Daniel_Defoe英文简介PPT

丹尼尔笛福英文介绍

Defoe bu romanını, kazaya uğrayarak ıssız bir adaya sığınan Alexander Selkirk adlı İskoçyalı bir denizcinin anlattıklarından yola çıkarak yazmıştı. Robinson Crusoe'nun geçirdiği kaza ve adadaki yaşamı okuyanlara gerçek olduğundan kuşku duyurmayacak bir inandırıcılıktaydı.
Robinson Crusoe'nun ilk cildi 1719'da The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ("Robinson Crusoe'nun Yaşamı ve Şaşırtıcı Serüvenleri") adıyla basıldı ve piyasaya çıkar çıkmaz büyük bir ilgi gördü.
İlk kez arandığında, "orta boylu, sıska, esmer, koyu kahverengi saçlı ama peruk kullanan, gaga burunlu, sivri ç eneli, gri gözlü, ağzının kenarında iri bir ben bulunan..." diye, bulunmasını sağlamak için betimleyici bir ilan çıkmıştı Tutuklandıktan kısa bir süre sonra serbest bırakıldı

《丹尼尔笛福介绍》PPT课件

Daniel Defoe
(1660-1731)
Life
Defoe was born as the son of James Foe, a butcher of Stroke Newington. He studied at Charles Morton's Academy, London. Although his Nonconformist father intended him for the ministry, Defoe plunged into politics and trade, traveling extensively in Europe. In the early 1680s Defoe was a commission merchant in Cornhill but went bankrupt in 1691. In 1684 he married Mary Tuffley, they had two sons and five daughters.
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Evaluation
The father of the English novel. British writer of eighteenth
century Britain, the founder of the realistic novel.
The main works
The Robinson Crusoe Captain Singleton Moll Flanders Colonel Jacque A Journal Plague Years
Work experience
Merchant Soldier News reporter Pamphleteer Journalist Novelist

Daniel Defoe(笛福)

❖ 1704, he found The Review and carried it to 1713 1704年，创办了杂志——《评论》并发行到1713年
❖ 1719, published Robinson Crusoe ❖ 1719年，发表《鲁宾逊漂流记》 ❖ 1731, died ❖ 1731年，逝世
Sentences are sometimes short, crisp, and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.
Daniel Defoe
小组成员：______
丹尼尔·笛福
Date of Birth: May 6th, 1660 Date of Death: April 24th, 1731 Birthplace: London
Brief Introduction
❖ English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer（评论家） and spy ❖ Wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets and journals ❖ Most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe ❖ The father of English novel ❖ A pioneer of economic journalism
1660年出生于伦敦（屠夫之子），接受了最好的教育，却放弃了做一名牧师的机会。 ❖ 1678-1683 traveled in Spain, Italy, France and German as a merchant.

Daniel_Defoe_Robinson_Crusoe_笛福和鲁滨逊漂流记全英文PPT

2. It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island

England
North Africa
1.Crusoe leaves England and goes to sea , then is captured by pirates.Then he became a slave of a Moor
England
Robinson Crusoe
This book is a fictional autobiography of the title —a castaway who Click to addcharacter title in here spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering Native Americans, captives Click to addand titlemutineers in here before being rescued. Click to add title in here
2.disturbed 3.plan to leave
Crusoe’s Peaceful Life on the Island
Crusoe went on a voyage, but a terrible shipwreck occurred, after which he found himself on the shore of an island, alone.

笛福英文介绍 Daniel Defoe

He keeps a calendar by making marks in a wooden cross which he has built. He hunts, grows corn and rice, dries grapes to make raisins for the winter months, learns to make pottery and raises goats, all using tools created from stone and wood which he harvests on the island. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society.
Muslim living in the northwest of Africa

After two years of slavery, he manages to escape and is rescued and befriended by the Captain of a Portuguese shi Africa. The ship is en route to Brazil. There, with the help of the captain, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
Born as Daniel Foe founder of English novel

Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福 ppt课件

Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was himself a Puritan moralist,
A central concern of Defoe's in the novel is the Christian notion of Providence. Crusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fate, thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent hopelessness. His various fortunate intuitions are taken as evidence of a benign spirit world.
ppt课件
11
Crusoe’s Life on the
Island
Crusoe went on a voyage, but a terrible shipwreck occurred, after which he found himself on the shore of an island, alone.
16
Ending of the Story
Later, an English ship appears. Crusoe and the ship’s captain strike a deal, in which he helps the captain retake the ship from the mutineers . They leaves the worst of the mutineers on the island. Crusoe leaves the island on December 19th, 1686, and arrives back in England on June 11th, 1687.

第五讲Daniel_Defoe

He swam back to the sunk ship and after several trips he got out of it the small stores of food, clothing and tools as well as guns and bullets, which he saved up for his own use.
Selected Reading: Robinson Crusoe

Setting: a desert island. in 1659. 13 days after he landed on the island. Characters: The protagonist: Robinson Crusoe. Plot: setting up tent; making a cave; keeping the powder; hunting for food; making a calendar Point of view: the first person “I ”. Theme:
poems or dramas)
One of the forerunners of the realistic who
write stories about believable characters in
realistic situations using simple prose.
Life of Defoe
born in 1660, son of a London butcher, a dissenter against the Church of England. a jack-of-all-trades: a merchant, soldier, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer as well as a writer. “The shortest way with Dissenters” Daniel Defoe didn’t begin his novel writing until he was 59 years old. ( a late bloomer 大器晚成)

英国文学主题介绍：Daniel Defoe

anchor off the island . The captain takes
Robinson and Friday to England. Wishing to see the island where he had spent so many years, Robinson pays a visit to it once more . During an attack of the Indians his faithful Friday is killed. Later , Robinson happens to see one celebrathin and manage to save one of the victims. This man, named Friday, becomes Robinson's true and faithful companion.
Works Features The representative of "Robinson Crusoe" is well known in the world, Robinson has also become a difficult struggle with
the typical, so he is
Of all the ship's crew Robinson alone escapes to the shore after strenuous efforts. From then on,he lives all alone on the
island.
Robinson Crusoe
Meanwhile , an English ship drops
THANK YOU

丹尼尔笛福简介

丹尼尔·笛福简介1. 前言•丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）是一位英国作家和记者，他因他的小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》而闻名于世。

•笛福不仅是18世纪文学的重要人物，也是英国历史上最早的专业记者之一。

•本文将介绍笛福的生平及其主要作品，以帮助读者更好地了解这位杰出的作家。

2. 生平•丹尼尔·笛福于1660年出生在英国伦敦一个富有的家庭。

•尽管他的家庭富有，但他在成长过程中经历了许多困难和挫折。

他的父亲是一位商人，但在他年轻的时候就去世了。

•笛福在年轻时曾从事多种职业，包括商人、煤矿所有者和政府间谍等。

这些经历为他后来的写作生涯提供了丰富的素材和灵感。

3. 文学成就3.1 《鲁滨逊漂流记》•《鲁滨逊漂流记》是笛福最著名的作品之一，讲述了一个男人在遇到船只事故后被困在一个荒岛上的故事。

•这部小说被认为是世界上第一部关于荒岛生存的现实主义小说，对后来的冒险小说和流行文化产生了深远的影响。

•《鲁滨逊漂流记》不仅因其引人入胜的故事情节而受到赞赏，还因其深入探讨人类孤立和自我反省的主题而备受推崇。

3.2 其他作品•笛福的文学作品不仅局限于小说，他还写过大量的政治、经济和社会评论。

•他的作品主要围绕着个人自由和人类社会发展的主题展开，深受当时社会上自由思潮的影响。

•其他值得一提的作品包括《智慧之路》、《少壮派天空思考者》等。

3.3 被视为早期记者•笛福是英国历史上最早的专业记者之一。

•他在1695年创办了第一份英国商业报纸《消息报》，成为了一名独立的新闻记者。

•笛福的新闻报道以其准确性和客观性而闻名，这让他在当时的报业界有很高的声誉。

4. 影响和遗产•丹尼尔·笛福的作品对英国文学产生了深远的影响，他被认为是英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一。

•他的作品不仅在英国，而且在全球范围内都广受欢迎，被翻译成多种语言。

•他的文学成就使他成为了18世纪英国文学的重要人物，并为后来的作家提供了灵感和启示。

Daniel Defoe笛福

Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔•笛福) （1660--1731）●Introduction:笛福是小说的最早的倡导者，并为这种新兴文学形式的普及作出了极大贡献，被认为是英国小说之父(the Farther of the English Fiction)。

笛福是一个具有多种才能的多产作家。

共写了500多本不同类型的书和小册子，并与26家杂志有联系，其写作的主题和题材包括政治、犯罪、宗教、婚姻、心理和超自然等。

他也被称为“现代新闻报道之父”。

他的作品，包括大量政论册子，无一不是投合资产阶级发展的需要，写城市中产阶级感兴趣和关心的问题。

●His works:The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(现在也称Robinson Crusoe)（1719）；Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》（1720）；Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》（1722）；A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日记》（1722）；Roxana《罗克萨娜》（1724）；Colonel Jacques《杰克上校》（1722）。

●Appreciation: an excerpt from Chapter Ⅳ.My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing my self againsteither savages, if any should appear, or wild beasts, if any were in the island;and I had many thoughts of the method how to do this, and what kind ofdwelling to make, whether I should make me a cave in the earth, or a tentupon the earth: And, in short, I resolved upon both, the manner anddescription of which, it may not be improper to give an account of.I soon found the place I was in was not for my settlement, particularlybecause it was upon a low moorish ground near the sea, and I believedwould not be wholesome, and more particularly because there was no fresh water near it, so I resolved tofind a more healthy and more convenient spot of ground.I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me. First, health, andfresh water I just now mentioned. Secondly, shelter from the heat of the sun. Thirdly, security fromravenous creatures, whether men or beasts. Fourthly, a view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in sight, Imight not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectationyet.In search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the side of a rising hill; whose fronttowards this little plain, was steep as a house-side, so that nothing could come down upon me from the top;on the side of this rock there was a hollow place worn a little way in like the entrance or door of a cave,but there was not really any cave or way into the rock at all.On the flat of the green, just before this hollow place, I resolved to pitch my tent: This plain was notabove an hundred yards broad, and about twice as long, and lay like a green before my door, and at the end of it descended irregularly every way down into the low-grounds by the sea-side. It was on the north-northwest side of the hill, so that I was sheltered from the heat every day, till it came to a west and by south sun, or thereabouts, which in those countries is near the setting.Before I set up my tent, I drew a half circle before the hollow place, which took in about ten yards in its semi-diameter from the rock, and twenty yards in its diameter, from its beginning and ending.In this half circle I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them into the ground till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end being out of the ground about five foot and a half, and sharpened on the top: The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another.Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and I laid them in rows one upon another, within the circle, between these two rows of stakes, up to the top, placing other stakes in the in-side, leaning against them, about two foot and a half high, like a spur to a post, and this fence was so strong, that neither man or beast could get into it or over it. This cost me a great deal of time and labour, especially to cut the piles in the woods, bring them to the place, and drive them into the earth.The entrance into this place I made to be not by a door, but by a short ladder to go over the top, which ladder, when I was in, I lifted over after me, and so I was completely fenced in, and fortified as I thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the night, which otherwise I could not have done, though, as it appeared afterward, there was no need of all this caution from the enemies that I apprehended danger from.Into this fence or fortress, with infinite labour, I carried all my riches, all my provisions, ammunition and stores, of which you have the account above. And I made me a large tent, which, to preserve me from the rains that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made double, viz. One smaller tent within, and one larger tent above it, and covered the uppermost with a large tarpaulin which I had saved among the sails.And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on shore, but in a hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged to the mate of the ship.Into this tent I brought all my provisions, and every thing that would spoil by the wet, and having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the entrance, which till now I had left open, and so passed and re-passed, as I said, by a short ladder.When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and bringing all the earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent, I laid them up within my fence in the nature of a terrace, that so it raised the ground within about a foot and a half; and thus I made me a cave just behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house.。

Danniel Defoe丹尼尔。迪福简介

Danniel Defoe丹尼尔·迪福简介Introductionborn 1660, London, Eng.died April 24, 1731, LondonDaniel Defoe, engraving by M. Van der Gucht, after a portrait by J. Taverner, first half of the …English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, author of Robinson Crusoe (1719–22) and Moll Flanders (1722).Early life.Defoe's father, James Foe, was a hard-working and fairly prosperous tallow chandler (perhaps also, later, a butcher), of Flemish descent. By his middle 30s, Daniel was calling himself “Defoe,” probab ly reviving a variant of what may have been the original family name. As a Nonconformist, or Dissenter, Foe could not send his son to the University of Oxford or to Cambridge; he sent him instead to the excellent academy at Newington Green kept by the Reverend Charles Morton. There Defoe received an education in many ways better, and certainly broader, than any he would have had at an English university. Morton was an admirable teacher, laterbecoming first vice president of Harvard College; and the clarity, simplicity, and ease of his style of writing—together with the Bible, the works of John Bunyan, and the pulpit oratory of the day—may have helped to form Defoe's own literary style.Although intended for the Presbyterian ministry, Defoe decided against t his and by 1683 had set up as a merchant. He called trade his “beloved subject,” and it was one of the abiding interests of his life. He dealt in many commodities, traveled widely at home and abroad, and became an acute and intelligent economic theorist, in many respects ahead of his time; but misfortune, in one form or another, dogged him continually. He wrote of himself:No man has tasted differing fortunes more,And thirteen times I have been rich and poor.It was true enough. In 1692, after prospering for a while, Defoe went bankrupt for £17,000. Opinions differ as to the cause of his collapse: on his own admission, Defoe was apt to indulge in rash speculations and projects; he may not always have been completely scrupulous, and he later characterized hi mself as one of those tradesmen who had “done things which their own principles condemned, which they are not ashamed to blush for.” But undoubtedly the main reason for his bankruptcy was the loss that he sustained in insuring ships during the war with France—he was one of 19 “merchants insurers” ruined in 1692. In this matter Defoe may have been incautious, but he was not dishonourable, and he dealt fairly with his creditors (some of whom pursued him savagely), paying off all but £5,000 within 10 years. He suffered further severe losses in 1703, when his prosperous brick-and-tile works near Tilbury failed during his imprisonment for political offenses, and he did not actively engage in trade after this time.Soon after setting up in business, in 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a well-to-do Dissenting merchant. Not much is known about her, and he mentions her little in his writings, but she seems to have been a loyal, capable, and devoted wife. She bore eight children, of whom six lived to maturity, and when Defoe died the couple had been married for 47 years.Mature life and works.With Defoe's interest in trade went an interest in politics. The first of many political pamphlets by him appeared in 1683. When the Roman Catholic James II ascended the throne in 1685, Defoe—as a staunch Dissenter and with characteristic impetuosity—joined the ill-fated rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, managing to escape after the disastrous Battle of Sedgemoor. Three years later James had fled to France, and Defoe rode to welcome the army of William of Orange—“William, the Glorious, Great, and Good, and Kind,” as Defoe was to call him. Throughout William III's reign, Defoe supported him loyally, becoming his leading pamphleteer. In 1701, in reply to attacks on the “foreign” king, Defoe published his vigorous and witty poem The True-Born Englishman, an enormously popular work that is still very readable and relevant in its exposure of the fallacies of racial prejudice. Defoe was clearly proud of this work, becau se he sometimes designated himself “Author of ‘The True-Born Englishman'” in later works.Foreign politics also engaged Defoe's attention. Since the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697), it had become increasingly probable that what would, in effect, be a European war would break out as soon as the childless king of Spain died. In 1701 five gentlemen of Kent presented a petition, demanding greater defense preparations, to the House of Commons (then Tory-controlled) and were illegally imprisoned. Next morning Defoe, “guarded with about 16 gentlemen of quality,” presented the speaker, Robert Harley, with his famous document “Legion's Memorial,” which reminded the Commons in outspoken terms that “Englishmen are no more to be slaves to Parliaments than to a King.” It was e ffective: the Kentishmen were released, and Defoe was feted by the citizens of London. It had been a courageous gesture and one of which Defoe was ever afterward proud, but it undoubtedly branded him in Tory eyes as a dangerous man who must be brought down.What did bring him down, only a year or so later, and consequently led to a new phase in his career, was a religious question—though it is difficult to separate religion from politics in this period. Both Dissenters and “Low Churchmen” were mainly Whigs, and the “highfliers”—the High-Church Tories—were determined to undermine this working alliance by stopping the practice of “occasional conformity” (by which Dissenters of flexible conscience could qualify for public office by occasionally taking the sacraments according to the established church). Pressure on the Dissenters increased when the Tories came to power, and violent attacks were made on them by such rabble-rousing extremists as Dr. Henry Sacheverell. In reply, Defoe wrote perhaps the most famous and skillful of all his pamphlets, “The Shortest-Way With The Dissenters” (1702), published anonymously. His method was ironic:to discredit the highfliers by writing as if from their viewpoint but reducing their arguments to absurdity. The pamphlet had a huge sale, but the irony blew up in Defoe's face: Dissenters and High Churchmen alike took it seriously, and—though for different reasons—were furious when the hoax was exposed. Defoe was prosecuted for seditious libel and was arrested in May 1703. The advertisement offering a reward for his capture gives the only extant personal description of Defoe—an unflattering one, which annoyed him considerably: “a middle-size spare man, about 40 years old, of a brown complexion, and dark-brown coloured hair, but wears a wig, a hooked nose, a sharp chin, grey eyes, and a large mole near his mouth.” Defoe was advised to plead guilty and rely on the court's mercy, but he received harsh treatment, and, in addition to being fined, was sentenced to stand three times in the pillory. It is likely that the prosecution was primarily political, an attempt to force him into betraying certain Whig leaders; but the attempt was evidently unsuccessful. Although miserably apprehensive of his punishment, Defoe had spirit enough, while awaiting his ordeal, to write the audacious “Hymn To The Pillory” (1703); and this helped to turn the occasion into something of a triumph, with the pillory garlanded, the mob drinking his health, and the poem on sale in the streets. In An Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), he gave his own, self-justifying account of these events and of other controversies in his life as a writer.Triumph or not, Defoe was led back to Newgate, and there he remained while his Tilbury business collapsed and he became ever more desperately concerned for the welfare of his already numerous family. He appealed to Robert Harley, who, after many delays, finally secured his release—Harley's part of the bargain being to obtain Defoe's services as a pamphleteer and intelligence agent.Defoe certainly served his masters with zeal and energy, traveling extensively, writing reports, minutes of advice, and pamphlets. He paid several visits to Scotland, especially at the time of the Act of Union in 1707, keeping Harley closely in touch with public opinion. Some of Defoe's letters to Harley from this period have survived. These trips bore fruit in a different way two decades later: in 1724–26 the three volumes of Defoe's animated and informative Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain were published, in preparing which he drew on many of his earlier observations.Perhaps Defoe's most remarkable achievement during Queen Anne's reign, however, was his periodical, the Review.He wrote this serious, forceful, and long-lived paper practically single-handedly from 1704 to 1713. At first a weekly, it became a thrice-weekly publication in 1705, and Defoe continued to produce it even when, for short periods in 1713, his politicalenemies managed to have him imprisoned again on various pretexts. It was, effectively, the main government organ, its political line corresponding with that of the moderate Tories (though Defoe sometimes took an independent stand); but, in addition to politics as such, Defoe discussed current affairs in general, religion, trade, manners, morals, and so on, and his work undoubtedly had a considerable influence on the development of later essay periodicals (such as Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's The Tatler and The Spectator) and of the newspaper press.Later life and works.With George I's accession (1714), the Tories fell. The Whigs in their turn recognized Defoe's value, and he continued to write for the government of the day and to carry out intelligence work. At about this time, too (perhaps prompted by a severe illness), he wrote the best known and most popular of his many didactic works, The Family Instructor (1715). The writings so far mentioned, however, would not necessarily have procured literary immortality for Defoe; this he achieved when in 1719 he turned his talents to an extended work of prose fiction and (drawing partly on the memoirs of voyagers and castaways such as Alexander Selkirk) produced Robinson Crusoe.A German critic has called it a “world-book,” a label justified not only by the enormous number of translations, imitations, and adaptations that have appeared but by the almost mythic power with which Defoe creates a hero and a situation with which every reader can in some sense identify.Here (as in his works of the remarkable year 1722, which saw the publication of Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year, and Colonel Jack) Defoe displays his finest gift as a novelist—his insight into human nature. The men and women he writes about are all, it is true, placed in unusual circumstances; they are all, in one sense or another, solitaries; they all struggle, in their different ways, through a life that is a constant scene of jungle warfare; they all become, to some extent, obsessive. They are also ordinary human beings, however, and Defoe, writing always in the first person, enters into their minds and analyzes their motives. His novels are given verisimilitude by theirmatter-of-fact style and their vivid concreteness of detail; the latter may seem unselective, but it effectively helps to evoke a particular, circumscribed world. Their main defects are shapelessness, an overinsistent moralizing, occasional gaucheness, and naiveté. Defoe's range is narrow, but within that range he is a novelist of considerablepower, and his plain, direct style, as in almost all of his writing, holds the reader's interest.In 1724 he published his last major work of fiction, Roxana, though in the closing years of his life, despite failing health, he remained active and enterprising as a writer.Assessment.A man of many talents and author of an extraordinary range and number of works, Defoe remains in many ways an enigmatic figure. A man who made many enemies, he has been accused of double-dealing, of dishonest or equivocal conduct, of venality. Certainly in politics he served in turn both Tory and Whig; he acted as a secret agent for the Tories and later served the Whigs by “infiltrating” extremist Tory journals and toning them down. But Defoe always claimed that the end justified the means, and a more sympathetic view may see him as what he always professed to be, an unswerving champion of moderation. At the age of 59 Defoe embarked on what was virtually a new career, producing in Robinson Crusoe the first of a remarkable series of novels and other fictional writings that resulted in his being called the father of the English novel.Defoe's last years were clouded by legal controversies over allegedly unpaid bonds dating back a generation, and it is thought that he died in hiding from his creditors. His character Moll Flanders, born in Newgate Prison, speaks of poverty as “a frightful spectre,” and it is a theme of many of his books.Reginald P.C. Mutter Ed.Additional ReadingThe most up-to-date and fully documented biography is Paula R. Backscheider, Daniel Defoe(1989). Also recommended are James Sutherland, Defoe (1937, reprinted 1971); John Robert Moore, Daniel Defoe, Citizen of the Modern World (1958); and F. Bastian, Defoe's Early Life (1981). Defoe's treatment by contemporaries is represented in Pat Rogers (ed.), Defoe: The Critical Heritage (1972).Critical studies include Arthur Wellesley Secord, Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe (1924, reprinted 1970); Maximillian E. Novak,Economics and the Fiction of Daniel Defoe (1962, reprinted 1976), Defoe and the Nature of Man (1963), and Realism, Myth, and History in Defoe's Fiction (1983); G.A. Starr, Defoe & Spiritual Autobiography (1965, reissued 1971); Michael Shinagel, Daniel Defoe and Middle-class Gentility (1968); James Sutherland, Daniel Defoe: A Critical Study(1971); John J. Richetti, Defoe's Narratives (1975); Everett Zimmerman, Defoe and the Novel (1975); Paul K. Alkon, Defoe and Fictional Time (1979); Geoffrey M. Sill, Defoe and the Ideas of Fiction, 1713–1719(1983); Laura A. Curtis, The Elusive Daniel Defoe (1984); Ian A. Bell, Defoe's Fiction (1985); Virginia Ogden Birdsall, Defoe's Perpetual Seekers: A Study of the Major Fiction (1985); Paula R. Backscheider, Daniel Defoe: Ambition & Innovation (1986); and John J. Richetti, Daniel Defoe (1987).P.N. Furbank and W.R. Owens, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe (1988), questions the traditional attribution of many anonymous works to Defoe. P.N. Furbank and W.R. Owens, Critical Bibliography of Daniel Defoe(1998), is the most reliable bibliography of his works. Annotated bibliographies of criticism include Spiro Peterson, Daniel Defoe (1987), covering 1731–1924; and John A. Stoler, Daniel Defoe(1984), covering 1900–1980.。

笛福英文简介PPT——薛鹏

Robinson Crusoe：
Robinson Crusoe is a real hero. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. However, Robinson Crusoe is not a perfect man. He also has shortcomings. He was such a coward when he encountered a storm the first time.
Daniel Defoe
演讲者：07人文社会科学系人力资源管理1班薛鹏
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, is most famous as the author of Robinson Crusoe (1719), a story of a man shipwrecked alone on an island. Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel.
But Sir Walter Scott, though appreciative, raised the objection that Defoe lacked conscious artistry, "Defoe seems to have written too rapidly to pay the least attention to his circumstances; the incidents are huddled together like paving-stones discharged from a cart, and as little connexion between the one and the other." This objection continues to be raised.

Danniel Defoe丹尼尔。迪福简介

Danniel Defoe丹尼尔·迪福简介Introductionborn 1660, London, Eng.died April 24, 1731, LondonDaniel Defoe, engraving by M. Van der Gucht, after a portrait by J. Taverner, first half of the …English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, author of Robinson Crusoe (1719–22) and Moll Flanders (1722).Early life.Defoe's father, James Foe, was a hard-working and fairly prosperous tallow chandler (perhaps also, later, a butcher), of Flemish descent. By his middle 30s, Daniel was calling himself “Defoe,” probab ly reviving a variant of what may have been the original family name. As a Nonconformist, or Dissenter, Foe could not send his son to the University of Oxford or to Cambridge; he sent him instead to the excellent academy at Newington Green kept by the Reverend Charles Morton. There Defoe received an education in many ways better, and certainly broader, than any he would have had at an English university. Morton was an admirable teacher, laterbecoming first vice president of Harvard College; and the clarity, simplicity, and ease of his style of writing—together with the Bible, the works of John Bunyan, and the pulpit oratory of the day—may have helped to form Defoe's own literary style.Although intended for the Presbyterian ministry, Defoe decided against t his and by 1683 had set up as a merchant. He called trade his “beloved subject,” and it was one of the abiding interests of his life. He dealt in many commodities, traveled widely at home and abroad, and became an acute and intelligent economic theorist, in many respects ahead of his time; but misfortune, in one form or another, dogged him continually. He wrote of himself:No man has tasted differing fortunes more,And thirteen times I have been rich and poor.It was true enough. In 1692, after prospering for a while, Defoe went bankrupt for £17,000. Opinions differ as to the cause of his collapse: on his own admission, Defoe was apt to indulge in rash speculations and projects; he may not always have been completely scrupulous, and he later characterized hi mself as one of those tradesmen who had “done things which their own principles condemned, which they are not ashamed to blush for.” But undoubtedly the main reason for his bankruptcy was the loss that he sustained in insuring ships during the war with France—he was one of 19 “merchants insurers” ruined in 1692. In this matter Defoe may have been incautious, but he was not dishonourable, and he dealt fairly with his creditors (some of whom pursued him savagely), paying off all but £5,000 within 10 years. He suffered further severe losses in 1703, when his prosperous brick-and-tile works near Tilbury failed during his imprisonment for political offenses, and he did not actively engage in trade after this time.Soon after setting up in business, in 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a well-to-do Dissenting merchant. Not much is known about her, and he mentions her little in his writings, but she seems to have been a loyal, capable, and devoted wife. She bore eight children, of whom six lived to maturity, and when Defoe died the couple had been married for 47 years.Mature life and works.With Defoe's interest in trade went an interest in politics. The first of many political pamphlets by him appeared in 1683. When the Roman Catholic James II ascended the throne in 1685, Defoe—as a staunch Dissenter and with characteristic impetuosity—joined the ill-fated rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, managing to escape after the disastrous Battle of Sedgemoor. Three years later James had fled to France, and Defoe rode to welcome the army of William of Orange—“William, the Glorious, Great, and Good, and Kind,” as Defoe was to call him. Throughout William III's reign, Defoe supported him loyally, becoming his leading pamphleteer. In 1701, in reply to attacks on the “foreign” king, Defoe published his vigorous and witty poem The True-Born Englishman, an enormously popular work that is still very readable and relevant in its exposure of the fallacies of racial prejudice. Defoe was clearly proud of this work, becau se he sometimes designated himself “Author of ‘The True-Born Englishman'” in later works.Foreign politics also engaged Defoe's attention. Since the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697), it had become increasingly probable that what would, in effect, be a European war would break out as soon as the childless king of Spain died. In 1701 five gentlemen of Kent presented a petition, demanding greater defense preparations, to the House of Commons (then Tory-controlled) and were illegally imprisoned. Next morning Defoe, “guarded with about 16 gentlemen of quality,” presented the speaker, Robert Harley, with his famous document “Legion's Memorial,” which reminded the Commons in outspoken terms that “Englishmen are no more to be slaves to Parliaments than to a King.” It was e ffective: the Kentishmen were released, and Defoe was feted by the citizens of London. It had been a courageous gesture and one of which Defoe was ever afterward proud, but it undoubtedly branded him in Tory eyes as a dangerous man who must be brought down.What did bring him down, only a year or so later, and consequently led to a new phase in his career, was a religious question—though it is difficult to separate religion from politics in this period. Both Dissenters and “Low Churchmen” were mainly Whigs, and the “highfliers”—the High-Church Tories—were determined to undermine this working alliance by stopping the practice of “occasional conformity” (by which Dissenters of flexible conscience could qualify for public office by occasionally taking the sacraments according to the established church). Pressure on the Dissenters increased when the Tories came to power, and violent attacks were made on them by such rabble-rousing extremists as Dr. Henry Sacheverell. In reply, Defoe wrote perhaps the most famous and skillful of all his pamphlets, “The Shortest-Way With The Dissenters” (1702), published anonymously. His method was ironic:to discredit the highfliers by writing as if from their viewpoint but reducing their arguments to absurdity. The pamphlet had a huge sale, but the irony blew up in Defoe's face: Dissenters and High Churchmen alike took it seriously, and—though for different reasons—were furious when the hoax was exposed. Defoe was prosecuted for seditious libel and was arrested in May 1703. The advertisement offering a reward for his capture gives the only extant personal description of Defoe—an unflattering one, which annoyed him considerably: “a middle-size spare man, about 40 years old, of a brown complexion, and dark-brown coloured hair, but wears a wig, a hooked nose, a sharp chin, grey eyes, and a large mole near his mouth.” Defoe was advised to plead guilty and rely on the court's mercy, but he received harsh treatment, and, in addition to being fined, was sentenced to stand three times in the pillory. It is likely that the prosecution was primarily political, an attempt to force him into betraying certain Whig leaders; but the attempt was evidently unsuccessful. Although miserably apprehensive of his punishment, Defoe had spirit enough, while awaiting his ordeal, to write the audacious “Hymn To The Pillory” (1703); and this helped to turn the occasion into something of a triumph, with the pillory garlanded, the mob drinking his health, and the poem on sale in the streets. In An Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), he gave his own, self-justifying account of these events and of other controversies in his life as a writer.Triumph or not, Defoe was led back to Newgate, and there he remained while his Tilbury business collapsed and he became ever more desperately concerned for the welfare of his already numerous family. He appealed to Robert Harley, who, after many delays, finally secured his release—Harley's part of the bargain being to obtain Defoe's services as a pamphleteer and intelligence agent.Defoe certainly served his masters with zeal and energy, traveling extensively, writing reports, minutes of advice, and pamphlets. He paid several visits to Scotland, especially at the time of the Act of Union in 1707, keeping Harley closely in touch with public opinion. Some of Defoe's letters to Harley from this period have survived. These trips bore fruit in a different way two decades later: in 1724–26 the three volumes of Defoe's animated and informative Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain were published, in preparing which he drew on many of his earlier observations.Perhaps Defoe's most remarkable achievement during Queen Anne's reign, however, was his periodical, the Review.He wrote this serious, forceful, and long-lived paper practically single-handedly from 1704 to 1713. At first a weekly, it became a thrice-weekly publication in 1705, and Defoe continued to produce it even when, for short periods in 1713, his politicalenemies managed to have him imprisoned again on various pretexts. It was, effectively, the main government organ, its political line corresponding with that of the moderate Tories (though Defoe sometimes took an independent stand); but, in addition to politics as such, Defoe discussed current affairs in general, religion, trade, manners, morals, and so on, and his work undoubtedly had a considerable influence on the development of later essay periodicals (such as Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's The Tatler and The Spectator) and of the newspaper press.Later life and works.With George I's accession (1714), the Tories fell. The Whigs in their turn recognized Defoe's value, and he continued to write for the government of the day and to carry out intelligence work. At about this time, too (perhaps prompted by a severe illness), he wrote the best known and most popular of his many didactic works, The Family Instructor (1715). The writings so far mentioned, however, would not necessarily have procured literary immortality for Defoe; this he achieved when in 1719 he turned his talents to an extended work of prose fiction and (drawing partly on the memoirs of voyagers and castaways such as Alexander Selkirk) produced Robinson Crusoe.A German critic has called it a “world-book,” a label justified not only by the enormous number of translations, imitations, and adaptations that have appeared but by the almost mythic power with which Defoe creates a hero and a situation with which every reader can in some sense identify.Here (as in his works of the remarkable year 1722, which saw the publication of Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year, and Colonel Jack) Defoe displays his finest gift as a novelist—his insight into human nature. The men and women he writes about are all, it is true, placed in unusual circumstances; they are all, in one sense or another, solitaries; they all struggle, in their different ways, through a life that is a constant scene of jungle warfare; they all become, to some extent, obsessive. They are also ordinary human beings, however, and Defoe, writing always in the first person, enters into their minds and analyzes their motives. His novels are given verisimilitude by theirmatter-of-fact style and their vivid concreteness of detail; the latter may seem unselective, but it effectively helps to evoke a particular, circumscribed world. Their main defects are shapelessness, an overinsistent moralizing, occasional gaucheness, and naiveté. Defoe's range is narrow, but within that range he is a novelist of considerablepower, and his plain, direct style, as in almost all of his writing, holds the reader's interest.In 1724 he published his last major work of fiction, Roxana, though in the closing years of his life, despite failing health, he remained active and enterprising as a writer.Assessment.A man of many talents and author of an extraordinary range and number of works, Defoe remains in many ways an enigmatic figure. A man who made many enemies, he has been accused of double-dealing, of dishonest or equivocal conduct, of venality. Certainly in politics he served in turn both Tory and Whig; he acted as a secret agent for the Tories and later served the Whigs by “infiltrating” extremist Tory journals and toning them down. But Defoe always claimed that the end justified the means, and a more sympathetic view may see him as what he always professed to be, an unswerving champion of moderation. At the age of 59 Defoe embarked on what was virtually a new career, producing in Robinson Crusoe the first of a remarkable series of novels and other fictional writings that resulted in his being called the father of the English novel.Defoe's last years were clouded by legal controversies over allegedly unpaid bonds dating back a generation, and it is thought that he died in hiding from his creditors. His character Moll Flanders, born in Newgate Prison, speaks of poverty as “a frightful spectre,” and it is a theme of many of his books.Reginald P.C. Mutter Ed.Additional ReadingThe most up-to-date and fully documented biography is Paula R. Backscheider, Daniel Defoe(1989). Also recommended are James Sutherland, Defoe (1937, reprinted 1971); John Robert Moore, Daniel Defoe, Citizen of the Modern World (1958); and F. Bastian, Defoe's Early Life (1981). Defoe's treatment by contemporaries is represented in Pat Rogers (ed.), Defoe: The Critical Heritage (1972).Critical studies include Arthur Wellesley Secord, Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe (1924, reprinted 1970); Maximillian E. Novak,Economics and the Fiction of Daniel Defoe (1962, reprinted 1976), Defoe and the Nature of Man (1963), and Realism, Myth, and History in Defoe's Fiction (1983); G.A. Starr, Defoe & Spiritual Autobiography (1965, reissued 1971); Michael Shinagel, Daniel Defoe and Middle-class Gentility (1968); James Sutherland, Daniel Defoe: A Critical Study(1971); John J. Richetti, Defoe's Narratives (1975); Everett Zimmerman, Defoe and the Novel (1975); Paul K. Alkon, Defoe and Fictional Time (1979); Geoffrey M. Sill, Defoe and the Ideas of Fiction, 1713–1719(1983); Laura A. Curtis, The Elusive Daniel Defoe (1984); Ian A. Bell, Defoe's Fiction (1985); Virginia Ogden Birdsall, Defoe's Perpetual Seekers: A Study of the Major Fiction (1985); Paula R. Backscheider, Daniel Defoe: Ambition & Innovation (1986); and John J. Richetti, Daniel Defoe (1987).P.N. Furbank and W.R. Owens, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe (1988), questions the traditional attribution of many anonymous works to Defoe. P.N. Furbank and W.R. Owens, Critical Bibliography of Daniel Defoe(1998), is the most reliable bibliography of his works. Annotated bibliographies of criticism include Spiro Peterson, Daniel Defoe (1987), covering 1731–1924; and John A. Stoler, Daniel Defoe(1984), covering 1900–1980.。