高考英语语法-省略与替代

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高考英语语法-省略与替代

(一)并列句中的省略

在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:

Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and som e few (are) to be chewed and digested.

(二)简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:

(You) Be seated, please.

2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:

(I)Thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)

(It)Doesn’t matter. (没关系。)

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:

(There is) No smoking. (禁止吸烟。)

(Is there) Anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)

(You come) This way, please. (请这边走)。

(Will you)Have a smoke ?(吸支烟?)

What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)

Why(do you)not say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)3.省略宾语。如:

—Do you know Miss Gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)

—I don’t know(her). (我不认识。)

—Which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)—Well, it’s hard to tell(it). (哟,这很难说。)

4.省略表语。如:

—Are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)

—Yes, I am(thirsty). (是的,我渴。)

5.同时省略几个成分。如:

—Are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)

—(I am feeling)Much better(now). (好多了。)

—Have you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)

—(I have)Not(finished my work)yet. (还没有。)

(I wish)Good luck(to you)!(祝你顺利!)

6.其他一些省略结构

1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:

We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.

2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:What a wonderful victory(it is)for Wilma!

How wonderful(it was)to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.

3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。

①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid,expect,forget,h ope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wis h等后边。如:

I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.

②在have,need,ought,be going,,used等后。如:

I didn’t want to go there,but I had to.

③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:

—Will you join in the game ?

—I’d be glad to.

④否定形式的省略用not to。如:

—Shall I go instead of him ?

—I prefer not to.

⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如:

—Are you a sailor ?

—No, but I used to be.

—He hasn’t finished yet.

—Well, he ought to have.

(三)复合句中的省略

1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where 也可以省去。如:

This is the first time(when)he had trouble with the boss.

2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:

Tom was sad, but I don’t know why(he was sad).

3.状语从句中的省略现象

一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:

由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,altho ugh,even if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,as if,as though 方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:

1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:

①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词

Once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.

②连词(though,whether,when) + 形容词

Work hard when(you are)young, or you’ll regret.

③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语

He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.

④连词(when,while,though) + 现在分词

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