东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8

Unit Six

1.3.1

1. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.

2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.

3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer.

1.3.2

1. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.

2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis

3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers

4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.

5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.

6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.

2.12

Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal

2.2.1

2.3

In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation

3.2

Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.

3.3

The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper.

Discussion

A thorough analysis of both …worst‟ and …best‟ rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but also

small-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.

As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.

In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of a

water-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.