed.2. Reservations made at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.3. Any State which has made a reservation to this Convention may withdraw it at any time by means of a notification addressed to the Secretary-General. Such withdrawal shall take effect on the date the notification is received. If the notification states that the withdrawal of a reservation is to take effect on a date specified therein, and such date is later than the date the notification is received by the Secretary-General, the withdrawal shall take effect on such later date.Article 31 - Denunciation1. This Convention may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the expiry of one year from the date on which this Convention enters into force for that State.2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary-General.3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation by the Secretary-General.Article 32 - Revision and amendment1. A conference for the purpose of revising or amending this Convention may be convened by the Organization.2. The Secretary-General shall convene a conference of the States Parties to this Convention for revising or amending the Convention, at the request of eight States Parties, or one fourth of the States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.3. Any consent to be bound by this Convention expressed after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to apply to the Convention as amended.Article 33 - Depositary1. This convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.2. The Secretary-General shall:(a) inform all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto, and all Members of the Organization, of:(i) each new signature or deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession together with the date thereof;(ii) the date of the entry into force of this Convention;(iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Convention together with the date on which it is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect;(iv) any amendment adopted in conformity with article 32;(v) the receipt of any reservation, declaration or notification made under this Convention;(b) transmit certified true copies of this Convention to all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto.3. As soon as this Convention enters into force, a certified true copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.Article 34 - LanguagesThis Convention is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed this Convention.DONE AT LONDON this twenty-eighth day of April one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine.。
2020年湖北省《国际私法》考前练习(第762套)
2020年湖北省《国际私法》考前练习考试须知：1、考试时间：180分钟。
2、请首先按要求在试卷的指定位置填写您的姓名、准考证号和所在单位的名称。
3、请仔细阅读各种题目的回答要求，在规定的位置填写您的答案。
4、不要在试卷上乱写乱画，不要在标封区填写无关的内容。
5、答案与解析在最后。
姓名: ___________考号: ___________得分评卷人一、单选题（共30题）1.巴拿马籍货轮“安达号”承运一批运往中国的货物，中途停靠韩国。
“安达号”在韩国停靠卸载同船装运的其他货物时与利比里亚籍“百利号”相碰。
“安达号”受损但能继续航行，并得知“百利号”最后的目的港也是中国港口。
“安达号”继续航行至中国港口卸货并在中国某海事法院起诉“百利号”，要求其赔偿碰撞损失。
依照我国法律，该法院处理该争议应适用下列哪一国法律？A.中国法律，因为本案两船国籍不同，应适用法院地法处理争议B.巴拿马法律，因为它是本案原告船舶的国籍国C.利比里亚法律，因为它是本案被告船舶的国籍国D.韩国法律，因为韩国是侵权行为地2.2014年1月，定居于香港地区的韩国演员金一贤向我国内地某法院起诉，指控内地某商业网站侵犯了其肖像权，法院识别本案为网络侵害人格权纠纷。
根据我国《涉外民事关系法律适用法》，法院在认定本案时效问题时应适用哪国法？A.香港地区的法律B.韩国法C.中国内地的法律D.重叠适用中国香港地区和内地的法律3.中国人李扬1993年赴美国留学，毕业后在美国定居并工作，在美国有房产、现金、股票等。
2013年6月，居住在中国的李扬之父李天宁向中国某法院起诉，指控李扬自2011年4月就未向其支付贿养费。
依我国《法律适用法》及相关规定，下列哪个选项是正确的？A.中国没有关于赡养法律适用的规定B.如美国法对李天宁有利，法院应适用美国法C.法院应适用中国法，因为李天宁的经常居所地在中国D.如美国法对李扬有利，法院应适用美国法4.关于冲突规范和准据法，下列哪一判断是错误的?（2010年卷一33题，单选）A.冲突规范与实体规范相似B.当事人的属人法包括当事人的本国法和住所地法C.当事人的本国法指的是当事人国籍所属国的法律D.准据法是经冲突规范指引、能够具体确定国际民事法律关系.当事人权利义务的实体法5.甲国人乔治与中国人王梅结婚，两人又与另一中国人陈某在北京组建了一经营与甲国贸易的公司，后因公司所购办公用房争议（乔治称双方有过协议适用甲国法律）及与甲国公司的贸易合同争议，陈某将乔治诉诸中国某法院。
“无效果,无报酬”原则的发展变化
【摘要】“无效果，无报酬”原则是海商法中的一个重要原则。
它的制定为救助方索要报酬提供了依据。
然而，随着时代的发展，新问题的出现使“无效果，无报酬”原则在一些涉及“无效果，海洋环境污染的案例中不仅因报酬少而打击了救助者的积极性。
经过一系列的完善，无报酬”原则也因被赋予了新的内涵而得以继续在新时代发挥作用。
【关键词】海难救助；“无效果，无报酬”原则；海洋污染；特别补偿一、“无效果，无报酬”原则的概述我国《海商法》第179 条规定：“救助方对遇险的船舶和其他财产的救助，取得效果的，有权获得救助报酬；救助未取得效果的，除本法第182 条或者其他法律另有规定或者合同另有规定外，无权获得救助款项”。
换言之，无救助效果，不得请求报酬，救助报酬的法律关系不成立。
这是海难救助有关救助报酬法律的特殊原则。
国际公约和各国海商法均普遍接受的――“无效果，无报酬”原则。
这一原则的最初确立是在《1910年救助公约》第2条，另外在第6条（a）中也有对该原则的体现。
自《1910年救助公约》确定这一救助原则后，各国的海商法和使用的救助合同一般都会采用这个原则，在救助合同上印有“no cure， no pay”字样。
这一原则使救助方的报酬索要有了一定的依据，在救助者与被救助者之间形成了一个相对公平的付款规则。
于被救助者来说，由于在进行订立救助协议时处于危急情况，难免会出现因急于求助而约定较高报酬的现象。
而若实际救助结束后，救助方所救助的标的物价值远小于双方约定的报酬，被救助方就会遭受不利的损失。
而按效果支付报酬，就有力的避免了这一情况。
另一方面，对于救助者来说，它在海难救助中建立了一个激励机制以激励救助方的积极性，即救助效果越大，被救助方获救的财产就越多，救助方获得的报酬也就越多。
也就由此对救助方付出的劳动的救助所花费的资金有了一个相对正相关的回报。
二、引起“无效果，无报酬”原则改变的起因“无效果，无报酬”原则在实践中起到了一定积极的作用，然而随着时代的进步、航海业的发展以及人们观念的变化，该原则的不合理之处也凸现出来。
43W张锐涵2P—论海难救助法律中的特别补偿制度
论海难救助法律中的特别补偿制度张锐涵西北政法大学国际法学院陕西西安 710122【摘要】：从“无效果，无报酬”原则到自《1989年国际救助公约》起增加的特别补偿制度，再到SCOPIC，都是从出现问题到解决问题，从不完善到渐渐完善。
特别补偿制度从设立起就有其固定缺陷，但国际社会一直在为此不断努力，围绕着减少特别补偿的不确定性这个中心，力求平衡救助人和被救助人的利益关系，推动海上救助事业的发展，维护海洋环境。
【关键词】：“无效果，无报酬”；特别补偿制度；SCOPIC条款一、海难救助中特别补偿制度的起源海难救助，又称海上救助，是指对遭遇海难的船舶、货物和客货运费的全部或部分，由外来力量对其进行救助的行为，不考虑该行为发生在何水域。
1910年第三次海洋法外交会议通过的《关于统一海难救助某些法律规定的公约》（简称《1910年救助公约》）在国际上正式确立了海难救助法律制度。
此后，作为制度核心的“无效果，无报酬”原则以一种独特的激励机制形式，在海上救助中持续占据着统治地位。
20世纪60年代后，大型油轮遇难而污染海洋环境的重大事故时有发生。
1978年“阿莫柯﹒卡迪兹”（Amoco Cadiz）事故发生，引起广泛争议，修改《1910年救助公约》的呼声日益高涨。
国际海事委员会于第32届国际会议上提交了救助公约修正草案，即“蒙特利尔妥协案”。
1989年4月国际海事组织在伦敦召开外交大会，正式通过了《1989年国际救助公约》（SALCON1989）。
特别补偿条款作为SALCON1989的核心内容，从此登上海难救助的历史舞台。
公约第14条规定，当船舶或船上货物对环境污损构成威胁时，救助人对其进行救助作业，救助无效果或效果不明显，且未能防止或减轻环境污染，根据《1989年公约》第13条(“评定报酬的标准”条款)确定的救助报酬少于救助费用时，救助人有权获得相当于该费用的特别补偿。
如果在救助作业的同时防止或减轻了环境污损，特别补偿可增加到救助费用的130%，特别情况下，法院或仲裁庭可根据公平、合理的原则将此项补偿增至200%。
海船船员考试：船舶管理(船长)题库一
海船船员考试：船舶管理(船长)题库一1、单项选择题（江南博哥）根据IL0147号相关国际公约的规定，船东对船员的（）可以不负责①从船员任职时起至雇用期终止期间内发生的疾病和受伤；②船员并非在船工作时发生的受伤；③因船员任职内发生的疾病或受伤导致的死亡；④船员签约时故意隐瞒的疾病。
A.①~③B.①④C.②~④D.②③答案：C2、单项选择题船舶在风浪中放艇时应（）。
A.防止先脱前钩B.防止先脱后钩C.尽量同时脱钩D.AC正确答案：D3、单项选择题根据行李运输雅典公约规定，承运人对每一位旅客的死亡或人身伤害所承担的责任，在任何情况下，每次运输不得超过（）.A.700，000法郎B.50，000法郎C.18，000法郎D.1750法郎答案：A4、单项选择题根据我国民事法律，如果船舶代理合同授权不明，则（）。
A.委托人对第三人不承担任何代理后果B.代理人向第三人承担代理后果C.委托人应向第三人承担代理后果，代理人负连带责任D.船舶代理人的代理行为无效答案：C5、单项选择题当PSC官员按照船舶操作性要求检查船员的弃船演习时，检查的项目可包括（）。
①发出警报信号集合船员并按规定的职责做好准备；②船员是否正确着装和救生衣；③至少降下一艘救生艇；④启动并操作救生艇发动机并操作吊艇架。
A.①~③B.①~④C.②~④D.①②④答案：B6、单项选择题如果按海峡水域的法律地位区分，该海峡宽度超过两岸沿海国领海宽度，中间留有公海水域的海峡是（）.A.内海海峡B.领海海峡C.非领海海峡D.国际水域海峡答案：C7、单项选择题根据我国《海商法》的规定，当承运人知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物与实际接收的货物不符时，常在提单上加注（）条款。
A.质询B.未知C.免责D.互有过失答案：B8、单项选择题在审阅大副的配载计划和稳性计算书时，（）不是船长着重审查的项目。
A.无论出海时，航行中，抵达时干舷均应符合要求B.吃水符合航道水深要求，特别注意由海水进入淡水时的吃水增量C.危险品的装载要符合S0LAS的要求D.货物衬垫，隔票与绑扎的方法本题答案：D9、单项选择题根据S0LAS公约，下列有关操舵装置的试验和操作要求中，（）正确。
海难救助—海难救助构成要件
海难救助的构成要件
救助标的必须是法律所承认的
• 不是法律承认的救助标的，救助人无权请求救助报酬。
国际救助公约与我国《海商法》对救助标的的规定
1910年救助公约
海船(除军用船舶、公务船 舶)、船上财产和有分险的 客货运费
1989年救助公约
船舶(除军用船舶、公务船 舶)或任何其他海上财产
海难救助的构成要件
被救助物必须处于危险之中
1 这种危险必须是真实存在的，而不是臆测的；或危险尚未真实存在， 但如果不立即采取措施，危险将不可避免地发生。
2 我国《海商法》还明确规定了危险必须发生在海上或者与海相通的 航水域。
海难救助的构成要件
被救助物必须处于危险之中
3 危险要件不考虑起因，即不论危险是由于自然灾害、意外事故或是由 于潜在缺陷造成的，甚至是被救助方的过失或故意造成的，均不影响 海难救助的成立；也不要求对船货双方必须是共同面临的危险。
船上的货物、从船上或岸上落入海中的货物，脱位漂 移的灯船、灯标、浮筒、渔具、浮船坞，甚至落入海 中的飞机和卫星等，都是海难救助的标的。
海难救助的构成要件
按照我国海商法，救助标的需注意
在海上已经就位的从事海底矿物资源勘探、开发或者生产的固定式、浮动式平台和移 动式近海钻井装置不属于海难救助的标的。但如果这种平台和钻井装置尚未就位，而是处 于在航、转移或运送状态，当其处于危险状态时，仍属于海难救助的标的。
海难救助的构成要件
救助行为是自愿的行为
自愿救助，是指救助方提供救助服务的自愿和被救助方接受救助的自愿，双 方都需要是自愿的。
对救助方来说，自愿是指其在法律上和职责上对遇险的海上财产无强制性的救 助义务；如果救助人负有救助义务，他便无权请求救助报酬。
浅析英国海上救助法律制度
浅析英国海上救助法律制度作者：李秀友来源：《法制与社会》2013年第12期摘要海上救助制度是海商法的一个特殊分支，其历史悠久，甚至可以追溯到数千年前。
现代英国救助法律的框架是在18、19世纪海事法院的判例基础上初步形成的。
在多年的历史发展过程中，英国海上救助法律制度确立了一些基本原则。
本文将从救助的定义、救助成立的要件、救助人与被救助人的关系，救助报酬的厘定和对救助人的救济等几个方面简要论述英国海上救助法律制度。
关键词海上救助成立要件救助关系作者简介：李秀友，烟台打捞局。
中图分类号：D913.99文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-0592（2013）04-031-02一、引言如果一个人自愿对处于危险中的陆地财产进行施救，比如从失火的邻居家中抢救出遇险财产，在英国法下，他是无权获得报酬的。
但如果在海上进行了同样的服务，成功救助遇险财产的人将有权获得不超过获救财产价值的救助报酬。
二、救助的定义英国法律中似乎并无对救助作业的明确定义。
但根据并入英国法的《1989年国际救助公约》（下称89公约）第1条的规定：救助作业系指可航水域或其他任何水域中援救处于危险中的船舶或任何其他财产的行为或活动。
三、救助成立的必要条件在英国法下，救助作业成立需要具备四个必要条件：被救助的对象或救助标的必须是海上财产；救助标的必须处于危险当中；救助作业是第三方自愿施救；遇险财产被全部或部分成功救回。
（一）救助标的只有海上财产才能作为救助作业的标的而被救助。
根据89公约第1条的规定，海上财产系指非永久性和非有意地依附于岸线的任何财产，包括有风险的运费。
传统意义上的海上财产主要包括船舶、货物、燃油和运费。
根据89公约中的定义，船舶系指任何船只、艇筏或任何能够航行的构造物。
根据英国1995年商船法的规定，船舶是指用于航行目的的任何形式的船只。
根据89公约，已就位的从事海底矿物资源的勘探、开发或生产的固定式、浮动式平台或移动式近海钻井装置被排除在救助对象之外。
浅析海难救助与共同海损之间的关系
浅析海难救助与共同海损之间的关系作者：郑宇航来源：《法制与社会》2017年第06期摘要从海运行业产生至今，自然灾害、意外事故等风险总是与之相伴。
海难救助和共同海损作为海商法中两项非常古老的制度，在应对和分散海上运输风险中发挥着重要的作用，共同影响着海上运输、海上保险、国际贸易等诸多领域的发展。
海难救助与共同海损既有紧密的联系，又有着本质的区别，研究二者的异同有助于我们对其产生清晰的认识，从而更好地指导实践。
关键词海难救助共同海损海上运输中图分类号：D920.4 文献标识码：A DOI：10.19387/ki.1009-0592.2017.02.399一、海难救助制度概述（一）海难救助的定义海难救助是指在海上或在与海洋相通的可航水域，对遇难的人员、船舶和其他财产实施援助、救助的行为。
从事救助活动的主体须为外来力量，如专业救助队或附近的其他船只。
狭义的海难救助是指对物的救助，广义的海难救助还包括对人的救助。
严格的说，海难救助应仅限于对物的救助，因为只有对物的救助才能产生救助报酬请求权。
（二）海难救助的成立条件1. 被救物必须为法律所认可：首先，救助标的必须是物，不包括人。
其次，救助的标的是国际公约或国内法所承认的。
《1989年国际救助公约》和我国《海商法》均规定救助标的包括船舶、任何其他海上财产以及海洋环境，但不适用于军事船舶和政府公务船舶。
2. 被救物处于危险之中：救助对象处于危险之中是构成海难救助的法律前提。
这一要件有三层含义：第一，救助对象所遭遇的海上危险须为客观存在且无法避免，并非来自船长或船上其他负责人员的主观臆断。
第二，从程度上来说，船长或船员不得不依赖于外来救助，方可使船舶、货物或其他财产摆脱海上危险。
第三，海上危险发生的原因在所不问。
无论是自然灾害、意外事故，还是救助对象的潜在缺陷，或者是船长、船员或其他受雇人员的故意或过失造成的危险（如船员将未熄灭的烟头扔进货仓导致船舶起火），均不影响海难救助的成立。
国际救助公约
国际救助公约INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON SALV AGETHE STATES PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION，RECOGINIZING the desirability of determining by agreement uniform international rules regarding salvage operations,NOTING that substantial developments, in particular the increased concern for the protection of the environment, have demonstrated the need to review the international rules presently contained in the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea Done at Brussels, 23 September 1910,CONSCIOUS of the major contribution which efficient and timely salvage operation can make to the safety of vessels and other property in danger and to the protection of the environment,CONVINCED of the need to ensure that adequate incentives are available to persons who undertake salvage operations in respect of vessels and other property in danger,HA VE AGREED as follows:Chapter I General provisionsArticle 1. Definitions(a) Salvage operation means any act or activity undertaken to assist a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable waters or in any other waters whatsoever.(b) Vessel mans any ship or craft, or any structure capable of navigation.(c) Property means any property not permanently and intentionally attached to the shoreline and includes freight at risk.(d) Damage to Environment means substantial physical damage to human health or to marine life or resources in coastal or inland waters or areas adjacent thereto, caused by pollution, contamination, fire, explosion or similar major incidents.(e) Payment means any reward remuneration or compensation due under this Convention.(f) Organization means the International Maritime Organization.(g) Secretary General means the Secretary General of the Organization.Article 2. Application of the ConventionThis Convention shall apply whenever judicial or arbitral proceedings relating to matters dealt with in this Convention are brought in a State Party.Article 3.Platforms and drilling unitsThis Convention shall not apply to fixed or floating platforms or to mobile offshore drilling units when such platforms or units are on location engaged in the exploration, exploitation or production of sea bed mineral resources.Article 4.State owned vessels1. Without prejudice to Article 5, this Convention shall not apply to warships or other non commercial vessels owned or operated by a State and entitled, at the time of salvage operations, to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law unless that Statedecides otherwise.2. Where a State Party decides to apply the Convention to its warships or other vessels described in paragraph 1, it shall notify the Secretary General thereof specifying the terms and conditions of such application.Article 5. Salvage operations controlled by public authorities1. This Convention shall not affect any provisions of national law or any international convention relating to salvage operations by or under the control of public authorities.2. Nevertheless, salvors carrying out such salvage operations shall be entitled to avail themselves of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention in respect of salvage operations.3. The extent to which a public authority under a duty to perform salvage operations may avail itself of the rights and remedies provided for in this Convention shall be determined by the law of the State where such authority is situated.Article 6. Salvage contracts1. This Convention shall apply to any salvage operations save to the extent that a contract otherwise provides expressly or by implication.2. The master shall have the authority to conclude contracts for salvage operations on behalf of the owner of the vessel. The master or the owner of the vessel shall have the authority to conclude such contracts on behalf of the owner of the property on board the vessel.3. Nothing in this article shall affect the application of Article 7 nor duties to prevent or minimize damage to the environment.Article 7.Annulment and modification of contractsA Contract or any terms thereof may be annulled or modified if: (a) the contract has been entered into under undue influence or the influence of damager and its terms are inequitable; or (b) the payment under the contract is in an excessive degree too large or too small for the services actually rendered.Chapter II Performance of salvage operationsArticle 8. Duties of the salvor and of the owner and master1. The salvor shall owe a duty to the owner of the vessel or other property in danger: (a) to carry out the salvage operations with due care; (b) in performing the duty specified in subparagraph (a), to exercise due car to prevent or minimize damage to the environment; (c) whenever circumstancesreasonably require, to seek assistance from other salvors; and (d)to accept the intervention of other salvors when reasonably requested to do so by the owner or master of the vessel or other property in danger, provided however that the amount of his reward shall not be prejudiced should it be found that such a request was unreasonable.2. The owner and master of the vessel or the owner of other property in danger shall owe a duty to the salvor: (a) to co-operate fully with him during the course of the salvage operations; (b) in so doing, to exercise due care to prevent or minimize damage to the environment; and (c) when the vessel or other property has been brought to a place of safety, to accept redelivery when reasonably requested by the salvor to do so.Article 9. Rights of coastal StatesNothing in this Convention shall affect the right of the coastal State concerned to takemeasures in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law to protect its coastline or related interests from pollution or the threat of pollution following upon a maritime casualty or acts relating to such a casualty which may reasonably be expected to result in major harmful consequences, including the right of a coastal State to give directions in relation to salvage operations.Article 10. Duty to render assistance1. Every master is bound, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his vessel and person thereon, to render assistance to any person in danger of being lost at sea.2. The State Parties shall adopt the measures necessary to enforce the duty set out paragraph 1.3. The owner of the vessel shall incur no liability for a breach of the duty of the master under paragraph 1.Articles 11. Co-operationA State Party shall, whenever regulating or deciding upon matters relating to salvage operations such as admittance to ports of vessels in distress or the provision of facilities to salvors, take into account the need for co-operation between salvors, other interested parties and public authorities in order to ensure the efficient and successful performance of salvage operations for the purpose of saving life or property in danger as well as preventing damage to the environment in general.Chapter III Rights of salvorsArticle 12. Conditions for reward1. Salvage operations which have had a useful result give right to a reward.2. Except as otherwise provided, no payment is due under this Convention if the salvage operations have had no useful result.3. This chapter shall apply, notwithstanding that the salved vessel and the vessel undertaking the salvage operations belong to the same owner.Article 13. Criteria for fixing the reward1. The reward shall be fixed with a view to encouraging salvage operations, taking into account the following criteria without regard to the order in which they are presented below; (a) the salved value of the vessel and other property; (b) the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment; (c) the measure of success obtained by the salvor; (d) the nature and degree of the danger; (e) the skill and efforts of the salvors in salbing the vessel, other property and life; (f) the time used and expenses and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors; (g) the risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment; (h) the promptness of the services rendered; (i) the availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations; (j) the state or rediness and efficiency of the salvor’s equipment and the value thereof.2. Payment of a reward fixed according to paragraph 1 shall be made by all of the vessel and other property interests in proportion to their respective salved values. However, a State Party may in its national law provide that the payment of a reward has to e made by one of these interests, subject to a right of recourse of this interest against the other interests for their respective shares, Nothing in this article shall prevent any right of defense.3. The rewards, exclusive of any interest and recoverable legal costs that may be payable thereon, shall not exceed the salved value of the vessel and other property.Article 14. Special compensation1. If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with this article, he shall be entitled to special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined.2. If, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to the salvor. However, the tribunal, if it deems it fair and just to do so and bearing in mind the relevant criteria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1, may increase such special compensation further, but in no event shall the total increase be more than 100% of the expenses incurred by the salvor.3. Salvo r’s expenses for the purpose of paragraphs 1 and 2 means the out of pocket expenses reasonabley incurred by the salbor in the salvage operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used in the salvage operation, taking into consideration the criteria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1 (h), (i) and (j).4. The total special compensation under this article shall be paid only if and to the extent that such compensation is greater than any reward recoverable by the salvor under Article 13.5. If the salvor has been negligent and has thereby failed to prevent or minimize damage to the environment, he may be deprived of the whole or part of any special compensation due under this article.6. Nothing in this article shall affect any right of recourse on the part of the owner of the owner of the vessel.Article 15. Apportionment between salvors1. The apportionment of a reward under Article 13 between salvors shall be made on the basis of the criteria contained in that article.2. The apportionment between the owner, master and other persons in the service of each salving vessel shall be determined by the law of the flag of that vessel. If the salvage has not been carried out from a vessel, the apportionment shall be determined by the law governing the contract between the salvor and his servants.Article 16. Salvage of persons1. No remuneration is due from persons whose lives are saved, but nothing in this article shall affect the provisions of national law on this subject.2. A salvor of human life, who has taken part in the services rendered on the occasion of the accident giving rise to salvage, is entitled to a fair share of the payment awarded to the salvor for salving the vessel or other property or preventing or minimizing damage to the environment.Article 17. Services rendered under existing contractsNo payment is due under the provisions of this Convention unless the services rendered exceed what can be reasonably considered as due performance of a contract entered into before the danger arose.Article 18. The effect of salvor’s misconductA salvor may be deprived of the whole or part of the payment due under this Convention tothe extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.Article 19. prohibition of salvage operationsServices rendered notwithstanding the express and reasonable prohibition of the owner or master of the vessel or the owner of any other property in danger which is not and has not been on board the vessel shall not give rise to payment under this Convention.Chapter IV Claims and actionsArticle 20. Maritime lien1. Nothing in this Convention shall affect the salvor’s mariti me lien under any international convention or national law.2. The salvor may not enforce his maritime lien when satisfactory security for his claim, including interest and costs, has been duly tendered or provided.Article 21. Duty to provide security1. Upon the request of the salvor a person liable for a payment due under this Convention shall provided satisfactory security for the claim, including interest and costs of the salvor.2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1. the owner of the salved vessel shall sue his best endeavours to ensure that the owners of the cargo provide satisfactory security for the claims against them including interest and costs before the cargo is released.3. The salved vessel and other property shall not, without the consent of the salvor, be removed from the port or place at which they first arrive after the completion of the salvage operations until satisfactory security has been put up for the salvor’s claim against the relevant vessel or property.Article 22. Interim payment1. The tribunal having jurisdiction over the claim of the salvor may, by interim decision, order that the salvor shall be paid on account such amount as seems fair and just, and on such terms including terms as to security where appropriate, as may be fair and just according to the circumstances of the case.2. In the event of an interim payment under this article the security provided under Article 21 shall be reduced accordingly.Article 23. Limitation of actions1. Any action relating to payment under this Convention shall be time bared if judicial or arbitral proceedings have not been instituted within a period a period of two years. The limitation period commences on the day on which the salvage operations are terminated.2. The person against whom a claim is made may at any time during the running of the limitation period extend that period by a declaration to the claimant. This period may in the like manner b further extended.3. An action for indemnity by a person liable may be instituted even after the expiration of the limitation period provided for in the preceding paragraphs, if brought within the time allowed by the law of the State where proceedings are instituted.Article 24. InterestThe right of the salvor to interest on any payment due under this Convention shall be determined according to the law of the State in which the tribunal seized of the case is situated.Article 25. State owned cargoesUnless the State owner consents, no provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention by any legal process of, nor for any proceedings in rem against, non commercial cargoes owned by a State and entitled, at the time of the salvage operations, to sovereign immunity under generally recognized principles of international law.Article 26. Humanitarian cargoesNo provision of this Convention shall be used as a basis for the seizure, arrest or detention of humanitarian cargoes donated by a State, if such State has agreed to pay for salvage services rendered in respect of such humanitarian cargoes.Article 27. Publication of arbitral awardsStates Parties shall encourage, as far as possible and with the consent of the parties, the publication of arbitral awards made in salvage cases.Chapter V Final clausesArticle 28. Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession1. This Convention shall be oen for signature at the Headquarters of the Organization from 1 July 1989 to 30 June 1990 and shall thereafter remain open for accession.2. States may express their consent to be bound by this Convention by: (a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or (b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or (c) accession.3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary General.Article 29. Entry into force1. This Convention shall enter into force one year after the date on which 15 States have expressed their consent to be bound by it.2. For a State which expresses its consent to be bound by this Convention After the conditions for entry into force thereof have been met, such consent shall take effect one year after the date of expression of such consent.Article 30. Reservations1. Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, reserve the right not to apply the provisions of this Convention: (a) when the salvage operation takes place in inland waters and all vessels involved are of inland navigation: (b) when the salvage operations take place in inland waters and no vessel is involved; (c) when all interested parties are nationals of that State; (d) when the property involved is maritime cultural property of prehistoric, archaeological or historic interest and is situated on the sea bed.2. Reservations made at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.3. Any State which has made a reservation to this Convention may withdraw it at any time by means of a notification addressed to the Secretary General. Such withdrawal shall take effect on the date the notification is received. If the notification states that the withdrawal of a reservation is to take effect on a date specified therein, and such date is later than the date the notification is received by the Secretary General, the withdrawal shall take effect on such later date.Article 31. Denunciation1. This Convention may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the expiry of one ear from the date on which this Convention enters into force for that State.2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary General.3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation by the Secretary General.Article 32. Revision and amendment1. A conference for the purpose for revising or amending this Convention may be convened by the Organization.2. The Secretary General shall convene a conference of the State Parties to this Convention for revising or amending the Convention, at the request of eight States Parties, or one fourth of the States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.3. Any consent to e bound by this Convention expressed after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to apply to Convention as amended.Article 33. Depositary1. This Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary General.2. The Secretary General shall: (a) inform all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto, and all Members of the Organization, of: (i) each new signature or deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession together with the date thereof; (ii) the date of the entry into force of this Convention; (iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Convention together with the date on which it is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect; (iv) any amendment adopted in conformity with Article 32; (v) the receipt of any reservation, declaration or notification made under this Convention; (b) transmit certified true copies of this Convention to all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto.3. As soon as this Convention enters into force, a certified true copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretary General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.Article 34. LanguagesThis Convention is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed this Convention.DONE AT LONDON this twenty eighth day of April one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine.。
船舶管理相关的国际公约
船舶安全管理及防污染国际有关公约航海131班1.1974年国际海上安全公约International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,1974生效日期：1978年议定书于1981年5月1日；1988年议定书于2000年2月3日;构架：公约正文条款,1988年议定条款,公约附则,公约附件,附属于公约的单项规则;适用范围：1除非另有明文规定,本部分适用于各条所适用的所有船舶上和小于500总吨货船上的包装形式危险品的载运；2本部分的规定不适用于船舶的物料和设备；3除非符合本章的规定,禁止载运包装形式的危险品；4为补充本部分的规定,各缔约国政府应颁布或促成颁布对涉及包装形式危险品事故应急反应和相关医疗急救的详细须知,并考虑到本组织制订的导则;主要目的：旨在对船舶及设备,船员操作,公司管理和船旗国管理等实施有效控制从而保障海上人命安全的国际公约,也是保障海上人命安全方面最古老,最重要的公约;2.1989国际救助公约International Convention On Salvage,1989生效日期： 1996年7月14日构架：三十四条正文条款;适用范围：本公约适用于在一缔约国提起的有关公约所辖事项的诉讼或仲裁;主要目的：该公约最重要的目的是修改原公约对救助作业的规定,以便更好地保护海洋环境和鼓励救助人对遇险油轮及其他海上财产进行救助;3.1972年国际海上避碰规则公约Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea,1972生效日期：1977年7月15日构架：1972年国际海上避碰规则公约和附件1972年国际海上避碰规则适用范围：1联合国如系某一领土的管理当局,或任一缔约方如负责某一领土的国际关系,可随时以书面通知本组织秘书长以下简称“秘书长”,将本公约扩大适用于该领土；2本公约应自接到通知之日或通知中规定的其他日期起,扩大适用于通知中所述领土；3对根据本条第1款所作通知中所述的任何领土,均可撤销扩大适用,经1年后撤销时规定的更长期限后,本公约即不再适用于该领土；4秘书长应将根据本条所递交的任何扩大适用或撤销扩大适用的通知,通知所有缔约方;主要目的：各缔约国,本着保持高度的海上安全的愿望,注意到有必要对1960年国际海上人命安全会议最终议定书所附的国际海上避碰规则进行修订并使之适应新的情况;4.1973年国际防止船舶污染公约International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973 生效日期：1983年10月2日构架：二十项条款、二份议定书议定书一：关于涉及有害物质事故报告的规定；议定书二：仲裁和六个附则,附则内容如下：附则一：防止油污规则；附则二：控制散装有毒液体物质污染规则；附则三：防止海运包装有害物质污染规则；附则四：防止船舶生活污水污染规则；附则五：防止船舶垃圾污染规则；附则六：防止船舶造成空气污染规则;适用范围：除另有明文规定外,附则一的规定适用于所有船舶;主要目的：各缔约国意识到有保护整个人类环境特别是海洋环境的需要,认识到船舶故意地、随便地或意外地排放油类和其他有害物质,是一种严重的污染源,也认识到主要目的为保护环境而缔结的第一个多边协议1954年国际防止海上油污公约的重要性和该公约在防止海洋和沿海环境污染方面所作出的重大贡献;希望通过公约的制定实施彻底消除有意排放油类和其他有害物质污染海洋环境并将这些物质的意外排放减至最低限度;5.国际载重线公约The International Convention on Load Lines, LL生效日期：公约于1968年7月21日生效,1988年议定书于2000年2月3日生效;构架：公约正文条款和三个附则,附则内容如下：附则一：载重线核定规则；附则二：地带、区域和季节区；附则三：证书;适用范围：1在缔约国政府国家登记的船舶；2在本公约扩大适用的的领土内登记的船舶；3悬挂缔约国政府国旗但未登记的船舶;除另有明文规定外,附则一的规定适用于新船;不适用于：军舰,长度小于24米的新船；小于150总吨的现有船舶；非营业性游艇；渔船;主要目的：本规则假定货物的性质和装载、压载等可以保证船舶有足够的稳性,并避免过度的结构应力;6.联合国海洋法公约United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS 1982生效日期：1994年11月16号构架：正文17个部分和9个附件,附件内容如下：附件Ⅰ高度回游鱼类；附件Ⅱ大陆架界限委员会；附件Ⅲ探矿、勘探和开发的基本条件；附件Ⅳ企业部章程；附件Ⅴ调解；附件Ⅵ国际海洋法法庭规约；附件Ⅶ仲裁；附件Ⅷ特别仲裁；附件Ⅸ国际组织的参加;适用范围：Ａ分节适用于所有船舶；Ｂ分节适用于商船和用于商业目的政府船舶；Ｃ分节适用于军舰和其他用于非商业目的的政府船舶;主要目的：各缔约国意识到各海洋区域的种种问题都是彼此密切相关的,有必要作为一个整体来加以考虑,有需要通过本公约,在妥为顾及所有国家主权的情形下,为海洋建立一种法律秩序,以便利国际交通和促进海洋的和平用途,海洋资源的公平而有效的利用,海洋生物资源的养护以及研究、保护和保全海洋环境;考虑到达成这些目标将有助于实现公正公平的国际经济秩序,这种秩序将照顾到全人类的利益和需要,特别是发展中国家的特殊利益和需要,不论其为沿海国或内陆国,相信在本公约中所达成的海洋法的编纂和逐渐发展,将有助于按照联合国宪章所载的联合国的宗旨和原则巩固各国间符合正义和权利平等原则的和平、安全、合作和友好关系,并将促进全世界人民的经济和社会方面的进展;7.国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments,2004,BWMC2004生效日期：2004年2月13日构架：公约正文条款22条和一则附则控制和管理船舶压载水和沉积物以防止、减少和消除有害水生物和病原体的转移规则,规则又分为5个部分：A 部分为一般规定,包括定义、适用性、例外和免除的具体规定；B 部分为对船舶的管理和控制要求,包括压载水管理计划、压载水记录簿、船舶压载水管理、压载水更换、沉积物管理、高级船员和普通船员的职责；C 部分为对若干区域的特殊要求,包括附加措施、在若干地区加装压载水的警告和有关的船旗国措施以及信息通报；D 部分为压载水交换标准、压载水性能标准、压载水管理系统的认可要求、原型压载水处理技术及海事组织对标准的检查；E 部分为检查、证书颁发或签注、证书的格式和期限等方面的具体规定;除本公约明确规定外,本公约适用于：1有权悬挂缔约国国旗的船舶；2无权悬挂缔约国国旗,但在该缔约国的管辖下运营的船舶;主要目的：希望通过对船舶压载水和沉淀物的有效控制与管理减少和最终消除因有害水生物和病原体转移对环境、人体健康、财产和资源引起的风险,并避免此种控制造成的有害副作用和鼓励相关知识和技术发展;8.1972年防止倾倒废料及其他物质污染海洋公约Convention on the Prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter,1972生效日期：1975年8月30日构架：二十二条公约正文条款和三个附件;适用范围：本公约不适用于根据国际法享有主权豁免的船舶和航空器;但是每一缔约国应采取适当措施,确保其拥有或使用的这类船舶和航空器按照本公约的宗旨和目的行动,并应向该“机构”作出相应的报告;主要目的：本公约各缔约国,认识到海洋环境及赖以生存的生物对人类至关重要,确保对海洋环境进行管理使其质量和资源不致受到损害关系到全体人民的利益；同时认识到海洋吸收废物与转化废物为无害物质以及使自然资源再生的能力不是无限的；也认识到各国按照联合国宪章和国际法原则,有权依照本国的环境政策开发其资源,并有责任保证在其管辖或控制范围内的活动不致损害其他国家的环境或各国管辖范围以外区域的环境；忆及联合国大会关于国家管辖范围以外海床洋底及其底土的原则的第2749XXV号决议；注意到海洋污染有许多来源,诸如通过大气、河流、河口、出海口及管道的倾倒和排放；各国有必要采取最切实可行的办法防止这类污染,并发展能够减少需处置的有害废物数量的产品和处理办法；确信国际间能够并且必须刻不容缓地采取行动,以控制由于倾倒废物而污染海洋,但此种行动不应排除尽快地讨论控制海洋污染其他来源的措施；希望通过鼓励特定地理区域内具有共同利益的各国缔结适当的协定作为本公约的补充,以改进对海洋环境的保护;9.1969年国际干预公海油污事件公约International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualtes,1969INTERVENTION 1969生效日期：公约于1975年5月6日生效,议定书于1983年3月30日生效;构架：三十二项正文条款和一则议定书;本公约本部分不适用于：a大副或轮机长；b管事；c负责某个部门而不值班的任何其他高级船员；d船上办公或膳食部门雇用的下述人员；i从事有关船东和海员组织集体协议确定的高级服务的人员；ii主要为自己的利益工作的人员；iii仅靠佣金或主要靠分享利润或收入获得报酬的人员;主要目的：为了解决由于油轮事故引起一系列有关法律、经济和行政管理的用国际公法无法解决的问题,尤其是沿海国家采取何种措施保护其领海区域免遭污染,有必要制定一个新的法律制度,以限制保护其合法利益的该项权利;10.1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969CLC 1969生效日期：公约于1975年6月19日生效,1976年议定书于1981年4月8日生效,1992年议定书于1996年5月30日生效;适用范围：本公约仅适用于在缔约国领土和领海上发生的污染损害和为防止或减轻这种损害而采取的预防措施;构架：二十一条公约正文条款、一则附录关于油污损害民事责任保险或其他财务保证证书、1976年议定书、1992年议定书;主要目的：本公约各缔约国意识到由于遍及世界的海上载运散装油类而出现的污染危险,确信有必要对由于船舶逸出或排放油类造成污染而遭受损害的人员给予适当的赔偿,本着通过统一的国际规则和程序以便确定在上述情况下的责任问题并提供适当赔偿的愿望;11.1990年国际油污防备,反应和合作公约International Convention on oil pollution preparedness, response and co-operation,1990OPRC 1990生效日期：1975年8月30日构架：十九条公约正文条款和一则附件援助费用的偿还;适用范围：本公约不适用于任何军舰、军用辅助船或由国家拥有或使用并在当时只用于政府非商业性服务的其它船舶;但每一当事国应采取不影响由其拥有或使用的这类船舶的作业或作业能力的适当措施,确保此种船舶在合理和可行时,以符合本公约的方式活动;主要目的：本公约的目的是促进各国加强油污防治工作,强调有效防备的重要性,在发生重大油污事故时加强区域性或国际性合作,采取快速有效的行动,减少油污造成的损害;12.1972年国际集装箱安全公约Internationalconventionforsafecontainers,1972生效时间：1977年9月6日适用范围：1适用于国际运输中所使用的现有或新集装箱,但不包括为空运专门设计的集装箱；2应根据附件一所要求的或是做定型试验或是做单个试验的规定来认可每一个新集装箱；3每一现有集装箱应在本公约生效之日起五年内,按附件一所做出的有关现有集装箱批准的规定获得批准;构架：1972年国际集装箱安全公约,公约附件附件一：集装箱试验、检验、批准和维修规则；附件二：集装箱结构的安全要求和试验、补篇关于一致理解并执行1972年集装箱安全公约修订版的建议和1972年国际集装箱安全公约1993年修正案;主要目的：自20世纪50年代以来,全世界港口与港口间的货物集装箱运输,港口与内陆货物集散的集装箱运输迅猛发展,随之集装箱制造业以及相对应的集装箱运输专用船舶和专用车辆制造业亦得到快速发展;由于集装箱在货物运输过程中应用广泛,需求量巨大,因此规范集装箱制造标准和检验程序是保证营运人员和货物安全所必要措施;2015年11月3日。
《1979年国际海上搜寻救助公约》与《1989年国际救助打捞公约》的关系
修订 后 《 搜救公 约 》的其 他章 节 励 ，１８ 年公约分为五章 ，共３ 条规定 ９９ ４ 涉 及 国家间 的合 作（ ３ 和工 作程 序 第 章） （ 章） 第４ ，第４ 章包括 了原公约第４ 准 章（ 定 了在 初步行 动 、紧 急阶段 、搜 寻 目
备措施 ） 和第５ 工作程 序） 章（ 的内容 ，规 塞 尔通 过 的 《 于统 一海 上救 助某 些 关 标 位置 不 明情 况下 开始 搜救 行动 和协 ３ 日交存加入文 件 ，该公约 于１ ９ 年７ ０ ９６
调搜 救行 动期 间须 遵守 的程 序 。修订 月 １ ４日生效 。 １ １ 年公约 采用 了 “ ９Ｏ 无
后 的第４ 章还规定 “ 在可行 时 ，搜救行 效 果 、无报酬 ”的原则 ，根 据 这一原 动 须继续 进行 ，直 至救 助幸 存者 的所 则 ，救 助人 仅在 救助 成功 时才 能获 得
域） ，但 未 能 挽 救 船 舶 或货 物 ，他 将 援 助 。Ｇ ＭＤＳ 还 提供 紧急 和安 全通 信 Ｓ
２ ０ 年修正 案 ０４
修正案对公约附则的修正包括 ： 在第２ （ 章 组织 和协调 ）增加新 的
关于遇 险人员定义的一段 ；
并 播发 海上 安全 信息 （ 行警 告和气 航
（ ４）发送和接收搜救协调通信 ；
助 人 在 救 助 作 业 中 所 支 出 的 现付 费 助公 约是在 １ １ 年９ ３ ９ ０ 月２ 日在布鲁塞 尔 用 ，以及 实际并 合理 使用 设备 和人 力
制 订 的 《 一海难 援助 和救 助某 些法 统
束力。
的通信 功能 。为此 ，参 加关 于Ｇ Ｓ ＭＤ Ｓ 无 线 电通信 １ ８ 年 Ｓ Ｌ 公约修 正案 ９ ８ Ｏ ＡＳ 的各缔 约 国政 府 ，按Ｉ ＭＯ的建 议 ，应
船舶管理相关的国际公约
旨在对船舶及设备， 船员操作， 公司管理和船旗国管理等实施有效控制从而 保障海上人命安全的国际公约， 也是保障海上人命安全方面最古老， 最重要的公 约。
2.《1989国际救助公约》
（International Convention On Salvage,1989）
生效日期：1996年7月14日 构架：三十四条正文条款。
附则一：防止油污规则；
附则二：控制散装有毒液体物质污染规则； 附则三：防止海运包装有害物质污染规则； 附则四：防止船舶生活污水污染规则； 附则五：防止船舶垃圾污染规则； 附则六：防止船舶造成空气污染规则。
适用范围：
除另有明文规定外，附则一的规定适用于所有船舶。
主要目的：
各缔约国意识到有保护整个人类环境特别是海洋环境的需要， 认识到船舶故 意地、随便地或意外地排放油类和其他有害物质， 是一种严重的污染源， 也认识 到主要目的为保护环境而缔结的第一个多边协议1954年国际防止海上油污公约 的重要性和该公约在防止海洋和沿海环境污染方面所作出的重大贡献。 希望通过 公约的制定实施彻底消除有意排放油类和其他有害物质污染海洋环境并将这些 物质的意外排放减至最低限度。
生效日期：1977年7月15日
构架：
1972年国际海上避碰规则公约和附件《1972年国际海上避碰规则》 适用范围：
（1）联合国如系某一领土的管理当局， 或任一缔约方如负责某一领土的国际 关系，可随时以书面通知本组织秘书长（以下简称“秘书长” ），将本公约扩大适 用于该领土；
（2）本公约应自接到通知之日或通知中规定的其他日期起， 扩大适用于通知 中所述领土；
4.《1973年国际防止船舶污染公约》
（International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973）
论海上人命救助制度
论海上人命救助制度1999年11月24日，”大舜号”客货混装船从山东烟台港出发前往辽宁省大连，海上风力八级，并继续增大。
船在浪中摇摆近三个小时后，船长经批准决定返航。
底舱固定汽车的链条因之前摇摆松动加上返航转弯船体倾斜造成断裂，致使汽车碰撞，汽车油箱起火爆炸。
船长一边指挥灭火，一边与烟台联系救援。
由于海面风浪大，救助方无法靠上”大舜号”，最终大舜号火势蔓延，主机熄火船舶随浪漂移，连续几个大浪将船舶打翻，倒插入海。
船员旅客共312人，仅生还36人。
①该起海难发生的原因多面，恶劣的天气致使救助难度大是救助未成功的重点。
我国海商法规定船长对海上人命有救助义务，但也有不严重危及本船和船上人员安全的情况下的前提条件。
另外，海商法还规定只进行人命救助的情况下，救助人无权请求报酬。
在本案中，天气及其恶劣，救助难度大，是否采取行动完全取决于救助方船长。
如果采取救助行动，救助方要冒很大的风险。
船长受雇于船舶所有人，要考虑到采取行动给本船带来的危险后果，以及给船舶所有人带来的损失。
在救助难度大而船舶残值无几，或救助方仅救助了人命的情况下，即使获得了成功，救助方的付出与回报不相称，往往会导致救助方的救助不力，灾难加重。
是否要给予人命救助方一定的费用？从以上案例分析中，笔者认为应该给予人命救助方合理的费用。
但对一个制度存有异议，应先了解它渊源与理论基础，，才可做出准确的判断，得出解决方案。
一、人命救助报酬请求权学说历来是否给予人命救助方救助报酬存有肯定与否定两种观点。
否定说学者认为，一方面，救助人命是出于人道主义，自中世纪以来，欧洲航运逐渐兴旺，为确保人类航行安全，船长对海上遇难人员给予救助惯例，已经成为习惯了。
到19世纪和20世纪，很多国家也认为人命救助乃人类道德之表现，除非被救助人基于感激而给予救助人奖赏外，法院并无义务要求给付救助人人命救助报酬。
另一方面，救助报酬权依附于获救财物价值之上，而人身是无法估价的，因而报酬请求权不存在。
海商法第七讲 海难救助
4、中国贸促会救助合同格式（1994年“中 国还是仲裁会救助合同标准格 式”CMCA1994）:
（1）“无效果，无报酬”原则； （2）特别补偿：
（3）船长的代表权 （4）担保 （5）人命救助规定：不得请求酬金，但同
时救助船舶和财产，可获得合理份额；
（6）安全地点
（7）仲裁：提交中国海事仲裁委员会，终 局。
属于自救；但在可脱险的情况下施救，或 对救助作出了非常的贡献，可请求救助报 酬。
依法律： （1）公务人员超出职责范围的救助； （2）人命的救助：强制性的。
被救助人的拒绝救助权的限制：
如果没有明确禁止救助，即表明是一种默 示的同意。
4、救助要有效果，环境污损救助除外。
第一百七十九条 救助方对遇险的船舶和其 他财产的救助，取得效果的，有权获得救 助报酬；救助未取得效果的，除本法第一 百八十二条或者其他法律另有规定或者合 同另有约定外，无权获得救助款项。
第172条 本章下列用语的含义： （一）“船舶”，是指本法第三条所称的
船舶和与其发生救助关系的任何其他非用 于军事的或者政府公务的船艇。
（二）“财产”，是指非永久地和非有意 地依附于岸线的任何财产，包括有风险的 运费。（到付运费：保全货物，并运至原 定目的港）
（三）“救助款项”，是指依照本章规定， 被救助方应当向救助方支付的任何救助报 酬、酬金或者补偿。
（2）依救助的性质： 1）纯救助：未经请求自行救助 2）合同救助： a.“无效果，无报酬”救助 b. 雇佣救助 3）义务救助：救助人职务范围内的救助
（3）从施救的紧急程度： 救助：船舶未脱离船员占有
捞救：已脱离占有，行将沉没或漂浮
此种区别仅存在于大陆法中，英美法、 《1910年救助公约》和我国《海商法》均 未区分。
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1989年国际救助公约国际公约及惯例发表时间：2009-7-27 10:49:23海上律师事务所点击：12全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于我国加入《1989年国际救助公约》的决定（1993年12月29日通过）第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议决定：中华人民共和国加入《1989年国际救助公约》，同时声明，中华人民共和国根据《1989年国际救助公约》第三十条第1款的规定，保留该条第1款（a）项、（b）项、（d）项不适用该公约的权利。
1989年国际救助公约目录第一章总则第二章救助作业的实施第三章救助人的权利第四章索赔与诉讼第五章最后条款认识到有必要通过协议制订关于救助作业的统一的国际规则，注意到一些重大发展，尤其是人们对保护环境的日益关心，证明有必要审查1910年9月23日在布鲁塞尔制订的《关于统一海上救助某些法律规定的公约》所确定的国际规则，认识到及时有效的救助作业，对处于危险中的船舶和其他财产的安全以及对环境保护能起重大的作用，相信有必要确保对处于危险中的船舶和其他财产进行救助作业的人员能得到足够的鼓励，兹协议如下：第一章总则第一条定义就本公约而言：（a）救助作业系指可航水域或其他任何水域中援救处于危险中的船舶或任何其他财产的行为或活动。
（b）船舶系指任何船只、艇筏或任何能够航行的构造物。
（c）财产系指非永久性和非有意地依附于岸线的任何财产，包括有风险的运费。
（d）环境损害系指由污染、沾污、火灾、爆炸或类似的重大事故，对人身健康，对沿海、内水或其毗连区域中的海洋生物、海洋资源所造成的重大的有形损害。
（e）支付款项系指按本公约规定应付的任何报酬、酬金、或补偿。
（f）组织系指国际海事组织。
（g）秘书长系指本组织的秘书长。
第二条适用范围本公约适用于在一缔约国提起的有关公约所辖事项的诉讼或仲裁。
第三条平台和钻井装置本公约不适用于已就位的从事海底矿物资源的勘探、开发或生产的固定式、浮动式平台或移动式近海钻井装置。
第四条国有船舶⒈在不影响第5条规定的情况下，除一国另有规定外，本公约不适用于军舰或国家所有或经营的、根据公认的国际法准则在发生救助作业时享有主权豁免的其他非商业性船舶。
⒉如一缔约国决定其军舰或本条第1款所述的其他船舶适用本公约，它应将此事通知秘书长，并说明此种适用的条款和条件。
第五条公共当局控制的救助作业⒈本公约不影响国内法或国际公约有关由公共当局从事或控制的救助作业的任何规定。
⒉然而，从事此种救助作业的救助人，有权享有本公约所规定的有关救助作业的权利和补偿。
⒊负责进行救助作业的公共当局所能享有的本公约规定的权利和补偿的范围，应根据该当局所在国的法律确定。
第六条救助合同⒈除合同另有明示或默示的规定外，本公约适用于任何救助作业。
⒉船长有权代表船舶所有人签订救助合同。
船长或船舶所有人有权代表船上财产所有人签订此种合同。
⒊本条不影响第7条的适用，也不影响防止或减轻环境损害的义务。
第七条合同的废止和修改如有以下情况，可以废止或修改合同或其任何条款：（a）在胁迫或危险情况影响下签订的合同，且其条款不公平；或（b）合同项下的支付款项同实际提供的服务大不相称，过高或过低。
第二章救助作业的实施第八条救助人的义务及所有人和船长的义务⒈救助人对处于危险中的船舶或其它财产的所有人负有下列义务：（a）以应有的谨慎进行救助作业；（b）在履行（a）项所规定的义务时，以应有的谨慎防止或减轻环境损害；（c）在合理需要的情况下，寻求其他救助人的援助；和（d）当处于危险中的船舶或其他财产的所有人或船长，合理地要求其他救助人介入时，接受这种介入；但是，如果发现这种要求是不合理的，其报酬金额不得受到影响。
⒉处于危险中的船舶或其他财产所有人和船长对救助人负有下列义务：（a）在救助作业的过程中，与救助人通力合作；（b）在进行此种合作时，以应有的谨慎防止或减轻环境损害；和（c）当船舶或其他财产已被送至安全地点后，如救助人提出合理的移交要求，接受此种移交。
第九条沿海国的权利本公约中的任何规定，均不得影响有关沿海国的下述权利：根据公认的国际法准则，在发生可以合理地预期足以造成重大损害后果的海上事故或与此项事故有关的行动时，采取措施保护其岸线或有关利益方免受污染或污染威胁的权利，包括沿海国就救助作业作出指示的权利。
第十条提供救助的义务⒈只要不致于对其船舶及船上人员造成严重危险，每个船长都有义务援救在海上有丧生危险的任何人员。
⒉缔约国应采取必要措施履行第1款所规定的义务。
⒊船舶所有人对船长不履行第1款中的义务不承担责任。
第十一条合作在对诸如允许遇难船舶进港或向救助人提供便利等有关救助作业的事项做出规定或决定时，缔约国应考虑救助人、其他利益方同当局之间合作的需要，以保证为拯救处于危险中的生命或财产及为防止对总体环境造成损害而进行的救助作业得以有效、成功的实施。
第三章救助人的权利第十二条支付报酬的条件⒈有效果的救助作业方有权获得报酬。
⒉除另有规定外，救助作业无效果，不应得到本公约规定的支付款项。
⒊如果被救船舶和救助船舶属于同一所有人，本章仍然适用。
第十三条评定报酬的标准⒈确定报酬应从鼓励救助作业出发，并考虑下列因素，但与其排列顺序无关：（a）获救的船舶和其他财产的价值；（b）救助人在防止或减轻对环境损害方面的技能和努力；（c）救助人获得成功的程度；（d）危险的性质和程度；（e）救助人在救助船舶、其他财产及人命方面的技能和努力；（f）救助人所花的时间、费用及遭受的损失；（g）救助人或其设备的责任风险及其他风险；（h）提供服务的及时性；（i）用于救助作业的船舶及其他设备的可用性及使用情况；（j）救助设备的备用状况、效能和设备的价值。
⒉按照第1款确定的报酬应由所有的船舶和其他财产利益方按其获救船舶和其他财产的价值比例进行支付，但是缔约国可在其国内法中做出规定，报酬须由这些利益方中的一方先行支付，该利益方有权向其他利益方按其分摊比例进行追偿。
本条中的任何规定均不影响抗辩权。
⒊报酬金额不包括应付的利息及可追偿的法律费用，不得超过获救船舶和其他财产的价值。
第十四条特别补偿⒈如一船或其船上货物对环境构成了损害威胁，救助人对其进行了救助作业，但根据第13条所获得的报酬少于按本条可得的特别补偿，他有权按本条规定从该船的船舶所有人处获得相当于其所花费用的特别补偿。
⒉在第1款所述情况下，如果救助人因其救助作业防止或减轻了环境损害，船舶所有人根据第1款应向救助人支付的特别补偿可另行增加，其最大增加额可达救助人所发生费用的30%。
然而，如果法院或仲裁庭认为公平、合理，并且考虑到第13条第1款中所列的有关因素，可将此项特别补偿进一步增加，但是，在任何情况下，其增加总额不得超过救助人所发生费用的百分之百。
⒊救助人所花费用，就第1款和第2款而言，系指救助人在救助作业中合理支出的现付费用和在救助作业中实际并合理使用设备和人员的公平费率。
同时应考虑第13条第1款（h）（i）（j）项规定的标准。
⒋在任何情况下，本规定的全部特别补偿，只有在其高于救助人根据第13条获得的报酬时方予支付。
⒌如果由于救助人疏忽而未能防止或减轻环境损害，可全部或部分地剥夺其根据本条规定应得的特别补偿。
⒍本条的任何规定不影响船舶所有人的任何追偿权。
第十五条救助人之间的报酬分配⒈救助人之间的报酬分配应以第13条中的标准为基础。
⒉每一救助船的所有人、船长及船上其他工作人员之间的报酬分配应根据该船旗国的法律确定。
如救助作业不是在救助船上进行的，其报酬分配应根据制约救助人与其受雇人所订合同的法律确定。
第十六条人命救助⒈获救人无须支付报酬，但本条规定不影响国内法就此作出的规定。
⒉在发生需要救助的事故时，参与救助作业的人命救助人有权从支付给救助船舶，其他财产或防止或减轻环境损害的救助人的报酬中获得合理份额。
第十七条根据现有合同提供的服务在危险发生之前所签署的合同，不得依本公约的规定支付款项，除非所提供的服务被合理地认为已超出正常履行该合同的范围。
第十八条救助人不当行为的后果如因救助人的过失或疏忽或因救助人有欺诈或其他不诚实行为而使救助作业成为必需或更加困难，可剥夺救助人按本公约规定所得的全部或部分支付款项。
第十九条制止救助作业不顾船舶所有人、船长或其他处于危险中的不在船上而且未曾装过船的财产的所有人的明确而合理的制止而提供的服务，不产生本公约规定的支付款项。
第四章索赔与诉讼第二十条优先请求权⒈本公约任何规定不影响根据任何国际公约或国内法规定的救助人的优先请求权。
⒉当已提交或提供了包括利息和诉讼费用在内的令人满意的担保后，救助人不可行使其优先请求权。
第二十一条提供担保的义务⒈应救助人要求，根据本公约规定应支付款项的人，应对救助人的索赔，包括救助人的利息和诉讼费用，提供满意的担保。
⒉在不影响第1款的情况下，获救船舶的所有人，应尽力以保证在货物释放前，货物所有人对向其提出的索赔，包括利息和诉讼费用在内，提供满意的担保。
⒊在对救助人的有关船舶或财产的索赔提供满意的担保前，未经救助人同意，获救的船舶或其他财产不得从完成救助作业后最初抵达的港口或地点移走。
第二十二条先行支付款项⒈对救助人的索赔，有管辖权的法院或仲裁庭可根据案情，以公正合理的条件，通过临时裁定或裁决，责令向救助人先付公正合理的金额，包括适当的担保。
⒉根据本条规定，如已先行支付款项，根据第21条所提供的担保则应作相应的扣减。
第二十三条诉讼时效⒈如在两年内没有提起诉讼或仲裁，本公约规定的有关支付款项的任何诉讼，便丧失时效。
时效期限从救助作业结束之日起算。
⒉被索赔人可在时效期限内的任何时间，通过向索赔人提出声明，延长时效期限。
该期限可以同样方式进一步延长。
⒊如果诉讼是在起诉地国的法律允许的时间内提起，即使上述两款规定的时效期限已届满，负有责任的人仍可提起要求补偿的诉讼。
第二十四条利息救助人根据本公约应得给付利息的权利，应按受理该案的法院或仲裁庭所在国的法律确定。
第二十五条国有货物除经国家所有人的同意外，本公约的任何规定均不得作为以任何法律程序或对物诉讼程序扣留、扣押或置留国家拥有的根据公认的国际法准则，在发生救助作业时，享有主权豁免的非商业性货物的根据。
第二十六条人道主义货物如果一国已同意向对其人道主义的货物所提供的救助服务支付费用，本公约中的规定均不得作为扣留、扣押或置留该国捐助的人道主义货物的根据。
第二十七条仲裁裁决的公布缔约国应在征得当事方同意的条件下，尽量鼓励公布救助案的仲裁裁决。
第五章最后条款第二十八条签字、批准、接受、核准和加入⒈本公约自1989年7月1日至1990年6月30日在本组织总部开放供签字。
此后继续开放供加入。
⒉各国可按下列方式表示同意受本公约的约束：（a）签字并对批准、接受或核准无保留；或（b）签字而有待批准、接受或核准，随后再批准、接受或核准；或（c）加入。