考研英语真题单词-2011(英二)
2011年考研英语二真题与答案解析
2011年考研英语二真题与答案解析2011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users —a boon to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a worldthat seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama governmenta 4to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary identify”system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could9which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that alreadyhave sign-on”systems thatmake it possible for users to11just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a“walled garden”in safe“neighborhoods”and bright “streetlights”to establish a sense of13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs15.'"Still, the administration ’s plan h as16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward whatwould17be a license ”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some experts,who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem ” would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that should be20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless /doc/d913855917.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder /doc/d913855917.html,promise D.proposal 5．/doc/d913855917.html,rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6． A.by B.intoC.fromD.over 7． A.linked B.directed C.chained /doc/d913855917.html,pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10 ． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11 ． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12 ． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13 ． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving /doc/d913855917.html,peting14 ． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15 ． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16 ． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17 ． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18 ． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19 ． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20 ． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000:a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade sheapparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on afirm ’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumablyhave enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then theysimply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The mostlikely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-actionlawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to belarger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for largerand more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding ablow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review ofhistory shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms whowant to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records ofwrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author[A]permissive [C]scornful ’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is[B]positive[D]critical.Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fledto the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their owndoom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubledcome of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobshave gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers evenhad the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet thesedesperate measures haveproved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusualin their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). InJapan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car andfilm reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreignbureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying“Newspapers like?their own doom ”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much morestable because they.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief thatless could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned tolive with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect LudwigMies van der Rohe, who like other people associated w ith the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies ’ssignature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has moreimpact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we takefor granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies ’s sophisticated presentationmasked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and oftenempty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square ’s Lake Shore Drive, for feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airyglass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The“Case Study Houses ” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts &Architecture magazine between1945and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more ” trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life- few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the desig n of the“Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not longago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle ”of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,’s the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agreeon the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what toharmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projectsand even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insiststhat economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whomthere is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner corealone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A“southern” camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government ”within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated,that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richerto poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobondsor complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close t o the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization:e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 richand poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labourthan any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edgesof globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C]some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D]it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A]are competing for the leading position[B]are busy handling their own crises[C]fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that.[A]EU funds for poor regions be increased[B]stricter regulations be imposed[C]only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ____.［A ］ poor countries are more likely to get funds［B ］ strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C ］ loans will be readily available to rich countries［D ］ rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ____.［A ］ pessimistic［B］desperate［C ］ conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read t he following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald ’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements ”such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure youngcustomers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:“If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some thingscan harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones ” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.This includes creating a new‘responsibility deal’with business, built on social responsibility,not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly howwe will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A]“fat taxes ” should be imposed onfast-food producers such as McDonald’s.41.Andrew Lansley held that[B] the government should ban fast-foodoutlets in the neighborhood of schools42.Terence Stephenson agreed that[C]“lecturing” was an effective way toimprove school lunches in England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that[D]cigarette-style warnings should beintroduced to children about the dangers ofa poor diet.44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested[E]the producers of crisps and candiesthat could contribute significantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Department of Health[F] parents should set good examples forSpokesperson propsed that their children by keeping a healthy diet athome.[G]the government should strengthen thesense of responsibility among businesses.46 ． Direction ：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation onANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world ’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right ”answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintainvast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing largequantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to bewell air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there ismuch to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letterto1)congratulate him/her, and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2011 英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C10 ．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C15．A 16 ．A 17．D18．A 19 ．C20 ．D21-25 BDCAD26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2% 。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems t hat make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leav e much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with t he chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancesby directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihoodof being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to performworse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are alw ays jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive [B]positive[C]scornful [D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficienthousing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly orga nized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartment s Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. Wh at can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate［C］conceited ［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will ach ieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its us ers quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2011英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放の温室气体与全球航空公司产生の一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量の2%。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key，fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer，andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on" systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12，the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights" to establish a sense of13 community。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden精选文库2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fledto the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. B y saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers：A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned to live with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011考研英语二真题
2011考研英语(二)真题及答案(完整版)Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of spe ech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 acros s the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increa singly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the natio n’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be th e high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .a nd would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could n avigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driv er’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” s ystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborho ods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organi zations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the appro ach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who wor ry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of th e Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify the mselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughwlessC.pointlessD.helplesspromiseD.proposalrmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.overpared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrastpeting14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she a pparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, s he said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a fir m’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably hav e enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the s ky, and th e share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely rea son for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” dis appearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, t he probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by ne arly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, a nd the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often t hey “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a bl ow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who w ant to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Oth erwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surp rise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to th e internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commiss ion launched a round of talks about how to save newsp apers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It w ill hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have s hrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled co me of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 2 0% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboar d. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the ner ve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rig ht ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their rel iance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to th e Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportio n is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the da mage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film r eviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus havebeen savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper busines s?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of p rosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college o n the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phr ase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, e migrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert en ormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, p roperly organized, has more impa ct that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern ar chitects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted t oday buy that in the 1940s symbolized the fut ure. Mies’s sophisticated presentation maske d the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright st arted building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influ ence on the “less is more” t rend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life –few American f amilies acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief tha t self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. Wh at is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not lon g ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lowe r growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuc k. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on th e need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmon ies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and co mpetitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. Thes e might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom ther e is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alo ne, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politician s intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer mem bers, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fisc al transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone me mbers should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in c orporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At it s best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour th an any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the rig ht column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (1 0 points)46.Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translat ion on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volu mes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maint ain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing l arge quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and m ake improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.。
2011年考研英语二真题词汇整理
adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的 adj. [物] 物理的；身体的；物质 的；根据自然规律的，符合自然法 则的 vt. 采指纹
adj. 数字的；手指的
adj. 特殊的，特定的；明确的；详 细的；[药] 具有特效的
vt. 登记；注册；记录；挂号邮 寄；把…挂号；正式提出 vt. 驾驶，操纵；使通过；航行于 vt. 接近；着手处理 vt. 使对比；使与…对照
vt. 控告……违反纪律 vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去 vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎 vi. 扫，打扫；席 卷；扫视；袭击
adj. 自愿的；志愿的； vt. 信任，信赖；盼望；赊卖给 vi. 信任，信赖； 依靠
[ɪ'kwɪv(ə)l(ə)nt] n. 等价物，相等物 ['fɪzɪk(ə)l] ['fɪŋgəprɪnt] 卷成，使合为一 体；滚进 ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] [krɪ'denʃ(ə)l] [spə'sɪfɪk] [ɔː'θentɪkeɪt] [fedə'reɪʃ(ə)n] ['redʒɪstə] ['nævɪgeɪt] [ə'prəʊtʃ] ['kɒntrɑːst] ['draɪvə] ['laɪsns] n. 数字；键 n. 证书；凭据；国书 n. 特性；细节；特效药 vt. 鉴定；证明…是真实的 n. 联合；联邦；联盟；联邦政府 n. 登记；注册；记录；寄存器；登记簿 vi. 航行，航空 n. 方法；途径；接近 n. 对比；差别；对照物 n. 驾驶员；驱动程序；起子；传动器 n. 执照，许可证；特许 n. 体格检查 n. 指纹；手印
['ɪʃuː; 'ɪsjuː] 注册；请求联机 实际上；生效 ['gɑːd(ə)n] ['saɪbəspeɪs] ['strit,laɪt]
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案资料来自凤凰网2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month， Howard Schmidt， the nation's cyber-czar， offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card， all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card， or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join， and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace， with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense ofa 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still， the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach； others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves， in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee； how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time， she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful， yet less biased， advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere， they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky， and the share price is falling， outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age， so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure， the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases， and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive， it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier， smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons， once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1， Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure， the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？ A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？ Should the state subsidize them ？ It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers， which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry， have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago， but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and， sadly for many journalists， they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses， with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly， Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody， but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … t heir own doom" (Lines 3-4， Para. 1)， the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probablybecause .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts， Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers： Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers： Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers： A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers： A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth， with soldiers returning home by the millions， going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses， it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war， Americans had learned to live with less， and that restraint， in combination with the postwar confidence in the future， made small， efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German， the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe， who like other people associated with the Bauhaus， a school of design， emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture， but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration， properly organized， has more impact that a lot. Elegance， he believed， did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects， he employed metal， glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient， rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example， were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls， the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions， the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape， new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House， Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters， though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected theAmericans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？ The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt， population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems， the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core， the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies， weaker or stronger， will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency， which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers， France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone， but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness， barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club， among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour； in the inner core alone， Germany fears， a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different： "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated， that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members， via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally， figures close to the France government have murmured， curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization： e.g.， curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best， the European project is remarkably liberal： built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries， its internal borders are far more open to goods， capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization， and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU， the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese， write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that， globally， the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly， then， Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world， packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2， these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned， which uses even more energy.However， Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction， but there is much to be done， and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fledto the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusualin their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers：A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned to live with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems t hat make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leav e much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with t he chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearancesby directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihoodof being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to performworse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are alw ays jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive [B]positive[C]scornful [D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficienthousing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly orga nized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartment s Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. Wh at can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate［C］conceited ［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will ach ieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its us ers quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2011英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放の温室气体与全球航空公司产生の一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量の2%。
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011-1-16 14:46教育在线Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that wouldbe the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“singlesign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the tr ansaction runs”。
2011年英语二(完整版)
【参考范文】 Dear Li Ming,
We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.
You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.
Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digitalcredential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still，the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers：A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned tolive with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization：e.g.，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。
作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。
二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。
鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。
A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。
B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。
2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。
空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。
A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。
2011年考研英语二真题词汇(1)
2011年考研英语（二）真题词汇1.afford[ə'fɔːd]v.给予; 供应得起; 提供2.anonymity[ænə'nɪmətɪ]n.匿名; 匿名者, 无名者; 作者不详er ['juːzə(r)]n.使用者, 权利的实际享有, 使用物4.blessing ['blesɪŋ]n.祝福；认可5.privacy['praɪvəsɪ /'prɪv-]n.隐私, 秘密, 隐居6.speech[spɪːtʃ]n.演讲, 谈话, 说话⏹The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.7.explosion[ɪk'spləʊʒn]n.爆发; 爆炸; 发出8.cyber-crime 网络犯罪9.sweep[swɪːp]n./ v.打扫, 清扫; 绵亘, 伸展, 延伸,横扫; 一挥; 曲线⏹But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crimethat has swept across the Web.10.preserve [prɪ'zɜrv /-'zɜːv]n.蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱v.保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎11.safety['seɪftɪ]n.安全, 安全设备, 保险12.security[sɪ'kjʊrətɪ /-kjʊər-]n.安全; 防护, 防御; 防备, 保安; 保证13.seem[sɪːm]v.像是, 似乎14.increasingly [ɪn'krɪːsɪŋlɪ]adv.逐渐地, 渐增地wless [ 'lɔːlɪs]adj.非法的; 违法的⏹Can privacy be preserved while bringing safety and securityto a world that seems increasingly lawless?16.nation['neɪʃn]n.国家, 民族17.czar[zɑː]n.皇帝, 沙皇18.federal government ['fedərəl 'gʌvənmənt]联邦政府19.proposal [prə'pəʊzl]n.提议, 求婚, 计划⏹Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation‟s cyber-czar,offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer place20.voluntary ['vɑləntərɪ /'vɒləntrɪ]n.即兴演奏, 志愿者adj.自动的, 主动的, 自愿的21.trust[trʌst]n.信任, 信赖v.信任, 信赖22.identity[aɪ'dentətɪ]n.同一性; 一致; 身份23.system['sɪstəm]n.系统, 制度, 体系24.high tech [‚haɪ‚tek]高科技的; 高科技设计的25.equivalent [e'quiv·a·lent || -nt]n.同等物, 相等物, 等价物adj.相等的; 同意义的; 相当的26.physical key 生理（物理）按键27.fingerprint ['fiŋgəˌprint] n.指纹, 特征 v.取指纹, 鉴别特征28.roll [rəʊl]n.卷, 名单, 滚动v.滚, 飘流, 滚动; 使滚动, 绕, 卷29.Roll into 结合为，整合为，形成为⏹ a “voluntary trusted identity” systemthat would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one.30.smart [smɑːt]adj. 智能的；聪明的, 刺痛的, 漂亮的; 整齐的31.digital ['dɪdʒɪtl]adj.数字的32.credential [kri'denʃəl]n. 国书, 凭据, 印信vt. 提供证明书adj. 信任的33.link[lɪŋk]n.环, 节; 纽带; 环节; 联系, 关系v.连接, 结合;勾住; 联系;34.specific[spɪ'sɪfɪk]n.特性; 详情adj.特殊的, 特定的；明确的⏹The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential linked to a specific computer .35.authenticate [au'then·ti·cate || -keɪt]v.证实, 证明, 鉴定36.a range of 一套, 一系列37.online service 在线服务⏹The system might authenticate usersat a range of online services.38.idea [aɪ'dɪə]n.主意; 计划; 打算; 构想39.create [kriː'eɪt]v.创造; 设计; 创作; 创建40.federation[fedə'reɪʃn]n.联邦, 联盟, 联合41.private ['praɪvɪt]n.士兵, 列兵;不公开;adj.私人的, 私立的, 秘密的⏹The idea is to create a federationof private online identity systems.42.select [sɪ'lekt]v.选择, 挑选; 作出选择, 挑选adj.挑选出来的, 极好的43.registered ['redʒɪstə(r)d]adj. 注册的; 登记过的;已挂号的; 附有血统证明的44.navigate['nævɪgeɪt]v. 浏览；航行于, 操纵, 驾驶; 航行, 航空; 导航; 驾驶船舶⏹User could select which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticatedcould navigate those systems.45.approach[ə'prəʊtʃ]n.门径, 接近；方式，途径v.靠近; 动手处理; 接近46.contrast['kɒntrɑːst]n.对比; 差异; 对照, 相反, 变化; 清晰度, 暗亮像素之间的差异 (计算机用语)v.使对比, 使对照; 形成对照47.require [rɪ'kwaɪə(r)]v.需要, 要求, 命令48.driver ['draivə] n.驾驶员, 司机, 驱动器 n.驱赶者,高尔夫球棒, [机]起子49.license['laɪsns]n.许可; 执照v.许可50.issue ['ɪʃuː]n.发行, 后果, 问题v.发行; 造成...结果; 流出;发行，发布⏹The approach contrasts with onethat would require an Internet driver‟s licenseissued by the government.pany ['kʌmpənɪ]n.公司, 交际, 友伴52.Sign-on 登记，签署，注册53.possible['pɑsəbl /'pɒ-]adj.可能的; 合理的, 可允许的; 有可能的; 合适的, 尚可的54.log in请求联机, 注册55.once[wʌns]adv.一次, 一旦, 曾经conj.一旦, 一经...便n. 一次, 曾经, 从前56.service ['sɜːvɪs]n.服务; 效劳;服侍v.为...服务;⏹Gogle and Microsoft are among companiesthat already have these “single si gn-on” systemsthat make it possible for users to log in just oncebut use many different services.57.in effect adj. 实际上, 正在实行, 有效58.walled garden 有墙的花园59.cyberspace n.网际空间, 虚拟空间60.neighborhood['neɪbərhʊd]n.邻近地区; 邻近, 接近; 近邻,整个街坊;邻里情谊61.streetlight ['stri:tlait] n. 路灯, 街灯62.establish [ɪ'stæblɪʃ]v.建立, 制定, 确立63.sense[sens]n.感官; 感觉; 官能; 意识v.感到, 认识, 理解munity [kə'mjuːnətɪ]n.社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有⏹In effect .the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace,with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights”to establish a sense of a trusted community.65.describe[dɪ'skraɪb]v.描写; 形容; 记述66.ecosystem ['ekəusistəm]n. 生态系统67.individual[ɪndɪ'vɪdjʊəl]n. 人, 个体, 个人adj.个别的, 独特的anization [or·gan·i·za·tion]n.组织, 团体, 机构plete[kəm'pliːt]v.使齐全; 完成;结束adj.完整的; 结束的70.transaction[træn'zækʃn]n. 交易, 执行, 办理71.confidence[con·fi·dence]n.信心72.infrastructure ['infrə'strʌktʃə] n.基础, 基础设施73.run[rʌn]n.跑, 奔跑, 赛跑v.跑, 奔,操作, 运转; 管理, 指导;⏹Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions withconfidence ,trusting the identities of each otherand the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs”.74.administration[ədˌminisˈtreiʃən]n.经营, 管理; 行政, 施政; 监督; 管理部门; 行政部门75.divide [di·vide]n.分歧, 不和; 分水岭v. 分, 划分; 分享;分配;意见分歧; 分裂76.right[raɪt]n. 权利, 正义, 右边v.纠正77.activist[' 'æktɪvɪst]n. 活动家；激进主义份子, 行动主义者; 活跃份子⏹Still, the administration‟s plan has divided privacy rights activists.78.applaud[ap·plaud]v.鼓掌欢迎; 喝彩; 赞成;向...鼓掌; 称赞; 向...喝彩79.concerned [kən'sə:nd] adj.担忧的, 关心的, 关切的, 有关的⏹Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.80.scheme[skɪːm]n. 方案, 图谋, 体制v.计划; 策划, 密谋; 设计; 拟订计划; 搞阴谋81.initiative[ɪ'nɪʃɪətɪv]n. 初步行动,主动adj.开始的; 创始的; 初步的82.push toward 推进83.eventually[iˈventʃuəli]adv.最后; 终于pulsory[kəmˈpʌlsəri]adj.被强制的, 义务的, 强迫的85.mentality[menˈtæliti]n.精神力, 头脑作用, 智力⏹It seems clear that such a schemeis an initiative push toward what would eventuallybe a compulsory Int ernet “drive‟s license” mentality.86.greet [gri:t] vt.迎接, 问候, 致敬, 作出反应87.be greeted with （=be greeted by）受到 ... 的对待88.skepticism ['skeptisizəm] n. 怀疑论,怀疑态度, 怀疑主义89.expert [ex·pert]n.专家, 行家adj.老练的; 专门的; 内行的90.envision [in'viʒən] vt.想象, 设想91.vulnerable[ 'vʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的, 易受攻击的, 有弱点的⏹The plan has also been greeted with skepticismby some computer security experts,who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidtwould still leave much of the Internet vulnerable.92.argue[ 'ɑːgjuː]v.辩论; 认为, 主张; 议论; 说服; 辩论; 争论93. be forced to do被强迫做…94.register ['redʒistə] v.登记, 记录, 注册, 挂号 n.登记簿, 记录, 暂存器95.public road 公用道路⏹They argue that all Internet usersshould be forced to register and identify themselves,in the same way that driversmust be licensed to drive on public roads.96.join[dʒɔɪn]n.连接; 接合点; 结合v.连接; 参加,加入; 结合; 参加; 结合97.board [bɔːd]n.木板, 甲板; 厚木板, 平板; 管理委员会,董事会v.乘船, 用板铺, 供膳食; 搭伙, 包饭; 膳宿98.outside director 独立董事99.director [di'rektə] n.董事, 经理, 导演, 主管, 指挥者100.January ['dʒænjuəri] n.一月⏹Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs‟sboard as an outside director in January 2000;100+1.president ['prezidənt]n.(国家)总统, (公司)总裁, 校长, 总经理, 社长 adj.<古>首席的⏹ a year later she became president of Brown University.2.decade ['dekeid] n.十年3.apparently [ə'pærəntli] adv.表面上, 似乎, 显然4.manage[man·age]v.管理, 维持, 控制;设法应付过去5.role[rəʊl]n.角色; 作用, 任务6.attract [at·tract]v.引起; 吸引; 引起...的注意; 引起注意; 有吸引力7.criticism ['crit·i·cism]n.批评, 非难, 评论⏹For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roleswithout attracting much criticism.8.Be under fire 受到攻击pensation[ˌkɔmpenˈseiʃən]n.薪资,补偿,赔偿金mittee[ kə'mɪtɪ]n.委员会⏹But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmonswas under fire for having sat onGoldman‟s compensation committee;11.enormous [iˈnɔ:məs]adj.巨大的, 庞大的12.bonus['bəʊnəs]n.奖金; 红利13.Payout[`peɪ,aʊt ]n.支出14.remark[re·mark]n.备注, 注意, 评论v.评论, 谈及, 注意; 谈论, 议论; 评论15.unremarked[,ʌnrɪ`mɑrkt]adj.未被注意的; 不受注意的⏹how could she have let those enormousbonus payouts pass unremarked?16.position[ pə'zɪʃn]n. 职位；位置, 方位, 地点; 姿势, 姿态; 恰当的位置; 地位v.安置, 决定...的位置17.take up 占据⏹By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time, she said.18.be supposed to v.应该；认为必须；被期望19.serve as 作为20.helpful [help·ful]adj.有帮助的, 有用的, 有益的21.biased ['bi·ased]adj.存有偏见的; 偏见的22.adviser[ad'vis·er]n.顾问; 指导教授; 劝告者⏹Outside directors are supposed toserve as helpful, yet less biased, adviserson a firm‟s board.23.wealth[welθ]n.财富, 富裕, 丰富24.reputation[rep·u·ta·tion]n.名誉, 名声; 信誉; 好名声, 声望25.presumably[prɪ'zuːməblɪ]adv.推测上, 大概, 假定上26.independence[in·de·pend·ence]n.独立; 自立; 自主27.disagree [ˌdisə'gri:] v.不同意, 不一致, 有分歧, 不适应, 不适宜28.chief executive 首席执行官29.proposal[pro·pos·al]n. 计划,提议, 求婚⏹Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independenceto disagree with the chief executive‟s proposals.30.share price 股价31.fall [fɔːl]n.秋天; 瀑布; 落下v. 倒下; 来临; 落下; 击倒; 砍倒32.be based on 基于33.weather[weath·er]n.天气, 气象, 气候v.使风化, 侵蚀; 风化, 经受风雨, 受侵蚀34.crisis[ 'kraɪsɪs]n.危机, 紧要关头, 危险期⏹If the sky, and the share price is falling,outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.35.researcher[rɪ'sɜrtʃə(r)]n.研究员; 调查者36.database n.数据库37.cover [cov·er]n.盖子; 藉口; 封面v. 覆盖,保护, 掩饰; 覆盖; 代替; 涂⏹The researchers from Ohio Universityused a database that covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.38.simply[sim·ply]adv.简单地, 简易地; 简朴地, 朴素地; 简明地; 仅仅, 只不过39.check[tʃek]n.检查, 阻止物, 支票v. 检查; 核对; 制止; 逐项相符, 开支票40.proxy ['prɑksɪ]n.代理人; 取代物; 代理权; 代理委托书41.statement [steɪtmənt]n.陈述, 声明, 指令; 发表声明, 表达;42.Proxy statement股东签署的委托书，代理须知⏹Then they simply checked which directorsstayed from one proxy statement to the next.43.likely['laɪklɪ]adj.有可能的, 前途有望的, 合适的adv.或许; 很可能44.depart[dɪ'pɑːt]v.离开, 离去;起程, 出发; 背离, 违反; 死, 去世45.concentrate ['kɔnsentreit] v.专心, 集中, 浓缩 n.浓缩物46.disappearance [dɪsə'pɪrəns]n.消失; 灭绝; 失踪⏹The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated onthose “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70.47.departure[dɪ'pɑːtʃə]n.离开; 背离, 变更, 违背; 出发, 起程48.probability[prɑbə'bɪlətɪ]n.可能性, 机率, 或然率49.subsequently ['sʌbsɪkwəntlɪ]adv.后来; 随后50.restate[rɪː'steɪt]v.再声明; 重新叙述51.earning n.所赚的钱; 收入52.increase [ɪn'krɪːs]n.增加, 利益, 增进v.增加; 繁殖; 增加; 加大53.nearly ['niəli] adv.几乎, 差不多, 密切地⏹They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%.54.likelihood['laɪklɪhʊd]n.可能; 可能性[neɪm]n.名字, 姓名, 名称v.给...取名; 说出...的名字; 给...命名; 提名56.federal ['fedərəl]adj.联邦的, 同盟的, 联合的57.class action 团体诉讼, 集体诉讼; 共同起诉wsuit ['lɔ:sju:t] n. 诉讼, 控诉⏹The likelihood of being namedin a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,59.stock [stɒk]n. 股份,树干,血统60.be likely to有可能61.perform[pə'fɔːm]v.履行; 完成; 执行; 做; 演出, 演奏, 表演; 行动, 表现; 运转62.worse[wɜrs /wɜːs]n.较坏者, 更恶劣的事, 更坏的事adv.更坏地, 更恶劣地⏹the stock is likely to perform worse.63.effect[ɪ'fekt]n.结果, 效果, 影响v.造成; 招致; 产生; 实现, 达到64.tend to倾向于，往往会rge [lɑrdʒ /lɑː-]adj.大的, 宽大的, 大量的⏹The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.66.correlation[kɒrə'leɪʃn]n.相互关系, 关连, 相关67.performance [pər'fɔrməns]n. 表现，表演；履行, 成绩, 执行68.suggestive [səg'dʒestɪv]adj.暗示的,提示性的,影射的69.jump off 跳离70.sink [siŋk]v.下沉, 沉没, 渗透n.水槽, 沟渠,散热器, 接收端71.Trade up：⏹to sell something in order to buy something of the same kind that is more expensive:低进高出（地交换）⏹Although a correlation betweenthem leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they “trade up.”72.risky ['rɪskɪ]adj.危险的, 大胆的; 淫秽的73.stable ['steɪbl]n.马, 马棚; 一群赛马; 畜舍; 一群人adj.稳定的, 牢固的; 可靠的, 稳重的, 可信赖的; 平稳的; 坚定⏹Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.74.avoid[ə'vɔɪd]v.躲开, 避开; 使无效; 避免; 撤销75.blow [bləʊ]n. 吹动,吹牛, 自夸；一击, 殴打; 不幸; 打击；v. 吹, 刮; 随风飘动⏹But the researchers believe that outside directorshave an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputationsif they leave a firm before bad news breaks,76.review[rɪ'vjuː]n. 复审，复习，回顾;批评, 评论;评论杂志v.批评, 评论; 复审; 回顾, 回忆; 写评论77.wrongdoing / `rɔŋ,duɪŋ /n.坏事; 不道德行为78.occur[ə'kɜr]v.发生, 出现⏹even if a review of history shows they were on the boardat the time any wrongdoing occurred.79.tough times 艰难时刻80.incentive[ɪn'sentɪv]n. 激励，刺激，奖励；动机adj.激励的⏹Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough timesmay have to create incentives.81.follow ['fɑləʊ /'fɒl-]v.跟随, 遵循, 沿行; 跟随; 接着82.popular ['pɑpjələ(r)]adj.受欢迎的,通俗的,流行的83.campus ['kæmpəs]n. 校园, 校区; 大学生活; 大学, 学院; 分校⏹Otherwise outside directors will follow the example ofMs. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.84.criticize['krɪtɪsaɪz]v.批评; 苛求; 批判; 非难85.gain [geɪn]n.获得; 获利; 增加; 获得物v.得到; 使得到; 获得, 赢得; 增加; 获利, 赚钱86.excessive [ɪk'sesɪv]adj.过度的, 极端的, 格外的87.profit ['prɑfɪt]n.利润, 利益, 赢利v.有益, 赚钱, 获利; 有益于88.fail to未能够89.fulfill / fʊl`fɪl / vt. 履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)90.duty ['djuːtɪ]n.责任; 本分; 义务; 税91.refuse [rɪ'fjuːz]n.废物; 渣滓; 垃圾v.拒绝; 拒给; 拒受;promise ['kɒmprəmaɪz]n.妥协, 折衷案, 折衷v.连累, 危及;妥协, 让步⏹Ms. Simmons was criticized for gaining excessive profitsfailing to fulfill her dutyrefusing to make compromises93.generous ['dʒenərəs]adj.有雅量的, 大量的, 量大的94.investor [ɪn'vestə(r)]n.投资者; 出资者95.unbiased / ʌn`baɪəst adj.没有偏见的96.executive[ex'ec·u·tive || -tɪv]n.执行者; 经理主管人员adj.执行的, 有执行权的97.forecaster/ `fɔr,kæstər /n.预测者, 推测者⏹outside directors are supposed to be generous investorsunbiased executivesshare price forecasters98．s tock market 股票市场; 股票行情; 股票交易; 牲畜市场⏹the firm is likely to do less well in the stock market99.offer ['ɔfər]n. 提供，给予；出价, 意图, 提议v.提供, 贡献, 出价; 出现, 提议, 献祭⏹outside directors may stay for the attractive offers from the firm100.record['rekərd /'rekɔːd]n.记录；记载; v.记录, 将...录音, 标明; 录音, 被录音⏹outside directors have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm200+1.be accustomed to 习惯于2.stress-free无压力的⏹outside directors are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm3.decline [ dɪ'klaɪn]n.下降; 衰退, 衰落; 减少; 最后部分v.婉拒;下降, 下跌; 衰退, 衰落; 减少⏹outside directors will decline incentives from the firm4.permissive [pər'mɪsɪv]adj.许可的, 自由的, 获准的5.positive ['pɑzətɪv]n.实在的事物; 原级; 正面; 正数adj.肯定的, 绝对的, 积极的6.scornful ['skɔrnfʊl]adj.轻蔑的, 嘲笑的7.critical ['krɪtɪkl]adj.批评的, 危险的, 决定性的; 临界的⏹The author‟s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .Permissive/positive/scornful/critical8.whatever adj.无论怎样的, 什么也, 无论哪一种的9.happen['hæpən]v.发生; 偶然; 碰巧10.death[deθ]n.死亡, 死亡状态, 灭亡⏹Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.11.recession [riˈseʃən]n.(经济的)衰退，衰退期12.threaten [ˈθretn] vt.威胁；预示，是…的征兆 vi.构成威胁13.remove[riˈmu:v]vt.移开；脱下；去掉；把…免职，开除14.advertising[ˈædvətaiziŋ]n.[总称]广告 a.广告的15.flee[fli:]vi.逃走，逃掉 vt.逃离，避开，逃避⏹The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readersthat had not already fled to the internet.16.chronicle[ˈkrɔnikl]n.编年史v. 将（某事物）载入编年史17.doom[du:m]vt.注定，命定 n.厄运，劫数⏹Newspapers like the San Francisco Chroniclewere chronicling their own doom.18.America’s Federal Trade commission美国联邦贸易委员会unch[ˈlɔ:ntʃ]vt.发动，推出；发射 n.发射，下水，投产⏹America‟s Federal Trade commissionlaunched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.20.charitable[ˈtʃæritəbəl]a.慈善的；宽厚的21.corporation[ˌkɔ:pəˈreiʃən]n.公司⏹Should they become charitable corporations?22.state[steit]n.状态；国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明23.subsidize[ˈsʌbsidaiz]vt.津贴，资助⏹Should the state subsidize them ?It will hold another meeting soon.23.discussion [disˈkʌʃən]n.讨论，谈论，论述24.out of date 过时的，不用的⏹But the discussions now seem out of date.25.sign[sain]n. 迹象;标记，符号；招牌； v.签(署)26.crisis [ˈkraisis]n.危机，危急关头；决定性时刻，关键阶段⏹In much of the world there is little sign of crisis.27.shrug off 对…满不在乎，对…不屑一顾⏹German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.28.inhabit [inˈhæbit]vt.居住于，(动物)栖居于29.global industry 全球行业30.survive [səˈvaiv]vi.幸存，继续存在 vt.幸免于；挺过来31.return[riˈtə:n]v.返回；恢复；归还 n.返回[ pl.]盈利32.profit [ˈprɔfit]n.利润，益处 vt.有益于，有利于 vi.得益⏹Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.33.profit margin 利润34.routine[ru:ˈti:n]n.例行公事，惯例 a.例行的，常规的⏹Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.35.afloat [əˈfləut]ad.& a.漂浮；在海上；无债; 无困难；（指谣言）传播; 流传36.overboard [ˈəuvəbɔ:d]ad.向船外；到水中⏹It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloatby pushing journalists overboard.37.reckon [ˈrekən]vt.认为，估计；(on)指望；测算38.newsroom['nuːzrʊm]n.编辑部, 报纸贩卖部, 报章杂志阅览室⏹The American Society of News Editors reckonsthat 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.39.slim [slim]a.微小的；苗条的；薄的；(机会)少的 v.减轻体重⏹Readers are paying more for slimmer products.40.nerve[nə:v]n.神经；勇气，胆量41.delivery[diˈlivəri]n.投递；邮件，发送的货物；分娩；讲话方式42.distant [ˈdistənt]a.在远处的，久远的；冷淡的，疏远的43.suburb [ˈsʌbə:b]n.市郊，郊区⏹Some papers even had the nerveto refuse delivery to distant suburbs.44.desperate[ˈdespərit]a.孤注一掷的；极需要的；绝望的，危急的45.prove[pru:v]vt.证明，证实 vi.结果是，原来是46.sadly [ˈsædli]ad.悲哀地；凄惨地47.journalist[ˈdʒə:nəlist]n.新闻工作者，新闻记者48.push[puʃ]v./ n.推，按；推动，促进；催逼⏹Yet these desperate measureshave proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.49.balanced['bælənst]adj.平衡的; 和谐的; 安定的⏹Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses.50.mix[miks]vt.配制；混淆 vi.相混合；交往 n.混合(物)51.revenue [ˈrevinju:]n.(大宗的)收入(益)；税收，岁入52.advertiser ['ædvəˌtaizə]n.广告商, 广告客户⏹with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.53.unusual [ʌnˈju:ʒuəl]a.不平常的，少有的；与众不同的，独特的54.reliance[riˈlaiəns]n.依靠，依赖⏹American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.55.advertising[ˈædvətaiziŋ]n.[总称]广告 a.广告的56.fully [ˈfuli]ad.完全地，全部地⏹Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD).57.proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称58.not surprisingly⏹In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.59.stable [ˈsteibəl]a.稳定的；沉稳的，持重的 n.马厩60.whirlwind[ˈwə:lˌwind]n.旋风；猛烈的势力61.sweep[swi:p]v.扫，拂(去)；掠过 n.打扫；挥动62.newsroom['nuːzrʊm /'njːz-]n.编辑部, 报纸贩卖部, 报章杂志阅览室63.harm[hɑ:m]n.／ vt.伤害，损害，危害⏹The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,64.damage[ˈdæmidʒ]n.毁坏[ pl.]损害赔偿(金) vt.毁坏，损害65.concentrate [ˈkɔnsəntreit]vi.全神贯注 vt.集中；浓缩 n.浓缩物(液)66.distinctive[diˈstiŋktiv]a.有区别的；有特色的⏹much of the damage has been concentrated in areaswhere newspaper are least distinctive.67.reviewer [ri'vju:ə] n.评论者, 书评作者,报刊评论员68.science [ˈsaiəns]n.科学；学科69.general business 一般业务70.reporter [riˈpɔ:tə]n.记者⏹Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.71.bureau [ˈbjuərəu]n.局，办事处，分社72.savagely [ˈsævidʒli]ad.野蛮地；残酷地73.cut off 切断,删除⏹Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.plete[kəmˈpli:t]a.完整的；十足的；完成的 vt.完成；使完全75.as a result 作为结果，因此⏹Newspapers are less complete as a result.pleteness [kəm'pli:tnis]n.完整; 彻底; 完全77.virtue[ˈvə:tʃu:]n.美德，德行；优点，长处⏹But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.78.author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家，作者79.indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示，指示，指出；表明，示意80.neglect[niˈglekt]vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽 n.疏忽，玩忽⏹the author indicates that newspaper neglected the sign of crisis81. fail to 未能够⏹the author indicates that newspaper failed to get state subsidies82.desperate [ˈdespərit]a.孤注一掷的；极需要的；绝望的，危急的83.situation [ˌsitʃuˈeiʃ(ə)n]n.形势，环境，状况；位置，地点⏹the author indicates that newspaper were in a desperate situation84.threaten to do sthto be likely to do something, especially something bad or unpleasant:⏹readers threatened to pay less85.reduce cost缩减成本⏹newspapers wanted to reduce costs86.subscriber[səbˈskraibə]n，订购者，用户；捐款者⏹subscribers complained about slimmer productspared with 与…相比88.counterpart[ˈkauntəpɑ:t]n.与对方地位作用相当的人(或物)89.source [sɔ:s]n. 来源，出处；源(泉)，发源地90.dependent [diˈpendənt]a.(on，upon)依靠的，依赖的；取决于…的91.be less affected by更少地受…的影响92.readership ['ri:dəʃip] n.(某一报刊杂志等的)读者群, 读者身份⏹Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because theyhave more sources of revenueare less dependent on advertisingare less affected by readership93.distinctiveness [diˈstiŋktiv nɪs]a.特色，差异性94.essential [iˈsenʃəl]a.必不可少的；本质的，基本的 n.[ pl.]要素95.feature [ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征[ pl.]相貌；特写；故事片 vt.突出⏹Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.96.be to blame 该受责备的，应承担责任的97.failure [ˈfeiljə]n.失败；失败的人(或事)；故障；没做到⏹Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.98.play a crucial role in扮演决定性/至关重要的角色⏹Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.99.lose one’s interest in 失去对…的兴趣⏹Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.100. struggle [ˈstrʌgl]vi.奋斗，努力；斗争，搏斗 n.斗争，搏斗American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival.300+1.Gone with the Wind随风而逝⏹American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind2.thriving ['θraiviŋ]adj.繁荣的, 旺盛的, 兴旺的⏹American Newspapers: A Thriving Business3.hopeless [ˈhəupləs]a.绝望的，没有希望的；无能的，糟透的⏹American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story4.tend to 往往会5.immediately[iˈmi:diətli]ad.立即，马上；直接地，紧接着地6.following ['fɔləuiŋ] adj.接着的,下列的 prep.在 ... 以后 n.追随者, 下列各项7.prosperity [prɔˈsperiti]n.兴旺，繁荣8.growth [grəuθ]n.增长；增长量；生长，发展；生长物⏹We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War IIas a time of prosperity and growth.9.return home 回家10.G. I. Bill 军人安置法案G.I. 镀锌铁(=galvanized iron)11.line up 排队等候的12.marriage bureau 婚姻登记处⏹with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G. I. Billand lining up at the marriage bureaus.13. when it comes to 当谈及到…14. common sense常识15.belief [biˈli:f]n.想法；相信，信任；信念，信仰⏹But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common senseand a belief that less could truly be more.16.depression[diˈpreʃən]n.抑郁，沮丧；不景气，萧条(期)；洼地17.restraint [riˈstreint]n.抑制，限制，克制；约束措施(条件)18.in combination with 结合，加上19.postwar ['pəʊst'wɔr /-'wɔː]adj.战后的20.efficient[iˈfiʃənt]a.效率高的，有能力的21.housing[ˈhauziŋ]n.房屋，住宅；住房建筑；外壳，外罩22.positively [ˈpɔzətivli]ad.确实；断然；绝对23.stylish [ˈstailiʃ]a.时髦的，入时的，漂亮的⏹During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.26.condition [kənˈdiʃən]n.状况，条件[ pl.]环境 vt.适应；调整状况；决定27.stimulus[ˈstimjuləs]n.促进(因素)；刺激(物)28.trend [trend]n.趋向，趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚⏹Economic condition was only a stimulusfor the trend toward efficient living.29.phrase[freiz]n.短语，词组，用语 vt.表达，叙述30.popularize ['pɑpjələraɪz]v.使通俗化; 宣传; 普及31.architect[ˈɑ:kitekt]n.建筑师，设计师，缔造者⏹The phrase “less is more” was actually firstpopularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.32.associate [əˈsəuʃieit]vt.使联合 vi.结交 n.伙伴 a.副的33.design [diˈzain]n.设计；图案；企图 vt.设计；预定，指定34.emigrate[ˈemigreit]vi.移居国外(或外地)⏹who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II35.post [ˈpəust]n.邮政(件)；(支)柱；职位 vt.邮寄；贴出36.architecture [ˈɑ:kitektʃə]n.建筑学(术,业)；建筑式样(风格)⏹he took up posts at American architecture schools.37.designer [diˈzainə]n.设计者38.exert enormous influence on 对…产生巨大的影响39.the course of …的过程⏹These designers came toexert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.40.signature [ˈsignətʃə]n.签名，署名，签字41.decoration [ˌdekəˈreiʃən]n.装饰(品)；装璜42.properly [ˈprɔpəli]ad.适当地；严格地anized 安排有序的，有组织的44.impact [ˈimpækt]n.／ v.影响，作用；冲击，碰撞⏹Mies‟s signature phrase means thatless decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot.45.elegance[ˈeligəns]n.优雅；优美；精美46.derive[diˈraiv]vt.取得；追溯起源 vi.(from)起源，衍生47.abundance [əˈbʌndəns]n.大量，丰富，充足⏹Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.48.employ[imˈplɔi]vt.雇用；用，使用，利用 n.受雇，雇佣minated ['læmineitid] adj.薄板的, 叠层的50.take for granted[ˌteik fəˈgræntid]认为…是理所当然；对…不予重视51.symbolize [ˈsimbəlaiz]vt.用符号表示；作为...象征⏹Like other modern architects,he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materialsthat we take for granted todaybut that in the 1940s symbolized the future.52.sophisticated [səˈfistikeitid]a.老练的；精密的，尖端的；高雅的53.presentation [ˌprezənˈteiʃən]n.提供；外观；赠送(仪式)；报告；表演54.mask [mɑ:sk]n.面具，口罩；伪装 vt.用面具遮住；掩饰⏹Mies‟s sophisticated presentation masked the factthat the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.55.apartment [əˈpɑ:tmənt]n.一套公寓房间，房间56.square feet n. 平方英尺57.neighbor [ˈneibə]n.邻居；邻近的人(或物)，邻国⏹The apartments in the elegant towersMies built on Chicago‟s Lake Shore Drive,for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city‟s Gold Coast.58.airy glass wall 通风的玻璃墙59.view[vju:]n. 景色；观点；观察vt.看待；观察，看60.details and proportions细节和比例61.architectural[ɑ:kiˈtektʃər(ə)l]a.建筑术的；建筑学的62.equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]a.相等的，相当的n.等价物，意义相同的词63.abstract art 抽象物⏹But they were popular because of their airy glass wall s,the views they afforded andthe e legance of the buildings‟ details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.64.entirely [inˈtaiəli]ad.完全地；彻底地⏹The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign.65.modest [ˈmɔdist]a.谦虚的；适度的，不大的，中等的；羞怯的66.two-story 两层的⏹In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started buildingmore modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story oneshe had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.mission [kəˈmiʃən]n.委员会；佣金；授权vt.委任，委托68.talented [ˈtæləntid]a.有才能的，有才干的69.homegrown adj.国产的70.influence [ˈinfluəns]n.影响(力)；势力，权势 vt.影响⏹The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architectsby California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend.71.esthetic[i:sˈθetik]a.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的ndscape[ˈlændskeip]n.风景；风景画；全景 vt.美化…的景观73.forthright [ˈfɔ:θrait]a.／ ad.直率的(地)，直截了当的(地)74.detailing ['di:teiliŋ] n.装饰物,细节设计⏹Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.75.mispredict错误预测76.mechanical[miˈkænikəl]a.机械(制造)的；力学的；呆板的77.revolution [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃən]n.革命，大变革；旋转⏹In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapsonmay have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolutionwould impact everyday life。
2011考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版
2011考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版第一部分：阅读理解第一篇题目：Will Robots Take Our Jobs?In Boston, there is a small restaurant called Spyce, which boasts (吹嘘) a unique feature: the entire kitchen is automated (自动化的). There are no chefs or cooks working in the kitchen, just seven robot cooks working efficiently to serve delicious meals to customers. This fully automated restaurant is a clear indication of the rise of robots in the workforce.The introduction of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, has raised concerns about job security. Many industries are facing the disruption caused by automation. The real question that arises is whether robots will take over our jobs and leave humans unemployed.Robotics and automation have successfully replaced manual labor in several industries. For example, self-checkout machines in supermarkets and automated assembly lines in factories are becoming increasingly common. These technologies streamline processes, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency.However, it is essential to note that while robots excel at tasks that require precision and repetition, they often strugglewith jobs that involve emotional intelligence and creativity. For instance, robots may be programmed to perform routine surgeries, but they cannot provide empathetic care to patients like healthcare professionals can. Similarly, while a robot can clean a room, it lacks the attention to detail that a human cleaner possesses.Furthermore, new technologies often create more jobs than they replace. The rise of robots may lead to the creation of entirely new industries and job roles. Software developers, AI engineers, and robotics technicians are examples of professions that have emerged as a result of automation. Additionally, as robots take over mundane tasks, humans can focus on more complex and creative work.In conclusion, while robots are undoubtedly changing the workforce and may replace some jobs, they are unlikely to completely eliminate human employment. The future lies in a partnership between humans and robots, where humans leverage their unique skills and abilities alongside automationto create a more productive and efficient society.解析：本文主要探讨了人工智能和机器人技术的引入对工作安全的影响。
2011考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语(二) 真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A，B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month， Howard Schmidt， the nation's cyber-czar， offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card， all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card， or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join， and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on" systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace， with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs".Still， the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach； others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts， who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves， in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A， B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000： a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee； how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？ By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time， she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful， yet less biased， advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere， they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky， and the share price is falling， outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age， so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive， it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier， smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks， even if a reviewof history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons， once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1， Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure， the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？ A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？ Should the state subsidize them ？ It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers， which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry， have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago， but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists， they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses， with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008， according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly， Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody， but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like … their own doom" (Lines 3-4， Para. 1)， the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts， Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers： Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers： Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers： A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers： A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth， with soldiers returning home by the millions， going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses， it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war， Americans had learned to live with less， and that restraint， in combination with the postwar confidence in the future， made small， efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German， the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe， who like other people associated with the Bauhaus， a school of design， emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture， but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration， properly organized， has more impact that a lot. Elegance， he believed， did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects， he employed metal， glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient， rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive， for example， were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls， the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape， new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House， Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters， though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief thatself-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？ The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt， population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems， the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone'seconomies， weaker or stronger， will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency， which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers， France and Germany， agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone， but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness， barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club， among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour； in the inner core alone，Germany fears， a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different： "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated， that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally， figures close to the France government have murmured， curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization： e.g.， curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best， the European project is remarkably liberal： built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries， its internal borders are far more open to goods， capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization， and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU， the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese， write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that， globally， the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly， then， Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world， packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2， these computers emit a great deal of heat， so the centres need to be wellair-conditioned， which uses even more energy.However， Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction， but there is much to be done， and not just by big companies.2011考研英语(二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011考研英语（二）大作文write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)参考答案客观题1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD 21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG46．翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
2011年全国硕士研究生考试英语(二)试题及答案
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
42.Terence Stephenson agreed
that
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
43.Jamie Oliver seemed to
believe that
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
at home.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
Section Ⅲ Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. Butthat very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems th at make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizationscan complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 toregister and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over 7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a yearlater she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons wasunder fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left theboard. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with th e chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price isfalling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their owncrises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checkedwhich directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departinga board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the companywill subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of beingnamed in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors arealwa ys jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside direc tor’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. New spapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperityand growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American h ousing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries tha t use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the deb ate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out ex actly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48Directions:Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011英语二参考答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
2011年考研二英语真题试卷生词和长难句
subsequently
adv.其后,随后,接着
18
restate
v重述重新申明
19
state
n状态洲国家
20
earn earnings
v赚钱收入
21
increase
增加v
22
They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%【先自己翻译成中文】
成功地做到....
6
manage both roles
成功地掌管两个身份/角色
7
criticism
批评n
8
without
没有
9
Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee
注：under fire饱受批评攻击for因为
15
share price
股价
16
share
股份
拓展
shareholder
股份持有者=股东
17
weather
v经受住n天气
18
crisis
危机
19
If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.【自己先翻译中文】
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2011（二）完形 - 提供⽹网络安全保障的措施 Part1 单词1、anonymity n.匿匿名，名字不不公开2、blessing n.好事，有益之事3、explosion 【僻】n.激增4、cyber-crime n.⽹网络犯罪cyber-czar n.⽹网络总管5、preserve v.保护，维护6、voluntary a.资源的，⾃自动的7、registered a.注册的，登记过的8、navigate v.(在互联⽹网或⽹网站上)导航9、infrastructure n.基础建设10、administration n.(尤指美国)政府11、applaud v.称赞，赞许12、initiative n.倡议，新⽅方案13、compulsory a.(因法律律或规则⽽而)必须做的，强制的14、mentality n.⼼心态，思想状况15、envision v.展望，想象Part2 短语1、population explosion ⼈人⼝口急剧增⻓长;explosion of interest 兴趣的陡增2、the International Tennis Federation 国际网球联合会3、a United Nations peace initiative 联合国的和平倡议a government initiative to combat unemployment政府应付失业问题的新⽅方案4、compulsory subject / education 必修科目/义务教育;Text 1 - 外部董事Part1 单词1、compensation n.报酬，薪⽔水2、biased a.有偏⻅见的，结果偏倚的3、weather v.平安渡过(难关)，挨过，经受住4、proxy n.代表权，委托书5、departure n.离开，离去6、subsequently ad.其后，随后，接着7、blow n.打击，意外的灾害，摧毁8、incentive n.动机，⿎鼓励，刺刺激Part2 短语1、under fire 受到攻击和批评2、bonus payouts 奖⾦金金⽀支出3、outside director 外部董事4、for the rest of 余下的...... 间5、by the end of 2009 到2009 年年末6、be biased against 对......存偏⻅见7、to weather the recession 挺过萧条期8、a firm’s board 公司董事会9、make one ’ s wealth and reputation成就功名10、a proxy for 是......的代表11、be suggestive of sth 暗示......的12、proxy statement 股东委托书13、deport a board 从董事会离职14、a surprise departure 突然离职15、restate earnings 重申盈利利16、federal class-action lawsuit 联邦集体诉讼17、a correlation between ... and ... ......与......之间的联系18、jump off a sinking ship 跳离沉船19、a blow reputations 有损名誉20、be on the board 在董事会任职21、follow the example of 效仿22、on campus 在校园Text 2 - 挣扎求⽣生的美国报业Part1 单词1、recession n.经济衰退，不不景⽓气;后退，撤退2、chronicle v.将(某事物)载⼊入编年年史;记录3、commission n.委员会，委员4、subsidize v.以津贴补助;以⾦金金钱收买;向......发放奖⾦金金5、inhabit v.居住;在......出现;填满6、routine n.常规，通常情况7、afloat ad.漂流着的，漂浮不不定8、overboard ad.越过船边坠⼊入⽔水中9、revenues n.(复数)总收⼊入10、reliance n.依靠，依赖11、proportion n.⽐比，⽐比率，⽐比例例12、stable a.稳定的13、whirlwind n.旋⻛风;猛烈烈的势⼒力力;破坏性的⼒力力量量或事物14、distinctive a.有特⾊色的，与众不不同的;区别的，有鉴别性的15、bureau n.局;(提供某⽅方⾯面信息的)办事处16、savagely ad.野蛮的;残忍的;粗野的17、virtue n.美德;德⾏行行;价值;⻓长处Part2 短语1、launch into sth 开始、着⼿手做某事2、flee to the internet 转向互联⽹网3、launch a round of talks 发起⼀一轮讨论4、shrug off 耸肩表示蔑视;抖去;摆脱5、sign of crisis 危机迹象6、return to profit 恢复赢利利7、profit margins 利利润空间8、all the same 虽......，仍然9、have the nerve 好意思做某事，有胆量量做某事10、desperate measures 孤注⼀一掷的措施11、in proportion (⼤大⼩小、数量量、程度)按⽐比例例地out of proportion 不不成⽐比例例12、a healthier mix of revenues 更加健康的收益比例13、in reliance on sth 对......依赖14、not surprisingly 毫⽆无疑问15、restate earnings 重申盈利利16、the Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局17、by / in virtue of 因为，由于;make a virtue of 将(不不乐意的事)变成有利利的18、sweep through 掠过，扫过19、film reviewers 电影评论员Text 3 - 简约设计⻛风Part1 单词1、prosperity n.繁荣，兴旺，昌盛2、restraint n.抑制，控制，限制，约束3、stylish a.时髦的，流⾏行行的，⼊入时的4、stimulus n.刺刺激物，刺刺激因素5、architect n.建筑师，设计师6、signature n.签名,署名;识别标志，鲜明特征7、laminated a.由薄⽚片叠成的,分层的,迭⽚片的8、sophisticated a.复杂的，精致的9、elegant a.优美的，漂亮的，简练的，简洁的10、equivalent n.对等物11、modest a.适度的，适中的，端庄的12、commission v.委任，授予13、aesthetic a.美学的，审美的14、forthright a.直率的，直接的，(观点)明确的15、mechanic n.技⼯工，机修⼯工16、acquire v.获得，取得17、desirable a.令⼈人满意的,值得拥有的,可取的18、inevitable a.不不可避免的;必然发⽣生的Part2 短语1、by the millions 数以百万计2、line up 排队3、marriage bureau 婚姻登记处4、when it comes to sth 在某个⽅方⾯面，说到某事5、common sense 常识6、live with 忍受，容忍7、take up posts 就职8、architecture school 建筑学院9、derive from 由......起源;取⾃自10、signature phrase ⼝口头禅11、take granted for 认为......理理所当然12、mask the fact 掩盖事实13、rather than ⽽而⾮非14、Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive 芝加哥湖滨大道Gold Coast ⻩黄⾦金金海海岸15、equivalent of 对应物16、abstract art 抽象艺术17、to delay the inevitable 缓兵之计18、acquire sth as a skill or habit 获得(技能);养成(习惯)Text 4 - 欧盟的危机 Part1 单词1、cheerleader n.啦啦队⻓长;(强有⼒力力的)⽀支持者2、acute a.尖锐的，严重的3、converge v.(线条、运动的物体等)会于⼀一点;使聚集4、devaluation n.(货币)贬值5、disintegration n.瓦解，崩溃6、stuck a.动不不了了的，被卡住的，被难住的7、harmonization n.和谐，协调，相称8、quasi-automatic a.准⾃自动的9、sanction n.制裁，处罚10、mega-project n.特⼤大型项⽬目11、suspension n.暂停，悬挂12、ministerial a.内阁的，部⻓长的，⾏行行政(上)的13、rigour n.严苛，严酷14、intervene v.介于......之间15、fiscal a.(美)财政上的16、murmur v.咕哝，发牢骚，私下抱怨17、curb v.制⽌止，束缚;限制，抑制18、remarkable ad.引⼈人注⽬目的，明显的，⾮非常的19、liberal a.开明的，⾃自由的20、blunt v.使迟钝21、benign a.温和的，仁慈的，善良的Part2 短语1、a leading cheerleader for 主要⽀支持者2、converge on a place 汇集于⼀一处3、chronic problems ⻓长期性棘⼿手问题4、an acute crisis ⼀一场迫在眉睫的危机5、quick fix 应急措施，权宜之计6、save from 使...... 免遭7、dominate powers 主导⼒力力量量8、agree on 对......取得⼀一致性意⻅见9、sanction against sth 为制⽌止某事⽽而实施的制裁10、with the full rigour of the law 严格依法办理理11、backed by 依靠，在......的⽀支持下12、a small majority 微弱多数13、headed by 由...... 带领的，以......为⾸首的14、intervene in 介⼊入，⼲干预15、fiscal transfers 财政转移16、corporate-tax rates 企业税率17、labour costs 劳动⼒力力成本18、write off 毁掉，结束掉;认定......不重要(或无用);忽视19、trading block 贸易易集团，贸易易区块20、blunt an edge 使边⻆角变钝，磨光新题型 - 名医呼吁打压垃圾⻝⾷食品 Part1 单词1、figure n.⼈人物2、outlet n.经销店;廉价经销店3、restrict v.限制，限定，约束4、sponsorship n.赞助者的地位; 赞助⾏行行为，资助⾏行行为5、halt v.使停⽌止;使中断; 阻⽌止6、spiral v.盘旋上升(或下降)，(物价等)不不断急剧的上升(或下降)7、diabetes n.<医>糖尿尿病;多尿尿症8、Paediatrics n.⼉儿科学，⼩小⼉儿科9、inconceivable a.不不能想象的，不不可思议的，难以置信的10、courageous a.勇敢的，⽆无畏的，有胆量量的11、alarm v. 警告12、campaigner n.竞选者，集会者，社会运动⼈人⼠士13、centerpiece n.中⼼心装饰品14、bold a.勇敢的，⽆无畏的，莽撞的15、inducement n.诱导，诱惑，诱因16、lure v.吸引，引诱17、takeaway n.外卖⻝⾷食品，外卖店18、tactics n.战术，策略略，⼿手段19、deploy v.展开，施展，部署Part2 短语1、in respect of 关于，涉及2、product placement 产品植入;植入式广告;置入性行销翻译 - 绿⾊色IT的神话Part1 单词1、volume n.量量2、emission n.排放，排放物，散发物(尤指⽓气体)Part2 短语1、take a toll on 造成损失(或危害、伤亡)作⽂文1 - 建议信Dear Bob，I' m exceedingly delighted to hear the news that you have just been enrolled by Stanford University. Congratulations! And I am writing to give you several suggestions on preparation for college life.First, compared with high school, there will be more freedom and spare time in Ivory Tower. Accordingly, it is advisable to read extensively in library. It is reading that enables you to build up knowledge and ability. Second, college life is best characterized by a rich variety of activities, which will bring opportunities to show your talents, help you to make more friends and arouse your enthusiasm for life; therefore, it is essential to participate in them.Please consider my sincere advice and make your plan, and I am convinced that your college life will be fruitful and meaningful.Your truly,Zhang Wei译：亲爱的鲍勃：听到你刚被斯坦福⼤大学录取的消息，我⾮非常⾼高兴。