感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1肠杆菌
医学微生物学基本词汇英汉对照表
单词注释单词注释a cacquiredimmun odificiencysyn drome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）schlamydiapsittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体activeimmunit 自动免疫chlamydiatrachomatis 沙眼衣原体acuteinfection 急性感染chronicinfection 慢性感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷classicalbiotype 古典生物型adenoviridae 腺病毒科clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌属adenovirus 腺病毒cl.botulinum 肉毒梭菌adhesin 粘附素cl.difficile 艰难梭菌adsorption 吸附cl.perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌amantadine 金刚烷胺cl.tetani 破伤风梭菌amphotericinb 二性霉素b coagulase 血浆凝固酶anaerobicbacteria厌氧菌coccidioidesimmitis 厌酷球孢子菌antibiotic 抗生素coccus 球菌antigenicdrift 抗原性漂移colonizzationfactor 定居因子antigenicshift 抗原性转变complexsymmetry 复合对称antisepsis 防腐continuouscellculture 传代细胞培养antitoxicimmunity抗毒素性免疫 cordfactor 索状因子antitoxin 抗毒素core 核心apparentinfection显性传染coronaviridae 冠状病毒科arenaviridae 沙粒病毒科corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属artificialactiveimmunity人工自动免疫 c.diphtheriae 白喉杆菌artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫 coxiella 柯克斯体属aspergillus 曲霉菌coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒asepsis 无菌cryptococcusneoformans 新新型隐球菌assembly 装配cubicsymmetry 立体对称avp 抗病毒蛋白cytociticinfection 杀细胞感染bacillicalmette-guerin,bcg卡介苗cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒bacillus 杆菌cytopathogeniceffect 细胞致病作用b.anthraci 炭疽杆菌c-onc 细胞原癌基因b dbacteremia 菌血症defectiveinterferingparticles 缺损干扰颗粒bacteriocin 细菌素denguevirus 登革病毒bacteriod 类杆菌dermatophytes 皮肤丝状菌b.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌diphtheria 白喉b.melaninogeni黑色素类杆菌 diplococcus 双球菌cusbacteriophage 噬菌体diploidcellculture 二倍体细胞培养bacterium 细菌disinfection 消毒blastomycesdermatitidis皮炎芽生菌enteroniavasiveescherichiacol,eiec 肠侵袭性大肠杆菌bordetellapertussis百日咳杆菌endogenousinfection 内源性感染borrelia 疏螺旋体属el-torbiotype 埃尔托生物型b.recurrentis 回归热螺旋体 endotoxin 内毒素b.vincenti 奋森氏螺旋体entericcytopathogenichumanorpanvirus,埃可病毒b.burdorfe 莱姆病螺旋体 enterobacteriaceae 肠粘附性大肠杆菌botulism 肉毒中毒enterohemorrhagicescherichiacoli,etec肠产毒性大肠杆菌brucella 布氏杆菌属enterovirus 肠道病毒br.bovis 牛布氏杆菌envelope 囊膜br.melitensis 羊布氏杆菌enteropathogincescherichiacoli,epec肠致病性大肠杆菌br.suis 猪布氏杆菌epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属bunyaviridae 布尼安病毒科 epstein-barrvirus,ebviruseb eb病毒calmett-guerinsvaccine卡介苗escherichia 埃希氏菌属campylobacter 弯曲菌属 e.coli 大肠杆菌c.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌exogenousinfection 外源性感染candidaalbicans白色念珠菌exotoxin 外毒素capsid 衣壳fimbriae 纤毛capsomere 壳微粒flagellum 鞭毛capsule 荚膜flaviviridae 黄病毒科carrier 带菌者fungus 真菌cellculture 细胞培养fusion 融合cellfusion 细胞融合ganciclovir 丙氧鸟苷cellwall 细胞壁geneticengineering 基因工程chitin 甲壳质geneticrecombination 基因重组chlamydiae 衣原体growthinhibitiontest 生长抑制实验chlamydiapneumonia肺炎衣原体guarneiribody 顾氏小体hantaanvirus 汉滩病毒horizontaltansmission 水平传播hantavirus 汉坦病毒属humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,hiv 人免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病病毒）halophilicvibrio嗜盐弧菌hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hbcag 乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原immunofluorescencetechnic,ift 免疫荧光法hbeag 乙型肝炎病毒 inapparentimfection 隐性传染e抗原hbsag 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原inclusionbody 包涵体hbvdnapolymer ase 乙型肝炎病毒dna聚合酶infectiousmononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症heat-labiletoxin,lt不耐热肠毒素 inferferon(ifn) 干扰素heat-stabletoxin,st耐热肠毒素integratedinfection 整合传染helacells,hela 细胞invasiveness 侵袭力hemagglutinin,ha血凝集japaneseencephalitisvirus,jev 日本脑炎病毒hemagglutination-inhibitiontest血凝抑制试验 japanesebencephalitis,jbe 日本乙型脑炎hemagglutinationphenomenon血凝现象klebsiella 克雷伯氏菌属hemolysin 溶血素k.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯氏菌hemlphilus 嗜血杆菌属lactobacillus 乳杆菌属h.influenzae 流行性感冒杆菌latentinfection 潜伏感染hemorrhagicfev erwithrenalsyn drome 肾综合征合征出血热ld50 半数致死量helicalsymmetry螺旋对称legionella 军团菌属hepadnaviridae 嗜肝病毒科legionnairesdisease 军团菌病hepatitisavirus,hav甲型肝炎病毒 lentivirinae 慢病毒科hepatitisbvirus,hbv乙型肝炎病毒 leptospira 钩端螺旋体属hepatitisvirus 肝炎病毒localinfection 局部感染herpessimplexvirus单纯疱疹病毒 lipopolysaccharide,lps 脂多糖varicella-zostervirus带状疱疹病毒 lysogenicbacteria 溶原性细菌herpetoviridae 疱疹病毒科lysogeny 溶原状态humanherpsvir ustype6、7 人疱疹病毒6、7型lysogenicphage 溶原性噬菌体histoplasmacap sulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌lyssavirus 狂犬病毒科measlesvirus 麻疹病毒papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科mesosome 中介体parainfluenzavirus 副流感病毒metabolicinhibi代谢抑制试验 parmyxoviridae 副粘病毒科tiontestmetachromaticgranules异染颗粒paramyxovirus 副粘病毒microbiology 微生物学parvoviridae 微小病毒科microcapsule 微荚膜parvavirus 微小病毒mcrococcustetragenus四联球菌penicillium 青霉菌micrometer,micron(u=um)微米penetration 穿入microorganism 微生物peplomer 囊微粒mold 霉菌persistentinfection 持续性感染moniliaalbicans 白色念珠菌pesticine-1 鼠疫杆菌杀菌素mucor 毛霉菌picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科mumpsvirus 腮腺炎病毒pilus(或fimbrae) 菌毛mutation 突变plague 鼠疫mycelium 菌丝体plaqueformingunit,pfu 空斑形成单位mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属plasmid 质粒m.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌 plasmin 胞浆素mycolicacid 分枝菌酸poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒mycoplasma 支原体属polykaryocyte 多核巨细胞mycostatin 制霉菌素polyi:c,polyinosinic:cytrdyeicacid 多聚肌苷酸：胞苷酸mycotoxicosis 真菌毒素中毒症poxviridae 痘病毒科mycrosporum 小孢子癣菌属 poxvirus 痘病毒nairovirus 内罗病毒属pre-santigen 前s抗原negribody 内基氏小体primarycellculture 原代细胞培养neisseria 奈瑟氏菌属pricklecell 棘细胞n.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟氏力 prion 蛋白侵染因子n.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌β-propialactone β-丙内脂newenterovirus 新型肠道病毒 prophage 前噬菌体normalflora 正常菌群proteus 变形杆菌nuclearmaterial 核质protoplast 原生质体nucleocapsid 核衣壳provirus 前病毒oldtuberculin,ot 旧结核菌素pseudomonas 假单胞菌属oncornavirusrna肿瘤病毒p.aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌orthomyxoviridae正粘病毒科purifiedproteinderivative,ppd 纯化蛋白衍生物orthomyxovirus正粘病毒pyosepticemia 脓毒血症humanpapillomavirus乳头瘤病毒pyrogen 热原质rabiesvirus 狂犬病病毒sh.boydii 鲍氏志贺氏菌receptorbindingprotein受体连接蛋白 sh.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌release 释放sh.flexneri 福氏志贺氏菌reoviridae 呼肠孤病毒科 sh.sonnei 宋内氏志贺氏菌replication 复制slowinfection 慢发性感染resistancefactor 耐药因子spheroplast 原生质球resistancetransf erfactor,ptf 耐药性传递因子spike 刺突respiratorysyncytialvirus,rsvirus呼吸道病毒spirillum 螺菌respiratoryviruses逆转录病毒科 spore 芽胞，孢子retroviridae 逆转录病毒staphylococcus 葡萄球菌retrovirus 逆转录酶stap.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌reversetranscriptase弹状病毒科stap.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌rhabdoviridae 病毒唑stap.proteina,spa 葡萄球菌a蛋白ribavirin(virozol)rna病毒sterdystateinfection 稳定感染rickettsia 立克次氏体属 sterillization 灭菌rifampin 利福平streptococcus 链球菌属ringwormfungi 癣菌strep.anhemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌rochalimaea 罗沙利马体属 strep.hemolyticus 溶血性链球菌（乙型链球菌）rotavirus 轮状病毒strp.pneumonia 肺炎链球菌russianspring-s ummerencepha litisvirus 苏联春夏季脑炎病毒strep.viridans 草绿色链球菌（甲型链球菌）sabouraudsmed ium 沙保氏培养培养基streptodornase 链道酶salmonella 沙门氏菌属streptokinase 链激酶s.choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙氏菌 subclinicalinfection 亚临床感染s.typhi 伤寒沙门氏菌 subunitvaccine 亚单位疫苗s.paratyphi 副伤寒沙门氏菌subacutesclerosingpanencephalitissspe亚急性硬化性全脑炎s.typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌subvirus 亚病毒sarcina 八迭球菌syncytium 合胞体shigella 志贺菌属syphilis 梅毒tcid5050% 组织细胞感染量systemicinfection 全身感染teichoicacid 磷壁酸verticaltransmission 垂直传播temperatephage 温和噬菌体vibrio 弧菌属temperature-se温度敏感突变v.cholerae 霍乱弧菌nsitiveconditio株nalmutant,tsthymidinekinas胸腺核苷激酶 veillenella 韦荣氏球菌属etogaviridae 披膜病毒科virino 朊病毒toxemia 毒血症virion 病毒体toxin 类毒素viroid 类病毒toxoid 密螺旋体属virulence 毒力treponema 梅毒螺旋体virulentphage 毒性噬菌体t.pallidum 雅司螺旋体virus 病毒t.pertenue 毛癣菌属virusoid 拟病毒trichophyton 毛癣菌素v—onc 病毒癌基因trichophytin 脱壳widaltest 肥达氏试验uncoating 脲原体属yersinia 耶尔森氏菌属ureaplasma 脲原体属y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌vaccine 疫苗y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核杆菌。
甲型流感英语词汇
甲型流感英语词汇
甲型流感的英语词汇：
flu vaccine(流感疫苗)
flu caseload(感染病例数)
flu strain(流感病毒株)
anti-viral medications(抗病毒药物) contagious(会传染的)
respiratory disease(呼吸道疾病) circulate(传播)
contaminate(传染)
infect(感染)
contract(感染)
epidemic(流行病，时疫) epidemiologists(流行病学专家) pandemic(尤指全国性流行的疾病) pneumonias(肺炎)
confirmed case(确诊病例)
suspected case(疑似病例)
incubation period(潜伏期)
outbreak(爆发)
mutate into a more human-to-human
transmission/spread/infection(人与人之间的传播/感染) antiviral drug(抗病毒药物)
quarantee(医学隔离)
step up surveillance(加强检测)
flu jitters(流感恐慌)
contain(遏制)
stem the spread of the virus(制止病毒的扩散)
dangerous strain(突变成更危险病毒株)
public health emergency of international concern(国际关注的突发公共卫生事件)。
医学微生物学基本词汇英汉对照表范文
单词注释单词注释a cacquired immunodificie ncy syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）schlamydia psittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体active immunit 自动免疫chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体acute infection 急性感染chronic infection 慢性感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷classical biotype 古典生物型adenoviridae 腺病毒科clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌属adenovirus 腺病毒cl.botulinum 肉毒梭菌adhesin 粘附素cl.difficile 艰难梭菌adsorption 吸附cl.perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌amantadine 金刚烷胺cl.tetani 破伤风梭菌amphotericin b 二性霉素b coagulase 血浆凝固酶anaerobicbacteria厌氧菌coccidioides immitis 厌酷球孢子菌antibiotic 抗生素coccus 球菌antigenic drift 抗原性漂移colonizzation factor 定居因子antigenic shift 抗原性转变complex symmetry 复合对称antisepsis 防腐continuous cell culture 传代细胞培养antitoxicimmunity抗毒素性免疫 cord factor 索状因子antitoxin 抗毒素core 核心apparentinfection显性传染coronaviridae 冠状病毒科arenaviridae 沙粒病毒科corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属artificial activeimmunity人工自动免疫 c.diphtheriae 白喉杆菌artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫 coxiella 柯克斯体属aspergillus 曲霉菌coxsackie virus 柯萨奇病毒asepsis 无菌cryptococcus neoformans 新新型隐球菌assembly 装配cubic symmetry 立体对称avp 抗病毒蛋白cytocitic infection 杀细胞感染bacillicalmette-guerin, bcg卡介苗cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒bacillus 杆菌cytopathogenic effect 细胞致病作用b.anthraci 炭疽杆菌c-onc 细胞原癌基因b dbacteremia 菌血症defective interfering particles 缺损干扰颗粒bacteriocin 细菌素dengue virus 登革病毒bacteriod 类杆菌dermatophytes 皮肤丝状菌b.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌diphtheria 白喉b.melaninogenicus黑色素类杆菌 diplococcus 双球菌bacteriophage 噬菌体diploid cell culture 二倍体细胞培养bacterium 细菌disinfection 消毒blastomyces dermatitidis 皮炎芽生菌enteroniavasive escherichiacol,eiec肠侵袭性大肠杆菌bordetellapertussis百日咳杆菌endogenous infection 内源性感染borrelia 疏螺旋体属el-tor biotype 埃尔托生物型b.recurrentis 回归热螺旋体 endotoxin 内毒素b.vincenti 奋森氏螺旋体enteric cytopathogenic humanorpan virus,埃可病毒b.burdorfe 莱姆病螺旋体 enterobacteriaceae 肠粘附性大肠杆菌botulism 肉毒中毒enterohemorrhagic escherichiacoli,etec肠产毒性大肠杆菌brucella 布氏杆菌属enterovirus 肠道病毒br.bovis 牛布氏杆菌envelope 囊膜br.melitensis 羊布氏杆菌enteropathoginc escherichiacoli,epec肠致病性大肠杆菌br.suis 猪布氏杆菌epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属bunyaviridae 布尼安病毒科 epstein-barr virus,eb virus eb eb病毒calmett-guerinsvaccine卡介苗escherichia 埃希氏菌属campylobacter 弯曲菌属 e.coli 大肠杆菌c.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌exogenous infection 外源性感染candidaalbicans白色念珠菌exotoxin 外毒素capsid 衣壳fimbriae 纤毛capsomere 壳微粒flagellum 鞭毛capsule 荚膜flaviviridae 黄病毒科carrier 带菌者fungus 真菌cell culture 细胞培养fusion 融合cell fusion 细胞融合ganciclovir 丙氧鸟苷cell wall 细胞壁genetic engineering 基因工程chitin 甲壳质genetic recombination 基因重组chlamydiae 衣原体growth inhibition test 生长抑制实验chlamydiapneumonia肺炎衣原体guarneiri body 顾氏小体hantaan virus 汉滩病毒horizontal tansmission 水平传播hantavirus 汉坦病毒属human immunodeficiency virus,hiv 人免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病病毒）halophilicvibrio嗜盐弧菌hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hbcag 乙型肝炎病毒immunofluorescence technic,ift 免疫荧光法核心抗原 hbeag 乙型肝炎病毒e 抗原inapparent imfection隐性传染 hbsag 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原inclusion body包涵体hbv dna polymerase 乙型肝炎病毒dna 聚合酶 infectious mononucleosis传染性单核细胞增多症 heat-labiletoxin,lt 不耐热肠毒素 inferferon(ifn)干扰素 heat-stabletoxin,st耐热肠毒素 integrated infection整合传染 hela cells,hela 细胞 invasiveness 侵袭力 hemagglutinin,ha血凝集japanese encephalitis virus,jev 日本脑炎病毒hemagglutination-inhibition test血凝抑制试验 japanese b encephalitis,jbe 日本乙型脑炎hemagglutinati on phenomenon 血凝现象 klebsiella 克雷伯氏菌属 hemolysin 溶血素 k.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯氏菌hemlphilus 嗜血杆菌属 lactobacillus乳杆菌属 h.influenzae 流行性感冒杆菌latent infection潜伏感染hemorrhagicfever with renal syndrome 肾综合征合征出血热ld50半数致死量helicalsymmetry螺旋对称legionella 军团菌属 hepadnaviridae 嗜肝病毒科 legionnaires disease 军团菌病 hepatitis avirus,hav 甲型肝炎病毒 lentivirinae慢病毒科 hepatitis bvirus,hbv乙型肝炎病毒 leptospira钩端螺旋体属 hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒 local infection 局部感染 herpes simplexvirus单纯疱疹病毒 lipopolysaccharide,lps脂多糖 varicella-zostervirus带状疱疹病毒 lysogenic bacteria溶原性细菌 herpetoviridae 疱疹病毒科 lysogeny 溶原状态 human herps virus type 6、7 人疱疹病毒6、7型lysogenic phage溶原性噬菌体 histoplasma capsulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌lyssavirus狂犬病毒科measles virus 麻疹病毒papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科mesosome 中介体parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒metabolicinhibition test代谢抑制试验 parmyxoviridae 副粘病毒科metachromaticgranules异染颗粒paramyxovirus 副粘病毒microbiology 微生物学parvoviridae 微小病毒科microcapsule 微荚膜parvavirus 微小病毒mcrococcustetragenus四联球菌penicillium 青霉菌micrometer,micron(u=um)微米penetration 穿入microorganism 微生物peplomer 囊微粒mold 霉菌persistent infection 持续性感染moniliaalbicans白色念珠菌pesticine-1 鼠疫杆菌杀菌素mucor 毛霉菌picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒pilus(或fimbrae) 菌毛mutation 突变plague 鼠疫mycelium 菌丝体plaque forming unit,pfu 空斑形成单位mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属plasmid 质粒m.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌 plasmin 胞浆素mycolic acid 分枝菌酸poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒mycoplasma 支原体属polykaryocyte 多核巨细胞mycostatin 制霉菌素poly i:c,polyinosinic:cytrdyeic acid 多聚肌苷酸：胞苷酸mycotoxicosis 真菌毒素中毒症poxviridae 痘病毒科mycrosporum 小孢子癣菌属 poxvirus 痘病毒nairovirus 内罗病毒属pre-s antigen 前s抗原negri body 内基氏小体primary cell culture 原代细胞培养neisseria 奈瑟氏菌属prickle cell 棘细胞n.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟氏力 prion 蛋白侵染因子n.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌β-propialactone β-丙内脂newenterovirus新型肠道病毒 prophage 前噬菌体normal flora 正常菌群proteus 变形杆菌nuclearmaterial核质protoplast 原生质体nucleocapsid 核衣壳provirus 前病毒oldtuberculin,ot旧结核菌素pseudomonas 假单胞菌属oncornavirusrna肿瘤病毒p.aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌orthomyxoviridae正粘病毒科purified protein derivative,ppd 纯化蛋白衍生物orthomyxovirus正粘病毒pyosepticemia 脓毒血症humanpapilloma virus乳头瘤病毒pyrogen 热原质rabies virus 狂犬病病毒sh.boydii 鲍氏志贺氏菌receptorbinding protein受体连接蛋白 sh.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌release 释放sh.flexneri 福氏志贺氏菌reoviridae 呼肠孤病毒科 sh.sonnei 宋内氏志贺氏菌replication 复制slow infection 慢发性感染resistancefactor耐药因子spheroplast 原生质球resistance transfer factor,ptf 耐药性传递因子spike 刺突respiratorysyncytialvirus,rs virus呼吸道病毒spirillum 螺菌respiratoryviruses逆转录病毒科 spore 芽胞，孢子retroviridae 逆转录病毒staphylococcus 葡萄球菌retrovirus 逆转录酶stap.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌reversetranscriptase弹状病毒科stap.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌rhabdoviridae 病毒唑stap.protein a,spa 葡萄球菌a蛋白ribavirin(virozol)rna病毒sterdy state infection 稳定感染rickettsia 立克次氏体属 sterillization 灭菌rifampin 利福平streptococcus 链球菌属ringworm fungi 癣菌strep.anhemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌rochalimaea 罗沙利马体属 strep.hemolyticus 溶血性链球菌（乙型链球菌）rotavirus 轮状病毒strp.pneumonia 肺炎链球菌russianspring-summer encephalitis virus 苏联春夏季脑炎病毒strep.viridans 草绿色链球菌（甲型链球菌）sabourauds medium 沙保氏培养培养基streptodornase 链道酶salmonella 沙门氏菌属streptokinase 链激酶s.choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙氏菌 subclinical infection 亚临床感染s.typhi 伤寒沙门氏菌 subunit vaccine 亚单位疫苗s.paratyphi 副伤寒沙门氏subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 亚急性硬化性全脑炎菌sspes.typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌subvirus 亚病毒sarcina 八迭球菌syncytium 合胞体shigella 志贺菌属syphilis 梅毒tcid50 50% 组织细胞感染量systemic infection 全身感染teichoic acid 磷壁酸vertical transmission 垂直传播temperatephage温和噬菌体vibrio 弧菌属temperature-sensitive conditional mutant,ts 温度敏感突变株v.cholerae 霍乱弧菌thymidinekinase胸腺核苷激酶 veillenella 韦荣氏球菌属togaviridae 披膜病毒科virino 朊病毒toxemia 毒血症virion 病毒体toxin 类毒素viroid 类病毒toxoid 密螺旋体属virulence 毒力treponema 梅毒螺旋体virulent phage 毒性噬菌体t.pallidum 雅司螺旋体virus 病毒t.pertenue 毛癣菌属virusoid 拟病毒trichophyton 毛癣菌素v—onc 病毒癌基因trichophytin 脱壳widal test 肥达氏试验uncoating 脲原体属yersinia 耶尔森氏菌属ureaplasma 脲原体属y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌vaccine 疫苗y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核杆菌。
感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌
7.cell division occurs along asingle axis
细胞分裂沿单一轴进行
8.grow in chains or pairs
成链或成对生长
9.hemolyticproperties
溶血特性
10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）
52.epidemiologic features
流行病学特征
53.serotype distribution
血清学分布
54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)
侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）
感染相关英文词汇小结
G+（1肺炎球菌感染）
1.Gram-Positive Bacteria
革兰阳性菌
2.micrococci
微球菌
3.LouisPasteur
路易斯，巴斯德
4.etiology of pneumonia
肺炎的病因学
5.Etiologic agent
病因学微生物
6.Streptococcus
社区传播动力学
64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
脑脊液
苛养（菌）
16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies
粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）
17.Pneumococci without a capsule
无夹膜的肺炎球菌
18.colonies with a rough surface
克隆表面粗糙
病原生物学英文专业词汇表
《病原生物学》英文专业词汇表微生物学部分非细胞型微生物Acellular microbe原核细胞型微生物Prokaryote 真核细胞型微生物eukaryote正常菌群Normal flora of bacteria 菌群失调dysbacteriosis机会性致病菌opportunistic pathogen 巴氏消毒法Pasteurization外毒素exotoxin; 内毒素endotoxin 间歇灭菌法fraction sterilization卡介苗BCG 脂多糖LPS 荚膜Capsule菌毛Pilus( or fimbria) 芽孢spore鞭毛fllagellum败血症septicemia 类毒素Toxoid高频重组菌株high frequency recombinant，Hfr胞内寄生菌intracellular parasite 溶原性转换lysogenic conversion 转化transformation 转导transduction接合conjugation 朊粒prion蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit, PFU 中和抗体neutralizing antibodies，内基小体Negri body 干扰素interferon，IFN温度敏感突变株temperature sensitive mutant, ts株垂直传播Vertical transamission 病毒体Virion干扰现象interference 缺陷病毒Defactive virus细胞病变效应cytopathic effect,CPE葡萄球菌A蛋白, SPA 肥达反应Widal test结核菌素Tuberculin葡萄球菌属staphylococcus抗链球菌溶血素O实验， ASO test 链球菌属 streptococcus伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhi大肠埃希氏菌E.coli（EAEC；ETEC；EIEC；EPEC；EHEC）霍乱弧菌vibrio cholerae 分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium厌氧性细菌 anaerobic bacteria 破伤风梭菌Clostridium tetani流行性感冒病毒Influenza virus 腺病毒adenovirus获得性免疫缺陷综合症AIDS 虫媒病毒arbovirus冠状病毒Coronavirus 巨细胞病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV肾综合征出血热病毒hemorrhagic fevet vith renal syndrome,HFRS肝炎病毒的相关缩写词）HAV； HBV； HCV； HDV； HEV； HGV；HBsAg; HBeAg; HBcAg;单纯疱疹病毒Herpes simplex virus, HSVEB病毒 Epstein-Barr virus,EBV人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus ,HIV脊髓灰质炎病毒 Poliovirus真菌fungus放线菌actinomyces 衣原体 Chlamydia ；始体initial body，; 原体elementary body,立克次体 Rickettsia 支原体Mycoplasma莱姆病lyme disease 新生隐球菌Cryptoccus neoformans白假丝酵母菌Candida albicans 外斐氏反应 Weft-Felix reaction寄生虫学部分机会致病寄生虫（opportunistic parasite）中间宿主(intermediate host)终宿主(definitive host) 转续宿主（paratenic host或transport host）带虫免疫（premunition）伴随免疫（concomitant immunity）幼虫移行症（larva migrans）夜现周期性（nocturnal periodicity ）再燃(recrudescence) 复发(relapse)土源性蠕虫（geohelminth）生物源性蠕虫（biohelminth）变态（metamorphosis）棘球蚴砂（hydatid sand）十二指肠钩口线虫Ancylostoma duodenale 链状带绦虫（Taenia solium）肥胖带绦虫（Taenia saginata）细粒棘球绦虫（Echinococcus granulosus）似蚓蛔线虫（Ascaris lumbricoides）蠕形住肠线虫(Enterobius vermicularis 钩虫(hookworm) 十二指肠钩口线虫（Ancylostoma duodenale）美洲板口线虫（Necator americanus）丝虫（filaria）班氏吴策线虫(Wuchereria bancrofti) 马来布鲁线虫(Brugia malayi)旋毛形线虫[Trichinella spiralis] 华支睾吸虫（Clonorchis sinensis）卫氏并殖吸虫[Paragonimus westermani] 裂体吸虫（Schistosoma）日本血吸虫（Schistosoma japonicum 溶组织内阿米巴（Entamoeba histolytica）刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii) 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（Giardia lamblia）阴道毛滴虫（Trichomonas vaginalis）疟原虫(malaria parasite)间日疟原虫(Plasmodium vivax) 恶性疟原虫（Plasmodium falciparum）。
感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1-肠杆菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（肠杆菌）1. Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2. diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9. Serratia沙雷菌属10. Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11. Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13. Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14. pathotypes 致病类型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16.GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individualsGNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院时间延长20. severe illness疾病严重21. antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25. lipid bilayer磷脂双层26. lipoproteins脂蛋白[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29. bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36. dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37. chess match国际象棋对抗赛pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬细胞44. Extraintestinal attachment肠外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili （不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48. iron via intracellular storage细胞内储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51. hemolysin溶红细胞素52. multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53. siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrheal disease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55. defining traits独特特点56.many important virulence genes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60. overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62.>150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63. >80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64. immune evasion 免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染复发66. different strains of the same species同一种的不同菌属67. impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发or acquired antimicrobial resistance 天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系统改变及损害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites从原本无菌的体内部位分离出G-菌sites非无菌区74. open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation结合临床77. differentiate colonization from infection鉴别定植还是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖发酵79. indole production产生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性g between published and real-time resistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82. ever-increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84.appropriate narrower spectrum agent 适合的窄谱抗菌药物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87. maximize the useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如为定植，无需治疗89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNBG-菌的耐药谱90. species细菌的种属91. geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93.hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs) versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems碳青霉烯类95. imipenem美罗培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99. cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ内酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（β内酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104. active efflux of β-lactam agents β内酰胺类药物主动泵出105. in combination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β内酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broad spectrum β-lactamases广谱β内酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I 青霉素及头孢I代GNB肠道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)超广谱β内酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter肠杆菌119. Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121. Serratia沙雷氏菌属122. the regional prevalence ofESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America > Western Pacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due toESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124. extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125. ceftazidime头孢他定126.most reliably active β-lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains （carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β内酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128.decreased uptake of cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations（细菌）对头孢菌素、β内酰胺酶/β内酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132. methicillin-resistant StaphylococcusAureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌133. Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamases confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpCβ内酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药135. cefoxitin头孢西丁136. cefotetan头孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition by β-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β内酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制138. constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ内酰胺酶的基因139. Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin头孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpC β-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因转导145. cefepime is stable to AmpCβ-lactamases头孢吡肟对AmpCβ内酰胺酶稳定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems 自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149. imipenem亚胺培南150. meropenem美罗培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152.Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154. Tigecycline替加环素155. polymyxins多粘菌素类156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160. assess the clinical response to treatment评价治疗的反应161. resistance may evolve during therapy 治疗过程中可出现耐药162. drainage of abscesses脓肿引流163.removal of infected foreign bodies 感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165.prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB 设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166. superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficile colitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168.Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols坚持执行手卫生原则169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体内留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管内置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning ., head of bed at ≥30°)适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177. confer benefits to the host ., resistance to colonization with pathogenic organisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179. a foreign body ., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180. host compromise ., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic immunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181. inoculum（接种）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183. phylogenetic background系统发育背景184. surgical wound infection 手术伤口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎186. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃肠炎189. ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients门诊患者192. uncomplicated cystitis无症状膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎194. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染195. specific hosts ., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）196. frequent recurrences反复复发197. dysuria排尿困难198. urinary frequency尿频199. suprapubic pain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201. fever may take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts 持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal or perinephric abscess and/or obstruction 迅速评估是否存在肾内、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnant women孕妇206. adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy影响孕程207. prenatal screening产前检查208. asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210. potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211. tailored to the individual host 个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213. acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis 透析相关性腹膜炎216. diverticulitis憩室炎217. appendicitis阑尾炎218. intraperitoneal or visceral abscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或内脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219. infected pancreatic pseudocysts 胰腺假性囊肿220. septic cholangitis化脓性胆管炎221. septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222. facultative and/or anaerobic members of the intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225. postoperative and ICU patients 术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associated pneumonia 呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volume aspiration小容量吸气228. hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates 多灶性浸润。
感染相关英文小结-5.5 军团菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（5肺炎球菌感染）1.Legionella Infections军团菌2.bacteriaof the genus Legionella . Pontiac fever军团菌发热3.febrile发热4.self-limited自限性5.an American Legion convention美国退伍军人协会6. L. pneumophila嗜肺军团菌7.aerobic gram-negative bacilli需氧革兰阴性菌8.Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar缓冲炭酵母提取物琼脂（BCYE）9. aquatic bodies（lakes and streams）水体（湖和溪流）10.naturalsoil and commercial potting soil自然土和栽培土11.warm temperatures温度适宜12.scale and sediment水垢及沉积物13.disinfectants杀菌剂14.symbiotic microorganisms共生的微生物15.algae水藻16.amebas阿米巴变形虫17.ciliated protozoa有纤毛的原生动物18.Rainfall andhumidity雨天和湿度19.environmental risk factors环境危险因素20.Sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease散发的社区获得性军团菌感染21. Cooling towers冷却塔22.evaporative condensers蒸发式冷凝器23.transmission of Legionella to humans军团菌传播给人体24.aerosolization气雾25.aspiration吸入26.oropharyngeal colonization口咽部定植27.directly via the drinking of contaminated water直接饮用被污染的水源28. Nasogastric tubes鼻胃管29.hospital-acquiredLegionnaires’ disease医院获得性军团菌疾病30.endotracheal intubation气管内插管31.hospital-acquired pneumonia of other etiologies其他病原菌造成的医院获得性肺炎32.nebulizers雾化器33.humidifiers加湿器34.An ultrasonic mist machine超声喷雾器35.Pontiacfever庞蒂亚克热（又称流感样型）36.top four microbialcauses of community-acquired pneumonia社区获得性肺炎四大常见病原菌37.Streptococcus pneumoniae肺炎链球菌38.Haemophilus influenza流感嗜血杆菌39.Chlamydophila pneumoniae衣原体肺炎40.Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC)疾病控制和预防中心41.nosocomial pneumonia医院性肺炎42. Risk factors风险因子43.cigarette smoking吸烟44.chronic lung disease慢性肺部疾病45.advanced age高龄46.prior hospitalization入院史46.dischargewithin 10 days before onset of pneumonia symptoms肺炎症状出现10天前出院47.immunosuppression免疫抑制48.transplantation移植49. HIV infectionHIV感染50.treatment with glucocorticoids or tumor necrosis factor α antagonists糖皮质激素治疗或肿瘤坏死因子α拮抗剂51.airborne transmission空气传播52.bacterial type IV piliIV型菌毛的细菌53. Alveolar macrophages肺泡巨噬细胞54.phagocytose吞噬55.The macrophageinfectivity potentiation (MIP)巨噬细胞感染增强56.inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion 抑制噬菌体-溶酶体的融合57.neutrophilsin immunity appears to be minimal中性粒细胞在（军团菌）感染中作用有限58.neutropenic patientsarenot predisposed to Legionnaires’ disease中性粒细胞减少的病人并不是军团菌感染的危险因素59.humoral immune systemisactive against Legionella体液免疫系统对军团菌有作用60. Type-specific IgM and IgG antibodies型特异性IgM和IgG61.more virulent毒性更强62. Pontiac fever is an acute, self-limiting,flu-like illness庞蒂亚克热是一种急性的、自限性、流感样疾病63.an incubationperiod of 24–48 h潜伏期24-48h 64.Malaise萎靡不振65.fatigue疲惫66.myalgias肌肉疼痛67. Fever (usually with chills)发热伴寒战68.headache头痛69.arthralgias关节痛70.nausea恶心71.cough咳嗽72.abdominal pain腹痛73.diarrhea腹泻74. Modest leukocytosis白细胞轻度升高75. with a neutrophilic predominance中性粒细胞占比增加76. Complete recovery occurs within a few days几天后可自愈77.experiencelassitude无精打采78.antibody seroconversion抗体血清转换79.atypical pneumonia不典型肺炎80.relatively nonproductive cough不生痰干咳81. Legionella pneumonia军团菌肺炎82.closely resemble those of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia与细菌性肺炎球菌肺炎症状类似83.incubation period潜伏期84.the sputum is streaked with blood痰中带血85.Chest pain,either pleuritic or nonpleuritic 胸痛，肋间或非肋间痛86.prominent feature主要的症状87.hemoptysis咯血88.Clinical Clues Suggestive of Legionnaires’ Disease军团菌感染疑似症状89. High fever (>40°C; >104°F)高热（>40°C）90.Numerous neutrophils but no organismsrevealed by Gram’s stainingof respiratory secretions呼吸道分泌物有大量中性粒细胞，革兰染色无显著病原体91.Hyponatremia 低钠血症92.Failure to respond to β-lactam drugs (penicillins or cephalosporins)and aminoglycoside antibiotics对β内酰胺药物（青霉素、头孢）氨基糖苷类抗生素无效93.pulmonary embolism肺栓塞94.Shortness of breath气短95.Gastrointestinal difficulties arepronounced胃肠道症状明显96.watery水样便97.bloody血样便98.multitudinousneurologic symptoms多种神经系统症状99. Relative bradycardia心动过缓100.rales啰音101.nonspecific clinical manifestations临床症状不典型102.not readilydistinguishable frompneumonia of other etiologies不能与其他病原菌肺炎相区别103.confusion意识障碍104.elevated valuesin liver function tests肝功水平升高105.hematuria血尿106.proteinuria蛋白尿107.hypophosphatemia低磷酸盐血症108.delayed diagnosis诊断延迟109.ambulatory cases门诊病例110.Extrapulmonarylegionellosis=extrapulmo nary manifestations军团菌感染肺外表现111.portal of entry侵入门户112.bloodbornedissemination血行传播113.extrapulmonary site of legionellosis is the heart肺外常见感染部位为心脏114.myocarditis心肌炎, and prosthetic-valve endocarditis115.pericarditis心包炎116.postcardiotomy syndrome心脏切开术后综合征117. prosthetic-valve endocarditis人工瓣膜心内膜炎118.postoperativesternal wound术后胸骨损伤119.Sinusitis鼻窦炎120.peritonitis腹膜炎121.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎122.skin and soft tissue infection皮肤与软组织感染123.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎124.pancreatitis胰腺炎125.feverand respiratory tract symptomspreceded the radiographicappearance of the infiltrate高烧和呼吸道症状先于影像学渗出出现126.Pleural effusion胸腔积液127.opacities不透明128.abscesses脓肿129.radiographic improvement lags behind clinical improvement byseveral days影像学改善迟于临床症状改善若干天plete clearing of infiltratesrequires 1–4 months病灶彻底清除需1-4个月131.long-standingcardiomegaly长期心肌扩大132.roundedopacities圆形不透明影133.the Legionella urinaryantigen test泌尿系统军团菌抗原检测134.L. pneumophila serogroup 1嗜肺军团菌血清型1135.bronchoscopy specimens支气管镜标本136.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid支气管肺泡灌洗液137. Thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术138.direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)staining 直接荧光抗体染色139.culturefor 3–5 days is required细菌需要3-5天培养140.Antibody testing of both acute- and convalescent-phase sera isnecessary急性期和恢复期需要啊做血清抗体检验141. A fourfold rise in titer is diagnostic滴度升高4倍可确诊142.an intracellular pathogen细胞内病原143.attain high intracellular concentrations 能够在细胞内得到高浓度144.macrolides (especially azithromycin)大环内脂类（阿奇霉素）145.respiratoryquinolones 呼吸喹诺酮146.monotherapy单药治疗（即可有效）147.erythromycin红霉素148. once- or twice-daily dosing一日一次或二次给药149.Quinolones are the preferredantibiotics for transplant recipients移植患者适于使用喹诺酮类150.macrolidesand rifampin大环内脂类和利福平151.cyclosporine环孢素152.tacrolimus他克莫司153.Alternative agents替代药物154.tetracycline四环素155. Clarithromycin克拉霉素156. Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星157.Ketolide酮内酯类抗菌药159.Telithromycin泰利霉素158.Tetracyclines四环素类160. Doxycycline多西环素161. Minocycline米诺环素162.Tigecycline替加环素163.Anecdotal reports病例报道164.imipenem亚胺培南165.clindamycin克林霉素166.interaction with manyother medications （利福平）与多种药物有相互作用167.A clinical responseoccurs within 3–5 days3-5天症状应好转168.oral therapy can besubstituted症状好转可换用口服药物169.For azithromycin, with its long half-life, a 5- to 10-daycourse is sufficient.阿奇霉素半衰期长，疗程5-10天为宜。
感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1 肠杆菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.1肠杆菌）1.Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2.diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置promised hosts 免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6.Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9.Serratia沙雷菌属10.Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11.Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13.Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14.pathotypes 致病类型15.gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16.GNB (primarilyE. coli ,Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize theoropharynx and skin of healthy individuals GNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17.long-termcarefacilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18.GNB emerge as the dominantflora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19.extended length of stay住院时间延长20.severe illness疾病严重21.antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24.extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25.lipid bilayer磷脂双层26.lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharides[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobialresistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29.bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30.infect thehost efficiently快速感染宿主31.cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32.microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33.evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36.dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37.chess match国际象棋对抗赛38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39.extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42.antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43.professionalphagocytes吞噬细胞44.Extraintestinalattachment肠外粘附（能力）45.mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46.type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48.iron via intracellular storage细胞内储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrinand transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51.hemolysin溶红细胞素52.multiple mechanisms forcompeting for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53.siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrhealdisease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55.defining traits独特特点56.many important virulencegenes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspectsof the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58.septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction withhost Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60.overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61.antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62.>150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63.>80 capsularantigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64.immuneevasion免疫逃逸65.recurrent infection感染复发66.different strains of thesame species同一种的不同菌属67.impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobialresistance天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of hostdefenses. 宿主防御系统改变及损害70.pneumonia肺炎71.bacteremia(arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterileanatomic sites从原本无菌的体内部位分离出G-菌73.nonsterilesites非无菌区74.open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75.respiratorytract呼吸道76.clinical correlation结合临床77.differentiate colonization frominfection鉴别定植还是感染ctose fermentation乳糖发酵79.indole production产生吲哚80.evolving patternsof antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性g between published andreal-timeresistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82.ever-increasing prevalenceofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83.broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84.appropriate narrowerspectrumagent适合的窄谱抗菌药物85.antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86.superinfectionwith resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87.maximizethe useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88.not to treat patients who are colonized but notinfected如为定植，无需治疗89.antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNB G-菌的耐药谱90.species细菌的种属91.geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93.hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs)versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94.carbapenems碳青霉烯类95.imipenem美罗培南96.aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97.amikacin阿米卡星98.cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99.cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ内酰胺酶102.most important mediators of resistanceto these drugs inGNB（β内酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104.active efflux ofβ-lactam agentsβ内酰胺类药物主动泵出105.incombination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β内酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broadspectrumβ-lactamases广谱β内酰胺酶107.penicillinsand cephalosporins I青霉素及头孢I代108.entericGNB肠道G-菌109.clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBLs)超广谱β内酰胺酶111.cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112.aztreonam氨曲南113.acquired ESBL-encoding genesvia transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114.most prevalent最普遍115.Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117.underrecognized被低估118.Enterobacter肠杆菌119.Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121.Serratia沙雷氏菌属122.the regional prevalenceofESBL-producingGNB declines in rank orderas follows: Latin America > WesternPacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospitaloutbreaks duetoESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124.extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125.ceftazidime头孢他定126.most reliably active β-lactamagents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β内酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127.porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128. decreased uptakeof cephalosporins andβ-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations （细菌）对头孢菌素、β内酰胺酶/β内酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be consideredresistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132.methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌133.Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamasesconfer resistance to the same substratesas ESBLs plus thecephamycinsAmpCβ内酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药135.cefoxitin头孢西丁136.cefotetan头孢替坦137.AmpC enzymes resist inhibitionbyβ-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β内酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制138.constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ内酰胺酶的基因139. Proteus vulgaris普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141.Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142.aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143.cefazolin头孢唑林144.acquired plasmids containingAmpCβ-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因转导145.cefepime is stable to AmpC β-lactamases 头孢吡肟对AmpCβ内酰胺酶稳定146.Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection ofcarbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149.imipenem亚胺培南150.meropenem美罗培南151.ertapenem厄他培南152.Resistance to ertapenem is the mostsensitivemarker for carbapenem resistance inautomated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153.modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154.Tigecycline替加环素155.polymyxins多粘菌素类156.tigecycline reaches onlylow concentrations in serum and urine, acharacteristic that warrantsconcern about itsuse in the treatment of bacteremia andurinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterationsof the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomeraseIV), with orwithout decreased permeability, active efflux,or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158.pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160.assess the clinical responseto treatment 评价治疗的反应161.resistance may evolve during therapy治疗过程中可出现耐药162.drainage of abscesses脓肿引流163.removal of infected foreignbodies感染灶切除164.polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudentto design an antimicrobialregimen active against all of the GNB设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166.superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficilecolitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168.Diligent adherence tohand-hygieneprotocols坚持执行手卫生原则169.avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170.avoidance of the use of indwellingdevices(e.g., urinary and intravascularcatheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体内留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管内置管）171.placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at ≥30°) 适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173.good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174.decrease the incidence of pneumonia inventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率mensal strains共生的菌株176.normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177.confer benefits to the host (e.g.,resistanceto colonization withpathogenic organisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）ck the specializedvirulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179.a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180.hostcompromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities suchas urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemicimmunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181.inoculum（接种）菌群182.fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183.phylogenetic background系统发育背景184.surgical wound infection手术伤口感染185.osteomyelitis骨髓炎186.myositis肌炎187.intestinal pathogenicE. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188.gastroenteritis胃肠炎189.ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191.ambulatory patients门诊患者192.uncomplicatedcystitis无症状膀胱炎193.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎194. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染195.specific hosts (e.g., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）196.frequent recurrences反复复发197.dysuria排尿困难198.urinary frequency尿频199.suprapubicpain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggestsprogression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201.fevermay take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated orincreasing fever and neutrophil counts持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203.prompt evaluationfor intrarenal or perinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速评估是否存在肾内、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renalparenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnantwomen孕妇206.adversely affect the outcome ofpregnancy 影响孕程207.prenatal screening产前检查208.asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210.potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211.tailored to the individual host个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213.acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneousbacterial peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis透析相关性腹膜炎216.diverticulitis憩室炎217.appendicitis阑尾炎218.intraperitoneal or visceralabscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或内脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219.infected pancreatic pseudocysts胰腺假性囊肿220.septiccholangitis化脓性胆管炎221.septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222.facultative and/or anaerobic members ofthe intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225.postoperative and ICU patients术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associatedpneumonia呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volumeaspiration小容量吸气228.hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates多灶性浸润。
西医感染科术语英文翻译
西医感染科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医感染科术语英文翻译：1. 病毒感染：Viral Infection2. 细菌感染：Bacterial Infection3. 真菌感染：Fungal Infection4. 寄生虫感染：Parasitic Infection5. 支原体感染：Mycoplasma Infection6. 立克次体感染：Rickettsial Infection7. 衣原体感染：Chlamydial Infection8. 性传播感染：Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)9. 医院获得性感染：Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)10. 社区获得性感染：Community-Acquired Infections (CAIs)11. 抗药性感染：Antibiotic-Resistant Infections12. 病毒性肝炎：Viral Hepatitis13. 细菌性痢疾：Bacterial Dysentery14. 结核病：Tuberculosis (TB)15. 破伤风：Tetanus16. 梅毒：Syphilis17. 性病性淋巴肉芽肿：Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)18. 人乳头瘤病毒感染：Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection19. 钩端螺旋体病：Leptospirosis20. 疟疾：Malaria21. 阿米巴病：Amoebiasis22. 弓形虫病：Toxoplasmosis23. 细菌性食物中毒：Bacterial Food Poisoning24. 病毒性心肌炎：Viral Myocarditis25. 流行性感冒：Influenza (Flu)26. 登革热：Dengue Fever27. 黄热病：Yellow Fever28. 脑膜炎：Meningitis29. 败血症：Septicemia30. 脓毒症：Sepsis31. 脓肿：Abscess32. 发热待查：Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)33. 抗生素治疗：Antibiotic Therapy34. 对症治疗：Symptomatic Treatment35. 免疫疗法：Immunotherapy36. 支持性护理：Supportive Care37. 隔离措施：Isolation Measures38. 预防接种：Vaccination39. 手卫生：Hand Hygiene40. 环境清洁消毒：Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection41. 传染病监测与控制：Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control42. 人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染：Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection43. 人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV疫苗）：Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV vaccine)44. 克林霉素抗药性检测：Clindamycin Resistance Testing45. 卡介苗接种（BCG接种）：Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination46. 内毒素检测（Endotoxin Detection）：Endotoxin Testing (LPS Testing)47. 白喉抗毒素治疗（Diphtheria Antitoxin）：Diphtheria Antitoxin Therapy (DAT)48. 结核病预防性治疗（TB Preventive Therapy）：TB Preventive Therapy (TPT)49. 人畜共患病（Zoonoses）：Zoonoses (Animal-borne Diseases)50. 人畜共患病预防和控制（Zoonosis Prevention and Control）：Zoonosis Prevention and Control。
微生物学英汉词汇
微生物学英汉词汇6-aminopenicillanic acid 6-氨基青霉烷酸adeno associated virus 腺伴随病毒agaricinic acid 蘑菇酸ambrosia fungi 虫道真菌Ames test 埃姆斯试验anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养室archaebacteria 古细菌archetista 古始生物界ascosporulation 子囊孢子形成asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 非共生固氮作用attenuatio 减毒作用autotrophic succession 自养演替axenic cultivation 纯性培养axenic culture 纯性培养物base-plate hub [噬菌体]基片插孔basidiospore 担孢子beef extract 牛肉膏biochemical medium 生化培养基biovar 生物变型cell line 细胞系clamp cell 锁状细胞cleistocarp 闭囊果coccus 球菌co-cultivation 协同培养commensalism 偏利共栖compensative eyepiece 补偿目镜complex symmetry 复合对称conditional lethal 条件致死conditional mutant 条件突变株continuous fermentation 连续发酵cord factor 索状因子corynebacteria 棒状菌cover glass 盖玻片culture transfering 移种dark-field 暗视野deep colony 深层菌落Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM [分辨]干涉差显微镜diphtheria toxin 白喉毒素diplococcus 双球菌discocarp 盘状子囊果drug susceptibility 药物敏感性dry heat sterilization 干热灭菌early genes [病毒]早期基因efficiency of plating 成斑效率enriched medium 滋养培养基enterovirus 肠道病毒epibasidium 上担子erythrogenic toxin 红斑毒素extreme bacteria 极端细菌fermentation capacity 发酵[能]力Fernbach flask 冯巴赫瓶fiber antigen [噬菌体]尾丝抗原food poisoning 食物中毒fractional cultivation 分部培养[法] germ-free animal 无菌动物germ-free plant 无菌植物Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阳性菌hanging drop method 悬滴法heat fixation 热固定hemagglutination inhibition 血凝抑制heterocyst 异形[囊]胞hexonmer,hexons [病毒]六邻体H-O variation H-O 变异homobasidium 同担子hydrogen sulfide production test 硫化氢试验hydrogenogens 产氢菌hymenium 子实层hyphal body 虫菌体immune adherence hemagglutination assay, IAHA免疫粘连血凝测定in vitro 体外inclusion body 包含体India-ink capsule staining 墨汁荚膜染色indole test 吲哚试验infectious dose 50%, ID 50 半感染剂量initial body [衣原体]始体inoculating needle 接种针inoculation hood 接种箱invert microscope 倒置显微镜isolation medium 分离培养基Koester's stain 柯斯特染料Lancefield's streptococcalgrouping test蓝氏链球菌分群试验leghaemoglobin 豆血红蛋白Leifson's flagella staining 赖夫松鞭毛染色lipopolysaccharides 脂多糖类Loeffler's methylene blue 吕氏甲烯蓝log phase 对数期Lugol's iodine solution 鲁戈氏碘液lysis inhibition [噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysogenic bacteria 溶原性细菌main fermentation 主发酵mesophilic bacteria 中温菌methanochondria 甲烷粒体microbial sensor 微生物传感器microbiology 微生物学microcyst 微包囊monotricha 单鞭毛菌mucoid colony 粘液型菌落muramic acid 胞壁酸mycoderm, pellicle [菌]醭negative strand 负链neurovirulence 神经毒力nitrogen fixation 固氮作用normal flora 正常菌群nutrient broth 营养肉汤O antigen 菌体抗原oil immersion objective 油浸物镜oligodynamic action 微[量]动[力]作用oomycetes 卵菌organotrophic bacteria 有机营养菌paleomicrobiology 古微生物学pantropic virus 泛嗜性病毒pathotype 致病型pentomer,pentons [病毒]五邻体peplomerbody 包膜突起perfringocin 产气荚膜梭菌素periplasmic space 壁膜间隙petroleum microbiology 石油微生物学phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜phenol coefficient 石炭酸系数phenotypic mixing 表型混杂photoheterotrophic bacteria 光能异养菌phycocyanobilin 藻蓝胆素phyllospheric microorganism 叶际微生物pilot protein [噬菌体]先导蛋白plate 平板plate streaking 平板划线pock assay 痘疱试验primary succession 原生演替prodigiosus toxin 灵菌毒素protophyte 原生植物prototunicate ascus 原囊壁子囊purple membrane 紫膜replica plating 影印培养法resistance factor 抗药因子resolving power 分辨率resting cell 静息细胞rhizospheric microorganism 根际微生物rod 杆菌rust fungi 锈菌satellite virus 卫星病毒secondary succession 次生演替seta 刚毛shallow tray fermentation 浅盘发酵sheathed bacteria 鞘细菌single cell protein, SCP 单细胞蛋白singly embedded virus 单粒包埋型病毒slime layer 粘液层smooth type 光滑型smut fungi 黑粉菌spreading factor 扩散因子stab culture 穿刺培养物stationary phase 稳定期stroma 子座tail fiber [噬菌体]尾丝thermal death point 热[致]死点thermophilric bacteria 耐热细菌tissue culture 组织培养top fermentation 上面发酵trichome [细菌]毛状体Triphenyl tetrazolium chloridemethod, TTCM氯化三苯基四氮唑法tuberculin unit, TU 结核菌素单位uredostage 夏孢子期vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy 菌苗疗法valinomycin, aminomycin 缬氨霉素veterinary microbiology 兽医微生物学X factor X 因子X-body X体yeast like colony 类酵母型菌落α-inhibitor[流感病毒]α抑制物] auxanography 生长谱测定[法]50% lethal dose, LD 50 半数致死量50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50 半数组织培养感染量7-aminocephalosporinic acid 7-氨基头孢菌酸abjunction [孢子]切落ablastin 抑殖素abortin 流产菌素abstriction [孢子]缢断acervulus 分生孢子盘acetification 醋化作用acetogen 产乙酸菌achromatic lens 消色差透镜acid-fast staining 抗酸细菌染色法acidification 酸化作用acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acrospore 顶生孢子actidione, cycloheximide 放线酮actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin 放线菌素activated sludge 活性污泥active dry yeast 活性干酵母adenovirus 腺病毒adhesin 粘附素adriamycin 阿霉素aeciospore 锈孢子aecium 锈子器aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体aerobe 需氧菌aerobic cultivation 需氧培养aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸aerobiosis 需氧生活aerogen 产气菌aerotaxis 趋氧性aerotorelant bacteria 耐氧菌aethalium 粘菌体aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素agar 琼脂agar plate 琼脂平板agar slant 琼脂斜面agarfitine 伞菌氨酸agaricin 蘑菇素aggressin 攻击素aggressivity 攻击力aging 陈酿化agricultural microbiology 农业微生物学agrobacteriocin 土壤杆菌素akinete 静息孢子Albert's staining 阿氏染色aleuriospore 侧生孢子algocyan, leucocyan 藻蓝素allantospore 腊肠形孢子allelopathic substances 异株克生物质allelopathy 异种克生[现象] allophycocyanin 别藻蓝素ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type CultureCollection, ATCC美国模式培养物保藏所amerospore 无隔孢子ammonification 氨化作用amphitrichate 两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrophy 兼性营养amphotericin 两性霉素amylo process 阿明露法anaerobe 厌氧菌anaerobic cultivation 厌氧培养anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化anaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸anaerobiosis 厌氧生活anaerogen 不产气菌anamorph 无性型anastomosis [菌丝]融合androgamete 雄配子androgenesis 雄核发育androphore 雄器柄androspore 产雄器孢子annellospore 环痕孢子annulus 菌环anoxyphotobacteria 无氧光细菌ansamitocin 安丝菌素antagonism 拮抗作用anthelmycin 抗蠕霉素antheridium 雄器antibacterial agent 抗菌剂antibiotic 抗生素antibiotic spectrum 抗生谱antidiphtheric serum 抗白喉血清antifoam agent 消泡剂antifungal agent 抗真菌剂antigenic drift 抗原性漂移antigenic shift 抗原性转变antilysin 抗溶[菌]素antimetabolites 抗代谢物antimicrobial agent 抗微生物剂antimycin 抗霉素antisepsis 防腐antiseptic 防腐剂antiserum 抗血清antitoxin 抗毒素apex [噬菌体]顶体apical capsomere [噬菌体]顶部壳粒apicle 顶体aplasmomycin 除疟霉素apochromatic lens 全消色差透镜apogamy 无配生殖apomixis 无融合生殖apophysis 囊托apothecium 子囊盘appendage [菌体]附器apramycin 阿泊拉霉素aquatic microbiology 水生微生物学arbovirus 虫媒病毒Arnold steam sterilizor 流通蒸汽灭菌器arthroconidium 节分生孢子arthrospore 节孢子ascocarp 子囊果ascogenous hypha 产囊丝ascogonium 产囊体ascomycetes 子囊菌ascospore 子囊孢子ascostroma 子囊座ascus 子囊aseptic technique 无菌操作aspergillin 曲霉菌素aspertoxin 曲霉毒素asporogenous yeasts 无孢子酵母菌assembly [病毒]装配assimilation 同化作用associated virus 伴随病毒attenuated strain 减毒株autoclave 高压灭菌器autoclaving 高压灭菌autoinoculation 自身接种autolysin 自溶素autolysis 自溶[现象] automatic airlock 自动气锁autotrophic bacteria 自养菌autotrophy 自养autovaccine 自身疫苗autovaccine 自身菌苗auxanogram 生长谱auxotroph 营养缺陷型avermectin 除虫菌素axial filament 轴丝azotogen 固氮菌剂azygospore 拟接合孢子azygote 单性合子bacitracin 杆菌肽bacteremia 菌血症bacteria 细菌bacterial colony counter 菌落计数器bacterial vaccine 菌苗bacterial virulence 细菌毒力bactericide 杀细菌剂bactericidin 杀[细]菌素bacteriochlorophyll [细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriocin 细菌素bacterioerythrin 菌红素bacteriofluorescein 细菌荧光素bacteriology 细菌学bacteriolysis 溶菌作用bacteriolytic reaction 溶[细]菌反应bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriophage typing 噬菌体分型bacteriophagology 噬菌体学bacteriopurpurin 菌紫素bacteriorhodopsin [细菌]紫膜质bacteriosome 细菌小体bacteriostasis 抑菌作用bacteriostat 抑菌剂bacteriotoxin 细菌毒素bacteriotropin 亲菌素bacteroid 类菌体ballistospore 掷孢子barophilic bacteria 嗜压菌base-plate fibril [噬菌体]基片丝base-plate wedge [噬菌体]基片楔突basic medium 基础培养基basidiocarp 担子果basidiomycetes 担子菌basidiophore 担子体basidium 担子batch cultivation 分批培养batch fermentation [罐]批发酵BCG vaccine 卡介苗bean sprouts medium 豆芽汁培养基beef broth 牛肉汁bicyclomycin 双环霉素binary fission 二分分裂binocular microscope 双目显微镜bioassay 生物测定bioconversion 生物转化biogas 沼气biological control 生物防治biological products 生物制品biomass 生物量biomass 生物质biosphere 生物圈biotype 生物型biphasic cultivation 双相培养bipolar staining 两极染色bitunicate ascus 双囊壁子囊blasticidin 杀稻瘟素blastoconidium 芽分生孢子blastospore 芽生孢子bleomycin 博来霉素blind passage 盲传blooms 水华bottom fermentation 下面发酵bottom yeast 下面酵母bran koji 麸曲brewing 酿造brewing technique 酿造技术bright field microscope 明视野显微镜broth cultivation 肉汤培养broth culture 肉汤培养物brucellin 布氏菌素budding 芽殖burst size [噬菌体]裂解量butirosin, butyrosin 丁苷菌素candicidin 杀假丝菌素candle jar 烛罐capillitium 孢丝capreomycin, capromycin 卷曲霉素capsid [病毒]壳体capsomer, capsomere [病毒]壳粒capsule 荚膜carbol fuchsin 石炭酸品红carbon balance 碳平衡carboxydotrophic bacteria 一氧化碳营养菌carminomycin 洋红霉素carotenoids 类葫萝卜素carrier 带[病]毒者carrier 带菌者carrier phage 载体噬菌体carriomycin 腐霉素casamino acids[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸caulobacteria 柄细菌cedar oil 香柏油celesticetin 天青菌素cell strain 细胞株cellulase 纤维素酶central spore 中生芽孢centrum 壳心cephalosporin 头孢菌素cephalotricha 单端丛[鞭]毛菌chemoautotrophic bacteria 化能自养菌chemoautotrophy 化能自养chemoheterotrophic bacteria 化能异养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophy 化能无机营养chemoorganotrophic bacteria 化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophy 化能有机营养chemostat 恒化器chemotaxis 趋化性chemotherapy 化学疗法chemotrophy 化能营养chemotropism 向化性chemotype 化学型chemovar 化学变型China Committee for CultureCollection of Microorganisms,中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会CCCCMChinese Society forMicrobiology, CSM 中国微生物学会chlamydia 衣原体chlamydospore 厚壁孢子chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 氯霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 金霉素chromatophore 载色体chromogenic bacteria 产色细菌chromomycin 色霉素chuangxinmycin 创新霉素Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor [流感病毒]朱氏抑制物chytrid 壶菌cirrus 孢子角clamp connection 锁状联合clavulanic acid 棒酸cleistothecium 闭囊壳climax community 顶极群落clindamycin 氯林肯霉素clitocybine 杯伞素clone 克隆closed growth system 封闭生长系统cluster 聚簇clypeus 盾状体coagulase 凝固酶coagulase factor 凝固酶因子coccobacillus 球杆菌cococarde 半透明型突变噬斑coenocyte 多核细胞coenogamete 多核配子coenosporangium 多核孢子囊coenospore 多核孢子coenozygote 多核合子coenzyme M 辅酶Mco-immobilization 共固定化作用colicin, colicine 大肠菌素colicinogenic factor 大肠杆菌素生成因子coliform group 大肠菌类coli-index 大肠[杆]菌指数colistin 粘菌素colititre 大肠[杆]菌值collar [噬菌体]颈部collarette 囊领colony 菌落colony forming units, CFU 菌落形成单位columella 囊轴combined vaccine 联合疫苗companions 伴生种compatibility 相容性competence 感受态competition 兢争[共栖] complementation 互补complete medium 完全培养基concatemer [噬菌体]串联体concave slide 凹玻片conditioned pathogen 条件致病菌conidiocarp 分生孢子果conidiophore 分生孢子梗conidium 分生孢子conjugate division [噬菌体]接合分裂conjugation 接合[作用] connector [噬菌体]颈圈consortium 聚生体constriction 缢缩[作用] contaminant 污染物contamination 污染continuous cultivation 连续培养continuous sterilization 连续灭菌cooked meat medium 庖肉培养基coprinin 鬼伞菌素cordycepin 蛹虫草菌素core [噬菌体]髓部core 核心coremium 菌丝束cortex [芽孢]皮层cortinellin 香菇菌素cosmid 粘粒counterstaining 对染[法]critical killing dilution 临界杀菌浓度cross reactivation 交叉复活cryopreservation 深低温保藏[法]cryptic prophage 隐性前噬菌体cryptobiosis 隐生现象cubical symmetry 立体对称cultivation 培养culture 培养物culture flask 培养瓶cup fungi 盘菌curing [噬菌体]自愈cyanobacteria 蓝细菌cyanophycin 藻青素cyanophycin granule 藻青素颗粒cycloserine 环丝氨酸cyclosporin 环孢菌素cylinder plate method 杯碟法cystidium 囊状体cytochalasin 松胞菌素cytomycin 胞霉素cytopathic effect, CPE 致细胞病变[效应] cytoplasmic polyhedrosisvirus,CPV 质型多角体病毒Daqu (massive raw stater foralcholic liquor) 大曲dark-field microscope 暗视野显微镜dark-field microscopy 暗视野显微术daughter colony 子菌落daunomycin 道诺霉素decline phase 衰亡期decomposer 分解者defective interfering particle 干扰缺损颗粒defective mutant [病毒]缺损突变株defective virus 缺损病毒defined medium 确定成分培养基dehydrated medium 干燥培养基denitrification 反硝化作用denitrifying bacteria 反硝化细菌densovirus,DNV 浓核病毒dermatonecrotoxin 皮肤坏死毒素destomycin 越霉素deterioration 生物致劣determinative bacteriology 鉴定细菌学diagnostic microbiology 诊断微生物学dialysis cultivation 透析培养diary microbiology 乳品微生物学diauxie growth curve 双峰生长曲线dictyospore 砖格孢子didymospore 双胞孢子differential medium 鉴别培养基differential staining 鉴别染色法dilution method 稀释法dilution-plate method 稀释平板分离法dimorphic fungi 双态性真菌dimorphism 双态现象dipicolinic acid, DPA 2,6-吡啶二羧酸diplobacillus 双杆菌disinfectant 消毒剂disinfection 消毒dispore 双孢担孢子dissimilation 异化作用distamycin 偏端霉素donor 供体dormancy 休眠doubling time 倍增时间drug resistant gene 抗药基因drug resistant strain 抗药性菌株drug-resistance 抗药性Durham's fermentation tub 杜氏发酵管dwarf colony 侏儒型菌落dysbacteriosis 菌群失调early protein [病毒]早期蛋白eburicoic acid 齿孔酸ECHO virus 艾柯病毒eclipse period 隐蔽期ectendomycorrhiza 内外生菌根ectomycorrhiza 外生菌根ectothrix 毛外癣菌elater 弹丝electron microscope 电[子显微]镜elementary body 原[生小]体EMB agar 伊红甲烯蓝琼脂endobasidium 内生担子endoconidium 内分生孢子endogenenous variable 内源变量endogenous virus 内源病毒endomycorrhiza 内生菌根Endo's medium 远藤培养基endospore 内生孢子endosymbiosis 内共生endothrix 毛内癣菌endotoxin 内毒素enrichment medium 富集培养基enterococcin 肠球菌素enterotoxin 肠毒素entomogenous fungi 虫生真菌entomopathogen 昆虫病原微生物entomopox virus, EPV 昆虫痘病毒envelope antigen [病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [细菌]包被抗原envelope, peplos 包膜epidermolytic toxin 表皮溶解毒素epithecium 囊层被erythromycin 红霉素esterastin 抑酯酶素etiology 病原学eubacteria 真细菌eukaryote 真核生物eurythermal microorganism 广温微生物euvirus 真病毒everninomicin 扁枝衣霉素exfoliative toxin 剥脱性毒素exine 外壁exitine 芽孢外膜exospore 外生孢子exosporium [孢子]外壁exotoxin 外毒素exponential growth 指数生长extracellular enzyme 胞外酶factor 420 420 因子facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌fastidious microorganism 苛求菌favic chandelier mycelium 黄癣菌丝feed back inhibition 反馈抑制fermentability 可发酵性fermentation 发酵fermenter 发酵罐fermicutes 硬壁[细]菌类fertility factor 致育因子Feulgen staining 富尔根染色fibrinolysin 溶纤维蛋白溶酶filamentous type colony 丝状型菌落filtration sterilization 过滤除菌fimbrium [噬菌体]伞毛fixed virus [狂犬病]固定毒flagellar antigen 鞭毛抗原flagellar basal body 鞭毛基体flagellin 鞭毛蛋白flagellum 鞭毛flat sour bacteria 平罐酸败菌flat-sour spoilage 平[罐]酸败flax retting 亚麻浸渍flora 菌群flora 区系fluorescence microscop 荧光显微镜food microbiology 食品微生物学foot cell 足细胞foot cell 脚胞forespore 前芽孢formycin 间型霉素fortimicin 健霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin 磷霉素foulbrood [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病fragmentation 断裂French cell press 弗氏[细胞]压碎器fruiting body 子实体fungi 真菌fungistat 抑真菌剂funiculus 菌丝索fusarinic acid 镰孢菌酸fuseau 顶生厚壁孢子gametangial copulation 配囊交配gametangium 配子囊gamete 配子gametocyte 配子母细胞gas vacuole 气泡GC values GC值gelatine liquefication 明胶液化gene cluster 基因簇gene transfer 基因转移general microbilogy 普通微生物学genetic transformation 遗传转化genotype 基因型gentamicin 艮他霉素geosmins [放线菌]土臭味素germ pore 芽孔germ slit 芽缝germ tube 芽管germicides 杀菌剂ghost 菌蜕giant colony 巨大菌落gleba 产孢体gliding 滑行gliding bacteria 滑行细菌gliotoxin 胶霉毒素glucose effect 葡萄糖效应glycocalyx 多糖包被gnotobiology 悉生生物学gnotobiote 悉生生物gonidium 微生子gougerotin 谷氏菌素gracilicutes 薄壁[细]菌类gradient plate 梯度平板Gram staining 革兰氏染色gramicidin 短杆菌肽Gram-negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌granule 颗粒体granulin 颗粒体蛋白granulose 细菌淀粉粒granulosis virus, GV 颗粒体症病毒grisein 灰霉素griseofulvin 灰黄霉素growth factor 生长因子Guarnieri's bodies 顾氏小体haemolysis 溶血[作用]halophilic bacteria 嗜盐菌hamathecium 囊间丝HBcAg乙型肝炎核心抗原HBeAg 乙型肝炎e抗原HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原head [噬菌体]头部helical symmetry 螺旋对称helicospore 卷旋孢子helper virus 辅助病毒hemadsorption, HD 血细胞吸附hemagglutination, HA 血细胞凝集hemagglutinin 血凝素hemibasidium 半担子hemolysin 溶血素hemolytic test 溶血试验herbicidin 除莠菌素herbimycin 除莠霉素heterobasidium 隔担子heterofermentation 异型发酵heterofermentative lactic bacteria 异型发酵乳酸菌heterogamete 异形配子heterogamy 异配生殖heterology 异源性heterothallism 异宗配合heterotrophic bacteria 异养菌heterotrophic potential 异养潜能heterotrophic succession 异养演替heterotrophy 异养heterozygosis 杂合[现象] heterozygote 异形合子high frequency of recombination,Hfr 高频重组high power objective 高倍物镜holdfast 固着器holobasidium无隔担子holomorph 全型holomycin 全霉素homoacetogenic bacteria 同型[产]乙酸细菌homofermentation 同型发酵homofermentative lactic bacteria 同型发酵乳酸菌homoimmune phage 同源免疫噬菌体homology 同源性homothallism 同宗配合hormogonium [蓝细菌]连锁体host range mutant 宿主范围突变株hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hydrogenotrophic bacteria 氢营养菌hydrogen-producing acetogenicbacteria 产氢产乙酸细菌hygromycin 潮霉素hymenophore 子实层体hypha 菌丝hyphal fragment 菌丝段hypholytic action 溶菌丝作用hyphopodium 附着枝hypnosporangium 休眠孢子囊hypnospore 休眠孢子hypobasidium 下担子hypogeal fungi 地下真菌hypostroma 下子座hypothallus 囊基膜hypothecium 囊层基hysterothecium 缝裂壳icosahedral symmetry 二十面体对称icosahedron capsid 二十面[体]壳体identification 鉴定idiotroph 特需营养要求型ilamycin 岛霉素immobilized cell 固定化细胞imperfect fungi 半知菌IMViC tes 吲哚、甲基红、V-P、柠檬酸试验in situ cultivation 原位培养in vivo 体内incineration 烧灼灭菌inclusion granule 内含颗粒incubator 培养箱indicator 指示菌indigenous flora 土著菌群indigenous flora 土著区系induced variation 诱发变异inducible phage [可]诱导噬菌体indusium 菌裙industrial microbiology 工业微生物学infection 侵染infection 感染infection 传染infectious center 侵染中心infectious center 感染中心infective dose, ID 侵染剂量infective dose, ID 感染剂量infectivity 侵染性infectivity 感染性inoculating loop 接种环inoculation, inoculating, inoculate 接种inoculum 接种物inoperculatae 无囊盖类interference 干扰[现象] interferon 干扰素International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS 国际微生物学会联合会interspecies H transfer 种间分子氢转移intestinal bacteria 肠道细菌intine 芽孢内膜intracellular enzym 胞内酶invasiveness 侵袭力involution form 衰老型irido virus 虹彩病毒iron bacteria 铁细菌isogametangium 同形配子囊isogamete 同形配子isogamy 同配生殖isolation 分离isospore 同形孢子istamycin 天神霉素ive bacterial vaccine 活菌苗ivermectin 双氢除虫菌素josamycin 交沙霉素kanamycin 卡那霉素kasugamycin 春日霉素killer particle 致死颗粒koji 日本酒曲kojic acid 曲酸Kolle flask 克氏瓶Kolmer test 科氏试验Kovac's oxidase reagent 柯氏Kovac's reagent 柯氏试剂lag phase 延滞期lambda particles phage λ噬菌体lapinization 兔化法lapinized virus 兔化毒late culture 平板培养物late genes [病毒]晚期基因late protein [病毒]晚期蛋白latent virus 潜伏病毒lawn 菌苔leaky mutant 渗漏突变体lens 透镜lepromin 麻风菌素leucocidin 杀白细胞素leucolysin 白细胞溶素leucomycin 柱晶白霉素L-form of bacterium 细菌L-型lincomycin 林可霉素liquid koji 液体曲liquid medium 液体培养基liquid nitrogen cryopreservation 液氮保藏[法] liquid state fermentation 液态发酵lithotrophic bacteria 无机营养菌litmus milk 石蕊牛奶live vaccine 活疫苗locule 子囊腔Loeffler's serum medium 吕氏血清培养基lophotricha 丛[鞭]毛菌low power objective 低倍物镜low virulent strain 弱毒株luminous bacteria 发光细菌lyophilization 冻干[保藏]法lysogenesis 溶原现象lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换lysogenization 溶原化lysogeny 溶原性lysostaphin 溶葡萄球菌素lysozyme 溶菌酶lytic cycle 裂解周期Macchiavello's staining 麦氏[立克次氏体]染色MacConkey medium 麦氏培养基macroconidium 大分生孢子magnification 放大率malachite green solution 孔雀石绿溶液mallein test [马]鼻疽菌素试验malt wort 麦芽汁Mandler filter 曼德勒尔滤器manual airlock 手动气锁marine microbiology 海洋微生物学mash 醪液matachromatic granules 异染粒mating type 交配型maytenin 美登素meat extract 肉膏medical microbiology 医学微生物学medium 培养基membrane filter 薄膜滤器mendosicutes 疵壁[细]菌类merosporangium 柱孢子囊mesosome 间体mesotrophy 半自养metabiosis 代谢共栖methanogen 产甲烷菌methanogenesis 产甲烷[作用] methyl red test 甲基红试验methylene blue reduction test 甲烯蓝还原试验methylotrophic bacteria 甲基营养菌methylotrophy 甲基营养methymycin 酒霉素metulae 梗基microaerobe 微需氧菌microbial biochemistry 微生物生物化学microbial ecology 微生物生态学microbial ecosystem 微生物生态系统microbial genetics 微生物遗传学microbial leaching 微生物浸矿microbial pesticide 微生物杀虫剂microbial physiology 微生物生理学microbial taxonomy 微生物分类学microbody 微体microcapsule 微荚膜microconidium 小分生孢子microflora 微生物区系micromanipulation 显微操作micromanipulator 显微操作器micronutrient 微量营养microorganism 微生物microscope 显微镜microscope condenser 显微镜集光器microscopic examination 镜检microscopic Widal agglutination test 显微肥达氏凝集试验millipore filter 微孔滤器minimal infecting dose, MID 最小感染量minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC 最小抑菌浓度minimal lethal dose, MLD 最小致死量mithramycin 光神霉素mitomycin 丝裂霉素mixed cultivation 混合培养mixed culture 混合培养物mold, mould 霉菌mollicutes 柔膜细菌monensin 莫能菌素monomorphism 单形现象monster [噬菌体]畸形体morphotype 形态型morphovar 形态变型most probable number method,MPNM 最大机率法most probable number, MPN 最大机率数multicomponent virus 多分体病毒multiple embedded virus 多粒包埋型病毒multiple fission 复分裂muscarine 毒蝇碱mushrooms 蘑菇mutagen 诱变剂mutagenesis 诱变mutant 突变体mutation 突变mutualism 互利共栖mycelianamide 菌丝酰胺mycelium 菌丝体mycelium pellet 菌丝球mycetism 真菌中毒mycetosome 含菌细胞mycocide 杀真菌剂mycolic acid 分枝菌酸mycology 真菌学mycomycin 菌霉素mycophage 真菌噬菌体mycophenolic acid 霉酚酸mycorrhiza 菌根mycorrhizal fungi 菌根真菌mycotoxin 真菌毒素mycovirus 真菌病毒mydecamycin, midecamycin 麦迪霉素mykol 真菌醇myxospore 粘孢子naked virion 裸露病毒[粒]体natural medium 天然培养基nebramycin 暗霉素necroparsite 致坏死寄生物necrosis virus 坏死病毒negative staining 负染[色法] Negri's body 内氏小体neomycin 新霉素netropsin 纺锤菌素neuraminidase 神经氨酸酶neurotoxicity 神经毒性neurotoxin 神经毒素neutralism 无关共栖neutralization tes 中和试验nitragin 根瘤菌剂nitrate reduction test 硝酸盐还原试验nitrification 硝化作用nitrobacteria 硝化细菌nitrogen balance 氮平衡nitrogen fixing bacteria 固氮细菌nocardin 诺卡菌素nodular mycelium 结节状菌丝nonseptate hypha 无隔菌丝novobiocin 新生霉素nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV 核型多角体病毒nucleocapsid 核壳nucleoid 类核numerical taxonomy 数值分类法nutrient agar 营养琼脂nystatin 制霉菌素objective 物镜obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌ochratoxin 赭曲毒素ocular 目镜ocular micrometer 目镜测微计O-D variation [流感病毒]O-D相变异oidiophore 粉孢子梗oidium 粉孢子old culture 老培养物old tuberculin, OT 旧结核菌素oleandomycin 竹桃霉素oligonitrophilic bacteria 微嗜氮菌oligotrophic bacteria 贫[营]养细菌oncovirus 肿瘤病毒one step growth 一步生长[曲线] oogamete 卵配子oogonium 藏卵器ooplasm 卵质oosphere 卵球oospore 卵孢子open fermentation 敞口发酵open growth system 开放生长系统operon 操纵子ophiobollin 蛇孢菌素opportunistic pathogen 机会致病菌osmophilic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌ostiole 孔口Oxford cup 牛津杯oxidase test 氧化酶试验oxygen requirement 需氧量oxyphotobacteria 生氧光细菌oxytropism 向氧性paraphysis 侧丝paraphysoid 类侧丝parasexuality 准性生殖parasitism 寄生parasporal crystal 伴胞晶体paromomycin 巴龙霉素passenger virus 过客病毒Pasteur effect 巴氏效应pasteurization 巴氏消毒法pathogen 病原体pathogenicity 致病性pathovar 致病变型patulin 展青霉素pectinafe mycelium 梳状菌丝pectinase 果胶酶pellicle 菌膜penetration [病毒]侵入penicillic acid 青霉酸penicillin 青霉素penicillinase 青霉素酶penicillus 帚状枝peptidoglycan 肽聚糖peptone [蛋白]胨peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium [蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基perfect fungi 完全真菌peridium 包被periphysis 周丝periphysoid 类周丝periplasmic flagella 周质鞭毛perithecium 子囊壳peritricha 周[鞭]毛菌permease 通透酶pesticin 鼠疫菌素Petri dish 培养皿Pfeiffer's phenomenon 费氏[溶菌]现象phagetype 噬菌体型phagevar 噬菌体变型phalloidin 鬼笔[毒]环肽phasmid 噬粒phenotype 表型phialide 瓶梗phialospore 瓶梗孢子phosphorus balance 磷平衡photo-assimilation 光同化作用photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养菌photoautotrophy 光能自养photolithotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photolithotrophy 光能无机营养photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophy 光能有机营养photoreactivation 光复活作用photosynthetic bacteria 光合作用细菌phototaxis 趋光性phototrophic bacteria 光养菌phototrophy 光营养phototropism 向光性phragmobasidium 有隔担子phragmospore 多隔孢子phycobilin 藻胆素phycobiliprotein 藻胆蛋白phycobilisome 藻胆蛋白体phycocyanin 藻青蛋白phycoerythrin 藻红蛋白phycoerythrobilin 藻红[胆]素phycophage 噬藻体phytocidin 植物杀菌素phytotoxin 毒植物素pileus 菌盖pilin 菌毛蛋白pilus 菌毛planozygote 游动合子plaque 噬斑plaque 蚀斑plaque forming unit,PFU 蚀斑形成单位plaque mutants 噬斑突变株plasmid 质粒plasmid incompatibility 质粒不相容性plate cultivation 平板培养plating 平板接种pneumolysin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumotoxin 肺炎球菌毒素poisonous mushroom 毒蘑菇polyauxotroph 多重营养缺陷型polyhead [噬菌体]聚合头部polyhedrin 多角体蛋白polyhedron 多角体polyhedrosis virus 多角体病毒polymorphism 多态[现象]polymorphism 多形现象polymyxin 多粘菌素polyoxin 多氧菌素polysheath [噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysilicate plate 聚硅酸盐平板polyvalent bacterial vaccine 多价菌苗polyvalent vaccine 多价疫苗poly-β-hydroxy butyrate 聚β羟基丁酸盐pontaneous generation, abiogenesis 自然发生说，无生源说pooled typing serum 混合分型血清porospore 孔出孢子positive strand 正链potato dextrose agar, PDA 马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂pour plate method 倾注培养predacious fungi 捕食真菌predation 捕食作用preprophage 前原噬菌体primary culture 原始培养物primary fermentation 前发酵primary invader 原发性感染原prodigiosin 灵菌红素productive infection[噬菌体]生产性感染progametangium 原配子囊progamete 原配子progenote 始祖生物prokaryote 原核生物promotor 启动子prophage 原噬菌体prosporangium 原孢子囊protein envelope 蛋白质包膜protista 原生生物protistology 原生生物学protobasidium 原担子protocooperation 初级合作protoplast 原生质体protoplast fusion 原生质体融合protoplast regeneration 原生质体再生prototroph 原养型prototrophic bacteria 原养菌protozoan 原生动物protozoology 原生动物学provirus 原病毒pseudomycelium 假菌丝体pseudoparaphysis 拟侧丝pseudopeptidoglycan 假肽聚糖pseudoperidium 拟包被pseudoseptum 假隔膜pseudotype virus 假型病毒pseudovirion 假病毒体psychrophilic bacteria 嗜冷[细]菌pure cultivation 纯培养pure culture 纯培养物purification 纯化purified protein derivative, PPD 纯化蛋白衍生物purple nonsulfur bacteria 紫色无硫细菌putrefaction 腐败pycnidiospore 器孢子pycnidium 分生孢子器pycniospore [锈菌]性孢子pycnium [锈菌]性孢子器pycnosclerotium 器菌核pyocyanin 绿脓[菌]素pyocyanolysin 绿脓杆菌溶血素pyofluorescein 绿脓菌荧光素pyrenomycetes 核菌pyrogen 致热原Qu(raw starter) 曲quellung test 荚膜膨胀试验racquet mycelium 球拍状菌丝体receptor destroying enzyme, RDE 受体破坏酶recipient 受体recombinant 重组体recombination 重组recon 重组子redistribution 重分配reinoculation 再接种replication 复制replication of virus 病毒复制replicative cycle 复制周期replicon 复制子reproductive mycelium 生殖菌丝体resistance determining factor 耐药[性决定]因子resistance transfer factor, RTF 耐药性转移因子restricted transduction 局限转导retro virus 逆[转]录病毒retting 沤麻revaccination 疫苗再接种reverse transcriptase 逆[转]录酶revistin 制反转录酶素rhizopin 根霉促进素rhizopterin 根霉蝶呤rhodopseudomonacin 红假单胞菌素ribostamycin, vistamycin 核糖霉素rickettsia 立克次氏体rifamycin 利福霉素rimocidin 龟裂杀菌素ring chromosome 环状染色体ristocetin 瑞斯托菌素rolling tube cultivation 滚管培养法rolling tube technique 滚管技术root nodule 根瘤root nodule bacteria 根瘤细菌rosamicin 蔷薇霉素rough colony 粗糙型菌落rough type 粗糙型rubidomycin 红比霉素rust disease 锈病Sabouraud's dextrose agar 沙氏葡萄糖琼脂sacchariferous agents 糖化剂saccharification 糖化作用sagamicin 相模霉素salinomycin 盐霉素Salmonella-Shigella agar,S.S.agar 沙门-志贺氏琼脂saprophytic bacteria 腐生菌saprophytic nutrition 腐生营养saprophytism 腐生现象sarcina 八叠球菌sarkomycin 肉瘤霉素satellitism 卫星现象scanning electron microscope,SEM 扫描电[子显微]镜schizogenesis 裂殖schizophyte 裂殖植物sclerotium 菌核scolecospore 线形孢子scotobacteria 暗细菌secondary colony 次生菌落secondary fermentation 后发酵secondary invader 继发性感染原secondary mycelium 次生菌丝体secter mutation 扇形突变seeding tank 种子罐seeding yeast 酒母Seitz filter 赛氏[细菌]滤器selective medium 选择性培养基semicontinuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵semisolid medium 半固体培养基semisynthetic medium 半合成培养基sensitized bacteria 敏化细菌septate hypha 有隔菌丝septum 隔膜serological identification 血清学鉴定serological specificity 血清学特异性serotype 血清型serovar 血清变型sex factor 性因子sex pilus 性丝shake cultivation 摇合培养shake cultivation 振荡培养sheath 鞘siastatin 制唾酸酶素siderophilic bacteria 嗜铁菌silage 青贮饲料sisomicin 紫苏霉素slant cultivation 斜面培养slant culture 斜面培养物slide 载玻片slide cultivation 玻片培养slide culture 玻片培养物slime bacteria 粘细菌slime mold, slime mould 粘菌slow virus 慢病毒smear 涂片smooth colony 光滑型菌落smut disease 黑粉病soil microbiology 土壤微生物学solid medium 固体培养基solid state fermentation 固态发酵specific growth rate 比生长速率specific pathogen free animals,SPFA 无特定病原动物spectinomycin, actinospectacin 壮观霉素spermatium 精子团spermogonium 精子器sphaerocyst 球状胞spheroplast 原生质球spike 刺突spiral mycelium 螺旋菌丝spiramycin 螺旋霉素spirilla 螺[旋]菌spoilage 酸败sporangiocarp 孢囊果sporangiole 小孢子囊sporangiophore 孢囊柄sporangiospore 孢囊孢子sporangium 孢[子]囊spore 孢子spore 芽孢spore ball 孢子球spore print 孢子印sporicide 杀芽孢剂sporodochium 分生孢子座sporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporophore 孢子梗sporoplasm 孢原质sporulation 孢子形成sporulation 芽孢形成spread plate method 涂布培养法spreader 涂布器stab 穿刺stab cultivation 穿刺培养stage micrometer 镜台测微计stain 染色剂staining 染色法staining reaction 染色反应standard serum 标准血清staphylocoagulase [葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylococcal protein A, SPA 葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcin 葡萄球菌素staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶血毒素starter, culture starter 起子static cultivation 静止培养staurospore 星形孢子stenothermal microorganisms 狭温微生物stenothermophiles 嗜狭高温生物sterigma 小梗sterigmatocystin 柄曲霉素sterile 无菌sterile mycelium 不育菌丝体sterility test 无菌检查sterilization 灭菌sterilizer 灭菌器。
感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1. Gram-Positive Bacteria革兰阳性菌2.micrococci微球菌3. Louis Pasteur路易斯，巴斯德4. etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因学5.Etiologic agent病因学微生物6.Streptococcus链球菌7.cell division occurs along a single axis 细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8. grow in chains or pairs成链或成对生长9. hemolytic properties溶血特性10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）肺炎链球菌11.α-hemolytic groupα溶血组12. blood agar血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color特征绿色14. reduction of iron in hemoglobin 还原血红蛋白中的铁15.fastidious苛养（菌）16. mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies 粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）17.Pneumococci without a capsule 无夹膜的肺炎球菌18. colonies with a rough surface 克隆表面粗糙19. optochin(ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride) 奥普托欣试验（）20.bile soluble在胆汁中溶解21. a polysaccharide capsule多糖夹膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23. rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24. the Quellung reactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis吞噬作用26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的决定因素27. Unencapsulated variants无夹膜的变种28. invasive disease.侵袭性疾病29. host defense mechanisms宿主防御系统30. Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31. cytolysis of cells and tissues细胞和组织的溶解32. cell wall proteins细胞壁蛋白33. complement pathway补体系统34. complement deposition补体沉积35.preventing lysis an/or opsonophagocytosis防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制体37.impedes the formation of C3 convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38.pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA)胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase) NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41. sialic acid唾液酸42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43. potential vaccine candidates潜在的疫苗靶点44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳46. genetic relatedness基因相关性46.superseded by sequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因测序已取代（电泳）47.multilocus sequence typing,MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( /)肺球菌多位点分型查询49.whole-genome sequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routine childhood administration of pneumococcal polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51. secular trends长期趋势52. epidemiologic features流行病学特征53.serotype distribution血清学分布54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normally sterile site)侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）55.disease burden疾病负担56. military barracks军营57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy human nasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58.respiratory droplets呼吸道飞沫59.socioeconomic status社会经济状况60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61.Cross-sectional prevalence data横断面发病率数据62.high rates of colonization高定植率63. community transmission dynamics社区传播动力学64. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)脑脊液65. aspiration of pneumococci吸入肺球菌66.a positive blood culture血培养阳性67.routine pediatric vaccination schedule常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68.pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70. a definitive etiologic diagnosis病原学诊断明确71. radiographically confirmed pneumonia影像学确诊的肺炎72.clinically diagnosed pneumonia临床确诊的肺炎73.The case-fatality ratios (CFRs)病死率74. underlying medical condition基础疾病75. access to care治疗情况76.severity of disease at presentation起病时病情的严重程度77.hospitalized patients住院患者78.appropriate and timely management is available适当及时的治疗79. the first 24 h of hospitalization住院后24h80. rapidly progressive cascade of events快速进展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration与抗菌药物应用无关82.temperate climate 温带气候83.ethnic group民族84.crowded settings拥挤的环境85. susceptible individuals易感人群86.preceding viral respiratory disease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87. secondary pneumococcal infections 继发的肺炎球菌感染88.seasonal and pandemic influenza 季节性、流行性感冒89.Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalence of pneumococcal isolatesresistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91. minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)最小抑菌浓度92.rising absolute magnitude绝对值提高93.penicillin G青霉素G94. cefotaxime头孢噻肟（3nd）95. ceftriaxone头孢曲松96. macrolides大环酯类97.difficult-to-treat infections难治性感染98.pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99.mucosal surfaces膜状表面100.otitis media中耳炎101.pneumonia肺炎102.distant sites:brain远处播散103. joint关节104. bones骨骼105. peritoneal cavity腹腔106. pneumococcal meningitis肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107. secondary to hematogenous spread继发于血流感染108.flow of mucus粘液的流动109.avoid local immune factors 逃避免疫因子110. leukocytes白细胞111. complement补体112. cilia纤毛（cilium的名词复数）113.mucociliary escalator纤毛的活动114.mechanical clearance of pneumococci机械清除肺炎球菌115. colonization episodes定植的时间116. persistent colonization长期定植117.development of capsule-specific serum IgG（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118.Intercurrent viral infections并发的病毒感染119.Local cytokine production局部细胞因子的产生120. upregulate adhesion factors上调粘附因子121.peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖122. teichoic acids磷壁酸123.interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124.tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 肿瘤坏死因子125.Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 多形核白细胞. innate immune factors固有防御因子127. splenic function肾功能128.cough reflex咳嗽反射129. C-reactive protein (CRP)C反应蛋白130.phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131.Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll样受体2132. lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸.cell wall peptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134.cystic fibrosis囊肿性纤维化.bronchiectasis支气管扩136. sickle cell disease镰状细胞（贫血）病137. cross-reactive antigens交叉反应抗原. T cell–independent antigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136.delayed ontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢137. agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏. chemically distinct（夹膜）化学结构不同.serotype specific血清型特异性抗体140. pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141. self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的143.differential diagnosis 鉴别诊断144. convulsions抽搐145. tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146. defined according to specific age strata根据特殊的年龄分层确定147.lower chest wall indrawing下胸壁凹陷148. noninvasive or invasive infection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149.contiguous spread临近组织器官传播150. infection of a normally sterile body fluid无菌体液区感染151.Pneumonia（invasive with a positiveblood culture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）152. a mild community-acquired infection轻度社区获得性感染153. intubation插管治疗154. at the outset起病时155.a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156. abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157. fever发热159. shaking chills寒战158. myalgias肌肉疼痛160. nonpurulent无脓性161.purulent有脓的162.tinged with blood痰中带血. stabbing pleuritic chest pain 胸肋膜刺痛164.parietal pleura胸膜壁层165.tachycardia心动过速166. dullness沉闷167. percussion触诊法168.consolidation实性病变169. crackles噼啪声170.auscultation听诊171.Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音172.cyanosis苍白173. nasal flaring鼻翼煽动174.diaphragmatic pleura 胸膈膜175.upper abdominal pain 上腹疼痛176.myocardial infarction心肌梗死177.heart failure with atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178.cardiac conditions心脏疾病179. pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180. atelectasis肺不181. mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183. pathologic examination of lung tissue肺组织的病理学检查184.In lieu of代替185.an infiltrate on chest radiography胸部影像学表现渗出.lobar or segmental consolidation大叶性或节段性实变187. patchy分散不均的188. pleural effusion胸腔积液.empyema脓胸190. round pneumonia圆形肺炎（wenku.baidu./link?url=wuFa5cMxt56 xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCq u1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeR VMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7）191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192.culture of sputum痰培养193. Parapneumonic effusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液. aggressive and complete drainage充分引流. pyogenic condition化脓性疾病. skull fracture头颅骨折. gradual-onset headache逐渐出现的头痛. stiff neck颈僵200. photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意识状态变化202. seizures癫痫203. bradycardia心动过缓204. increased intracranial pressure 颅压升高206. Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s sign Kernig征、Brudzinski征207. cranial nerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）208. examination of CSF脑脊液检查209. evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)浊度（肉眼检查）210. elevated protein level, elevated white blood cell count, and reduced glucose concentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）211. specific identification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigentesting, or PCR)病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）212. in conjunction with同时伴随213. deafness耳聋214. hydrocephalus脑水肿215 mental retardation.智力迟钝216. diffuse brain swelling弥漫性脑水肿217. subarachnoid bleeding蛛网膜下腔出血218. cerebrovascular complications 脑血管并发症219. bacteremia菌血症220. osteomyelitis骨髓炎221. septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎222. endocarditis心膜炎223. pericarditis 心包炎224. peritonitis腹膜炎225. sinusitis鼻窦炎226. otitis media中耳炎227. tinnitus耳鸣228. upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染229. bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230. reduced movement on insufflation or tympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231. facial pain面部疼痛232. congestion充血233. persistent nighttime cough持续夜间咳嗽234. aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235. parenteral penicillin G静脉给予青霉素G236. the drug of choice for disease首选药物237. 50,000 U/kg for minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238. parenteral β-lactam drugs静脉给予β酰胺类药物239. ampicillin阿莫西林240. cefuroxime头孢呋辛241. penicillin-susceptible strains 青霉素敏感的菌株242. offer little advantage over penicillin与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势243. Macrolides and cephalosporins 大环酯类和头孢菌素类244. alternatives forpenicillin-allergic patients青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245. clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci 耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249. tetracycline-, fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistant strains四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环酯类耐药的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐药菌251. alteration of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252. transformation and horizontal transfer of DNA from related streptococcal species基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253. lower affinity for penicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254. specific PBP(s) and the number ofPBPs altered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255. level of resistance ranges from intermediate to high耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256. penicillin susceptibility breakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257. susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL;intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL;resistant≥2.0 μg/mL敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐药≥2.0 μg/mL258. were not predictiveof the response of可以预测用药反应259. revised penicillin G breakpoints 修正的青霉素G折点260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute临床与实验室标准学会260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MIC大于0.12µg/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）262. the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL forsusceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL for intermediate organisms, and ≥ 8 μg/mL for resistant organisms （nonmeningitis）敏感菌≤2 μg/mL中介4 μg/mL耐药≥ 8 μg/mL（非脑膜炎感染）263. the Infectious Diseases Society of America美国传染病协会264.American Thoracic Society美国胸科学会265.the British Thoracic Society英国胸科学会266.the European Respiratory Society 欧洲呼吸协会267. vancomycin万古霉素268. rifampin利福平269. lumbar puncture腰椎穿刺270. dexamethasone地塞米松271. compromising clinical evaluation 影响临床判断272. isolate分离菌273. advocate the use of glucocorticoids建议加入糖皮质激素274. not universally considered the standard of care并未公认为标准治疗方案275. neurologic sequelae神经系统后遗症276. doses 8 h apartQ8h277. severe β-lactam hypersensitivity对β酰胺类药物严重过敏278. outpatient management门诊治疗279. high-dose amoxicillin高剂量阿莫西林280. afebrile不发热的281. Acute Otitis Media 急性中耳炎282. nonsevere illness非紧急疾病283. an uncertain diagnosis诊断不明确284. a 10-day course疗程10天285. should be commenced应开始使用药物286. myringotomy鼓膜切开术287. tympanocentesis鼓膜穿刺术288. obtain samples for culture取材培养289. vaccination against S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗290. prevention of antibiotic overuse 预防抗生素滥用291. fuels pneumococcal resistance加剧肺炎球菌耐药292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夹膜多糖疫苗293. Polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines多糖蛋白结合物疫苗参考资料：1.American Academy of Pediatrics RED BOOK.The report of the Committee on InfectiousDiseases: aapredbook. 2. Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution forPneumococcal AMCTPP:/library/documents/amc/tpp-co debook/。
感染相关英文词汇-5.7.2 肠杆菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.2肠杆菌）1.Tissue necrosis组织坏死2.cytotoxins细胞毒素3.third orfourth most commonly isolated GNB in hospital-acquired pneumonia（大肠埃希菌）在社区获得性肺炎分离的革兰阴性菌中占前三或前四位4.crude and attributablemortality rates总死亡率和归因死亡率5. Meningitis脑膜炎6.neonatal meningitis新生儿脑膜炎7.group B StreptococcusB群链球菌8.K1capsular antigenK1夹膜抗原9.meninges脑膜10.craniotomy开颅术11.cirrhosis肝硬化12.poor hepaticclearance of portal vein bacteremia门静脉细菌肝清除率低13. Cellulitis蜂窝组织炎14.musculoskeletal infection肌肉骨骼系统感染15. decubitus ulcers褥疮16.infection of ulcersand wounds of thelower extremity in diabetic patients糖尿病病人下肢伤口溃疡感染17.hosts with neurovascular compromise宿主神经血管损伤18.Osteomyelitis secondaryto contiguous spread继发于附近感染传播的骨髓炎19.the infection originates close to the perineum感染起源源自会阴20.Hematogenouslyacquired osteomyelitis血源传播的骨髓炎21.vertebral bodies椎骨体22.orthopedic device矫形外科装置23.septicarthritis脓毒性关节炎24. Upper-leg myositisor fasciitisdue to E. coli 大肠埃希菌造成的大腿的肌炎、筋膜炎25.abdominal source with contiguous spread（应注意排除）腹部来源感染源造成的临近感染传播26. Endovascular infection血管内感染27. E. coli rarely seeds native heart valves大肠埃希菌很少定植于天然的心脏瓣膜28.mediastinitis纵隔炎29.endophthalmitis眼内炎30.brain abscess.脑脓肿31.primary E. coli bacteremia原发性大肠埃希菌血症32.percutaneous intravascular devices经皮血管内留置33.transrectal prostatebiopsy经直肠前列腺穿刺活检34. increased intestinal mucosal permeability 肠道黏膜通透性增加35.in the settings of neutropenia and chemotherapyinducedmucositis中性粒细胞减少以及化疗引起的口腔黏膜炎的情况下36.Roughly equal proportionsof E. coli bacteremia cases originate in the community and in thehospital社区及医院的大肠杆菌菌血症占比各半37. S. aureus金黄色葡萄球菌38.two mostcommon blood isolates of clinical significance在血分离菌株中两种最常见的菌种（大肠埃希和金黄色葡萄球菌）39.clinicallysignificant具有临床意义40.sepsis syndrome菌血症症状41. sepsis-induced dysfunction of at least one organ orsystem菌血症造成一个器官系统功能障碍42.conservativeestimates保守估计43.proportional contribution占比相当44. sepsis-associated mortality rate菌血症相关死亡率45.census data普查数据46.episodes一次感染过程46.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎47.biliary obstruction (stones, tumor)胆道梗阻（结石或肿瘤）48.overt bowel disruption肠管破裂49.silent clinically无症状50.designatingthe urinary tract as the source of E. coli bacteremia将菌血症归因于泌尿系统51.in theabsence of characteristic signs and symptoms of UTI在没有特征症状及泌尿系统感染的情况下52.growboth aerobically and anaerobically within 24 h on standard diagnosticmedia肠外致病菌在鉴别培养基上可需氧同时厌氧生存53.rapid lactose fermenters快速乳糖发酵54.indolepositive吲哚检测阳性55.resistance is evolving most rapidly耐药性发展迅速56.the highprevalence of resistance precludes empirical use of ampicillinandamoxicillin-clavulanate, even forcommunity-acquiredinfections由于耐药菌的流星，即便是社区获得性感染，也不建议经验性使用阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾57.resistance to cephalosporins Iand trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)对头孢I代及甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑58. TMP-SMX was the drug of choicefor the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis inmany locales甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑是无症状膀胱炎的首选用药59. ever-diminishing cure rates治愈率逐渐降低60.a wholesale switch toalternative agents(e.g., fluoroquinolones)完全改变使用替代药物（如氟喹诺酮类）61.accelerate the widespread emergence ofresistance to these antimicrobialclasses加速对这一类抗菌药物耐药的速度62.nitrofurantoin呋喃妥因63.fosfomycin磷霉素64. Prevalencefigures are higher in settingswhere fluoroquinolone prophylaxisis used extensively在预防性氟喹诺酮类药物广泛使用的地区耐药菌流行较高65.cephalosporin resistance头孢菌素耐药66. Oral treatment options arelimited with these strains治疗该菌无口服制剂可供选择67.meat products from food animals treatedwith cephalosporinsIII and IV and fluoroquinolones肉制品若源自头孢III，IV代或氟喹诺酮类药物喂饲的动物（易造成耐药菌）68.Carbapenems (e.g., imipenem) and amikacin are the most predictably active agents overall碳青霉烯类药物（如亚胺培南）和阿米卡星预计疗效较佳69.carbapenemase-producing strains are on the rise产碳青霉烯酶的菌种正在升高70.Tigecycline替加环素71.polymyxin B多粘菌素B72.panresistant isolates泛耐药的分离菌73.nonsterilesites非无菌区e themost appropriatenarrower-spectrum agent whenever possible只要有可能，选择最合适的窄谱抗菌药物75.avoid treating colonized but uninfectedpatients避免对定植而非感染的患者进行抗菌治疗76. ever-escalating selection of increasinglyresistant bacteria（滥用抗生素日益加速的耐药菌种筛选77.intestinalpathogenic strains of E. coli肠道内致病的大肠埃希菌78.obligatepathogens专性致病菌79.enteritis小肠炎80.enterocolitis小肠结肠炎81.hemorrhagic colitis出血性结肠炎82.ingested in sufficient quantities大量实用83. Gastric acidity confers some protectionagainstinfection胃酸可在一定程度上防止感染84.major reservoir主要宿主85. These strainsare largely incapable ofcausing disease outside the intestinal tract这些菌种在肠外很难造成感染86. SHIGA TOXIN–PRODUCINGE. COLI （STEC）产志贺毒素大肠杆菌87. ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E. COLI （EHEC）肠出血性大肠杆菌88.consumptionof fresh produce (e.g., lettuce, spinach, sprouts)实用新鲜的农产品（如生菜、菠菜、麦苗）89.undercooked ground beef牛肉未经烹调90.Shigelladysenteriaestrains痢疾志贺氏菌91. hemolytic-uremicsyndrome (HUS)溶血性尿毒症综合征92.multimers多聚体93. Domesticated ruminant animals驯化的反刍类动物94.manure粪便95.<10^2 CFU of STEC/EHEC can causedisease<10^2 CFU即可致病96. Colonization of the colon and perhaps theileum results in symptomsafter an incubation period of 3 or 4 days（这两种菌）在结肠、小肠定植3-4天可造成感染97.Colonic edema结肠水肿98.initialnonbloody secretory diarrhea起初的无血水便99. STEC/EHEC hallmark syndrome of grossly bloody diarrhea产志贺毒素大肠杆菌和肠出血性大肠杆菌特征性的脓血样便100. Significant abdominalpain腹痛明显101.fecal leukocytes粪便白细胞102.absence of fevercan incorrectly lead to consideration of noninfectiousconditions 无发热可导致误诊为非感染性疾病103.intussusception肠套叠104.inflammatory orischemic bowel disease 炎性或出血性肠道疾病105.self-limited, lasting 5–10 days自限性疾病，通常持续5-10天106.An uncommon but fearedcomplication of this infection is HUS罕见但致病的并发症为溶血性尿毒症综合征107. Erythrocytes红细胞108.carriers of Stx toendothelial cells介导毒素至内皮细胞109.thromboticmicroangiopathy血栓性微血管病110.thrombocytopenia 血小板减少症111.encephalopathy脑病112.dialysis support透析支持113.residual renal and neurologicdysfunction may persist肾及神经功能异常可能会持续114. ENTEROTOXIGENIC E . COLI（ETEC）肠产毒性大肠杆菌115.endemic diarrhea流行性腹泻116.After weaning断奶后117.locales地点118.developmentof mucosal immunity tocolonization factors (i.e., adhesins)黏膜免疫逐渐发展以对抗定植因素（如粘附分子）119.foodborne outbreaks食物传播的感染流行120. ETEC is themost common agent of traveler’s diarrheaETEC是旅行者腹泻最常见的病原菌121.prudent avoidanceof potentially contaminated fluids and foods严格避免经污染的水和食物122. A large inoculum (10^6 –10^10 CFU) is needed to producedisease致病菌量介于10^6 –10^10 CFU123.poorly cooked, unpeeled, orunrefrigerated 烹饪不足，未削皮，未在冰箱内储存124.jejunum and ileum空肠及回肠125.watery diarrhea accompaniedby cramps 水样便伴腹部绞痛126.profound volume depletion严重血容量不足（脱水）127.rehydration fluids补液128. ENTEROPATHOGENIC E . COLI （EPEC）致病性大肠杆菌129.neonates新生儿130.infantile diarrhea婴儿腹泻131. Breast-feeding diminishesthe incidence of EPEC infection.母乳喂养可降低EPEC感染的发生132. Rapid person-to-person spreadmay occur可发生快速人-人传播133.Upon colonization of the small bowel在小肠定植后134.symptomsdevelop after a briefincubation period (1 or 2 days)在（1-2）天潜伏期后，可出现症状135.a characteristic effacement of microvilli 微绒毛特征性变薄136.formation of cuplike,actin-richpedestals 形成杯状富含肌动蛋白的基座137. Diarrheal stool often contains mucus but not blood腹泻通常含黏膜状无而不含血138. ENTEROINV ASIVE E . COLI （EIEC）侵袭性大肠杆菌139.enterotoxins肠毒素140.tenesmus里急后重141.scantstool containing mucus, blood, andinflammatory cells粪便量少含有粘液，血及炎性细胞142. ENTEROAGGREGA TIVE E. COLI （EAEC）肠聚集性大肠杆菌143. DIFFUSEL Y ADHERENT E. COLI弥散粘附型大肠埃希菌144.stackedbrickpattern叠砖样145.distinguishnoninflammatory from inflammatory cases确定（腹泻）是否为炎性146. Empirical antimicrobial(orsymptom-based) treatment经验性抗感染治疗147. Giardia贾第鞭毛虫属148. Cryptosporidium隐孢子虫属149.ferment sorbitol应用山梨醇150. The mainstay of treatment主流治疗方案151.replacement of water and electrolytes补充水和电解质152.prophylactic antibiotics should bediscouraged不建议预防性应用抗生素153.rifaximin利福昔明154.nonabsorbable不被吸收入血155. patient-initiated treatment患者自我药疗156.fluoroquinolone氟喹诺酮类157.azithromycin阿奇霉素159.decreases the duration of illness缩短病程158.loperamide洛哌丁胺160.halt symptoms within a few hours几小时内控制症状161.dysentery痢疾162.hastens the resolution ofsymptoms加速症状缓解163.antimicrobialtherapy forSTEC/EHECinfection (the presence of whichis suggested by grossly bloody diarrhea without fever)shouldbe avoided, since antibiotics mayincrease the incidence of HUS(possibly via increasedproduction/release of Stx).STEC/EHEC感染（症状为腹泻伴血，无发热）不应采用抗生素治疗，因为可能增加溶血性尿毒症综合征的风险（可能是通过通过外毒素的产生和释放）164. KLEBSIELLA INFECTIONS克雷伯菌感染165. K. pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌166. K. oxytoca:产酸克雷伯菌167.colonize mucosalsurfaces ofmammals定植于哺乳动物黏膜表面168.the prevalence of K. pneumoniaecolonization is 5–35% in the colon and 1–5%in theoropharynx肺炎克雷伯菌在结肠的定植率为5–35%，在口咽部的定植率为1–5%169.carriagerates带菌率170.predominant mode of acquisition感染的主要传播途径171.Person-topersonspread人人传播172.“classic” K. pneumoniae (cKP)典型肺炎克雷伯菌（毒性较弱）173. The most common clinical syndromesdue to cKP are pneumonia, UTI, abdominalinfection,intravascular device infection,surgical site infection, soft tissueinfection, and subsequent bacteremia.cKP最常见的临床症状是肺炎、泌尿系统感染、腹部感染、血管内置管相关感染、手术部位感染、软组织感染及后续的菌血症174. MDR strains of cKP多重耐药的cKP菌175.neonatal nurseries新生儿托儿所176.severe community-acquiredpneumonia, primarily in alcoholics严重的社区获得性肺炎，尤其在嗜酒者中177.hypervirulentK. pneumoniae (hvKP)高致病性肺炎克雷伯菌（hvKP）178.cKPstrains appear to be genomicallydistinct from hypervirulentK. pneumoniae (hvKP)cKP和hvKP基因型完全不同179. K. pneumoniae accounts for only a smallproportion of cases of CAPCAP中由肺炎克雷伯菌引起的仅占少部分180.hosts with underlying conditions (e.g., alcoholism, diabetes, or chronic lung disease) 具有下列情况的宿主（易患病）（如嗜酒，糖尿病，慢性肺疾病）181. Pulmonary infectionis especially common among residents of LTCFs and hospitalizedpatients because of increased rates of oropharyngeal colonization疗养院及住院患者肺炎发生率较高，主要是因为口咽部定植比例升高182. Mechanical ventilation机械通气183.risk factor风险因素184.purulent sputum 脓痰185.airspace disease肺泡疾病186. Presentation with earlier, less extensiveinfection is more common than the classicallydescribed lobarinfiltrate with a bulging fissure早期、非广泛性感染相比于经典的大叶性实变更常见187. Pulmonary necrosis, pleural effusion, and empyema can occur with disease progression疾病进展可出现肺部坏死，胸腔积液及脓胸188.indwelling urinary catheters留置尿管189.less frequently isolatedfrom these infections很少被分离190. Pacific Rim环太平洋地区191.presentation ascommunity-acquiredhepaticabscess社区获得性肝脓肿192.occurrence in patients lacking a historyof hepatobiliarydisease患者并无肝胆病史193.a propensity for metastatic spread todistant sites(e.g., eyes, central nervous system, lungs)倾向于远处转移至眼、中枢神经系统、肺部194.extrahepatic abscesses肝外脓肿195. Not uncommonly不常见的是196.catastrophic morbidity灾难性的并发症197.loss of vision视力丧失198.neurologic sequelae神经系统后遗症199.cellulitis or soft tissue infection蜂窝组织炎及软组织感染200.devitalized tissue失活组织201.decubitus褥疮202. burn sites烧伤部位203.diabetic ulcers糖尿病溃疡204.hematogenously derived endophthalmitis 血流传播的眼内炎205.sinusitis鼻窦炎206. Like enteric GNB in general, Klebsiellaarely causes endocarditis or endovascular infection像多数G-菌一样，肺炎克雷伯菌很很少造成心内膜炎或血管内感染207.ferment lactose乳酸发酵208.capsular serotype K1 or K2夹膜血清型K1或K2209.hypermucoviscousphenotype 高粘度表型210.metastaticspread to the spleen转移至脾211.responsiblehvKP strain病原菌（responsible的用法）212.semiquantitatively definedby a positive “string test”半定量的成丝试验阳性（可确定表型）213.formation of a viscous string >5 mm long 形成>5mm的粘稠的丝状线214.stretched by an inoculation loop用接种环挑起215.intrinsically resistant toampicillin and ticarcillin对阿莫西林、α-替卡西林天然耐药216.nitrofurantoin is only poorlyactive against them呋喃妥因药效不佳217. This increasingresistance is mediated primarily by plasmid-encoded ESBLs日益加剧的耐药性源自质粒编码的ESBLs218.plasmids usually encode resistance toaminoglycosides,tetracyclines,andTMP-SMX质粒主要编码对氨基糖苷类、四环素类以及甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑219.cephamycins头霉素类220.Given both theundesirability of treating the latter strains with penicillins orcephalosporins and the fluoroquinoloneresistance often associatedwith ESBLs,empirical treatment ofserious or health care–associated Klebsiella infections with amikacinor carbapenemsis prudent考虑到应用青霉素、头孢菌素治疗耐药的（上文中的后者）疗效不佳，此外氟喹诺酮耐药也与ESBL相关，严重及医疗相关的克雷伯感染的经验治疗应用阿米卡星和碳青霉烯类是合理的221.the ESBL-driven use of carbapenemshas selected for strains of Klebsiella that possess carbapenemases,which confer resistance to the substrates of ESBLs aswell as to cephamycins and carbapenems为避免ESBL二应用碳青霉烯可以导致具有碳青霉烯酶的克雷伯菌被选择出来，使得这类菌株对ESBL底物的抗菌药耐药，同时也对头霉素及碳青霉烯类耐药222.panresistant泛耐药223. The optimalchoice for therapy is unclear 何种药物为最佳选择尚不明确224.Tigecycline, polymyxin B, andpolymyxin E (colistin) are the most activeagents in vitro 替加环素、多粘菌素B，多粘菌素E在体外对这类菌株有效。
常用传染病学词汇
ecchymosis
瘀斑
econazde
益康唑
elephantiasis
象皮肿
enanthema
粘膜疹
encephalitis B Japanica
日本乙型脑炎
endotoxin
肉毒素
enterotoxin
肠毒素
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
致病性大肠杆菌
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)
口围苍白
classical pathway
经典途径
clindamycin
氯林可霉素
clinical pattern
临床类型
cloxaillin
邻氯青霉素
clostridium botulinum
肉毒杆菌
clostrdium botulinum food poisoning
肉毒杆菌食物中毒
clostridium perfringens
头孢呋肟
cellular immunity
细胞免疫
cephalothin
头孢噻吩
cephalosporin
头孢菌素
cercarial dermatitis
尾蚴怀皮炎
cestodiasis
绦虫病
chickenpox;varicella
水痘
chloroquine phosphate
磷酸氯喹
Cholera
链尾丝虫
diphtheria
白喉
dipterex
敌百虫
disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)
肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)
普罗威登菌属:
产碱普罗威登菌()
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斯氏普罗威登菌(P.alealifaciens) 拉氏普罗威登菌(P.rustigianii) 摩根菌属: 摩根摩根氏菌(M.morganii)
l 重要性
• 重要性
传统上认为无害环境污染菌，因引起医院感染 增多、天然耐药，现已成为重要条件致病菌之一。 粘质沙雷菌占沙雷菌属临床分离株的90%以上。
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• 生长特性
染色：G -，小杆菌，（粘质沙雷菌细菌中 最小者）
菌落形态：不透明，白或有色。
• 实验室鉴定
初步鉴定：
KIA：K/A - - 或 A/A - - ，Mot +
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菌落形态： 普通培养基：大、湿、粘 选择培养基：乳糖发酵，不产H2S
l 实验室鉴定
初步鉴定：
KIA：A/A + -（A/A - -，K/A + -）Mot + IMVC：- - + + Urea + -
最终鉴定： 糖（醇）发酵，氨基酸等
乳糖不发酵，产H2S菌落；弱选择培养基上
（Mac，EMB）也可迁徙生长（SS上与沙门氏菌鉴别）
l 实验室鉴定
初步鉴定： KIA：K/A + +、 A/A + +（rare）， Mot + 脲酶 +
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第十四页，共20页。
医学微生物学基本词汇英汉对照表
单词注释单词注释a cacquired immunodificie ncy syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）schlamydia psittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体active immunit 自动免疫chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体acute infection 急性感染chronic infection 慢性感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷classical biotype 古典生物型adenoviridae 腺病毒科clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌属adenovirus 腺病毒cl.botulinum 肉毒梭菌adhesin 粘附素cl.difficile 艰难梭菌adsorption 吸附cl.perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌amantadine 金刚烷胺cl.tetani 破伤风梭菌amphotericin b 二性霉素b coagulase 血浆凝固酶anaerobicbacteria厌氧菌coccidioides immitis 厌酷球孢子菌antibiotic 抗生素coccus 球菌antigenic drift 抗原性漂移colonizzation factor 定居因子antigenic shift 抗原性转变complex symmetry 复合对称antisepsis 防腐continuous cell culture 传代细胞培养antitoxicimmunity抗毒素性免疫 cord factor 索状因子antitoxin 抗毒素core 核心apparentinfection显性传染coronaviridae 冠状病毒科arenaviridae 沙粒病毒科corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属artificial activeimmunity人工自动免疫 c.diphtheriae 白喉杆菌artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫 coxiella 柯克斯体属aspergillus 曲霉菌coxsackie virus 柯萨奇病毒asepsis 无菌cryptococcus neoformans 新新型隐球菌assembly 装配cubic symmetry 立体对称avp 抗病毒蛋白cytocitic infection 杀细胞感染bacillicalmette-guerin, bcg卡介苗cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒bacillus 杆菌cytopathogenic effect 细胞致病作用b.anthraci 炭疽杆菌c-onc 细胞原癌基因b dbacteremia 菌血症defective interfering particles 缺损干扰颗粒bacteriocin 细菌素dengue virus 登革病毒bacteriod 类杆菌dermatophytes 皮肤丝状菌b.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌diphtheria 白喉b.melaninogenicus黑色素类杆菌 diplococcus 双球菌bacteriophage 噬菌体diploid cell culture 二倍体细胞培养bacterium 细菌disinfection 消毒blastomyces dermatitidis 皮炎芽生菌enteroniavasive escherichiacol,eiec肠侵袭性大肠杆菌bordetellapertussis百日咳杆菌endogenous infection 内源性感染borrelia 疏螺旋体属el-tor biotype 埃尔托生物型b.recurrentis 回归热螺旋体 endotoxin 内毒素b.vincenti 奋森氏螺旋体enteric cytopathogenic humanorpan virus,埃可病毒b.burdorfe 莱姆病螺旋体 enterobacteriaceae 肠粘附性大肠杆菌botulism 肉毒中毒enterohemorrhagic escherichiacoli,etec肠产毒性大肠杆菌brucella 布氏杆菌属enterovirus 肠道病毒br.bovis 牛布氏杆菌envelope 囊膜br.melitensis 羊布氏杆菌enteropathoginc escherichiacoli,epec肠致病性大肠杆菌br.suis 猪布氏杆菌epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属bunyaviridae 布尼安病毒科 epstein-barr virus,eb virus eb eb病毒calmett-guerinsvaccine卡介苗escherichia 埃希氏菌属campylobacter 弯曲菌属 e.coli 大肠杆菌c.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌exogenous infection 外源性感染candidaalbicans白色念珠菌exotoxin 外毒素capsid 衣壳fimbriae 纤毛capsomere 壳微粒flagellum 鞭毛capsule 荚膜flaviviridae 黄病毒科carrier 带菌者fungus 真菌cell culture 细胞培养fusion 融合cell fusion 细胞融合ganciclovir 丙氧鸟苷cell wall 细胞壁genetic engineering 基因工程chitin 甲壳质genetic recombination 基因重组chlamydiae 衣原体growth inhibition test 生长抑制实验chlamydiapneumonia肺炎衣原体guarneiri body 顾氏小体hantaan virus 汉滩病毒horizontal tansmission 水平传播hantavirus 汉坦病毒属human immunodeficiency virus,hiv 人免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病病毒）halophilicvibrio嗜盐弧菌hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hbcag 乙型肝炎病毒immunofluorescence technic,ift 免疫荧光法核心抗原 hbeag 乙型肝炎病毒e 抗原inapparent imfection隐性传染 hbsag 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原inclusion body包涵体hbv dna polymerase 乙型肝炎病毒dna 聚合酶 infectious mononucleosis传染性单核细胞增多症 heat-labiletoxin,lt 不耐热肠毒素 inferferon(ifn)干扰素 heat-stabletoxin,st耐热肠毒素 integrated infection整合传染 hela cells,hela 细胞 invasiveness 侵袭力 hemagglutinin,ha血凝集japanese encephalitis virus,jev 日本脑炎病毒hemagglutination-inhibition test血凝抑制试验 japanese b encephalitis,jbe 日本乙型脑炎hemagglutinati on phenomenon 血凝现象 klebsiella 克雷伯氏菌属 hemolysin 溶血素 k.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯氏菌hemlphilus 嗜血杆菌属 lactobacillus乳杆菌属 h.influenzae 流行性感冒杆菌latent infection潜伏感染hemorrhagicfever with renal syndrome 肾综合征合征出血热ld50半数致死量helicalsymmetry螺旋对称legionella 军团菌属 hepadnaviridae 嗜肝病毒科 legionnaires disease 军团菌病 hepatitis avirus,hav 甲型肝炎病毒 lentivirinae慢病毒科 hepatitis bvirus,hbv乙型肝炎病毒 leptospira钩端螺旋体属 hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒 local infection 局部感染 herpes simplexvirus单纯疱疹病毒 lipopolysaccharide,lps脂多糖 varicella-zostervirus带状疱疹病毒 lysogenic bacteria溶原性细菌 herpetoviridae 疱疹病毒科 lysogeny 溶原状态 human herps virus type 6、7 人疱疹病毒6、7型lysogenic phage溶原性噬菌体 histoplasma capsulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌lyssavirus狂犬病毒科measles virus 麻疹病毒papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科mesosome 中介体parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒metabolicinhibition test代谢抑制试验 parmyxoviridae 副粘病毒科metachromaticgranules异染颗粒paramyxovirus 副粘病毒microbiology 微生物学parvoviridae 微小病毒科microcapsule 微荚膜parvavirus 微小病毒mcrococcustetragenus四联球菌penicillium 青霉菌micrometer,micron(u=um)微米penetration 穿入microorganism 微生物peplomer 囊微粒mold 霉菌persistent infection 持续性感染moniliaalbicans白色念珠菌pesticine-1 鼠疫杆菌杀菌素mucor 毛霉菌picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒pilus(或fimbrae) 菌毛mutation 突变plague 鼠疫mycelium 菌丝体plaque forming unit,pfu 空斑形成单位mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属plasmid 质粒m.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌 plasmin 胞浆素mycolic acid 分枝菌酸poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒mycoplasma 支原体属polykaryocyte 多核巨细胞mycostatin 制霉菌素poly i:c,polyinosinic:cytrdyeic acid 多聚肌苷酸：胞苷酸mycotoxicosis 真菌毒素中毒症poxviridae 痘病毒科mycrosporum 小孢子癣菌属 poxvirus 痘病毒nairovirus 内罗病毒属pre-s antigen 前s抗原negri body 内基氏小体primary cell culture 原代细胞培养neisseria 奈瑟氏菌属prickle cell 棘细胞n.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟氏力 prion 蛋白侵染因子n.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌β-propialactone β-丙内脂newenterovirus新型肠道病毒 prophage 前噬菌体normal flora 正常菌群proteus 变形杆菌nuclearmaterial核质protoplast 原生质体nucleocapsid 核衣壳provirus 前病毒oldtuberculin,ot旧结核菌素pseudomonas 假单胞菌属oncornavirusrna肿瘤病毒p.aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌orthomyxoviridae正粘病毒科purified protein derivative,ppd 纯化蛋白衍生物orthomyxovirus正粘病毒pyosepticemia 脓毒血症humanpapilloma virus乳头瘤病毒pyrogen 热原质rabies virus 狂犬病病毒sh.boydii 鲍氏志贺氏菌receptorbinding protein受体连接蛋白 sh.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌release 释放sh.flexneri 福氏志贺氏菌reoviridae 呼肠孤病毒科 sh.sonnei 宋内氏志贺氏菌replication 复制slow infection 慢发性感染resistancefactor耐药因子spheroplast 原生质球resistance transfer factor,ptf 耐药性传递因子spike 刺突respiratorysyncytialvirus,rs virus呼吸道病毒spirillum 螺菌respiratoryviruses逆转录病毒科 spore 芽胞，孢子retroviridae 逆转录病毒staphylococcus 葡萄球菌retrovirus 逆转录酶stap.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌reversetranscriptase弹状病毒科stap.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌rhabdoviridae 病毒唑stap.protein a,spa 葡萄球菌a蛋白ribavirin(virozol)rna病毒sterdy state infection 稳定感染rickettsia 立克次氏体属 sterillization 灭菌rifampin 利福平streptococcus 链球菌属ringworm fungi 癣菌strep.anhemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌rochalimaea 罗沙利马体属 strep.hemolyticus 溶血性链球菌（乙型链球菌）rotavirus 轮状病毒strp.pneumonia 肺炎链球菌russianspring-summer encephalitis virus 苏联春夏季脑炎病毒strep.viridans 草绿色链球菌（甲型链球菌）sabourauds medium 沙保氏培养培养基streptodornase 链道酶salmonella 沙门氏菌属streptokinase 链激酶s.choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙氏菌 subclinical infection 亚临床感染s.typhi 伤寒沙门氏菌 subunit vaccine 亚单位疫苗s.paratyphi 副伤寒沙门氏subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 亚急性硬化性全脑炎菌sspes.typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌subvirus 亚病毒sarcina 八迭球菌syncytium 合胞体shigella 志贺菌属syphilis 梅毒tcid50 50% 组织细胞感染量systemic infection 全身感染teichoic acid 磷壁酸vertical transmission 垂直传播temperatephage温和噬菌体vibrio 弧菌属temperature-sensitive conditional mutant,ts 温度敏感突变株v.cholerae 霍乱弧菌thymidinekinase胸腺核苷激酶 veillenella 韦荣氏球菌属togaviridae 披膜病毒科virino 朊病毒toxemia 毒血症virion 病毒体toxin 类毒素viroid 类病毒toxoid 密螺旋体属virulence 毒力treponema 梅毒螺旋体virulent phage 毒性噬菌体t.pallidum 雅司螺旋体virus 病毒t.pertenue 毛癣菌属virusoid 拟病毒trichophyton 毛癣菌素v—onc 病毒癌基因trichophytin 脱壳widal test 肥达氏试验uncoating 脲原体属yersinia 耶尔森氏菌属ureaplasma 脲原体属y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌vaccine 疫苗y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核杆菌。
常用传染病学词汇
ecchymosis
瘀斑
econazde
益康唑
elephantiasis
象皮肿
enanthema
粘膜疹
encephalitis B Japanica
日本乙型脑炎
endotoxin
肉毒素
enterotoxin
肠毒素
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
致病性大肠杆菌
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)
酶联免疫吸附试验
epidimic
流行
epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis
流行性脑脊髓膜炎
epidemic encephalitis B
流行性乙型脑炎
epidemic hemorragic fever(EHF)
流行性出血热
epidemic parotitis
流行性腮腺炎
epidemic tyhus
amoebic liver abscess
阿米巴肝脓肿
amoxicillin
羟氨苄青霉素
amphoterincin B
两性霉素B
ampicilln
氨苄青霉素
anaerobic bacteria;anaerobe
厌氧菌
anoxemia
缺氧血症
anoxia
缺氧
ansamycin
袢霉素
anthrax
炭疽
antibiotic
流行性斑疹伤寒
epididymitis
附睾炎
eruption
发疹
erythrocytic stage
红细胞内期
感染病学名解
1.清除病原体elimination of pathogen ：病原体进入人体后，可被机体非特异性防御能力、特异性主动免疫、特异性被动免疫清除2.隐性感染covert infection :指病原体侵入人体后，仅诱导机体产生特异性免疫应答，而不引起或只引起轻微的组织损伤，因而在临床上不显出任何症状、体征，甚至生化改变，只能通过免疫学检查才能发现3.显性感染overt infection：指病原体侵入人体后，不但诱导机体发生免疫应答，而且，通过病原体本身的作用或机体的变态反应，导致组织损伤，引起病理改变和临床表现。
4.病原携带状态carrier state ：指病原体侵入人体后，可以停留在入侵部位，或侵入较远的脏器，继续生长、繁殖，而人体不出现任何的疾病状态，但能携带并排出病原体，成为流行病的传染源5.潜伏性感染latent infection :病原体感染人体后，寄生于某些部位，由于机体免疫功能足以将病原体局限化而不引起显性感染，但又不足以将病原体清除时，病原体便可长期潜伏起来，待机体免疫功能下降时，则可引起显性感染6.感染后免疫post infection immunity :指免疫功能正常的人体经显性或隐性感染某种病原体后，都能产生针对该病原体及其产物的特异性免疫7.潜伏期incubation period：从病原体侵入人体始，至开始出现临床症状为止的时期8.前驱期prodromal period :从起病至症状明显开始为止的时期9.症状明显期period of apparent manifestation : 急性传染病患者度过前驱期后，某些传染病往往转入症状明显期，在此期间该传染病所特有的症状和体征都通常获得充分的表现10.恢复期convalescent period ：当机体的免疫力增长至一定程度，体内病理生理过程基本终止，患者的症状和体征基本消失，临床上称为恢复期11.再燃recrudescence ：指当传染病患者的临床症状和体征逐渐减轻，但体温尚未完全恢复正常的缓解阶段，由于潜伏于血液或组织中的病原体再度繁殖，使体温再次升高，初发病的症状与体征再度出现的情形12.复发relapse ：指当患者进入恢复期后，已稳定退热一段时间，由于体内残存的病原体再度繁殖而使临床表现再度出现的情形13.主动免疫：有计划地对易感者进行疫苗、菌苗、类毒素的接种，使人体在1-4周内主动产生免疫力，维持数月至数年，免疫次数1-3次，主要用于预防传染病14.被动免疫：采用含特异性抗体的免疫血清，包括抗毒血清、人类丙种球蛋白等，给人体注射后免疫立即出现，但持续时间仅2-3周，免疫次数多为1次，主要用于治疗某些外毒素引起的疾病，或与某些传染病患者接触后的应急措施15.抗原漂移antigenic drift :指的是亚型内的小抗原变异，主要由病毒基因组的点突变引起，亦称抗原的量变，有助于病毒逃避宿主的防御16.抗原转换antigenic shift :即抗原质变，指的是大的抗原变异，往往可出现新的强病毒株，引起世界性大流行17.雷耶（Reye）综合征：急性脑病合并内脏脂肪变性综合征，是流感病毒感染时的严重并发症18.肾综合征出血热hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome HFRS ：是汉坦病毒属中的若干型病毒引起的以啮齿类动物为主要传染源的自然疫源性疾病，临床特征主要有发热、出血和肾损害19.艾滋病acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合症：其病原为人类免疫缺陷病毒。
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感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.1肠杆菌）1. Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2. diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts 免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9. Serratia沙雷菌属10. Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11. Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13. Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14. pathotypes 致病类型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16. GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individuals GNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院时间延长20. severe illness疾病严重21. antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25. lipid bilayer磷脂双层26. lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharides[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29. bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36. dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37. chess match国际象棋对抗赛38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬细胞44. Extraintestinal attachment肠外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48. iron via intracellular storage细胞储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51. hemolysin溶红细胞素52.multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53. siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrheal disease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55. defining traits独特特点56.many important virulence genes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60. overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62. >150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63. >80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64. immune evasion免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染复发66. different strains of the same species同一种的不同菌属67. impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobial resistance天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系统改变及损害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites从原本无菌的体部位分离出G-菌73.nonsterile sites非无菌区74. open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation结合临床77. differentiate colonization from infection鉴别定植还是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖发酵79. indole production产生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性81. lag between published and real-time resistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82. ever-increasing prevalence ofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84. appropriate narrower spectrum agent适合的窄谱抗菌药物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87. maximize the useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如为定植，无需治疗89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNB G-菌的耐药谱90. species细菌的种属91. geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93. hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs) versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems碳青霉烯类95. imipenem美罗培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99. cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（β酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104. active efflux of β-lactam agentsβ酰胺类药物主动泵出105. in combination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broad spectrum β-lactamases广谱β酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I青霉素及头孢I代108.enteric GNB肠道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)超广谱β酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter肠杆菌119. Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121. Serratia沙雷氏菌属122. the regional prevalence ofESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America > Western Pacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due toESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124. extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125. ceftazidime头孢他定.most reliably active β-lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128. decreased uptake of cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations （细菌）对头孢菌素、β酰胺酶/β酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌. Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamases confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpCβ酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药. cefoxitin头孢西丁136. cefotetan头孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition byβ-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制. constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ酰胺酶的基因. Proteus vulgaris普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin头孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpCβ-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ酰胺酶基因转导145.cefepime is stable to AmpC β-lactamases 头孢吡肟对AmpCβ酰胺酶稳定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149. imipenem亚胺培南150. meropenem美罗培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152. Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154. Tigecycline替加环素155. polymyxins多粘菌素类156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160. assess the clinical response to treatment 评价治疗的反应161. resistance may evolve during therapy治疗过程中可出现耐药162. drainage of abscesses脓肿引流. removal of infected foreign bodies感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB 设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166. superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficile colitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168. Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols坚持执行手卫生原则169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices(e.g., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at ≥30°) 适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177. confer benefits to the host (e.g., resistance to colonization with pathogenicorganisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179. a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180. host compromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic immunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181. inoculum（接种）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183. phylogenetic background系统发育背景184. surgical wound infection手术伤口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃肠炎. ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients门诊患者192. uncomplicated cystitis无症状膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染. specific hosts (e.g., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）. frequent recurrences反复复发. dysuria排尿困难. urinary frequency尿频. suprapubic pain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201. fever may take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal orperinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速评估是否存在肾、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnant women孕妇206. adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy影响孕程207. prenatal screening产前检查208. asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210. potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211. tailored to the individual host个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213. acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis透析相关性腹膜炎216. diverticulitis憩室炎217. appendicitis阑尾炎218. intraperitoneal or visceralabscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219. infected pancreatic pseudocysts胰腺假性囊肿220. septic cholangitis化脓性胆管炎221. septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222. facultative and/or anaerobic members of the intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225. postoperative and ICU patients术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associated pneumonia呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volume aspiration小容量吸气228. hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates多灶性浸润。