考研真题【数学三】考研数学_高数、线代、概率_公式大全(高清排列整齐打印版)
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1- x 2
1- x 2
x 2 - a 2 a 2 - x 2
导数公式:
全国硕士研究生统一入学考试
数学公式大全
高等数学公式
(tgx )' = sec 2
x (ctgx )' = -csc 2 x (sec x )' = sec x ⋅ t gx (arcsin x )' =
1
(arccos x )' = - 1
(csc x )' = -csc x ⋅ c tgx (a x )' = a x ln a
(arctgx )' =
1
1+ x 2
(log a x )' =
1
x l n a
(arcctgx )' = -
1
1+ x 2
基本积分表:
⎰tgxdx = - ln cos x + C ⎰ ctgxdx = ln sin x + C
dx cos 2 x dx
= ⎰sec 2
xdx = tgx + C ⎰sec xdx = ln sec x + tgx + C
⎰ sin 2 x = ⎰csc 2 xdx = -ctgx + C
⎰ csc xdx = ln csc x - ctgx + C dx = 1 arctg x
+C
⎰sec x ⋅ tgxdx = sec x + C ⎰csc x ⋅ ctgxdx = -csc x + C
⎰ a
2 + x
2
a dx
=
1
a ln
x -
a + C ⎰
a x
dx =
a x
C ln a ⎰ x 2 - a 2 dx a 2 - x 2 2a x + a
= 1 ln a + x + C 2a a - x ⎰ shxdx = chx + C ⎰chxdx = shx + C ⎰ dx = arcsin x + C ⎰
dx = ln( x + x 2 ± a 2 ) + C
a 2 - x
2
a x 2 ± a 2
π
2 I n = ⎰sin 0 π
2
xdx =⎰cos n
xdx = n -1 n
I n -2
dx = x 2 ⎰ dx = x 2 + a 2 + a 2 2 - a 2 2 a 2 ln(x + ln x + x
) + C + C
⎰ dx = + arcsin + C 2 a
x 2 + a 2 x 2 + a 2 x 2 x 2 - a 2 x 2 - a 2
x 2 a 2 - x 2 ⎰ ⎰ + n ⎰
三角函数的有理式积分:
sin x =
2u 1+ u 2 , cos x = 1- u 2 , 1+ u 2 u = tg x , 2
dx = 2du 1+ u 2
一些初等函数:
两个重要极限:
e x - e
- x
双曲正弦: shx = lim
sin x = 1
2 x →0
x
双曲余弦: chx = e x + e
- x
lim(1+ 1
)x = e = 2.718281828459045...
双曲正切: thx =
2 shx = chx
e x - e - x
e x + e - x
x →∞x
arshx = ln( x + archx = ±ln( x + x 2 +1) x 2 -1)
arthx = 1 ln 1+ x
2 1- x
三角函数公式: ·诱导公式:
·和差角公式:
·和差化积公式:
sin(α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
sin α + sin β = 2 s in
α + β
cos
α - β
cos(α ± β ) = cos α cos β sin α sin β
α
2
2
tg α ± tg β
sin α - sin β = 2 cos + β sin α - β
tg (α ± β ) =
1 tg α ⋅ tg β ctg α ⋅ ctg β 1
cos α + cos β = 2 c os 2 α + β 2 cos 2 α - β 2
ctg (α ± β ) =
ctg β ± ctg α
cos α - cos β = 2 sin
α + β
sin
α - β
2
2
y ' (1+ y '2 )3
(uv ) = ∑C u
v
·倍角公式:
sin 2α = 2 sin α c os α
cos 2α = 2 c os 2
α -1 = 1- 2sin 2
α = cos 2
α - sin 2
α
ctg 2α -1
sin 3α = 3sin α - 4sin 3 α
cos 3α = 4 c os 3 α - 3cos α ctg 2α =
tg 2α = 2ctg α
2tg α
tg 3α =
3tg α - tg 3α 1- 3tg 2α
1- t g 2α
·半角公式:
sin α
=
2
cos α
=
2
tg α
=
= 1- cos α = sin α ctg α
=
= 1+ cos α = sin α
2 sin α 1+ cos α
2 sin α 1- cos α
·正弦定理:
a = sin A
b sin B = c
sin C
π
= 2R ·余弦定理: c 2
= a 2
+ b 2
- 2ab cos C
π
·反三角函数性质: arcsin x =
- arccos x
2
arctgx = - arcctgx
2
高阶导数公式——莱布尼兹(Leibniz )公式:
n
(n ) k (n -k ) (k )
n k =0
= u (n ) v + nu (n -1) v ' +
n (n -1) u (n -2) v ' + + n (n -1) (n - k +1) u (n -k ) v (k )
+ + uv (n )
2! k !
中值定理与导数应用:
拉格朗日中值定理:f (b ) - f (a ) = f '(ξ )(b - a ) f (b ) - f (a ) f '(ξ )
柯西中值定理: F (b ) - = F (a )
F '(ξ )
当F(x ) = x 时,柯西中值定理就是拉格朗日中值定理。
曲率:
弧微分公式:ds = 1+ y '2 dx ,其中y ' = tg α
平均曲率:K
∆α : 从M 点到M '点,切线斜率的倾角变化量;∆s :MM '弧长。 M 点的曲率:K === . ∆s →直线:K = 0; 半径为a 的圆:K = 1
.
a
定积分的近似计算: