宏观经济学第二十三章习题答案

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宏经23章选择题（题目+答案+详解）

宏经23章选择题（题目+答案+详解）宏观经济学原理第23章一国收入的衡量1. A steel company sells some steel to a bicycle company for $150. The bicycle company uses the steel to produce a bicycle, which it sells for $250. Taken together, these two transactions contributeA.$150 to GDP.B.$250 to GDP.C.between $250 and $400 to GDP, depending on the profit earned by the bicycle company when it sold the bicycle.D.$400 to GDP.2. Igor and Natalia have each been doing their own housework. Igor decides to hire Natalia to do his housework, and in turn, Natalia hires Igor to do her housework. As a result of this change,a. GDP falls.b. GDP rises.c. GDP is unaffected because housework is not included in GDP.d. GDP is unaffected because the same work is being performed in both cases.3. Gasoline is considered a final good if it is sold by aA.gasoline station to a bus company that operates a bus route between San Francisco and Los Angeles.B.pipeline operator to a gasoline station in San Francisco.C.gasoline station to a motorist in Los Angeles.D.All of the above are correct.4. Oiko Nomos buys a new computer in June 2001 and thensells it to a friend in December 2001. GDPa. will include the value of both the June sale and the December sale.b. will include the full value of the June sale, but only part of the value of the December sale, since the computer had been used.c. will include the value of the June sale only.d. will include the value of the December sale only, since that was the final sale of the computer in 2001.5. An American company owns a fast-food store in Lima, Peru. The value of the goods and services produced in the storea. are included in both Peruvian GDP and U.S. GDP.b. are included partly in Peruvian GDP and partly in U.S. GDP.c. are included in U.S. GDP, but not Peruvian GDP.d. are included in Peruvian GDP, but not U.S. GDP.e. none of the above答案：BBCCD6. The government of Wrexington, a country which has adopted American GDP accounting conventions, reported that GDP in quarter 3 was $12 billion at an annual rate. This means that the market value of all final goods and services produced within Wrexington in quarter 3 wasA.$3 billion.B.$4 billion.C.$12 billion.D.$48 billion.7. If a U.S. citizen buys a tractor made in Belarus,a. U.S. net exports decrease, and U.S. GDP decreases.b. U.S. net exports are unaffected, and U.S. GDP decreases.c. U.S. net exports are unaffected, and U.S. GDP is unaffected.d. U.S. net exports decrease but U.S. GDP is unaffected.8. Which of the following represents a transfer payment?a. the government sends your grandfather his social security check.b. you transfer $1,000 from your bank account to a mutual fund.c. the bank transfers $10 quarterly interest to your savings account.d. your employer automatically transfers $100 each month from your pay to a non-taxable medical spending account.9. You send a gift of $500 to your brother in Montana. When it is received,a. GDP increases because the $500 represents income to your brother.b. GDP decreases because the $500 represents a reduction in your income.c. GDP is unaffected because the $500 represents a transfer, not a purchase.d. GDP increases because your brother will probably spend it.10. To encourage formation of small businesses, the government could provide subsidies; these subsidiesA.would be included in GDP because they are part of government purchases.B.would be included in GDP because they are part of investment expenditures.C.would not be included in GDP because they are transfer payments.D.would not be included in GDP because the governmentraises taxes to pay for them.答案：ADACC解析：6.A：第三季度公布的GDP按年度增长率算为$12 billion ；实际则为12/4=310.C：政府购买：政府员工的薪水和用于公务的支出，政府购买——为一位陆军将军或是小学教师支付薪水则这份薪水转移支付（不计入政府购买，不算入GDP）——政府向一个老年人支付社会保障补助、向被解雇的公认支付失业保险补助、为鼓励小企业而提供的政府补贴11 An Iowan receives a Social Security check for $500, which he uses to purchase a $480 television made in Japan by a Japanese firm and a $20 dinner at a local restaurant. As a result, U.S. GDPA.does not change.B.increases by $20.C.increases by $520.D.increases by $1000.12. The best measure of a country’s production of goods and services isa. nominal GDP.b. nominal GNP.c. real GDP.d. real NNP.13. If total spending rises from one year to the next, thena. the economy must be producing a larger output of goods and services.b. prices at which goods and services are sold must be higher.c. either the economy must be producing a larger output ofgoods and services, or the prices at which goods and services are sold must be higher, or both.d. net exports must be falling.14. When economists talk about growth in the economy, they measure that growth witha. the absolute change in nominal GDP.b. the percentage change in real GDP.c. the absolute change in real GDP.d. the percentage change in nominal GDP.15.If the GDP deflator is 150 and nominal GDP is $9,000 billion, then real GDP isa. $600 billion.b. $6,000 billion.c. $1,350 billion.d. $135 billion.16. The GDP deflator can be used to identifya. the increase in nominal GDP that is due to an increase in prices rather than an increase in production.b. the increase in real GDP that is due to an increase in prices rather than an increase in production.c. the increase in the cost of living for typical U.S. consumers.d. the reduction in government spending required to balance the federal budget.17 If the GDP deflator was 100 in the base year of 2000, and was 105 in 2002, we can say thata. the price level increased by 105 percent from 2000 to 2002.b. the price level increased by 5 percent from 2000 to 2002.c. the price level increased by 205 percent from 2000 to 2002.d. we cannot judge price increases from changes in the GDP deflator.答案：BCCBBAA解析：14B：经济学家想衡量不受物品与劳务价格变动影响所产生的物品与劳务的总产量，使用真实GDP作为衡量指标）15B：GDP平减指数=名义GDP*100/真实GDP16A：名义GDP反映价格和数量变动；真实GDP只反映数量变动；名义GDP只反映价格变动。

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】>第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于gdp 既衡量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等.2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。

因为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献更大.3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。

面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。

这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答：对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。

gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。

今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元.这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期gdp.5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。

各举一个例子.答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐.投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂.政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第7版)章节题库-第二十三章至第二十七章【圣才出品】

第二部分章节题库第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量一、名词解释1．国民收入答：国民收入即NI，是一国生产要素所有者在一定时期内，因从事生产和提供劳务，按生产要素所得的报酬，是劳动、资本和土地等生产要素所获得的全部收入，NI可由NDP 减去间接税和企业转移支付再加上政府补助金得到。

这里的国民收入，实际上是按要素费用计算的国民净收入。

在西方国家，有时简称为（狭义的）国民收入。

国民收入的核算公式为：NI＝NDP－企业间接税－企业转移支付＋政府补助金2．实际人均GDP答：实际人均GDP指标是指，实际GDP除以人口数量，是每个人的平均实际GDP。

实际人均GDP在某些情况下是一个比较有用的指标，例如，它可以用于比较不同国家的劳动生产率。

然而，它本身并不足以作为政策目标，因为它没有表明一个国家会如何使用这些产量来提高社会生活水平。

二、判断题1．GDP度量一个国家的社会福利水平。

（）【答案】×【解析】GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。

它不能度量一个国家的社会福利水平，GDP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标也是有局限性的：①它不能反映社会成本。

②它不能反映经济增长方式付出的代价。

③它不能反映人们的生活质量。

④不能反映社会收入和财富分配的状况。

例如，即使两国人均GDP水平相同，但一国贫富差距比另一国大得多，显然，前一国的社会总福利要比后一国低的多。

基于GDP在度量社会福利水平上存在的诸多不足，经济学家们纷纷构建了一些新的指标来衡量社会福利水平，比如经济净福利指标、绿色GDP等。

2．购买100股苹果公司股票是宏观经济学中投资支出的一个例子。

（）【答案】×【解析】宏观经济学中的投资是指一定时期内增加到资本存量中的资本流量，包括房屋建筑、机器制造，以及企业存货的增加等。

购买股票是个人与个人之间重新配置资产时发生的购买，不属于经济学中的投资。

3．如果有人在中国购买了澳大利亚生产的柑桔，那么这个支出就会计入中国GDP中的消费部分，也会计入中国GDP中的进口部分。

曼昆经济学原理14答案

曼昆经济学原理14答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】>第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

因为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。

这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答：对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。

gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。

因而这种销售不影响现期gdp.5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。

宏观经济学第二十三章习题答案

第二十三章西方经济学与中国西方经济学与中国南方医科大学2010级经济学（医药贸易与管理方向）W 洋1.你认为西方经济学是科学吗？为什么？你认为西方经济学是科学吗？为什么？解答：西方经济学的整个理论体系在科学性上存在不少问题。

西方经济学的整个理论体系在科学性上存在不少问题。

第一，西方经济学的理论体系尚未通过实践的检验，因此西方学者目前还只是把西方经济学的理论体系称为“共同认可的理论结构”或“模式”。

第二，西方经济学还缺乏科学应有的内部一致性，在理论体系中同时存在两种或两种以上相互抵触的说法。

上相互抵触的说法。

第三，西方经济学在发展演变中所取得的成果缺乏积累性，新理论往往完全排斥旧学说，新旧学说之间不是相互补充而是相互排斥。

新旧学说之间不是相互补充而是相互排斥。

第四，西方经济学理论体系的假设条件常常是异常苛刻的，往往难以应用于现实生活。

第五，一些西方学者自己也承认，西方经济学不完全是科学。

当然，说西方经济学并不完全是科学，并不是全盘否定它。

2.举出三个西方经济学宣传资本主义的事例。

举出三个西方经济学宣传资本主义的事例。

解答：西方经济学是西方经济学家的一整套关于西方市场经济运行与发展的理论。

西方经济学是西方经济学家的一整套关于西方市场经济运行与发展的理论。

西方西方国家的市场经济制度就是资本主义经济制度，国家的市场经济制度就是资本主义经济制度，因此，因此，西方经济学必然要宣传资本主义，西方经济学必然要宣传资本主义，这样这样的事例可谓数不胜数。

的事例可谓数不胜数。

例如，例如，西方经济学家总说资本主义经济制度是永恒的制度，西方经济学家总说资本主义经济制度是永恒的制度，资本主义资本主义经济是最有效率的，资本主义的经济危机是可以用政策加以消除的等。

经济是最有效率的，资本主义的经济危机是可以用政策加以消除的等。

曼昆经济学原理宏观答案英文

曼昆经济学原理宏观答案英文【篇一：经济学原理曼昆(宏观部分答案)】>第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

因为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。

这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答：对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。

gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。

因而这种销售不影响现期gdp.5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。

(NEW)克鲁格曼《宏观经济学》(第2版)课后习题详解

a．许多原来在美国制造的产品现在在中国制造，如电视机。 b．中国工人的平均工资低于美国工人的平均工资。 c．美国的投资支出相对于储蓄水平来说较高，但中国的储蓄水平相对于投资支出来说较高。答：a．不是美国贸易赤字增长的合理解释。只是一种经济现象，并不代表贸易赤字一定会增长。 b．不是美国贸易赤字增长的合理解释。只是一种经济现象，并不意味着贸易赤字一定会增长。 c．是美国贸易赤字增长的合理解释。出口和进口总体平衡的决定因素在于储蓄和投资支出（用于诸如机器、厂房等可以为消费者生产产品和服务的产品的支出）的决策。相对于储蓄来说，投资支出较高的国家会存在贸易赤字；相对于储蓄来说，投资支出较低的国家会存在贸易盈余。
答：税后平均个人收入的增长率为：（33705-6517）/6517=4.17。
学费、住宿费以及生活费总数的增长率为：（135892038）/2038=5.67。
由此可知，学费的增长率大于税后平均收入的增长率，学费的上升使得学生支付大学学费更困难了。
11每年5月，《经济学家》杂志会刊登巨无霸汉堡包在不同国家的价格以及汇率数据。下表列出了2003年和2007年的部分数据。请利用这些信息回答下面的问题。
全景综览第23章宏观经济学循迹第24章失业和通货膨胀第11部分长期经济增长第25章长期经济增长第26章储蓄投资和金融系统第12部分短期经济第27章收入和支出第27章附录乘数的代数推导第28章总供给和总需求第13部分稳定政策第29章财政政策第29章附录税收与乘数第30章货币银行业和美国联邦储备体系第31章货币政策第32章通货膨胀通货膨胀减缓和通货紧缩第14部分事件和思想第33章宏观经济学
b．这个问题属于宏观经济学的研究范围。因为它考虑了消费者的总支出与经济衰退之间的关系。
c．这个问题属于微观经济学的研究范围。它研究了单一市场上价格的影响因素。

布兰查德《宏观经济学》章节课后习题详解(财政政策：一个总结)【圣才出品】

第23章财政政策：一个总结一、概念题1．通货膨胀调整的赤字（inflation-adjusted deficit）答：赤字的正确度量结果有时称作经通货膨胀调整的赤字，是指用实际利息支付度量利息支付——实际利率乘以现有负债，而非事实上的利息支付——名义利率乘以现有负债。

官方用事实上的（名义）利息支付来度量赤字，是不正确的。

当通货膨胀很高时，官方的度量有很大的误导性。

2．周期调整的赤字（cyclically adjusted deficit）答：周期调整的赤字又称充分就业赤字、中周期赤字、标准就业赤字、结构性赤字，是指在现有的税收和支出规则下，如果产出处于自然率水平，赤字应该是多少。

这一方法提供了可以判断财政政策方向的简单基准：如果实际赤字很大，但周期调整的赤字等于零，那么随着时间的推移，当前的财政政策不会导致债务的系统性增加。

只要产出低于自然率水平，债务就会增加。

但是随着产出增加到自然率水平，赤字将会消失，债务将稳定。

3．政府预算约束（government budget constraint）答：政府预算约束可以简单表述为，第t年内政府债务的变化等于第t年的赤字。

B t－B t－1＝赤字t。

上式中，B表示政府债务。

如果政府处于赤字状态，政府债务增加；如果政府处于盈余状态，政府债务减少。

4．自动稳定器（automatic stabilizer）答：自动稳定器指经济活动对赤字的影响，衰退自然导致赤字增加，而赤字增加本身有发挥财政扩张的作用，这将会部分地抵消衰退。

一些财政支出和税收制度就具有某种自动调整经济的灵活性，可以自动配合需求管理，减缓总需求的波动性，从而有助于经济的稳定。

在社会经济生活中，通常具有内在稳定器作用的因素主要包括：个人和公司所得税、失业补助和其他福利转移支付、农产品维持价格以及公司储蓄和家庭储蓄等。

例如，在萧条时期，个人收入和公司利润减少，政府所得税收入自动减少，从而相应增加了消费和投资。

曼昆经济学原理(宏观分册)第23章课后习题答案(英文版)

Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of final goods and services.It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the economy ends up assomeone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order formilitary aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many otherexamples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by increasedproduction or higher prices.7.405The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investmentdecreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment gooduntil it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one yearand resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $400 Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means that thepercentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not in2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but prices did.5. a. C alculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. C alculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. T he growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage changein the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the percentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is thevalue of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure, itwould not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350 –$100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。

23章课后习题答案

1.这个观点是错误的。

如果向下倾斜的外汇供给曲线比外汇需求曲线更陡峭，那么外汇市场依然是均衡的。

只有在向下倾斜的外汇供给曲线比外汇需求曲线更平坦的情况下，才会导致外汇市场不稳定。

2.这个观点也是不正确的。

如果外汇需求曲线是向上倾斜的，而外汇供给曲线是正常的向上倾斜，在外汇供给曲线比需求曲线陡峭的情况下，外汇市场同样是不均衡的。

但是这种情况极少出现。

3.根据马歇尔—勒纳条件，只有在进口需求弹性和出口需求弹性之和大于1的情况下，贬值才能改善经常项目收支。

在本题中，进口需求弹性等于{(790 - 810)/[(790 + 810)/2]}/0.10 = - 0.25，而出口需求弹性等于{(1,025 - 975)/[(1,025 + 975)/2]}/(-0.10) = - 0.50。

两者之和是0.75，小于1。

因此A国货币贬值后，其经常账户收支是恶化的。

4.这种现象可以通过J曲线效应加以解释。

如果贸易商品的短期供需曲线是缺乏弹性的（即向后弯曲的供给曲线和非常陡峭的需求曲线，不能满足马歇尔-勒纳条件），因此短期的外汇市场是不稳定的，汇率的上升（美元的贬值）反而导致美国贸易收支的恶化。

当然，当时美国的收入增长和日本的经济衰退更加强了这种效应。

5.通常，消费者的短期反应和长期反应是不同的，即短期弹性小于长期弹性。

如果所有的消费者都存在反应时滞，那么将会导致J曲线现象的产生。

在出现J曲线现象的情况下，本币的贬值导致短期经常项目的恶化，但是随着时间的流逝，经常项目收支会好转起来。

6.一个国家如果人为地压低本国币值，那么将减少对国外商品的需求，同时刺激对外国对本国商品的购买需求，这样将促进出口，而抑制进口。

然而，要真正通过这种办法来实现盈余的增加，则必须满足马歇尔—勒纳条件。

7. (a)美元/英镑的汇率为$40/£20 或$2/£1。

假定交易成本为一盎司黄金1美元，那么黄金的输出点为$41/£20 = $2.05/£，而黄金的输入点为$39/£20 = $1.95/£。

曼昆宏观经济学 23章英文答案

405WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News box on ―Beyond Gross Domestic Product.‖LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:why an economy’s total income equ als its total expenditure.how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor themacroeconomy —GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops howeconomists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understanding of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.MEASURING A NATION’SINCOME406 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeKEY POINTS:∙ Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.∙ Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.∙ GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ pur chases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).∙ Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP defla tor―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in theeconomy.∙ GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lower incomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value ofleisure and the value of a clean environment.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsA. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in markets.B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena includinginflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II. The Economy’s Income and ExpenditureA. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross Domestic Product(GDP).Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4071. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.1. If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on the lawn service($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).2. We can also use the circular-flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and totalexpenditure must be equal.a. Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resourcespurchased from households.b. In the simple economy described by this circular-flow diagram, calculating GDP could bedone by adding up the total purchases of households or summing total income earned by households.408 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Incomec. Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving, taxes,government purchases, and investment purchases by firms. However, because atransaction always has a buyer and a seller, total expenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductA. Definition of gross domestic product (GDP): the market value of all final goods andservices produced within a country in a given period of time .B. ―GDP Is the Market Value . . .‖ 1. To add together different items, market values are used. 2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.C. ―. . . Of All . . .‖1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the value of the housingservices. b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimates the rental valueand uses this figure to value the housing services. 3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold in markets. a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is included in GDP.b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.D. ―. . . Final . . .‖ 2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of the final good.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income❖4093. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included in GDP as afirm’s inventory investment.a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease in inventory investment.b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which is not necessarilythe same time that the product is sold.E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖1. Only current production is counted.2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographical boundaries of aparticular country.2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of his output isincluded in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a factory in Haiti, the value of the production of that factory is not included in U.S. GDP.H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).2. When the government reports GDP, the data are generally reported on an annual basis.3. In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).I. In addition to summing expenditure, the government also calculates GDP by adding up totalincome in the economy.1. The two ways of calculating GDP almost exactly give the same answer.2. The difference between the two calculations of GDP is called the statistical discrepancy.410 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeJ. FYI: Other Measures of IncomeA. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents.1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.2. GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses fromdepreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).C. Nati onal income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods andservices.1. National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including businesssubsidies.2. NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖ D. Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.E. Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have leftafter taxes and other obligations to the government.IV. The Components of GDPA. GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), governmentpurchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).B. Definition of consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with theexception of purchases of new housing . C. Definition of investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures,including household purchases of new housing .1. GDP accounting uses the word ―investment‖ differently from how w e use the term ineveryday conversation.2. When a student hears the word ―investment,‖ he or she thinks of financial instruments suchas stocks and bonds.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4113. In GDP accounting, investment means purchases of investment goods such as capitalequipment, inventories, or structures.D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state,and federal governments .1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the government purchases componentof GDP. 2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchases component of GDP.E. Definition of net exports: spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports).F. Case Study: The Components of U.S. GDP1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2009.2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part of theDepartment of Commerce. V. Real Versus Nominal GDPA. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (not prices).C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.D. A Numerical Example412 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at currentprices .Nominal GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Nominal GDP for 2011 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600. Nominal GDP for 2012 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.3. Definition of real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constantprices .Let’s assume that the base year is 2008.Real GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Real GDP for 2011 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350. Real GDP for 2012 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500. E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDP reflectchanges in the amount of goods and services produced.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 413F. The GDP Deflator1. Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio ofnominal GDP to real GDP times 100.2. Example CalculationsGDP Deflator for 2010 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2011 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2012 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.G. Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1965.2. We can see that real GDP has increased over time.414 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income3. We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are calledrecessions. VI. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?A. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on goods and services.B. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.C. GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of theenvironment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.3. However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generallyhave better education and better health care.D. In the News: The Underground Economy1. The measurement of GDP misses many transactions that take place in the undergroundeconomy.2. This article compares the underground economies of the United States and several othercountries.E. Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life1. Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, and Internet usagefor 12 countries.2. In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy and Internet usage rates arealso high. 3. In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s, only about half of the adultpopulation is literate, and Internet usage is very rare.F. In the News: Beyond Gross Domestic Product1. Some economists wonder if we need a better measure of economic well-being.2. This is an article from The New York Times describing some criticisms of using GDP solely tomeasure economic well-being.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone inthe economy and (2) the total exp enditure on the economy’s output of final goods andservices. It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in theeconomy ends up as someone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a poundof hamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price ofa pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measureof economic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer anda seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economycar because the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an orderfor military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Manyother examples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being becausereal GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amountsbeing produced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused byincreased production or higher prices.7.The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake isan undesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year,plus sales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were soldmore than once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced inone year and resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$400Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDPdeflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This meansthat the percentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but notin 2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise butprices did.5. a. Calculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. Calculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. The growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentagechange in the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure thepercentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This isthe value of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,it would not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participationhas reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficultto measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350– $100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。

宏观经济学23-26章课后练习答案

第八篇宏观经济学的数据第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题1．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出?答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1美元支出是另一个卖者的1美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于GDP既衡量总收入又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，GDP都相等。

2．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP 的贡献更大?为什么?答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献大。

因为GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献更大。

3．农民以2美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。

面包师用小麦制成面包，面包以3美元的价格出售。

这些交易对GDP的贡献是多少呢?答：对GDP的贡献是3美元。

GDP只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。

4．许多年以前佩吉为了收集唱片而花了500美元。

今天她在旧货销售时把她收集的物品卖了100美元。

这种销售如何影响现期GDP?答：现期GDP只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期GDP。

5．列出GDP的四个组成部分。

各举一个例子。

答：GDP等于消费(C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G)+净出口(NX)消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。

投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂。

政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇。

净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。

宏观考试课后习题答案

第二十三章一国收入的衡量问题与应用1 ．以下每种交易会影响CDP 的哪一部分( 如果有影响的话) ？解释之.A ．家庭购买了一台新冰箱.答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中.B ．Jane 姑妈买了一所新房子.答：Jane 姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。

它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中.C.福特汽车公司从其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车.答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP.D ．你买了一个比萨饼.答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中.E ．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路.答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP 中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行136 为.F ．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒.答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP 中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口.G ．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂.答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP 中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX增加.5、A.把2008 年作为基年，计算每年的名义GDP 、真实GDP 和GDP 平减指数.答：把2008 年作为基年时，2008 年的名义GDP 是200 美元，2008 年的真实GDP是200 美元，GDP 平减指数是100.2006 年的名义GDP 是400 美元，2006 年的实际GDP 是400 美元，GDP 平减指数是100.2007 年的名义GDP 是800 美元，2007 年的实际GDP 是400 美元，GDP 平减指数是200.B ．计算2009 年和2010 年从上一年以来名义GDP 、真实GDP 和GDP 平减指数变动的百分比.答：从2008 年到2009 年，名义GDP 增加了100%，真实GDP 增加了100%，GDP 平减指数未变.从2009 年到2010 年，名义GDP 增加了100%，真实GDP 未变，因而GDP 平减指数增加了100.C ．在2009 年或2010 年，经济福利增加了吗？解释之.答：在2009 年，经济福利增加了，因为真实GDP 增加了100%.在2010 年，经济福利没有增加，因为真实GDP 未变，是物价上升了100%使名义GDP 增加了100%第二十四章生活费用的衡量问题与应用1 ．假设素食国的居民把他们的全部收入用于花椰菜、球花甘蓝和胡萝卜。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(第23章一国收入的衡量)

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第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量23.1 复习笔记1．经济的收入与支出在一国的宏观经济中，收入必定等于支出。

这是因为，在每一次交易中，卖者的收入必定等于买者的支出。

国内生产总值（GDP）衡量经济中的总收入或总产量。

由于收入等于支出，可以把经济中赚到的收入（工资、租金和利润）加总起来衡量，也可以用经济中生产的物品和劳务的支出衡量，也就是说，收入等于支出等于GDP。

2．国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值（GDP）指在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

（1）GDP是一个市场价值的概念。

各种最终产品的价值都是用货币加以衡量的。

产品市场价值就是用这些最终产品的单位价格乘以产量获得的。

（2）GDP测度的是最终产品的价值，中间产品价值不计入GDP，否则会造成重复计算。

（3）GDP是指一定时期内（往往为一年）所生产而不是所卖掉的最终产品价值。

（4）GDP是计算期内（如2013年）生产的最终产品价值，因而是流量而不是存量。

流量是一定时期内发生的变量，存量是一定时点上存在的变量。

（5）GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，从而是一个地域概念，而与此相联系的国民生产总值（GNP）则是一个国民概念，乃指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素所生产的最终产品的市场价值。

两者的关系是：GNP＝GDP＋［本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入（投资利润、劳务收入）－外国居民从本国获得的收入］。

曼昆宏观第23章作业答案

2、一位农民收获了1蒲式耳小麦，并以$1.00将这些小麦卖给了面粉厂。

面粉厂将这些小麦磨成面粉，并以$3.00将这些面粉卖给了面包厂。

面包厂用这些面粉做成面包，并以$6.00将这些面包卖给了工程师。

工程师吃掉了这些面包。

计算：每一阶段上的价值增值；国内生产总值（GDP）解：每个人的增加值是商品的价值减去生产该产品所需材料的价值。

因此，农民的增加值是1美元；面粉厂的增加值是2美元；它以3美元的价格将免费卖给面包师，花1美元买小麦。

面包师的增加值是3美元；他以6美元的价格将面包卖给工程师而花了3美元买面粉。

GDP即为增加值的总和，即1+2+3=6美元3、假设一个妇女嫁给了其男管家，在他们结婚后，她丈夫像以前一样照顾她，而且她也继续像以前一样养活他。

结婚如何影响GDP。

答：从GDP衡量内容来看，妇女嫁给其男管家后，GDP下降的额度=男管家的工资，因为男管家的工资没了，总收入GDP随之下降。

这是因为GDP没有真正衡量所有产品和服务的价值。

如果GDP完美衡量所有经济中的产出，则其数值不变，因为经济活动的总量并没有发生变化。

然而真实的GDP只是经济活动的一个不完整指标，一些产品服务被遗漏。

一旦男管家的工作变成家务活，他的服务就不计入6、考虑一个生产并消费面包和汽车的经济。

下表中是两个不同年份的数据。

（1）以2000年作为基年，计算每年的名义GDP，实际GDP，GDP 平减指数以及像CPI这样的固定加权物价指数。

解：名义GDP2000=（P汽车2000*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2000*Q面包2000）=10，000，000名义GDP2010=（P汽车2010*Q汽车2010）+（P面包2010*Q面包2010）=15，200，000实际GDP2010=（P汽车2000*Q汽车2010）+（P面包2000*Q面包2010）=10，000，0002010年隐含的价格平减指数=名义GDP2010/实际GDP2010*100=152 CPI2010=[ P汽车2010*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2010*Q面包2000）]/[（P汽车2000*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2000*Q面包2000）]=1.6（2）在2000年到2010年之间，物价上涨了多少？比较拉斯拜尔指数和帕氏指数给出答案。

宏观习题23、24章-参考答案

第二十三章一、名词解释（5）总收入（1）总支出（4）国内生产总值（2）中间生产（3）最终生产1. 消费、投资、政府购买和净出口。

2. 一个企业为另一个企业进一步加工而生产的物品。

3. 销售给最终使用者的制成品。

4. 一个国家在某一既定时期内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

5. 工资、租金和利润。

（2）国民生产总值（3）消费（4）投资（5）政府购买（1）净出口1. 外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。

2. 由一国的居民在某一既定时期内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。

3. 不包括新住房在内的家庭对物品和劳务的支出。

4.用于资本设备、存货和包括家庭购买新住房在内的建筑物的支出。

5. 各级政府用于物品和劳务的支出。

（4）转移支付（5）真实GDP（2）名义GDP（3）基年（1）GDP平减指数1. 用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100而计算出的物价水平的衡量指标。

2. 按当年物价评价的物品与劳务的生产。

3. 用来衡量真实GDP的价格的那一年。

4. 政府不为得到物品或劳务的支出。

5. 根据基年价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。

（2）、净出口为负是什么意思？进口＞出口2003年的GDP是100美元、2004年的GDP是200美元、2005年的GDP是400美元。

（2）、2003年2004年和2005年的真实GDP是多少？2003年真实GDP是100美元、2004年的是100美元、2005年的是100美元。

2003年。

（2）、2004年GDP平减指数的值是多少？107（3）、从2003年到2004年，物价上升了百分之多少？7%第一年，因为GDP平减指数=1002、从第一年到第二年，是真实产量增加了还是物价上身了？解释之。

物价上升20%，真实产量未变3、从第二年到第三年，是真实产量增加了还是物价上升了？解释之。

物价未变，真实产量增加25%。

5、如果2005年的真实GDP大于2004年的真实GDP，真实产量增加了吗？物价上升了吗？真实产量增加，因为是用不变的基年物价衡量每年的产值。

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曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(第23章 一国收入的衡量)

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