高考英语语法-省略与替代
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高考英语语法-省略与替代
(一)并列句中的省略
在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and som e few (are) to be chewed and digested.
(二)简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:
(You) Be seated, please.
2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:
(I)Thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)
(It)Doesn’t matter. (没关系。)
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:
(There is) No smoking. (禁止吸烟。)
(Is there) Anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)
(You come) This way, please. (请这边走)。
(Will you)Have a smoke ?(吸支烟?)
What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)
Why(do you)not say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)3.省略宾语。如:
—Do you know Miss Gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)
—I don’t know(her). (我不认识。)
—Which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)—Well, it’s hard to tell(it). (哟,这很难说。)
4.省略表语。如:
—Are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)
—Yes, I am(thirsty). (是的,我渴。)
5.同时省略几个成分。如:
—Are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)
—(I am feeling)Much better(now). (好多了。)
—Have you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)
—(I have)Not(finished my work)yet. (还没有。)
(I wish)Good luck(to you)!(祝你顺利!)
6.其他一些省略结构
1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.
2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:What a wonderful victory(it is)for Wilma!
How wonderful(it was)to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.
3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid,expect,forget,h ope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wis h等后边。如:
I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
②在have,need,ought,be going,,used等后。如:
I didn’t want to go there,but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:
—Will you join in the game ?
—I’d be glad to.
④否定形式的省略用not to。如:
—Shall I go instead of him ?
—I prefer not to.
⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如:
—Are you a sailor ?
—No, but I used to be.
—He hasn’t finished yet.
—Well, he ought to have.
(三)复合句中的省略
1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where 也可以省去。如:
This is the first time(when)he had trouble with the boss.
2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:
Tom was sad, but I don’t know why(he was sad).
3.状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,altho ugh,even if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,as if,as though 方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:
1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词
Once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.
②连词(though,whether,when) + 形容词
Work hard when(you are)young, or you’ll regret.
③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语
He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.
④连词(when,while,though) + 现在分词