关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准课件
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EN60335关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
Hair straighter assembly
Different types of PTC Heating elements
InternΒιβλιοθήκη l construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
Kapton film Electrode plate PTC heating plate
0.6 0.8 1.3 2.0 2.5 3.2
0.9 1.1 1.8 2.8 3.6 4.5
1.2 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.3
1.5 1.9 3.2 5.0 6.3 8.0
1.7 2.1 3.6 5.6 7.1 9.0
1.9ª 2.4 4.0 6.3 8.0 10.0
The creepage of basic insulation
29.2.1 creepage for basic insulation Lacquered conductors of windings
1.5mm
Creepage distance of winding need not be greater than the associated clearance specified in table 16
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
PTC Heating element
Hair straighter PTC heater
空气间隙和爬电距离
空气间隙和爬电距离空气间隙和爬电距离是两个与电气设备安全性相关的重要概念。
在电气领域中，保持适当的空气间隙和控制合理的爬电距离是确保电气设备正常工作和避免电气事故的关键因素。
本文将从定义、重要性、计算方法和实践应用等方面对空气间隙和爬电距离进行详细阐述。
首先，空气间隙是指电气设备不同部件或导体之间的合适距离。
合理的空气间隙有助于防止电气设备中电弧放电、干扰、放电突击等问题的发生。
而爬电距离是指电气设备绝缘表面上两个导体之间的最短距离，主要用于防止导电部件之间的漏电和爬电现象。
空气间隙和爬电距离的重要性不可忽视。
首先，它们直接影响电气设备的安全性能。
合理的空气间隙和爬电距离有助于减少电气设备中因电弧放电引起的火灾和爆炸等危险。
其次，它们也保证了设备的正常运行。
在电气设备中，如果空气间隙和爬电距离不足，可能会导致设备短路、漏电等问题，影响设备的性能和寿命。
因此，合理的空气间隙和爬电距离对于电气设备的安全运行至关重要。
那么如何计算空气间隙和爬电距离呢？计算方法主要基于国际电工委员会（IEC）和其他相关标准的规定。
对于空气间隙，可以根据设备工作电压、环境条件、气候等因素进行计算。
一般来说，空气间隙的计算方法包括固定间隙法、相对间隙法和相对校正间隙法。
对于爬电距离，计算一般基于介质强度和工频电压。
根据计算结果，可以确定电气设备的空气间隙和爬电距离是否符合安全要求。
实践中，空气间隙和爬电距离的要求在电气设备设计、生产和维护过程中都需要考虑。
首先，在电气设备设计和生产阶段，需要根据特定的要求和标准进行设计和测试。
例如，在高压开关设备中，必须满足一定的空气间隙和爬电距离要求，以确保设备的安全性能。
其次，在设备维护和检修过程中，需要定期检测和维护设备的空气间隙和爬电距离，及时发现和排除潜在的安全隐患。
总之，空气间隙和爬电距离是电气设备安全性的重要指标。
保持适当的空气间隙和控制合理的爬电距离有助于确保电气设备的正常工作和避免电气事故的发生。
爬电距离和电气间隙-PPT精品文档
10
过电压和冲击耐受电压
G VVVF
输电线
入
户
家 电 家 电
用 器 用 器
隔离变压器
通 讯 线
配电箱
进线
入
户
特低压 设 备
工 设
业 备
IV类
III类
II类
I类
11
过电压和冲击耐受电压
例1：连连看 I II III IV
12
过电压和冲击耐受电压
冲击耐受电压（瞬态电压） ---决定电气间隙的主依据 电源网络的瞬态电压 通讯网络的瞬态电压 设备自身通断产生的瞬态电压 设备主动产生的脉冲瞬态电压
20
确定爬电距离要求值（usual）
工作电压 污染等级 绝缘材料CTI值 查表
例3：一个I类220V, IP40的LED驱动， Vo15Vmax, PCB板无灌胶。通过查表，试判 断内置接线端子，初级到金属外壳，初级到 次级的爬电距离要求。(假设变压器电压不高 于输入) 如果是II类，Vo150Vmax, 上述要求又如何？
21
IEC 61347中的爬电距离和电气间隙要求
22
电气间隙和爬电距离的测量方法
开槽 当开槽的宽度大于一定值时，爬电距离必须绕过开槽
污染等级 1 2 3 开槽宽度 X的最小值 mm 0.25 1.0 1.5
23
电气间隙和爬电距离的测量方法
━━━━━━ 电气间隙 ┅┅┅┅┅┅ 爬电距离 例4：
24
电气间隙和爬电距离的测量方法
━━━━━━ 电气间隙 ┅┅┅┅┅┅ 爬电距离 例5：
25
电气间隙和爬电距离的测量方法
━━━━━━ 电气间隙 ┅┅┅┅┅┅ 爬电距离 例6：
26
爬电距离和电气间隙图解
爬电距离和电气间隙图解这是一颗器件的两个脚。
在他们中间把PCB挖了一个孔。
红线的表示爬电距离蓝线的表示电气间隙。
接地电阻和绝缘电阻的概念接地电阻和绝缘电阻是完全不同的两个概念。
绝缘电阻是指绝缘材料的绝缘程度，一般都要求在几百千欧以上，以大为好。
接地电阻按接地的功用不同可分为保护接地、工作接地、防雷接地、信号地接地、防静电接地和隔离接地等等。
保护工作人员人身安全的接地措施称为安全保护接地。
为了使电器设备能够正常工作而采取的接地措施称为工作接地。
防雷击的避雷装置的接地称为防雷接地。
通讯、电子系统为抑制噪声和防止干扰的接地技术称为信地接地技术。
对于不同的接地装置，接地电阻的要求也不相同，从0.1欧到20欧，以小为好。
接地装置的组成接地体分为自然接地体与人工接地体。
接地装置能否符合要求,主要指标就是接地电阻。
安规电容只要通过安全规则认证的都叫安规电容，X Y电容都是需要用安规电容。
根据IEC 60384-14，电容器分为X电容及Y电容，1. X电容是指跨于L-N之间的电容器，2. Y电容是指跨于L-G/N-G之间的电容器。
(L="Line", N="Neutral", G="Ground")X电容底下又分为X1, X2, X3，主要差別在于:1. X1耐高压大于2.5 kV, 小于等于4 kV,2. X2耐高压小于等于2.5 kV,3. X3耐高压小于等于1.2 kVY电容底下又分为Y1, Y2, Y3，Y4, 主要差別在于:1. Y1耐高压大于8 kV,2. Y2耐高压大于5 kV,3. Y3耐高压n/a4. Y4耐高压大于2.5 kVX,Y电容都是安规电容,火线零线间的是X电容,火线与地间的是Y电容.它们用在电源滤波器里,起到电源滤波作用,分别对共模,差模工扰起滤波作用.安规电容是指用于这样的场合，即电容器失效后，不会导致电击，不危及人身安全. 安规电容安全等级应用中允许的峰值脉冲电压过电压等级（IEC664）X1 >2.5kV ≤4.0kV ⅢX2 ≤2.5kV ⅡX3 ≤1.2kV ——安规电容安全等级绝缘类型额定电压范围Y1 双重绝缘或加强绝缘≥ 250V Y2 基本绝缘或附加绝缘≥150V ≤250V Y3 基本绝缘或附加绝缘≥150V ≤250V Y4 基本绝缘或附加绝缘1、安规电容介绍安规电容是指用于这样的场合，即电容器失效后，不会导致电击，不危及人身安全。
爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
800
0.5
1500
III
60335 – 2 –14
III
60335 – 2 –15
III
60335 – 2 – 23
II
60335 – 2 – 80
III
Step 2 (To find out the material group)
▪Tracking index (CTI) values ▪Material group I: 600<=CTI ▪Material group II: 400<=CTI ▪Material group III a: 175 <=CTI <400 ▪Material group III b: 100 <=CTI<175
2
Material group
3 Material group
I
II
III a/b
I
II III a/b
<=50
0.2 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9ª
>50 and <= 125
0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.4
>125 and <=250 >250 and <= 400
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
Clause 29Clearances, Creepage distances and solid insulation爬电距离、电
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage V
Rated impulse voltage V Overvoltage category I II 500 1500 2500 III 800 2500 4000
I
1
2
3
Material group
II III a/b
Material group
I II III a/b
<=50 >50 and <= 125 >125 and <=250 >250 and <= 400 >400 and <= 500 >500 and <= 800
0.2 0.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.8
0.2
0.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.8
0.6
0.8 1.3 2.0 2.5 3.2
0.9
1.1 1.8 2.8 3.6 4.5
1.2
1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.3
1.5
1.9 3.2 5.0 6.3 8.0
1.7
2.1 3.6 5.6 7.1 9.0
1.9ª
2.4 4.0 6.3 8.0 10.0
<=50 >50 and <=150 >150 and <=300
330 800 1500
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
330
Minimum clearance mm
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage V
Rated impulse voltage V Overvoltage category I II 500 1500 2500 III 800 2500 4000
I
1
2
3
Material group
II III a/b
Material group
I II III a/b
<=50 >50 and <= 125 >125 and <=250 >250 and <= 400 >400 and <= 500 >500 and <= 800
0.2 0.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.8
0.2
0.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.8
0.6
0.8 1.3 2.0 2.5 3.2
0.9
1.1 1.8 2.8 3.6 4.5
1.2
1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.3
1.5
1.9 3.2 5.0 6.3 8.0
1.7
2.1 3.6 5.6 7.1 9.0
1.9ª
2.4 4.0 6.3 8.0 10.0
<=50 >50 and <=150 >150 and <=300
330 800 1500
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
330
Minimum clearance mm
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准 PPT课件
29.1.3 clearance of reinforced insulation The reinforced insulation using the next step for rated impulse
voltage.
Between terminal and plastic enclosure
Clause 29Clearances, Creepage distances and solid insulation爬电距离、电
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage
Rated impulse voltage category
I
II
III
<=50
Hair straighter assembly
PTC heater
Different types of PTC Heating elements
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
Kapton film Electrode plate
>1mm
Tubular sheathed heating element
Pollution degree 1
29.1.2 clearance of supplement insulation
The minimum clearance is same as the basic insulation
The distance between enclosure and internal wire
impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
Hair straighter assembly
PTC heater
Different types of PTC Heating elements
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
Kapton film Electrode plate
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
800
0.5
1500
impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
Creepage distance mm Pollution degree
1
2
3
Material group
Material group
I
II
III a/b
I
II III a/b
0.2 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8ª
0.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.2
PTC heater
Different types of PTC Heating elements
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
Kapton film Electrode plate
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
800
0.5
1500
impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
Creepage distance mm Pollution degree
1
2
3
Material group
Material group
I
II
III a/b
I
II III a/b
0.2 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8ª
0.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.2
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准演示幻灯片
2020/4/12
9
PTC Heating element
Hair straighter
Hair straighter assembly
2020/4/12
PTC heater
10
Different types of PTC Heating elements
2020/4/12
11
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The distance between enclosure and internal wire
2020/4/12
7
29.1.3 clearance of reinforced insulation The reinforced insulation using the next step for rated impulse
Clause 29Clearances, Creepage distances and solid insulation爬电距离、电
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage
Rated impulse voltage
V
V
Overvoltage category
I
II
III
<=50
29.1.1 clearances of basic insulation
The minimum clearances of basic insulation was 1.5mm
Rated impulse voltage V
330 500 800 1500 2500 4000 6000 8000 1000
330
关于爬电距离及空气间隙的标准
The clearance of basic insulation
Example 1 : Water kettle
Rating
: 220 – 240V 50Hz 2500 – 3000W
Rated voltage Rated impulse voltage
V
(V)
Overvoltage category
PTC heating plate
The clearance between surfaces of PTC heating elements may be reduced to 1mm
29.2 creepage distances
Step 1 (To find out the pollution degree)
impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
➢Pollution degree 2 applies unless ➢Precautions have been taken to protect the insulation, in which case pollution 1
applies ➢The insulation is subjected to conductive pollution, in which case pollution
29.1.3 clearance of reinforced insulation The reinforced insulation using the next step for rated impulse
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
PTC Heating element
Hair straighter
impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
Pollution degree 2 applies unless Precautions have been taken to protect the insulation, in which case
pollution 1 applies The insulation is subjected to conductive pollution, in which case pollution
1.0 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.0 5.6 6.3
1.8 3.2 4.5 6.3 8.0 9.0 10.0
Summary of Minimum creepage distances
Insulation type
Distance
Basic insulation
4
Supplementary insulation
The clearance of basic insulation
Example 1 : Water kettle Rating : 220 – 240V 50Hz 2500 – 3000W
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
Rated impulse voltage
V
330
500
800
The minimum clearances of basic insulation was 1.5mm
1500 2500
4000
6000
8000
1000
Minimum clearance
mm
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 3.0 5.5 8.0 11.0
1.0 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.0 5.6 6.3
1.8 3.2 4.5 6.3 8.0 9.0 10.0
Summary of Minimum creepage distances
Insulation type
Distance
Basic insulation
4
Supplementary insulation
4
Reinforced insulation
8
Functional insulation
3.2
29.2.1 creepage for basic insulation Lacquered conductors of windings
1.5mm Creepage distance of winding need not be greater than the associated clearance specified in table 16
1.6 1.3 1.8 2.5 3.2 3.6 4.0 1.0 2.0 2.8 4.0 5.0 5.6 6.3
>400 and <= 500
1.3 2.5 3.6 5.0 6.3 7.1 8.0
>500 and <= 800
关于爬电距离和空气间隙的标准
I
II
III
<=50
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
PTC Heating element
Hair straighter
PTC heating plate
The clearance between surfaces of PTC heating elements may be reduced to 1mm
29.2 creepage distances
Step 1 (To find out the pollution degree)
1
2
3
Material group
Material group
I
II
III a/b
I
II III a/b
<=50
0.2 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9ª
>50 and <= 125
0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.4
关于爬电距离与空气间隙的标准
Creepage distance mm
Pollution degree
1
2
3
Material group
Material group
I
II
III a/b
I
II III a/b
0.2 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9ª
0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.4
1.6 5.0 5.6 6.3
Clause 29.2.2
As per clause 29.2.2, the creepage distance of supplementary insulation shall not less than and 2.5mm. The internal wire of micro-switch was not securely fixed that it was possible to be touched by test finger with 2N force. The creepage distance were measured as 0mm
The clearance of basic insulation
Example 1 : Water kettle Rating : 220 – 240V 50Hz 2500 – 3000W
Rated voltage Rated impulse voltage
V
(V)
Overvoltage category
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
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impulse voltage
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
degree 3 applies Note: The pollution degree should need refer to part 2.
。
The clearance of basic insulation
Example 1 : Water kettle Rating : 220 – 240V 50Hz 2500 – 3000W
Rated voltage Rated impulse voltage
V
(V)
Overvoltage category
Clause 29Clearances, Creepage distances and solid insulation爬电距离、电
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage
Rated impulse voltage
V
V
Overvoltage category
I
II
III
<=50
。
Special components for basic insulation
The terminals of tubular sheathed heating elements counted 1mm, if the microenvironment is pollution degree 1.
I
II
III
<=50
330 500 800
>150 and <=150 800 1500 2500
Using category II
>150 and <=300 1500 2500 4000
220 – 240V
The rated impulse voltage was 2500V
。
29.1.1 clearances of basic insulation
。
29.1.3 clearance of reinforced insulation The reinforced insulation using the next step for rated impulse
voltage.
Between terminal and plastic enclosure
。
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
。
PTC Heating element
>1mm
Tubular sheathed heating element
。
Pollution degree 1
29.1.2 clearance of supplement insulation
The minimum clearance is same as the basic insulation The distance between enclosure and internal wire
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
。
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
800
0.5
1500
The minimum clearances of basic insulation was 1.5mm
Rated impulse voltage V
330 500 800 1500 2500 4000 6000 8000 1000
Minimum clearance
mm
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 3.0 5.5 8.0 11.0
Kapton film Electrode plate
PTC heating plate
The clearance between surfaces of PTC heating elements may be reduced to 1mm
。
29.2 creepage distances
Step 1 (To find out the pollution degree)
Hair straighter
PTC heater
Hair straighter assembly
。
Different types of PTC Heating elements
。
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
0.5
2500
1.5
4000
3.0
6000
5.5
8000
8.0
1000
11.0
。
How to find the minimum clearance
Household appliance are in overvoltage category II Select the rated voltage Using the table 1 to find out the rated impulse voltage According to table 2, the minimum clearance could be found by rated
Pollution degree 2 applies unless Precautions have been taken to protect the insulation, in which case
pollution 1 applies The insulation is subjected to conductive pollution, in which case pollution
The clearances of four insulation types:
1. Basic insulation 2. Supplementary insulation 3. Reinforced insulation 4. Functional insulation
degree 3 applies Note: The pollution degree should need refer to part 2.
。
The clearance of basic insulation
Example 1 : Water kettle Rating : 220 – 240V 50Hz 2500 – 3000W
Rated voltage Rated impulse voltage
V
(V)
Overvoltage category
Clause 29Clearances, Creepage distances and solid insulation爬电距离、电
气间隙和绝缘穿通距离 (Table 1)
Rated voltage
Rated impulse voltage
V
V
Overvoltage category
I
II
III
<=50
。
Special components for basic insulation
The terminals of tubular sheathed heating elements counted 1mm, if the microenvironment is pollution degree 1.
I
II
III
<=50
330 500 800
>150 and <=150 800 1500 2500
Using category II
>150 and <=300 1500 2500 4000
220 – 240V
The rated impulse voltage was 2500V
。
29.1.1 clearances of basic insulation
。
29.1.3 clearance of reinforced insulation The reinforced insulation using the next step for rated impulse
voltage.
Between terminal and plastic enclosure
。
29.1.4 clearance of functional insulation
Between terminals
The functional insulation is between live parts of different potential
。
PTC Heating element
>1mm
Tubular sheathed heating element
。
Pollution degree 1
29.1.2 clearance of supplement insulation
The minimum clearance is same as the basic insulation The distance between enclosure and internal wire
330
500
800
>50 and <=150
800
1500
2500
>150 and <=300
1500
2500
4000
。
Minimum clearance (Table 2)
Rated impulse voltage V
Minimum clearance mm
330
0.5
500
0.5
800
0.5
1500
The minimum clearances of basic insulation was 1.5mm
Rated impulse voltage V
330 500 800 1500 2500 4000 6000 8000 1000
Minimum clearance
mm
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 3.0 5.5 8.0 11.0
Kapton film Electrode plate
PTC heating plate
The clearance between surfaces of PTC heating elements may be reduced to 1mm
。
29.2 creepage distances
Step 1 (To find out the pollution degree)
Hair straighter
PTC heater
Hair straighter assembly
。
Different types of PTC Heating elements
。
Internal construction of PTC heating element
The clearance >=1mm
0.5
2500
1.5
4000
3.0
6000
5.5
8000
8.0
1000
11.0
。
How to find the minimum clearance
Household appliance are in overvoltage category II Select the rated voltage Using the table 1 to find out the rated impulse voltage According to table 2, the minimum clearance could be found by rated
Pollution degree 2 applies unless Precautions have been taken to protect the insulation, in which case
pollution 1 applies The insulation is subjected to conductive pollution, in which case pollution