莎士比亚四大喜剧中女性形象研究
莎士比亚喜剧中女性形象研究
文学WENXUE 2017.06莎士比亚早期的作品大多为喜剧,例如《皆大欢喜》《温莎的风流娘们儿》《仲夏夜之梦》《维洛那二绅士》等。
在创作这些喜剧时,莎士比亚受到了人文主义思想的影响,有意打破封建思想的桎梏,特别是打破当时社会对女性的传统定义,于是塑造了一批形象鲜明且具有清晰的主体意识的女性,这体现了莎士比亚的女性观。
然而莎士比亚喜剧中的女性仍然受到时代的限制,男性霸权依然对其思想和行为产生了一定的影响,莎士比亚也在作品中对这些女性的生存困境表现出了一定的关注。
莎士比亚喜剧创作于英国的维多利亚时代,正处于文艺复兴浪潮汹涌之时。
在文艺复兴中,人文主义是思想的核心,新兴资产阶级运用人文主义思想来反对封建制度和封建思想的桎梏。
在整个社会文化思潮中,人文主义开始占据主流地位,而这有利于女性社会地位的改变。
在整个中世纪,无论是哪个阶层的女性都普遍受到男权的压制,天主教通过塑造贞女偶像来强调女性贞洁,对女性的独立意识和个体意识进行了压制。
长期以来,女性一直作为社会的二等公民,整个男权社会为女性制定了一整套行动规范和思想准则,要求女性全心全意为家庭奉献,符合男性制定的道德标准。
宗教神学是中世纪蒙昧思想的代表,强调神的力量,用神权来压制人权,而神权又成为男性对女性进行性别霸权的一个重要手段,而人文主义强调人的尊严和能力,追求物质和精神享受。
新教改革者充分肯定了婚姻的重要性,并重新阐释了女性的贞洁观,社会开始在一定程度上肯定女性的地位。
特别是一部分中产阶级和贵族女性有了接受教育的权利。
莎士比亚喜剧充分肯定了人的自然属性和伦理价值,将具有人文主义思想的新女性作为喜剧的主角,这些女性敢于反抗封建道德,性格鲜明,勇敢追求个人幸福,体现了女性意识的觉醒。
一、积极追求自由的爱情和婚姻按照伊丽莎白一世执政时期的法律,女性一旦步入婚姻,就成为丈夫的财产,只能处于从属地位。
这对于女性而言非常不公平,也造成了很多婚姻悲剧。
与此同时,宗教、封建制度和男权思想相互融合,提倡禁欲,束缚女性的心灵。
浅析莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的女性形象
浅析莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的女性形象摘要:莎士比亚是著名的剧作家,尤以悲剧见长。
本文对“四大悲剧”――《哈姆雷特》、《麦克佩斯》、《李尔王》、《奥瑟罗》中的典型女性形象进行分析,从“天使型”女性形象和“恶魔型”女性形象两种类型出发,结合时代背景,对比中世纪文学中的女性形象,分析其对女性观的继承和超越,并从人文主义思潮和封建观念两方面对莎翁在这四部悲剧中女性形象的刻画影响展开剖析。
关键词:莎士比亚;悲剧;女性形象莎士比亚,世界文坛中著名的诗人、剧作家,是文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
他创作的“四大悲剧”中,形象高大、闪烁着人文主义光辉的正面男主人公引得不少学者的研究,却忽略了其中女性形象的深入探讨。
受时代所限,文学作品中的女性虽常作为男主人公的配角存在,却也是故事构架和人物塑造中不可或缺的一环,且在文艺复兴人文主义思潮的熏陶下,女性观也较前期更为进步。
本文即从时代环境、文艺复兴运动及莎士比亚女性观等角度,对“四大悲剧”中的典型女性形象进行分析。
一、形象分类在这四部悲剧中,女性形象虽多作为男主人公的陪衬出现,但其个性形象仍鲜明独特。
她们或天性善良;或接受良好教育;或敢于站在世俗对立面;或机关算尽,趋炎附势;或野心十足,心狠手辣。
尽管如此,她们的命运却终逃不过悲剧结局。
她们逐渐失去了文艺复兴时期刚刚萌发出的独立自主的女性意识,反而渐渐屈服,最后不可避免地沦为欧洲封建社会中、男权意识下的牺牲品。
笔者将这些女性形象分为两类:(一)“天使型”女性形象典型的“天使型”女性形象有《哈姆雷特》中的W菲莉娅、《奥瑟罗》中的苔丝狄蒙娜、《李尔王》中的考狄利娅。
“天使型”的女性都生得美丽,多情可人,再结合当时的英国正处于文艺复兴时期,莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴的重要人物,必定受到人文主义的很大影响,这些影响不仅使他成功塑造了如哈姆雷特等一众代表着作者人文主义理想的男性形象,也为我们展现了孕育着人文主义情怀的女性形象。
评莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象
评莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象摘要:喜剧时期的莎士比亚,是乐观、豁达的莎士比亚。
大不列颠帝国的日益强盛,新兴资产阶段力量的迅速增长,民族精神和士气的大振,给予莎士比亚积极进取的社会环境,莎士比亚也正是在这种社会大环境下,满怀着对大不列颠帝国、对民族、对美好未来的憧憬,投入到他的喜剧创作中来。
莎士比亚对美的辨证理解,也洋溢着他对社会、人性的乐观态度,他认为生活中存在着和谐与不和谐,美与不美的相互转化,斗争和渗透,但他坚信美最终能战胜丑,和谐最终能代替不和谐。
从人道主义善良愿望出发,他总是以其善良的心,给喜剧中的女主人公设计出大团圆的结局。
友谊得以长存,正义战胜邪恶。
莎士比亚正是凭着对人性美、对于社会及人生的美好期愿,凭着自己出色的戏剧创作天分,唱出了一曲曲对于妇女,对于新兴资产阶级衷心的赞歌。
威廉·莎士比亚———欧洲文艺复兴时期最伟大的诗人、杰出的戏剧艺术大师、世界文学中最有影响的作家之一。
他的作品广为人知,具有不朽的艺术魅力。
从上个世纪七十年代开始,女性主义在关于莎士比亚的评论中较为流行,因此,“莎士比亚笔下的女性人物”已经不是一个新话题。
关键词:莎士比亚,喜剧,女性形象一、莎士比亚喜剧中女性对于爱情的追求为了直面现实,在戏剧创作中,莎士比亚总是以青年男女的爱情纠葛和女性为争取平等自主的爱情为中心来创作的。
她们既不乏女性的温存与柔顺,又兼有无比的坚韧与刚强,还拥有超群的智慧与才能。
女性的地位与尊严就在为平等自主的婚姻而进行的艰难斗争过程中得以体现。
尽管《威尼斯商人》[1] 中的鲍西亚恪守孝道地遵从她父亲关于女儿婚姻的遗训,但还是被不得不遵守的遗训弄得厌烦了。
亡父遗命剥夺了鲍西亚的爱情的自由,对此鲍西亚不但未屈服,还依照自己的意愿去选择。
在鲍西亚的眼中,那些前来求婚的王公贵族们都是庸庸碌碌,一无所长,只知吃喝玩乐的纨绔子弟。
尽管鲍西亚承认取笑别人是罪过,但她还是借机将他们一个个讥讽一番,于是法国求婚者疯疯癫癫,德国人是醉汉,苏格兰人唯唯诺诺,至于那位英国贵族,被讥笑为听不懂任何语言的小丑。
莎士比亚戏剧中的女性形象浅析
ANYANG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 专科毕业论文莎士比亚戏剧中的女性形象浅析Analysis of the Image of Women in Shakespeare’sPlays目录第一章莎士比亚戏剧中女性形象的类型 (1)1.1大胆叛逆的女性形象 (1)1.2聪明机智的女性形象 (2)第二章典型形象分析 (3)2.1《仲夏夜之梦》中的女主角赫米娅 (3)2.2《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚 (3)2.3《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的朱丽叶 (4)2.4《奥赛罗》的女主人公苔丝蒙娜 (5)2.5《麦克白》中麦克白夫人 (5)第三章与旧女性形象对比 (6)结论 (7)致谢 (8)参考文献 (9)莎士比亚戏剧中的女性形象浅析摘要被认为是古往今来少数最伟大的作家之一的莎士比亚,他的戏剧之所以经久不衰,流传了几个世纪,原因就在于他笔下塑造的一个又一个性格独特、形象丰满的人物形象,特别是女性形象,给我们读者和观众留下了深刻的印象。
莎士比亚戏剧中的一系列女性形象,有共同点,也有鲜明的个性特征。
并且,她们之间存在着一个渐进发展的轨迹,这一发展轨迹反映了莎士比亚艺术和思想方面的发展成熟历程。
读莎士比亚的戏剧, 人们往往被那些美貌如花、热情似火的女性形象所感染。
她们是莎士比亚成功的一笔。
从各种角度剖析她们都有不朽的魅力, 从女权主义的角度剖析这些女性形象更让人耳目一新。
她们不仅美丽动人, 博学睿智, 而且贤淑能干, 是男性心目中的理想伴侣; 然而女权主义者最欣赏的地方是她们似火的热情, 勇敢的行为和在追求爱情和真理时表现出的叛逆。
但是作为萌芽性质的女性反叛, 她们采取的方法常常是私奔和女扮男装, 这些都太过于软弱无力, 更重要的是, 这些女性完全不像今天的女权主义者一样意识到自己被男性控制的命运, 所以她们盲目的挣脱一个圈套, 却又落入另一个圈套。
这也是她们被人控制、利用、抗争无力, 命运悲惨的深刻根源。
莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象解读
莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象解读摘要莎士比亚所创作的四大喜剧(《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》、《仲夏夜之梦》)代表着他在喜剧艺术创作方面的最高成就。
通过这些作品以及激情饱满的笔触,莎士比亚成功塑造了一系列个性鲜明的女性形象,在这些女性形象中,人文主义的理想美、浑然天成的和谐美以及爱憎分明的力量美得到了很好的体现。
但是由于当时社会以及历史的局限性,这些作品中所塑造的女性往往会回归于与传统女性更为相符的形象。
本文在对莎士比亚四大戏剧做出简单介绍的基础上,从女性形象的先进性以及局限性两个方面对莎士比亚戏剧中的女性形象做出了解读。
关键词:威廉·莎士比亚喜剧女性形象先进性局限性中图分类号:i106.3 文献标识码:a一引言莎士比亚的四大喜剧分别为《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》、《仲夏夜之梦》,四部作品主要描写的是友谊、婚姻以及爱情,在主题方面虽然略有差异,但是作品的故事情节却都错综复杂、生动丰富。
作品中的情节中往往有着很多的奇遇、欺骗、巧合与乔装打扮,对于喜剧爱好者和文学爱好者而言都有着较强的吸引力。
莎士比亚所创作的“四部喜剧”都处在作品创作的第一阶段,所以作品中所宣扬的人文主义精神十分明显,并且作品内容以及人物形象都具有着较强的乐观精神与乐观行为,对人类社会中友谊的真挚以及爱情的美好进行了歌颂。
《威尼斯商人》主要讲述了商人安东尼奥为了帮助朋友巴萨尼奥而向犹太高利贷者夏洛克借钱,同时签下了如果安东尼奥不能及时还债将要从安东尼奥身上割下一磅肉的契约。
由于安东尼奥出海遇到风暴而不能及时还债,所以夏洛克咄咄逼人要践行契约。
最后安东尼奥在鲍西亚的帮助下得救。
其中,鲍西亚女扮男装为安东尼奥辩护的情节充满了智慧光辉和语言魅力,是《威尼斯商人》中最为精彩的部分。
《第十二夜》主要讲述了孪生兄妹薇奥拉与瑟巴斯辛出海遇险并漂流到伊利里亚,这里的贵族奥西诺正在向同样身为贵族的奥利维亚求婚但是遭到拒绝。
莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象解析
28海外文摘OVERSEAS DIGEST 海外文摘2020年第16期总第815期No.16,2020Total of 815在欧洲文艺复兴时期涌现出了非常多的文学家,而其中的代表人物非莎士比亚莫属,其一生创作了大量文学作品,尤以喜剧的艺术成就最高,可称得上是广为流传的艺术经典。
莎士比亚的喜剧创作以深刻的社会现实为来源,借助塑造人物角色对当时的社会现象、人们的思想状态予以反映[1]。
通过分析其创作的喜剧能够看出,整个故事中占据主导的是女性,而这也是其一个鲜明特点。
其喜剧多有复杂的情节,且每个人物的性格特点都不同,十分鲜明。
同时也肯定了女性自由恋爱和自由结婚权利,其一直表现的重点就是实现女性自身社会价值,思考女性性别地位。
但这部分“新女性”均有一个共同的特点,那就是温柔贤淑、忠贞不二,而这些刚好与男性心中的形象相符。
由此能够看出,虽然莎士比亚将女性先进的一面表现了出来,但其中还是有矛盾的一面存在,他的思想最终还是一致于当时男权社会主流的意识形态。
1莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象1.1大胆叛逆的新女性在莎士比亚喜剧中的众多女性形象中,最让人印象深刻的便是性格大胆叛逆的新女性,从她们身上,我们能够看到文艺复兴时期,整个英国甚至欧洲社会的新兴资产阶级女性对个性自由的追求以及当时追求个性解放的时代风气[2]。
她们认为爱情和门第、等级以及金钱无关,只有当事人自己才拥有决定终身大事的权利。
为了获得自由幸福的爱情生活,她们勇敢地从封建的藩篱中挣脱,面对父权、政权毫无畏惧。
比如,《仲夏夜之梦》中的赫米娅小姐就是这样一位代表女性,即使面对父亲的逼迫以及国家专制政权的威慑,她也没有表现出丝毫畏惧,仍然大胆追求自己的爱情。
剧中,她的父亲让她嫁给贵族狄米特律师,但她却早已对贵族青年拉山德芳心暗许。
为了争取婚姻自由,身材娇小的她竟公然违背父亲的意愿与法律。
面对威胁(不嫁狄米特便立即处死),她据理力争。
在公爵告诉她如果不听从父亲的安排,就会永远与男人隔绝时,她依然未表现出一丝畏惧,还大声说道:“我不愿意向我心里并不敬服的人奉献自己的贞操。
“戏剧天才”笔下的女性——浅谈莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象
“戏剧天才”笔下的女性——浅谈莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象摘要:“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”莎士比亚创作了许许多多脍炙人口的经典之作,在他的作品中不仅赋予悲剧崇高的力量,同样赋予喜剧神气的魔力;不仅探索男性的心灵世界,同样关注女性的内心情感。
他一反以往讽刺喜剧中尊男卑女,在作品中塑造的一系列丰富生动、光彩动人的女性的特征,这些“可爱而奇特”的新女性,她们是文艺复兴时代的女儿。
莎士比亚在创作中即肯定女性的智慧, 讴歌女性的美德, 赞美女性不畏强暴勇于追求的气概,还在她们身上体现出了对新人文主义的生活原则和理想的追求,她们是人文主义的典范。
关键词:莎士比亚喜剧女性形象“戏剧天才”笔下的女性——浅谈莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象目录一、摘要 (1)二、引言 (3)三、本论………………………………………………………………3—11(一)莎士比亚喜剧创作中的主要女性形象(二)莎士比亚心目中优秀女性的典型特点(三)莎士比亚喜剧中女性的个性色彩四、结语…………………………………………………………………11-12五、参考文献 (12)引言认识莎士比亚是因为他的四大悲剧之作,生活压力较大的当今时代中都有一些抑郁,为了调节自我常常看一些幽默书刊、视频、及小说,莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象深深地吸引了我。
他在特殊环境下一反以往讽刺尊男卑女,崇上抑下的因袭惯例,以更大的创作热情,更饱满的精力塑造了一系列值得歌颂的女性形象,活灵活现的将个性不同女性形象展现在我们的眼前,和现代肥皂剧中的女性形象有共同的特点,甚至更加逼真更加丰富,很有远见,思想非常前卫。
威廉•莎士比亚(1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国伟大的戏剧大师,是人文主义的最杰出的代表,近代欧洲文学的奠基者之一。
马克思不仅非常欣赏莎士比亚,称赞他为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”,而且还提出了“莎士比亚化”的美学原则。
同时代人本•琼生也称赞莎士比亚是“时代的灵魂”,说他“不属于一个时代,而属于所有的世纪”。
莎士比亚笔下女性形象,DOC
一莎士比亚喜剧刻画女性予以相似的形象(一)、莎士比亚喜剧中的女性相信爱情是生活的支柱莎士比亚的喜剧当中大部分以爱情贯穿剧中为主要内容,爱情至上、爱情是生活的唯一,因此他笔下的人物性格也是受爱情的影响和发展的[2]。
如在《仲夏夜之梦》中,赫米娅与拉山德、狄米特律斯与海伦娜这两对青年男女之间相互爱慕,他们反对家长和雅典亲王的干涉,逃到离城几里的小树林中,最后得到仙人的帮助,争取到婚姻的自由。
受但是封建思想的影响,女性的地位很低,这时候的她们能够有这样的胆识,这可以表现出她们反抗封建伦理道德的束缚,追求爱情自由的进步倾向。
《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西娅追求的是爱情自由、追求的是自己的幸福,她的择偶条件不是门第和财富,而是个人的人品、相貌和才能。
而她父亲“三匣择婚”的遗嘱却剥夺了她爱情的自由,对这种封建思想的束缚,她特别不满“我既不能选择我意中的人,又不能拒绝我所厌憎的人;一个活着的女儿的意志却要被一个死了的父亲的遗嘱所钳制……不能选择,也不能拒绝,不是太叫人难堪了吗?”但鲍西娅没有停(二)[5]。
(三)性同胞,他肯定女性对于爱隋自由和婚姻自主的追求,他挖掘女性对于自身性别地位和性别价值的认识,他歌颂女性的高尚品质与卓越才智。
莎士比亚笔下的女性世界深刻地表现了新人文主义生活原则和理想对于封建的、宗教的伦理道德和价值观念的猛烈冲击[7]。
《威尼斯商人》中体贴、谨慎的鲍西亚,她的聪明和勇气超越了该剧中所有其他的角色。
作为一个新兴的社会力量,女性显示了更积极乐观的性情气质和善良,而不是保守。
还有《仲夏夜之梦》里的赫米娅所走的叛逆道路,已不仅仅是停留在反抗包办婚姻这一层面上了,而是将冲突提升到反抗“雅典法律”的政治斗争的高度上来了,这个女性的举动,让她在角色超越男性们。
在莎士比亚看来,这正是以伊丽莎白一世为代表的女性颠覆男性统治和在英国提出人文主义的好时期。
莎士比亚的喜剧世界是女性的伊甸园。
综上所述中莎士比亚女性刻画着、描绘出相似的个人形象,反映着莎士比亚追求个性解放、反封建斗争的人文精神,这是他倡导人文思想的集中体现[8],也是他所表现的生活、情感和道德准则的形象描述。
论莎士比亚喜剧的女性形象
论莎士比亚喜剧的女性形象摘要:莎士比亚的喜剧主要是以爱情为中心的。
刻画了一系列具有人文主义思想的女性形象,她们是美的化身,爱的天使;是封建道德的叛逆者;是贤妻良母;是机智勇敢的生活强者。
她们对爱情的坚贞,对社会邪恶势力不妥协的抗争和她们的聪明才智体现了一种追求个性解放,要求爱情自由的精神。
关键词:莎士比亚喜剧爱情女性莎士比亚是英国十六、十七世纪之间的大戏剧家,同时也是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义思想的宣传家。
在欧洲文艺复兴时期,资产阶级还是一个正在成长中的革命阶级,它具有与封建、宗教等黑暗势力作斗争的革命朝气。
莎士比亚作为这一阶级的人文主义者,运用人道主义的思想武器来抨击封建和宗教的世界观,他这样做不仅为资产阶级制造舆论,而且还符合广大人民的愿望和利益,在历史上起了很大的作用。
在莎士比亚的37部作品中,有歌颂当时时代精神的,有歌颂人文主义的,还有批判阻碍时代发展的。
从而塑造了一系列人文主义者的典型形象。
这些形象充分体现了文艺复兴时期资产阶级进取热情的生气勃勃的时代精神。
莎士比亚的戏剧创作分为三个时期,后期传奇剧以宽容与和解为主题,中期的悲剧常以人格的分裂和死亡为主题,历史剧多以权利和人性的扭曲为主题。
而他的早期是喜剧,主要表达的是爱情和狂欢等内容,并以此来表达其思想。
德国的歌德就曾经说过:“当我读到莎士比亚第一页时,我的一生就属于他了。
当我首次读完他的一部作品,我觉得我好像原来是一个先天盲人,这时一瞬间有一只神奇的手赋予了我双目的视力,我很清楚的体会到我的生活被无限的扩大了,莎士比亚对人性已经从一切方向上,在一切深度和高度上,都发挥到淋漓尽致。
”正如歌德所说,莎士比亚就是一位人性记录的大师,在他的作品中生动的展示了男女主人公的遭遇,揭示了人物思想性格的深度,给读者以思想上的深刻感受和灵魂上的巨大震撼力。
他敏感的注意到封建专制下最大的牺牲者是妇女,他同情这些受害最深的弱者,为她们鸣不平,他希望她们能摆脱封建专制的束缚,与男子享受同等的待遇,因此,他塑造出一系列勇于反抗的资产阶级女性形象来鼓励这些弱者起来反抗封建制度和禁欲制主义的束缚。
莎士比亚戏剧中的女性形象
莎士比亚喜剧的女主人公她们的爱情都是几经波折最后以皆大欢喜结局因为在作者看来她们得到爱情幸福的意义不仅在于歌颂了资产阶级的人生观道德观更在于他相信新兴资产阶级的美好理想一定能得到实现
Juliet
奥利维亚Olivia
鲍西亚Portia
莎士比亚的喜剧当中大部分以爱情贯穿剧中为主要内容, 爱情至上、爱情是生活的唯一,因此他笔下的人物性格也 是受爱情的影响和发展的。如在《仲夏夜之梦》中,赫米 娅与拉山德、狄米特律斯与海伦娜这两对青年男女之间相 互爱慕,他们反对家长和雅典亲王的干涉,逃到离城几里 的小树林中,最后得到仙人的帮助,争取到婚姻的自由。 受但是封建思想的影响,女性的地位很低,这时候的她们 能够有这样的胆识,这可以表现出她们反抗封建伦理道德 的束缚,追求爱情自由的进步倾向。《威尼斯商人》中的 鲍西娅追求的是爱情自由、追求的是自己的幸福,她的择 偶条件不是门第和财富,而是个人的人品、相貌和才能。 而她父亲“ 三匣择婚”的遗嘱却剥夺了她爱情的自由,对 这种封建思想的束缚, 她特别不满“ 我既不能选择我意中 的人,又不能拒绝我所厌憎的人;一个活着的女儿的意志 却要被一个死了的父亲的遗嘱所钳制,不能选择,也不能 拒绝,不是太叫人难堪了吗?”
综观莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象,我们可以得出这样一 个结论,莎士比亚在抒写女性的时候予以了相似与个性 鲜明的特点,以创作缘由来描写。在他的喜剧中,我们 可以看到有着资产阶级人文主义思想的女性,是因为作 者生活在文艺复兴的时代环境下,王权稳固统一,经济 繁荣的同时,必然文化、体制和思想也要进步。新兴的 资产阶级把自己的世界观、思想观、人生观带到了变革 的年代,从而影响着作者的创作。笔下的她们,形象刻 画深刻,以她们为争取个性解放、爱情自由,与封建伦 理道德进行抗争,力求摆脱封建伦理道德的束缚,冲破 了封建制度设置的层层罗网,来以宣扬人文主义精神。
莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象分析
055威廉 ·莎士比亚是西方最伟大的戏剧家和诗人,他的作品就像一颗璀璨的明星照亮了西方文艺复兴时期的文坛,对西方文学,甚至对世界文学都产生了巨大的影响,可以说,莎士比亚的作品是世界文学宝库中的珍品。
在莎士比亚的作品中,喜剧是非常出色的,他的喜剧情节生动出奇,所塑造的人物形象富有个性,作品的艺术构思极为巧妙,作品所表现的人文主义思想符合时代发展的需要,可以说莎士比亚的每一部作品都是精品,受到世人的推崇。
莎士比亚喜剧创造主题凸显出人文主义色彩,所涉及的题材是非常广泛的,能够对丰富的现实世界进行艺术性的反映。
在喜剧的创造中,莎士比亚塑造了大量追求爱情的女性形象,这些女性能够积极地追求自己的爱情,敢于挑战权威,敢于冲破封建伦理道德的束缚,并且富有追求幸福的智慧和勇气,坚定自己的追求,可以说这些女性形象是莎士比亚喜剧作品中最富有魅力的。
一、莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象(一)她们都是美的化身莎士比亚喜剧中的女性人物,大都是天生丽质、容貌超群,个个美貌无比,凡是见过她们的人都被她们的容貌所吸引,认为她们是人间难寻的美人。
莎翁笔下的茱莉亚眼睛就像天空中的星星一样闪闪发光,贝特丽丝也是少有的美人,她的脸色像五月的春潮一样娇媚无比,赫米娅的嗓音是非常甜美的,说出的话就像动听的音乐,发出的声音比牧羊人耳中云雀的歌声还要动听。
可以说,莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象多数是非常美丽的,她们天生丽质,深深地吸引着人们。
莎士比亚喜剧中的女性美并不仅限于外貌的美,她们内在的美也是非常突出的。
她们是内外兼美的。
莎士比亚所塑造的鲍西亚就是内外兼美的人间尤物,鲍西亚心地善良,为了救助安东尼奥,女扮男装,这种行为在当时社会是要遭人诟病的,是不符合传统的礼教思想的。
鲍西亚在出庭辩证的时候,也表现出非凡的智慧,并且她的表现也是充满正气的,这些都为她的人设加分。
另外,维奥拉这个形象也是内外兼美的。
维奥拉真心地爱慕着奥希诺公爵,为了接近他,敢于乔装成仆人。
莎士比亚喜剧中女性形象及成因分析
摘要本文首先分析莎士比亚主要的喜剧作品中的女性形象,综合得出莎士比亚在其喜剧作品中塑造的一系列丰富生动、光彩动人的女性群像的共同特征,即肯定女性的智慧, 讴歌女性的美德, 赞美女性不畏强暴勇于追求的气概;还提出在她们身上体现出了对新人文主义的生活原则和理想的追求,她们是人文主义的典范;最后指出当时的政治经济背景以及文艺复兴运动时期的人文主义思潮对当时的社会以及莎士比亚的深刻的影响,即伊丽莎白统治下的社会以及以人为本的社会思潮。
关键词:莎士比亚;喜剧;形象;共同特征;背景ABSTRACTThis paper first analyzes some women images in Shakespeare‘s main comedies, on such basis, it concludes the common features of the series of those rich female imagery in Shakespeare‘s comedies. It affirms women‘s wisdom; eulogize the virtues of women; and praise the courage of not fear for violence and the spirit of pursuing their ideals. The paper also explores the life principles and the pursuit of ideals of new humanist that reflected on them. They are the models of humanism. At the end of this paper, it points out the profound influence of the political and economical backgrounds and the thoughts of humanism of the Renaissance period on the society as well as on Shakespeare at that time, that is, the society under the rule of Elizabeth I and the people-centered social thoughts.Keywords:Shakespeare; comedies; imagery; common feature; backgroundsContents1. Introduction (1)2. The common features of the females in shakespeare’s comedies (2)2.1 External beauty (2)2.2 Internal beauty (2)2.2.1 The pursuit of love (2)2.2.2 Loyalty to friendship (3)2.2.3 Extinguished wisdom (3)2.2.4 Noble morality (4)2.3 Round personality (4)3. Reasons of shaping those female images (6)3.1 Backgrounds (6)3.1.1 Political and social background (6)3.1.2 Economic background (8)3.1.3 Humanism (9)3.2 Symbol meaning of those female images (11)4. Conclusion (13)Acknowledgements (14)References (15)1.IntroductionShakespeare is perhaps the most quoted author in liter ature. Shakespeare‘s early years was his comedy times, he created many famous comedies such as "The Merchant of Venice", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Twelfth Night" and so on. In those comedies, he made an analysis of the unique style and the witty remarks in the description of the beauty of women images and the profound connotations of thought in Shakespeare‘s comedies, holding that the beauty of women images should be embodied in the harmony of self-respect, independence, amiability, devotion to love and the relationship of human beings and that of human beings and nature. Starting from the exploration of human civilization and the progress of society, the paper expounds the truth that mercy conquers cruelty; friendship conquers enmity; wisdom conquers ignorance, and justice conquers evil. Therefore the ideal beauty of humanism is realized. All of those women images symbolize the impact of humanism.2. The common features of the femalesIn Shakespeare’s comediesWomen images in Shakespeare‘s comedies have unique style and the witty remarks in the description of the beauty and the profound connotations of thought. The beauty of women images were embodied in the harmony of self-respect , independence , amiability , devotion to love and the relationship of human beings and that of human beings and nature.2.1 External beautyFemales in Shakespeare‘s comedies always had beautiful outside. In ―The Merchant of Venice‖ Bassanio once said, ―In Belmont is a lady richly left; And she is fair, and, fairer than that word, Of wondrous virtues: sometimes from her eyes I did receive fair speechless messages: Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia: Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth, For the four winds blow in from every coast Renowned suitors, and her sunny locks Hang on her temples like a golden fleece; Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchos' strand, And many Jasons come in quest of her. O my Antonio, had I but the means To hold a rival place with one of them, I have a mind presages me such thrift, That I should questionless be fortunate‖[1]1. That is Portia. Beatrice in ―M uch Ado About Nothing‖is a "precious jade" which is worthy of "all the world's wealth". Viola in ―Twelfth Night‖ causes Miss Count to fall in love with her at first sight even she is dressed as a man.2.2 Internal beautyWomen in Shakespeare‘s comedies are all beautiful ladies with rich inner beauty and rich Personality such as their special opinions about purchasing their true love, great loyalty to friendship, having outstanding wisdom and noble morality.2.2.1 Pursuit of loveIn Portia‘s mind, the nobles are all dull and have nothing available but enjoy their lives. ―First, she said that the Neapolitan prince is a colt indeed. Then there is theCounty Palatine. He doth nothing but frown. The French lord, Monsieur Le Bon hath a horse better than the Neapolitan's, a better bad habit of frowning than the Count Palatine; he is every man in no man. Then, to Falconbridge, the young baron of England, How oddly he is suited. The young German, the Duke of Saxony's nephew is very vilely in the morning, when he is sober, and most vilely in the afternoon, when he is drunk: when he is best, he is a little worse than a man, and when he is worst, he is little better than a beast. ‖ [1]1 Portia would not be controlled by power or property. In order to find the true love, she went against her father‘s will.Beatrice in ―M uch Ado About Nothing‖is a noble, but her mind is filled with humanism. She thinks that the qualification of an individual is the basic standard of choosing her lover, not the property or noble classical or power. She calls for the equality of both male and female; stick to individual independence, and safeguards women's dignity. She said ―But manhood is melted into courtesies, valour into compliment, and men are only turned into tongue, and trim ones too: he is now as valiant as Hercules that only tells a lie and swears it. I cannot be a man with wishing, therefore I will die a woman with grieving.‖ [2]42.2.2 Loyalty to friendshipPortia is a generous lady. When she heard that Bassanio‘s friend is in danger, she said to Bassanio, ―Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond; double six thousand, and then treble that, before a friend of this description shall lose a hair through Bassanio's fault. First go with me to church and call me wife, and then away to Venice to your friend; for never shall you lie by Portia's side with an unquiet soul. You shall have gold to pay the petty debt twenty times over: When it is paid, bring your true friend along. My maid Nerissa and myself meantime Will live as maids and widows.‖ [1]3 After saying this to her husband, she later dresses up as a man and finds a way to release Antonio from his bond with Shylock, when no one else is able to. She proves to the audience and to her friends that even though she might have been perceived as an unlesson'd, unschool'd, unpractic'd girl, her inner self, posses the strength, intelligence and experience that enables her to do what she did.When Beatrice‘s cousin Hero is wronged and slandered by Hero‘s husband Claudio in the wedding part, she insisted that her cousin was innocent and angrily said ―O God, that I were a man! I would eat his heart in the market-place.‖ [2]42.2.3 Extinguished wisdomIn Shakespeare‘s works, women are always wiser than men. They stay calm and never draw back when confronting frustration and difficulties. Portia in ―The Merchant of Venice‖is learned and capable. She saved Antonio‘s life with her wise and talent words: ―Therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh. Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more But just a pound of flesh: if thou cut'st more Or less than a just pound, be it but so much As makes it light or heavy in the substance, Or the division of the twentieth part Of one poor scruple, nay, if the scale do turn But in the estimation of a hair, Thou diest and all thy goods are confiscate.‖ [1]4Another example is Viola who in "Twelfth Night" falls in love with the Duke Orsino. She boldly posed as a boy and masquerading as a young castrato under the name Cesario. Viola is lively and enthusiastic, with gentle but masculine, and her intelligence, eloquence eventually made her gain the goodwill of the Duke.2.2.4 Noble moralityFemale in S hakespeare‘s comed ies have had the lofty morality strength, they always have appeared before the common people with friendly consummate attitude. They can always help others and embody the harmony between humans. They cherish friendship, love. They go completely the opposite way to the code of ethics and go against tradition. Such description and narration by Shakespeare embody that harmonious relationship should be established. Those women images reflect the strength of love and hate.Celia in ―As You Like It‖ was a person who cherish friend much more than her life. She comforted Rosalind whose father was exiled, ―You know my father hath no child but I, nor none is like to have: and, truly, when he dies, thou shalt be his heir, for what he hath taken away from thy father perforce, I will render thee again in affection; by mine honour, I will; and when I break that oath, let me turn monster: therefore, my sweet Rose, my dear Rose, be merry.‖[3]1Celia fought against her father in order to safeguard her pure friendship with Rosalind.2.3 Round personalityWomen in Shakespeare‘s comedies are those female have original characters. Whatthey reflect is the purchase of personality freedom, the character of personality liberty of the new bourgeoisie females in the United Kingdom or even the whole European continent in the renaissance period. In their opinions, family status, grade and money are no longer the amatory basis; they hold the power to make decision of happiness on their own hands. In order to pursue a life of happiness and free love, they dare to break through the feudalism fence, having self-judgment, defying father rights and the regime.Hermia in ―A Midsummer Night's Dream‖ dared to fight against her father in order to have marriage freedom. ―So will I grow, so live, so die, my lord, Ere I will my virgin patent up Unto his lordship, whose unwished yoke My soul consents not to give sovereignty.‖[4]1 Such frank character, such disregard of feudal dignity, and behavior to fight for the right of free love prominently displayed the courage of the new bourgeois female.3. Reasons of shaping those female imagesThe Elizabethan Age –the period during which Elizabeth I (1558–1603) was England‘s ruling monarch – is often thought of as a golden age in the cou ntry‘s history. It was the highpoint, for example, of the English Renaissance, and poetry and literature truly thrived. It was the time of Elizabethan theatre, when William Shakespeare and his contemporaries wrote new, dynamic, groundbreaking plays. Moreover, the Elizabethan era was one of unprecedented expansion and exploration abroad, while within England itself, the Protestant Reformation was influencing the thought and approach of the population as a whole.Elizabeth‘s reign was marked by her effective use of Parliament and the Privy Council, a small advisory body of the important state officials, and by the development of legal institutions in the English counties. Elizabeth firmly established Protestantism in England, encouraged English enterprise and commerce, and defended the nation against the powerful Spanish naval force known as the Spanish Armada. Her reign was noted for the English Renaissance, an outpouring of poetry and drama led by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Christopher Marlowe that remains unsurpassed in English literary history.3.1 Backgrounds of Shakespeare‘s time3.1.1 Social and political backgroundShakespeare‘s comedies are almost created in his early time, in which is the peak of Elizabethan era. The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the English Reformation and the battles between Protestants and Catholics and the battles between parliament and the monarchy that engulfed the seventeenth century. The Protestant or Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. England held on to the Church of England throughout Elizabeth's reign and those who disagreed on religious grounds, such as the Puritans set out for the Americas and settled in andaround Boston, Massachusetts.Elizabeth realized the importance of securing the cooperation of powerful men in order to rule effectively. She made extensive use of the Privy Council and summoned ten parliaments during her reign. She used Parliament to raise taxes and to endorse her policies, but also allowed its members to suggest laws regarding local issues, something rarely permitted by prior monarchs. The House of Lords and the House of Commons both grew in size during her reign.Elizabeth effectively expanded royal government by increasing the role of sheriffs in the counties and by relying upon justices of the peace to perform the basic administrative work of local government. Thousands of gentlemen served in this capacity, each an official, if unpaid, member of the regime. Meeting in quarter sessions, justices enforced everything from the Poor Laws to statutes against theft. At the center of her government, Elizabeth was fortunate in having a succession of capable ministers.Elizabeth‘s accession marked the final change in the nation‘s official religion. Elizabeth inherited a highly charged religious situation, which she handled with great skill. Although there was never any doubt she would return England to Protestantism, Elizabeth had to contend with opposition from both Catholics and radical Protestants. Catholic bishops and peers controlled the House of Lords and fought Elizabeth‘s first attempts to bring back Protestantism. Protestants exiled under the reign of Mary I returned to England, and many brought with them new and radical Protestant ideas, especially those of John Calvin, a French religious reformer. Calvin stressed the importance of predestination, the belief that salvation was predetermined for some people and not for others. Calvin also wanted the clergy to play a less important role in the state church and to concern themselves with preaching the gospel rather than in becoming bishops.Under Elizabeth, England again broke with the pope, Catholic services were forbidden, priests were allowed to marry, and relics and decorations were removed from the churches. In attempting to diffuse the religious situation, Elizabeth tried to accommodate Catholic sensibilities in matters she judged less essential. She used Parliament to establish the official doctrine of the new church, which ensured that the voice of Catholic peers would be heard. Under the Act of Supremacy, she assumed the title of Supreme Governor of the Church, rather than the title of Supreme Head, a move to placate critics because Supreme Governor sounded less powerful. She would not allow retaliation against those who had assisted Mary, and she treated with someleniency those who refused to swear an oath to her supremacy.Elizabeth viewed the church as an inseparable part of her monarchy and would not tolerate challenges to it. Such challenges came from both Catholics, who clung to the old faith and plotted to remove the queen, and from Puritans, radical Protestants who wanted to abolish all traces of Catholicism.3.1.2 Economic backgroundEconomically, the country was beginning to benefit enormously from the new horizons offered by trans-Atlantic trade. Elizabethan England had an active role in the slave trade and the repression of Catholic Ireland. Despite the great achievements seen during the Elizabethan era itself, it is worth noting that the country descended into the Civil War (1642-51) less than forty years after Elizabeth‘s death.All told, Elizabeth certainly provided the country with increasing overall prosperity. Having inherited a practically bankrupt nation, her cautious, frugal approach instigated a new sense of economic responsibility. The founding of the Royal Exchange (1565) –the first stock exchange in England and one of the earliest in Europe –proved an enormously valuable step for the economic development of England and, subsequently, for the world in general. Taxes were lower in England than other European countries at the time, as the economy expanded although the nation‘s wealth was undoubtedly distributed unevenly, there was certainly more money in the s tate‘s coffers at the end of Elizabeth‘s reign than there had been before her accession. And, it was precisely this general peace and prosperity that allowed the wonderful achievements that are associated with the era –with the ‗golden age‘ of Elizabethan England.The nation that Elizabeth inherited was experiencing a steady increase in population. The continued population growth placed strains on the economy, which was made worse by serious harvest failures in every decade of Elizabeth‘s reign. Prices for food and clothing skyrocketed in what became known as the Great Inflation. The 1590s were the worst years of the century, marked by starvation, epidemic disease, and roving bands of vagrants looking for work.Elizabeth‘s government enacted legislation kno wn as the Poor Laws, which made every local parish responsible for its own poor, created workhouses, and severely punished homeless beggars. Parliament also passed bills to ensure fair prices in times of shortage and to regulate wages in times of unemploym ent. One of the queen‘s most important economic decisions was to issue a new currency that contained a standardamount of precious metal. This raised confidence in the currency and also allowed businesses to enter into long-term financial contracts.During Elizabeth‘s reign, England expanded trade overseas and the merchant community grew. Private shipbuilding boomed and navigational advances made long sea voyages safer. England‘s chief commodity was woolen cloth, traded mostly at the Dutch port of Antwerp for finished goods and such luxuries as French wines. Cloth exports grew over the course of the reign, but suffered from competition from finer Spanish products and from Antwerp‘s decline after its harbor silted up and became impassable by the mid-1560s. In the 1560s financier Sir Thomas Gresham founded the Royal Exchange to help merchants find secure markets for their goods.At the same time, new enterprises like the Muscovy Company were chartered to find outlets for English products. In 1600 the government granted the English East India Company a monopoly to trade in Asia, Africa, and America. The desire to expand overseas trade was also a motive in the ventures of English explorers such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Sir Walter Raleigh. Such adventurers established the first English outposts in North America.3.1.3 HumanismThe word humanism has been freely applied to a variety of beliefs, methods, and philosophies that place central emphasis on what it means to be human. Frequently, the term is used with reference to a system of education and mode of inquiry that developed in northern Italy during the 14th century and later spread through Europe and England. Alternately known as "Renaissance humanism," this program was so broadly and profoundly influential that it is one of the chief reasons why the Renaissance is viewed as a distinct historical period.Humanities meant the development of human virtue, in all its forms, to its fullest extent. The term thus implied not only such qualities as are associated with the modern word humanity--understanding, benevolence, compassion, mercy--but also such more aggressive characteristics as fortitude, judgment, prudence, eloquence, and even love of honors. Consequently the possessor of humanities could not be merely a sedentary and isolated philosopher or man of letters but was of necessity a participant in active life. Just as action without insight was held to be aimless and barbaric, insight without action was rejected as barren and imperfect. Humanities called for a fine balance of action and contemplation, a balance born not of compromise but of complementarities. The goal ofsuch fulfilled and balanced virtue was political in the broadest sense of the word. The purview of Renaissance humanism included not only the education of the young but also the guidance of adults (including rulers) via philosophical poetry and strategic rhetoric. It included not only realistic social criticism but also utopian hypotheses, not only painstaking reassessments of history but also bold reshaping of the future. In short, humanism called for the comprehensive reform of culture, the transfiguration of what humanists termed the passive and ignorant society of the "dark" ages into a new order that would reflect and encourage the grandest human potentialities.Humanism emphasizes the belief in human beings, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from tyranny of the church and religious dogmas. The most important content is assurance of human values. From art to social life, people should focus on human history, human activities, human spirit, and human images and so on. People's nature, life purpose and happiness ought to be the subject of study.Humanists advocate contending with destiny: they think everybody was born equal; they oppose the feudalism hierarchical system of judging individual family background with the social position, family status. They believe that individual social position should be decided by morality and physical labor, not comes from family status or rights of inheritance.The humanists all regard ethics as the centre: They think science and perfect morality degree determine the destiny of a country. Human should perfect themselves through education. People should respect both their body and mind. Everyone, including lawyer, doctor and philosopher, ought to be responsible for the society.Humanism is the rebirth of classical learning- especially philosophy and ethics, but also the art of politics. Humanism was inspired by the ideas of the reformer, Erasmus of Rotterdam, based on respect of the human being, tolerance and Christian love ethics Renaissance Humanism is the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the Middle Ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine truth and falsehood for themselves.The period from the 14th century to the 17th worked in favor of the general emancipation of the individual. Individualism and the instinct of curiosity were vigorously cultivated. Honest doubt began to replace unreasoning faith. The skeptical viewpoint proposed by Abelard reached high development and wide acceptance among the humanists. Finally, the spirit of individualism to a certain degree incited theProtestant revolt, which, in theory at least, embodied a thorough application of the principle of individualism in religion.3.2 Symbol meaning of those female imagesWilliam Shakespeare‘s comedies are almost created in his early time. At that time, he was influenced by the idea of humanism; therefore, his thoughts were mostly active and pure. Shakespeare expressed his thoughts of individual values by creating those wise pretty kind females in his works. Those images are a mirror of history and society.When William Shakespeare wrote, The Merchant of Venice, he included a female character that influences the play dramatically. In most of Shakespeare's plays, the women have little power and intelligence. In The Merchant of Venice, however, Portia is a woman that saves the life of a man with her wit and intelligence. Another woman created by Shakespeare that posses qualities similar to Portia is Beatrice, from Much Ado about Nothing. Both women add to the main themes of the play because of their ability to use their intelligence and witty remarks as well as having a loving heart. The women share many similarities as well as many differences which seem to be inevitable because Portia seems to be put on a pedestal that very few can reach. Portia is one of Shakespeare's great heroines, whose beauty, lively intelligence, quick wit, and high moral seriousness have blossomed in a society of wealth and freedom. She is known throughout the world for her beauty and virtue, and she is able to handle any situation with her sharp wit.The one female, Shakespearean character that is most like Portia would be Beatrice, from Much Ado about Nothing. Both of the women are known for their wit and intelligence. Beatrice is able to defend her views in any situation, as does Portia. Shakespeare gives each of them a sense of power by giving their minds the ability to change words around, use multiple meanings and answer wisely to the men surrounding them. By adding a loving heart to both of these women, Shakespeare makes their intelligence more appealing. Even though Beatrice hides the loving side of her character for most of the play, she still expresses her kindness and love in other ways. Like Portia, she is a dear friend and an obedient daughter. In the fourth act, after Portia has saved the life of Antonio, she uses her wit, just as Beatrice does to test Benedict's love, to convince Bassanio to surrender the ring that he vowed he would never part with.Portia displays all the graces of the perfect Renaissance lady. She is not ambitious, she is quiet rather than restrictive. She is modest in her self-estimation. Her generousspirit makes her wish she had more virtue, wealth, and friends so that she can better help those she loves. When Shakespeare created Portia's character, he contributed the likeness of Beatrice and added the elements of a perfect Renaissance woman. Even though Portia is a woman, she still posses the intelligence to use manipulates words, the beauty to women, and the soul that stands above many others. Her appearance adds to her angelic reputation and her wisdom allows the audience of the play to acknowledge the theme of deceptive appearances.All the examples show to us that Shakespeare creates those female images to express the influence of the revolution society and especially the idea of humanism.4.ConclusionThe tune of Shakespeare‘s comedies is active. Women images in Shakespeare‘s comedies have unique style and the witty remarks in the description of the beauty and the profound connotations of thought. First, women‘s images in Shakespeare‘s comedies are all beautiful ladies with rich inner beauty and rich Personality such as their special opinions about purchasing their true love, great loyalty to friendship, having outstanding wisdom and noble morality. Second, Shakespeare creates those rich images under the society of Elizabethan era, in which the politics, religion and economy are considerably stable and prosperous. Most important, it was the Renaissance period, in which the idea of humanism developed. Shakespeare create those rich female images in his comedies in order to express the central idea of Renaissance, and that human beings should change their traditional opinions of judging people. All his ideal opinions are reflected in those women images in his comedies.References[1] William Shakespeare. 梁实秋译.The Merchant of Venice[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社, 2001.[2] William Shakespeare. 梁实秋译.Much Ado About Nothing[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社, 2001.[3] William Shakespeare. 梁实秋译.As You Like It[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社,2001.[4] William Shakespeare. 梁实秋译.A Midsummer Night's Dream[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社, 2001.[5] William Shakespeare. 梁实秋译.Twelfth Night[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社,2001.[6] Daniel Derrel Santee. The Renaissance and the Elizabethan Age (1430 - 1630)[J].English Language Literature - LETRAS - Prof. UFMS 2009.[7] Penny Gay. The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare‘s Comedies[C]. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2008.[8] Robin Headlam Wells. Shakespeare‘s Humanism[C]. Cambridge University Press,2008.[9] 李伟民. 莎士比亚喜剧批评在中国国外文学[J], 2006(2).[10] 李伟民. 施莱格尔兄弟对莎士比亚的解读. 外国文学研究[J], 2005(2).[11] 史晓丽.赤子诗人———17、18世纪英国评论界眼中的莎士比亚[J]. 人文杂志,2007(3).[12] 刘艳,张敬火. 人文主义影响下的新女性—浅析莎士比亚四大喜剧中的女主角形象[J]. 湖北经济学院学报( 人文社会科学版), 2004(5).[13] 袁颖. 解读莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性美[J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版) , 2005(3).[14] 王瑾红. 浅析莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象[J]. 江西广播电视大学学报,2003(3).[15] 王莎烈. 莎士比亚喜剧中的女性观[J]. 东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(4).[16] (英)莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)著,梁实秋译.《莎士比亚全集》[M]. 北京:中国广播电视出版社, 2002.[17] 赵亚麟. 莎士比亚戏剧创作的厉史与社会背景[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版) , 2002(4).[18] 崔莉. 莎士比亚与文艺复兴时期戏剧的社会地位[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报(社会。
莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象分析
莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象分析阴詹雨芹莎士比亚的作品在全世界范围内享有极高的知名度与美誉度,莎翁本人也成为世界文坛的“巨匠”之一。
在其塑造出来的众多角色中,尤以喜剧作品中的女性形象更为广大读者留下了极其深刻的印象。
而这些个性鲜明的女性角色也反映出处于文艺复兴时期的欧洲女性所具有的智慧、勇敢、独立的品质与风貌。
一、女性形象不再是“陪衬”在莎翁创作的喜剧作品中,一个巨大的突破便是将女性角色赋予了新的意义,其不再作为男权的陪衬,而是成为具有独立精神、高尚品格、顽强意志的个体,这些光辉伟大的女性角色,同样成为了故事中的主角,这也对长久以来女性受到束缚、忽视的情况作出改变,也为冲破传统写作内容的桎梏创造了有益条件。
二、女性角色不仅“美貌”而且“智慧”在文艺复兴之前,文学作品中关于西方人物的形象设置通常是较为单薄的,而自莎翁之后一个个灵动、饱满的角色跃然纸上,而优秀的女性形象的加入,更是为喜剧作品增添了最为靓丽的色彩。
在其早期创作的喜剧作品中这中特色就已经显现出来,《皆大欢喜》、《无事生非》以及《第十二夜》三步作品也被读者用“娇艳明媚”来予以形容。
这些故事通常以家庭、婚姻、情感为主题,而这些女性角色却是一改过去“花瓶”类的存在效果,具有了可爱的个性、高尚的情操,既美丽大方又机智过人,让读者在阅读过程中感受到女性角色所散发出的耀眼光芒[1]。
以《威尼斯商人》为例,文中的鲍迪亚便是一个兼具了美貌与智慧的女子,智计多端的挫败头号反派夏洛克的阴谋,使得商人安通尼奥免于灾难;《第十二夜》中薇奥拉在女扮男装之时也让伯爵小姐产生倾慕之情;《皆大欢喜》里的罗瑟琳外表美若天仙,文中形容她是世间的珍宝都不能同她相比,作者也对其给出了最高的赞扬;以及《终成眷属》中的海丽娜,不仅美貌,而且受过高等教育,其具有的优美品质、温婉的言辞也让世人称颂等等。
在对这些角色进行塑造时,莎翁也将自己对于人文思想的看法都注入到作品当中。
从这些女性形象中所反映出的进步观念,包括反对包办婚姻鼓励寻找真爱、反对禁欲提倡追寻世俗幸福、反对封建传统压迫追求精神自由等,也都是作者对于自由、个性、平等思想的期望。
浅谈莎士比亚喜剧中的妇女形象
浅谈莎士比亚喜剧中的妇女形象杨秀珊莎士比亚创造第一时期的十六世纪九十年代,是英国历史上伊丽莎白统治的盛期。
当时,封建统治正在逐步解体,资本主义经济在社会稳定的情况下得到迅速发展,英国的文艺复兴运动和人文主义文学也进入了萦荣昌盛的阶段.人文主义作家莎士比亚满怀反封建的战斗热情和对美好生活的恤恨,全力投入到写作中.在这一时期创造的历史剧中,莎士比亚称颂了集中统一的王权对封建侧据势力的胜利,在喜剧中则满腔热情地描绘了青年男女争取自由恋爱权利的斗争。
他深信人文主义的道德理想可以战胜封建的道德偏见。
因此,他的作品洋滋着战胜禁欲主义以后生活的幸福和欢乐。
《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯威人》和《第十二夜》是人们所公认的莎氏第一时期最富有人文主义精神的喜剧代表作。
在这几部艺术珍品中,莎士比亚以大量的笔墨塑造了具有人文主义思想的妇女形象。
赫米娅、海丽娜、鲍西娅和薇奥拉这些理想化的资产阶级新女性形象,之所以长期受到人们的喜爱,是因为她们不仅出身高贵,温柔灸丽,而且聪明机替,敢作敢为。
她们勇敢地冲破封建束缚,要求男女平等,婚姻自主,是文艺复兴时代人文主义新女性。
一、赫米娅、海丽娜赫米娅身材娇小,肤色浅黑,口齿伶俐,活泼可爱。
她爱情专一,性格直爽,倔强而又泼辣。
为了争取婚姻自主,她敢于对薄公堂,违抗父亲和法律。
在父亲伊吉斯的要是不嫁给狄米特律斯就将她立即处死的威胁下,赫米娅既没有被严父的嚣张气焰所吓倒,也不因传统势力的顽固而低头,而是针锋相对,据理力争,要求父亲改变看法,同意她的选择。
在公爵用软语相劝她服从父命时,赫米娅不担心自己的名誉会受损,不怕封建舆论的非议、贵难、公开为情人辩护,迫使公路承认拉山德是个好青年。
当公爵宜布如果她不遵从父命,就“不是受死刑,便是永远和男人隔绝”时,她毫不畏俱地说:“我不愿惫把我的贞操奉献给我心里并不敬服的人.”这种爽直、倔强的性格,这种不顾封建礼教的束缚,无视法庭的尊严而为自己的恋爱权利而斗争的大胆行为,相当突出地表现了新女性敢作敢为的性格特征。
莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象
莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象第一篇:莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象莎士比亚喜剧作品中的女性形象文艺复兴时期著名的文学大师莎士比亚,一向以人物形象的刻画著称。
在他的喜剧中,我们也可以看到各种各样富有鲜明个性的人物,有勇敢直爽的青年,老成持重的绅士,风趣聪敏的仆人,他们每个人都是一个生动的个体,在剧中都有各自存在的位置和意义。
在如此众多的人物形象中,又以女性形象最为突出、最为显眼。
有人说莎士比亚喜欢表现女性,也善于描写女性,把这种说法拿到他的喜剧中来看,是一点也不过分的。
一莎士比亚的喜剧一般都以男女主人公自由恋爱成功,最后有情人终成眷属而结束,借此来正面宣扬人文主义的生活理想,如个性解放、爱情自由,力求摆脱宗教禁欲主义和封建伦理道德的束缚等。
在这些喜剧中,他塑造出许多贵族青年妇女形象,描写她们与封建习俗、封建道德、封建传统的冲突,最后争取到爱情和婚姻的幸福结局。
这些女性身上存在着不少共同的特点,是莎士比亚心目中优秀女性的典型。
首先,莎士比亚喜剧中的女性全都具有高尚纯洁的心灵,对爱情严肃认真,忠心不二。
在文艺复兴时期的其他名著中,作者为了反对禁欲主义而往往走向它的反面,他们笔下的女性常常是纵欲放荡的,比如《十日谈》就是如此。
而莎士比亚的道德观念与他们有着很大的不同。
他在肯定男女爱情的合理性的同时,又坚决反对淫乱行为,主张维护爱情的真挚纯洁。
因而他笔下的女性既向往热烈的爱情,又能洁身自好,重视贞操。
《仲夏夜之梦》中的赫米娅与爱人拉山德一起跑到森林中去,拉山德提出要“一块草地可以作为我们两人枕首的地方”,这对于已立誓白头偕老的一对情侣来说,要求并不过分,但赫米娅却庄重地回答道:“好朋友,为着爱情和礼貌的缘故,请睡的远一些;在人间的礼法上,保持这样的距离对于束身自好的未婚男女是最合适的”。
再如《一报还一报》中依莎贝拉把贞操看的比什么都重要。
当安哲鲁用她弟弟的性命作为要挟手段,企图凌辱她时,她无比坚定地说:“宁可让一个兄弟在片刻中死去,不要让他的姐姐因为救他而永远沉沦。
莎士比亚笔下女性形象
莎士比亚笔下女性形象一莎士比亚喜剧刻画女性予以相似的形象(一)、莎士比亚喜剧中的女性相信爱情是生活的支柱莎士比亚的喜剧当中大部分以爱情贯穿剧中为主要内容,爱情至上、爱情是生活的唯一,因此他笔下的人物性格也是受爱情的影响和发展的[2]。
如在《仲夏夜之梦》中,赫米娅与拉山德、狄米特律斯与海伦娜这两对青年男女之间相互爱慕,他们反对家长和雅典亲王的干涉,逃到离城几里的小树林中,最后得到仙人的帮助,争取到婚姻的自由。
受但是封建思想的影响,女性的地位很低,这时候的她们能够有这样的胆识,这可以表现出她们反抗封建伦理道德的束缚,追求爱情自由的进步倾向。
《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西娅追求的是爱情自由、追求的是自己的幸福,她的择偶条件不是门第和财富,而是个人的人品、相貌和才能。
而她父亲“三匣择婚”的遗嘱却剥夺了她爱情的自由,对这种封建思想的束缚,她特别不满“我既不能选择我意中的人,又不能拒绝我所厌憎的人;一个活着的女儿的意志却要被一个死了的父亲的遗嘱所钳制……不能选择,也不能拒绝,不是太叫人难堪了吗?”但鲍西娅没有停留在抱怨上,而是采取了行之有效的行动。
一方面她虚以应酬,拉出真正遵从父命的架势。
但她没有把自己的小像放在金匣和银匣中,而是放到了“质朴的”铅匣里。
她让那些自命不凡的男爵、公爵们全都选错,顺理成章又温文尔雅地将他们驱逐出门。
另一方面,鲍西娅略施小计,使她的意中人准确无误地选中铅匣,随心所愿。
她的行为正是追求爱情、渴望爱情的结果[4]。
如在《第十二夜》中,勇敢、热情、纯真的少女薇奥拉,在争取幸福的权力、爱情的自由的斗争中,显示出忘我无私、坚贞不渝的品格。
这些喜剧作品充满了对自由的渴望、对生活的热爱,反映了文艺复兴时代人们朝气蓬勃、勇于进取的精神风貌和人文主义者的理想,充分展示着女性追求爱情这一基本主题。
(二)、莎士比亚喜剧中的女性充满着道德美莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象都拥有一种高尚的道德思想,具有较高的人格情操,她们信奉爱情,不能朝三暮四,更不能交换买卖,恪守承诺,忠于爱情。
浅析莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象
浅析莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象○唐宝凤(燕京理工学院,河北 三河 065200)[摘 要] 莎士比亚早期的喜剧创作受人文主义思想的影响,思想乐观、积极向上,其基本主题是歌颂人类美好的爱情和真挚的友谊;他以饱含激情的笔触刻画了一系列闪耀着人文主义理想光辉的女性人物形象。
莎士比亚在这些文艺复兴时代的女儿身上赋予了人文主义的理想美,她们聪明果敢,具有反叛性,但是由于历史及社会的局限性,她们在喜剧的结尾又被安排成了与社会主流价值观相符的命运。
[关键词] 莎士比亚喜剧; 女性形象; 人文主义; 社会主流价值观[中图分类号]I106.3 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1672-8610(2015)12-0038-02 莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴时期的文学巨匠,在其创作的众多类别的文学作品中,戏剧的艺术成就是举世公认的。
莎士比亚的戏剧创作一贯以具有对社会问题的敏锐洞察力著称,他善于通过塑造强大的人物形象来揭露社会现实。
莎士比亚的戏剧情节复杂,人物个性鲜明,他创作的喜剧更是以女性人物为主导,他的女性观也一直备受瞩目。
在莎士比亚的喜剧之中,他一方面肯定了女性恋爱和婚姻自由的权利,挖掘女性对于自身性别地位和性别价值的思考,使其充满人文主义的理想光辉;但同时我们也在这些新女性的身上看到了莎士比亚对于女性的期待仍然是温柔贤淑、忠贞不阿,她们无一不是男性心目中的贤妻形象,他为女性规定的活动领域还是家庭。
可见,莎士比亚的这种女性观本身是矛盾的并且最终还是符合当时男权社会的主流意识形态的。
一、莎士比亚喜剧的创作背景在欧洲文艺复兴浪潮席卷英国思想界的同时,英国文学取得长足发展,诗歌、戏剧、散文等方面都取得了巨大的成就。
伊丽莎白时期的戏剧是英国文艺复兴时期的主流文学,而莎士比亚的戏剧更是将英国戏剧推上了世界文学之巅。
《皆大欢喜》《仲夏夜之梦》《第十二夜》和《威尼斯商人》这“四大喜剧”代表了莎士比亚喜剧的最高艺术成就,莎翁的喜剧作品大部分出自其写作生涯的第一阶段(1590年~1600年),也就是伊丽莎白统治的繁盛阶段。
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莎士比亚四大喜剧中女性形象研究
作者:王敏
来源:《锋绘》2018年第07期
摘要:长期以来,人们关注莎士比亚的悲剧和历史剧的程度要远高于他的喜剧作品。
关于怎样成为一个人,怎样在社会中生存、怎样处理男女和家庭关系这些问题,莎士比亚正是通过喜剧用深刻的方式予以了解答。
《第十二夜》和《皆大欢喜》中的女性角色都个个鲜明,虽然有着普通人的喜怒哀乐,却与同时代的女性截然不同。
本文将从两大喜剧中的女性形象入手,追寻莎士比亚笔下的女性形象的突破与局限。
关键词:女性形象;喜剧
“朋友,这儿是什么国土?”薇奥拉在《第十二夜》的开头说。
在其中我们目睹了新生、新的欢笑、新的爱情。
在这部有点怪异的黑色喜剧中,推动着剧情发展的就是他笔下那些卓越非凡的喜剧女主角——有着男扮女装的薇奥拉。
莎士比亚的笔下丝毫不吝啬对女性的关怀,他创造了这些迷人的、调皮的、有趣的、浪漫的女性形象。
莎士比亚的女性角色纯熟、热情,每一个都是强大的女性。
薇奥拉独自身处异国,她的哥哥和看护者都可能已经溺水身亡,为了保护自己,薇奥拉决定伪装成一个男人(而且还是她哥哥)以便向当地的公爵奥西诺谋求一份差职。
弗洛伊德认为哀悼的第一个阶段是想和死去的人合为一体,她的方式就是易装,起初薇奥拉需要通过创造一个他者去表达自己。
薇奥拉渐渐用伪装的方式发现了自我,在爱情面前,莎士比亚给予了她最大的宽容。
薇奥拉起初充满了矛盾,她爱着公爵,又要劝说奥利维娅接受公爵的追求,可这丝毫不影响薇奥拉爱的勇敢,那些用来伪装的性别、年龄都不重要,薇奥拉深知爱上彼此就是从一个本质到另一个本质。
在莎士比亚时代,女性不会扮演职业角色,女性角色过去一直由男性扮演,莎士比亚创造了女扮男装的女性角色无疑是给了男权社会体认女性最大的机遇,也因此赋予了她们畅所欲言的能力,他找到了给予女性声音的方法,这是在许多方面对女性伟大的馈赠。
《皆大欢喜》的核心是一个简单的爱情故事,关于罗瑟琳和一名叫做奥兰多的年轻人。
罗瑟琳的角色之所以特别是因为她在引导整部戏,在她刚来的第一天就开始安排自己和西莉娅的新生活,买了茅舍,建了一个农场。
由于她的努力,公爵和他的随从最终抛开厌世情绪,恢复了被遗忘的雄心壮志。
在幽静、浪漫的亚登森林中,人们有足够的时间提高自己的修养和智力,有时间胡闹,也有时间谈恋爱,在那里人们“逍遥的把时间消磨过去,像是置身在古昔的黄金时代里一样”。
因为罗瑟琳的鼓励,森林里的人们学会了更勇敢更公开的追求爱情。
罗瑟琳的性格中既有嬉戏欢闹的一面,也有温柔贤淑的一面。
她表面上的伶牙俐齿只是为了掩饰她心中的忧虑。
她说得上气不接下气,只是使自己在情网中越陷越深。
她女扮男装嬉弄自己的情人,手段异常的巧妙。
她和奥兰多的对话中充满了優雅的谈笑,她在自己设置的精巧的语言迷宫中穿行,把握着爱情的节奏,掌握着主权,奥兰多紧随其后。
她如此聪慧,也充分利用了性暗示。
当罗瑟琳易装成男孩,她给自己取的名字是盖尼米德,盖尼米德是朱庇特的侍酒童子,
但他不止为朱庇特侍酒,还与他有着性关系,所以“盖尼米德”一词也称为男性情人的代名词。
罗瑟琳是完美的,她有趣、机智、聪慧、敏捷、忠贞、独立,她有不可思议的力量。
西莉娅安静、少言少语,衬托出罗瑟琳的滔滔不绝。
“我们一直都睡在一起,同时起床,一块儿读书,同游同食,无论到什么地方去,都像朱诺的一双天鹅,永远成着对,拆不开来”在莎士比亚笔下,女性之间的关爱也被描绘的无比美好。
尽管每一个女主角都拥有着如此优秀的品质,但女性形象的局限性仍无法被忽略。
两部喜剧作品中的女性都自觉的有着女扮男装意识,这似乎给她们带去了更多的自信和对世界的深刻理解。
当罗瑟琳穿上男装,她说“心里尽管藏着女性的胆怯,也要在外表上装出一副雄赳赳、气昂昂的样子来”。
不难发现,在十六世纪身处于男权社会的社会现实下,女性认为男人的外表可以消除恐惧,取而代之的是男性与生俱来的勇气。
而在女扮男装的罗瑟琳身上,不论是身体上还是精神上,罗瑟琳都比西莉娅更坚强。
在男性的装扮下,罗瑟琳有了掌控情节发展的机会,她经历了所有的情况变得越来越成熟。
而在最后一幕中,当罗瑟琳脱下男装,许门把她和父亲及爱人奥兰多拉在一起时,她对父亲及奥兰多说了这样的话“我把我自己交给您,因为我是您的”。
机智、充满活力的罗瑟琳仿佛突然变的顺从,与此前同读者熟悉的她的超越男性的智慧有很大的不同。
这背后深藏的原因不难被发掘——女性在十六世纪的社会背景下是弱势群体。
然而,我们还是无法忽视莎士比亚对于女性的宠爱,无法忽视他将人文主义的思想和封建传统的力量巧妙的拿捏把握,他将女性不可替代的智慧和魅力隽写在了他伟大的喜剧作品中,现代女性追求两性平等的理性社会在他的笔下,在十六世纪的欧洲得到了实现。
参考文献
[1]朱生豪.莎士比亚四大喜剧.
[2]威廉·哈兹里特.莎士比亚戏剧中的人物.
[3]段海霞.莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象分析.
[4]李曼.解读莎士比亚四大喜剧中的女性形象.。