英美概况 专有名词 中英文对照学习 打印版
英语国家概况考试名词解释整理中文翻译
题型：选择，判断，名词解释，填空名词解释重点整理如下：英国经济的相对衰落：英国已经历了经济的下降，因为1945.But这是一个相对而不是绝对的下降。
英国是富裕和更富有成效的，比它在1945年，但由于其他国家的发展更为迅速，从第二大经济体，第六下滑。
私有化在1908s：英国经济在20世纪70年代经历了一个特别恶劣的时期，高通胀率和英镑贬值，因此，在20世纪80年代，当根据撒切尔夫人的保守党执政时期，一个广泛的方案。
进行了私有化。
许多国有企业（如钢铁，电信，天然气，航空航天）到了私人公司的私有化是在控制通货膨胀取得了成功，但同时失业率迅速上升。
英国经济的主要部门：主要行业，如农业，渔业和采矿，制造这些初级产品的复杂商品的第二产业;和大专（或服务）的产业，如：英国国家经济可以划分成三个主要领域银行，保险，旅游业和零售业。
综合学校：综合学校是在英国最流行的中学，这些学校承认不参考他们的学术能力的儿童提供普通教育的学生可以学习一切从喜欢文学，喜欢烹饪的实用科目的学科。
文法学校。
文法学校在英国中学的类型选择通过一个名为“11 - PULS”考试在11岁以下的儿童，这些儿童与最高分去文法学校，这些学校打好重点上先进的学科，而不是更普遍的综合学校的课程，并期望他们的学生去上大学。
俗称独立学校：独立学校是公立学校，这实际上是私人学校接收他们通过私营部门和学费率的资金，与一些政府援助的独立学校是不是国民教育体系的一部分，但教学的质量和标准。
通过参观女王陛下的学校督察保持这些学校限制学生的父母都比较丰富。
公开大学：。
开放大学是在英国成立的1960年为人们谁可能不会得到经济和社会原因高等教育机会的它是对所有人开放，并并没有要求在同一个正式的其他大学教育资格大学其次通过电视，广播，通信，视频和Q研究中心的净工作课程，公开大学学业结束。
成功的学生将被授予大学学位。
邦联条：独立战争胜利后，美国新的国家是一个虚弱的国民政府组织联合会章程协议下的所谓国会，每个国家都有自己的政府，其自身的规律。
英美概况内容及翻译
英美概况复习此为大学英语专业考试内容，下文含翻译。
USAI. Geography1. Geographic Features1.1 The Eastern HighlandsFormed by the Appalachian Range.?1. An average elevation of 800 meters above the sea level.?2. The highest peak:? Mount Mitchell (1856 m)：the highest peak of the Appalachian Range ?3. East: the narrow Atlantic Coast plain1.2 The Central Plains1. Vast plains between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?2. Drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries?3. Usually divided into two regions:?1) the Great Plains in the west: vast treeless prairies in the west and agricultural areas in the east?2) the Central Lowland in the east: from the five Great Lakes to central Texas1.3 The Western MountainsHigh plateaus and mountainous country?1. The Rocky Mountains: over 3,000 meters above the sea level?The continental divide of the United States ?2. West of the Rockies:? the Columbia Plateau in the north ?the Colorado Plateau in the southGrand Canyon,the Great Basin in between?The Pacific Mountain System consists of three regions: The Cascade Range, the Sierra-Nevada, and the Pacific Coast Range.?The Sierras contain Mount Whitney (4421m), the highest peak in the US outside Alaska.?Death Valley in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level2. ClimateThe United States has a large size and a wide range of geographic features. Every type of climate is represented in the country: The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semi-arid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in Coastal California, arid in the Great Basin?Extreme weather is common: the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the continental United States, primarily in the Midwest.3. RiversThe Mississippi River (Great River, Big River in Indian language) is 3,770 km long: the second longest river in the United States. It originates from Minnesota and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.?The Missouri River is 4,090 km long. It is the longest river (longest branch of the Mississippi). It is a Mississippi tributary, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin and emptying into the Mississippi River.The length of the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson combination is approximately 6,262 km?The Arkansas River (2,364 km) is the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Mississippi tributary measured by water volume.?The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. Rising in British Columbia, Canada, it runs 3,700 km long, emptying into the Bering Sea.5 great lakesII． American History1. Where did the first Americans come from and why did they migrate to America?Book P 4-52. American Civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the “Union”), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.2.1 The CausesThe coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slaveryNorth made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and “Know-Nothing” parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.2.2 Factors Affecting the Process and ResultsWhat greatly affected the process as well as the result of the war were the differences between the South and the North in their strategies, geographical features, technology, and manpower and finance.2.2.1 StrategiesAs men poured into the armies, Northern and Southern leaders discussed strategies that would achieve victory.Northern armies would have to invade the Confederacy, destroy its capacity to wage war, and crush the will of the Southern people to resist. The Confederacy could win by prolonging the war to a point where the Northern people would consider the effort too costly in lives and money to persist.The South had a compelling example in the American Revolution of a seemingly weaker power defeating a much stronger one. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Confederacy would win independence by default.Lincoln and other Northern leaders, however, had no intention of letting the Southern states go without a fight. The most prominent American military figure in the spring of 1861 was Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the United States Army. With a brilliant mind, Scott conceived a long-range strategy to bring Northern victory. Scott’s plan sought to apply pressure on the Confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, d ividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states. At the same time, the Union navy would institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Should the South continue to resist evenafter the loss of the Mississippi and the closing of its ports, Scott envisioned a major invasion into the heart of the Confederacy.2.2.2 GeographyGeography played a major role in how effectively the two sides were able to carry out their strategies.The sheer size of the Confederacy posed a daunting obstacle to Northern military forces. Totaling more than 1,940,000 km2 and without a well-developed network of roads, the Southern landscape challenged the North’s ability to supply armies that maneuvered at increasing distances from Union bases.It was also almost impossible to make the North’s blockade of Southern ports completely effective because the South’s coastline stretched 5600 km and contained nearly 200 harbors and mouths of navigable rivers.The Appalachian Mountains also hindered rapid movement of Northern forces between the eastern and western areas of the Confederacy while the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia offered a protected route through which Confederate armies could invade the North.The placement of Southern rivers, however, favored the North. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers provided excellent north-south avenues of advance for Union armies west of the Appalachians.2.2.3 TechnologyTechnological advances helped both sides deal with the great distances over which the armies fought. The Civil War was the first large conflict that featured railroads and the telegraph. Railroads rapidly moved hundreds of thousands of soldiers and vast quantities of supplies; the North contained almost twice as many miles of railroad lines as the South. Telegraphic communication permitted both governments to coordinate military movements on sprawling geographical fronts.The combatants also took advantage of numerous other recent advances in military technology. The most important was the rifle musket carried by most of the infantrymen on both sides. The rifle musket, with an effective range of 225 to 275 meters, allowed defenders to break up attacks long before they reached the defenders’ positions.Other new technologies included ironclad warships, which were used by both sides; the deployment of manned balloons for aerial reconnaissance on battlefields, used mainly by the North. The technology for all of these weapons had been present before the Civil War, but never before had armies applied the technology so widely.2.2.4 Manpower and FinanceAt the beginning of the war, state militias provided most of the troops for both Union and Confederate armies. Soon large numbers of civilianswere volunteering for military service. Throughout the war, the bulk of the forces consisted of volunteers.When the number of volunteers lagged behind the growing battle casualties, both the Northern and Southern governments resorted to drafting men into the armies. The Confederacy passed the first draft act in April 1862. The Union followed almost a year later.Although the draft itself did not produce a sufficient number of soldiers, the threat of being drafted led many to volunteer and collect a bounty, which was paid to volunteers. Some soldiers were unscrupulous enough to enlist, desert, and reenlist to collect the bounty more than once.The Civil War, like all wars, called for great sums of money to pay troops and supply them with equipment. At the outset of the war the Confederacy depended on loans, but this source of finance soon disappeared as Southerners began to be affected financially by the cost of the war and unable to buy bonds. Instead it relied on paper money, freely printed. The Confederacy suffered greatly from severe inflation and debt throughout the war. The Confederate rate of inflation was about 9200%.The Union financed its armies by loans and taxes to a much greater degree than the Confederacy, even resorting to an income tax. The people of the North were more prosperous than those of the South. A national banking system was established by Congress to stimulate sales of U.S. bonds. Northerners had savings with which they could buy the bonds and had earnings from which taxes could be taken.2.3 The Process2.6.1 Eastern Theater (1861-1863)2.6.3 Western Theater (1861-1863)2.6.4 Trans-Mississippi Theater (1861-1865)3. America in World War IWorld War I, military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well as the United States and other nations throughout the world.World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.Of the 65 million men who were mobilized, more than 10 million were killed and more than 20 million wounded.The term World War I did not come into general use until a second worldwide conflict broke out in 1939. Before that year, the war was known as the Great War or the World War.1.1 Coalitions InvolvedThe war began as a clash between two coalitions of European countries.The first coalition, known as the Allied Powers, included the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian Empire.The Central Powers, which opposed them, consisted of the empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary.1.2 The Immediate CauseThe immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed in Europe after 1871, the year that Germany emerged as a major European power.2. The Great DepressionOn October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.However, the post-war industrial boom and the prosperity were soon to vanish. The Great Depression in the United States, worst and longest economic collapse in the history of the modern industrial world, began from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s.2.1 The CausesThe depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy.It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.As is typical of post-war periods, Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away from international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism.The self-centered attitudes of the 1920s seemed to fit nicely with the needs of the economy. Modern industry had the capacity to produce vast quantities of consumer goods, but this created a fundamental problem: Prosperity could continue only if demand was made to grow as rapidly as supply. Accordingly, people had to be persuaded to abandon such traditional values as saving, postponing pleasures and purchases, and buying only what they needed. Advertising methods were used to persuade people to buy such relatively new products as automobiles and such completely new ones as radios and household appliances. The resulting mass consumption kept the economy going through most of the 1920s.But there was an underlying economic problem: Income was distributed very unevenly, and the portion going to the wealthiest Americans grew larger as the decade proceeded. This was due largely to two factors: While businesses showed remarkable gains in productivity during the 1920s, workers got a relatively small share of the wealth this produced. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent. Corporate profits shot up by 65 percent in the same period.As a result of these trends, in 1929 the top 0.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to that of the bottom 42 percent. This meant that many people who were willing to purchase new products did not have enough money to do so. To get around this difficulty, the 1920s produced another innovation—“credit,” an attractive name for consumer debt. People were allowed to “buy now, pay later.”International problems also weakened the economy. After World War I the United States became the world’s chief creditor as European countries struggled to pay war debts and reparations. Many American bankers were not ready for this new role. They lent heavily and unwisely to borrowers in Europe, especially Germany, who would have difficulty repaying the loans, particularly if there was a serious economic downturn. These huge debts made the international banking structure extremely unstable by the late 1920s.In addition, the United States maintained high tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loans.The rising incomes of the wealthiest Americans fueled rapid growth in the stock market, especially between 1927 and 1929. Soon the prices of stocks were rising far beyond the worth of the shares of the companies they represented. People were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed the stock prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit.In 1928 the Dow Jones industrial average, an index that tracks the stock prices of key industrial companies, doubled in value in less than two years. But the stock boom could not last. The great bull market of the late 1920s was a classic example of a specul ative “bubble” scheme. In the fall of 1929 confidence that prices would keep rising faltered, then failed.Starting in late October the market plummeted as investors began selling stocks. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, the worst day of the panic, stocks lost $10 billion to $15 billion in value. By mid-November almost all of the gains of the previous two years had been wiped out, withlosses estimated at $30 billion.The stock market crash announced the beginning of the Great Depression.2.3 R oosevelt’s New DealThe initial government response to the Great Depression was ineffective, as President Hoover insisted that the economy was sound and that prosperity would soon return.But business owners saw no reason to increase production while unsold goods clogged their shelves. By 1932 investment had dropped to less than 5 percent of its 1929 level. By the election year of 1932, the depression had made Hoover so unpopular that the election of the Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but assured. Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, Roosevelt quickly lifted the nation’s spirits with the rapid and unprecedented actions of the New Deal.The New Deal produced a wide variety of programs to reduce unemployment, assist businesses and agriculture, regulate banking and the stock market, and provide security for the needy, elderly, and disabled. The basic idea of early New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. The government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops and to create codes for many industries that regulated competition while guaranteeing minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The New Deal also tried to increase demand, pumping large amounts of money into the economy through public works programs and relief measures.Public works projects not only provided jobs but built schools, dams, and roads. The New Deal helped people to survive the depression. Unemployment was reduced, but remained high through the 1930s. Farm income rose from a low of $1.9 billion in 1932 to $4.2 billion in 1940. The demands of the depression led the United States to institute social-security programs and accept labor unions, measures that had been taken decades earlier in many European nations.3.2.1 US and Japanese ConflictIn the final result, however, the United States had little choice in the matter. When France had fallen to Germany, Japan had begun to move into French Indo-China, which had been France's source of rubber and was thought to be rich in oil. The United States government had no desire to see Japan in possession of its own stocks of these essential resources and so threatened to place an embargo on these goods. The Japanese responded in an unexpected way. On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Japanese naval aircraft attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands. The Pearl Harbor Attack brought the United States into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy declared war on the United Stateson DecemberThe CongressThe United StatesCongress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.As provided by the United States Constitution, each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives represents a district and serves a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. The 100 Senators serve staggered six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.What is American General Education?见书English2.1 The Iberians1) They are the earliest settlers on the British Isles.2.2 The Celts1) From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.2) The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.3) These people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.4) At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric and Brythons, still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.3. Roman Britain3.1 Roman InvasionRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France. They gave some help in the struggle to resist the Roman invasion of France. As a result, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 BC. He landed in Kent with several thousand Roman troops, but meeting resistance and bad weather, the Roman withdrew soon after. In the following year, Julius Caesar and the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Julius Caesar and his soldiers did not stay long in England before they withdrew again. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England. The successful invasion of England by the Romans did not take place until nearly a century later, in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius I. The Romans did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now England by driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans failed to conquer Scotland, they built two great walls, the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent the Picts in Scotland from invading England.3.2 Influences of Roman InvasionThe 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.1. Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well Hadrian’s Wall. People who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.2. A network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;3. A number of towns. They introduced a system of organized government and built a network of towns, mostly walled. These town used names ending with “ster”, “cester”, or “shire” -- Leicester, Worcester and Yorkshire—deriving from castra, the Latin word for camp; the Roman capital was London.4. Christianity; the Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, we proclaimed in 306 AD.5. Water and sewage systems.1.1 Anglo-SaxonSoon after the Romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the country of Kent. They were known in history as the Jutes. Other Germanic tribes came trooping after them. This continued for many years. The Saxons came from northern Germany and established their kingdoms in Essex (East Saxow), Succes (South Saxon) and Wessex (West Saxon). In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, also from northern Germans, came and settled in the east part of England. After the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England, the movement, know in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest, was complete. But we must bear in mind that theses Germanic tribes never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts.The England was divided into seven principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy in English history: Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain.The influence of Anglo-Saxon?The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.?They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. In this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. These fields were divided into narrow strips which were shared out among the villagers. Good land was thus fairly distributed. One great field was left “fallow” each year so that its soil could recover its richness after two years’ cultivation.?They set up the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. There were wastelands, known as commons, which were used by villagers to graze livestock and get firewood. This system was the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. It helped to shape the English community life and the Anglo-Saxon concept of equality.?They created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.2. Viking Invasion (800–1066)In the 8th century, the Vikings from theScandinavian countries of northern Europe, Norway and Denmark, began to attack the English coast. In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England gradually became united under Alfred the Great.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He was not only an able warrior but also adedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system.After the death of Alfred, his successors were not as capable as he had been. Taking advantage of the situation, more Dane came and set about taking possession of the entire country. The Anglo-Saxon king didn’t care for fighting, but he dreamed of buying off the Danes. As a result, more invaders came. In 1016, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king of England. Canute, who made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.3. Norman Conquest3.1 Norman Conquest: CauseAfter the death of Canute’s son, the crown was passed to Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king.When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousi n), and Harold Godwinson( a brother of Edward’s wife).William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had taken the crown. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him. he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, ma ny of Harold’s soliders went back home to gather in the crops/. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England in Sep. 1066. Harold, who had been fighting in the north, hurried back with the exhausted troops. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours William’s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive. Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.William became known as William the Conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman king of England.3.2 Control of EnglandAfter Willam became the king, he took a few measures to control England Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.All land was the king’s: William claimed ultimate possession of。
英美概况名词解释打印
英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）Amerigo V espucci----Amerigo V espucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time.Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of Y ork, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged. Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法----It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action.英语国家概况名词解释系列（12）Agribusiness农业产业----The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm.British disease英国病----The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.英语国家概况名词解释系列（13）Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.Privy Council枢密院----A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and Y ork, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.英语国家概况名词解释系列（14）The National Health Service----It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.英语国家概况名词解释系列（15）Reuters----It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况名词解释系列（16）The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.),Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in the world and the most important river in the United States.英语国家概况名词解释系列（17）Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the abolitionist cause.Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech President Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（18）The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radical were arrested.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.Marshall Plan----It was announced by George Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）London smog----In 195, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner, sometimes known as a “family doctor”. The family doctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if necessary, arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist.英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city.Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.英语国家概况名词解释系列（22）Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when France lost its empire in North America to England, French Canadians have struggled to preserve their language and culture. In the early 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in their protests. In particular, they complained that were kept out of jobs in government and in some large businesses because they spoke only French. They have been struggling more rights common which was called “Quiet revolution”.英美概况（名词解释+简答+论述）1. The W atergate ScandalThe Watergate Scandal refers to the arrest of people breaking into Democratic National Committee offices who worked for the re-election of Nixon and the cover-up afterwards with the support of Nixon. It led to the resignation of Nixon.2. The British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.3. The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy refers to the Immigration restriction Act of 1901. Under the White Australia Policy, only white Europeans, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to Australia. The migration of colored people such as Asians was restricted.4. Checks and BalancesIn American political system, each of the three branches of the government--the legislative, the executive and the judicial--has part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called" checks and balances".5. Federal SystemA federal system of government has two layers of rule: central or federal government for the whole country; state and local governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.6. Comprehensive High SchoolIt is a school that provides students with both academic and vocational education.7. Research UniversitySuch a university offers a full range of programs leading to a BA degree and is committed to postgraduate education through the doctorate. It gives high priority to research and award doctoral degrees.8. MonopolyMonopoly, economic situation in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. One or more of the following elements are of great importance in establishing a monopoly: (1) control of a major resource necessary to produce a product, as was the case withbauxite in the pre-World War II aluminum industry; (2) technological capabilities that allow a single firm to produce at reasonable prices all the output of a particular commodity or service, a situation sometimes described as a "natural" monopoly; (3) exclusive control over a patent on a product or on the processes used to produce the product; and (4) a government franchise that awards a company the sole right to produce a commodity or service in a given area. Among the various kinds of economic monopolies are public utilities, trusts, cartels, and industrial mergers.9. Big BenBig Ben is the largest clock in Britain and has kept exact time for the nation since May 1859. It is famous the world over for being the giant four faced clock in London, England. Big Ben is the name of the giant 14-tonne bell that hangs inside the clock tower and chimes every hour of every day in England. The huge bell was hung in 1858 and named after Sir Benjamin Hall, Chief Commissioner of Works at the time the bell was hung. In England you can hear Big Ben chiming daily the nation over, either on television news or radio.10. Independent schoolsIndependent schools are fee-paying educational institutions. Independent schools usually provide pupils with two stages of education. The principal schools for children of over thirteen (13 ~ 18) are usually called public schools and those for younger pupils (8 ~ 13) are usually called preparatory (colloquially "prep") schools. Many such schools are long established and have gaineda reputation for their high standards. However, only about 6% of all children attend these schools.11. RedbrickRedbrick is the name for a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930, including London University. They were so called because red brick was the favorite building material of the time. As the term red brick" already fell into disfavor, they are sometimes called middle-aged universities. Most of these higher education institutions were founded in the biggest industrial towns and in a few other centers. Their first purpose was to provide higher education for local inhabitants who could not afford the cost of going away from home for their studies. As these universities grew bigger and more solidly established, all of them have achieved independent status.12. The new universitiesThe new universities were all founded after the Second World War. Most of these are in the biggest cities where are already established universities. Although these universities were new, some of them quickly became popular because of their modem approach to university courses.13. The Open UniversityThe Open University is a recent innovation, which provides chances for people of all ages and to which entry is much less restricted. It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1971. This educational institution is so named because it is "open" to all to become students with no formal qualifications to study for a degree. Courses are followed in the students' sp are time; lectures are broad-cast on radio and TV, and students correspond with their tutors by post. For some of the Open University courses students have to attend one-week summer schools which are held in many of Britain's traditional universities. At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university degree.14.The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister is the chief executive of the government. He or she is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. The prime minister presides over the Cabinet and selects the other Cabinet members, who join him or her to form the government that is part of the functioning executive. When legislation comes before the House of Commons, the prime minister can usually count on the support of a majority of the votes because his or her party has amajority of the seats. The prime minister serves as the first lord of the treasury and as minister for the civil service.15. Statue of Liberty1. Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty2. Presented to the United States by the people of France on October 28, 1886.3. Commemorating the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence4. A gesture of friendship from France to the United States5. Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans.16. Ivy League1. The eight private institutions of higher education located in the Northeastern United States.2. The top in the U.S. college and university rankings and ranking within the top one percent of the world’s academic institutions3. Harvard University; Yale University; University of Pennsylvania; Princeton University; Columbia University; Brown University; Dartmouth College;Cornell University17. The Bill of Rights1. US Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously (1791)2. Spirit of the Bill of Rights: freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of petition and freedom of religion3. Protection of individual rights instead of the privileges of the government4. Considered as the original body of the Constitution1. Which system was completely established under William in English?The feudal system was completely established under William in English.2. What is the most central functions of the Congress in America?It is the passage of laws.3 .Which city is Canada's largest city?It is Toronto.4. What was Australia called in the 1950s?Australia was called "the lucky country" in the 1950s.5. What do you think is the most noticeable feature of New Zealand geography?It is its mountains widely spread all over the country where active volcanoes scatter.6. Why was Britain known as the factory of the world in the mid-19th century?Because the British economy was among the strongest in the world.(or) At that time many goods were made in Britain and then sold all over the world.7. What are the established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England, and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.8. What does the British Parliament consist of?The British Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lord s and the House of Commons.9. What does W ASP stand for?It stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.10. When did the history of Australia begin?It began with the arrival of Aborigines between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago.11. What law made French the official language in Quebec?The “Charter of the French Language in Quebec” made French the official language in Quebec.1. How does the British climate influence characters of English people?Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather. This statement, often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country, is both revealing and true. It is revealing because in it we see the Englishman insisting once again that what happens in England is not the same as what happens elsewhere.In no country other than England, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. The snag is that we never can be sure when the different types of weather will occur. This uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character; it tends to make him cautious. The foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day! The English weather has also helped to make the Englishman adaptable. It has been said that one of the reasons why the English colonized so much of the world was that, whatever the weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something like them at home!2. Introduce the 3 main certificates required for secondary schooling students.For secondary schooling students, at least one of the three main certificates is required to demonstrate their educational attainment. Moderately children take the Certificates of Secondary Education (CSE), which indicates satisfactory completion of schooling to the age of 16. More ambitious children take the examinations for the General Certificate of Education at Ordinary Level (GCE "0" Level), which is the required starting-point for many types of professional training. Most young pupils who stay at school after passing their Ordinary Level examinations prepare themselves for the General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level (GCE "A" Level), which is the standard for entrance to universities and other higher education.3. What’s your idea about the diversity of US population？A. US is a melting potB. Racial and ethnic groupsC. Religious differencesD. Language diversityE. Social classes4. What’s your idea about the power-sharing and power-checking policy of US government?A. three branches of the federal governmentB. power sharing systemC. power checking policyD. foundation of the US politics5. Give comments on relationship between UK and USA.The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However,Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The Britain are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maint ain the “special relationship”.6. What powers does the Queen of Britain have theoretically? Why is it said that she has no real power at all in reality?The British monarchy stands for the continuity of British history going back to Anglo-Saxon times, and today it serves as a figurehead for the state In theory, the British monarch has enormous powers, but in reality those powers are limited and the Crown follows the dictates and advice of the ministers in Parliament.As the official head of state, the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet. The monarch also serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. In reality, the government carries out the duties associated with these functions. Theoretically, the monarch appoints all judges, military officers, diplomats, and archbishops, as well as other church officers. The monarch also bestows honors and awards, such as knighthoods and peerages. In reality, all of these appointments are made upon the advice of the prime minister. The prime minister declares war and peace and concludes treaties with foreign states in the name of the Crown. The monarch serves as the ceremonial head of the Commonwealth of Nations and is the ceremonial head of state for 16 Commonwealth countries.7. What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today? Tell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States .There have been four periods in the history of the two-party system in the United States. In the last years of the 18th century, the debate over the ratification of the Constitution gave rise to the beginnings of the first two major parties. They were the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. After the adoption of the constitution with the Bill of Rights, the Anti-federalists began to call themselves Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists gradually disintegrated. After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split. The main faction led by Jackson was called the Democratic Party. The faction opposed to Jackson was called the Whig Party which formed in 1834. As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements formed the Republican Party in 1854. From 1860s to 1920s, the Republican Party dominated the political scene. The Four period began with Franklin Roosevelt’s coming iron power and casted till the 1980s. During this period, the Democratic Party was dominant, with short interruptions. The two major parties are really not very different today. But this does not mean there is no difference between them. On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favor government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more. On social issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large governmental social security programs. In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in individualism, defending capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.8. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. (1 point) William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. (1 point) He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. (2 points) Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended, (2 points) Norman-French culture, language, manners,。
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国20.St.Augustine21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
(完整word版)英美概况名词解释复习范围兼答案
英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinistswho wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the "Father of Our Country".4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived abroad and known as the lost generation.8.Hemingway :one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement: refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther King.Jr. : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality"representative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.17. The “Washminster” form policy in Australia : washington and westminster as britain andamerican political system.based on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country’s governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. "Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose works and“ stream of consciousness” had an important effect on the whole world.。
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分Thames RiverHigh LandersBritish Commonwealth 英联邦伦敦佬Maritime Climate 海洋性气候English ChannelChunnel 英吉利海峡隧道9. “pea soup ” fogs 伦敦雾isles: 巨石阵becket: 托马斯Chaucerof arc: 圣女贞德: 罗拉德派Puritans 清教徒CaesarHardrian's Wall 哈德连长城七王国贤人会议the Great 豆瓣the Conqueror 威廉征服battle of Hastings Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区Conquest 诺曼征服Book 英国国王1806 年颁的土地调查清册Black Death 黑死病divine rights of kings 君权神授Wars of Roses 玫瑰战争（考过） Spanish Armada: 西班牙无敌舰队Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命Gunpowder Plot of 1605 火药阴谋案Mary 血腥玛丽boroughs 衰败选区Pankhurst 潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
league of nations 国际联盟blitz 闪电战beatles 甲克虫乐队撒切尔主义of payments 收支平衡Maynard Keynestrade and invisible trade union 欧盟policies（货币主义政策）Trade Union Act of 1871 工会法农业产业disease 英国病monarchy 君主立宪制Council 枢密院law 公共法state opening of parliament Civil list 英国王室费（考过）civil service 公务员（考过） peer 终身贵族无罪裁决Crown Court 刑事法庭punishment 死刑metropolitan police force National Health Service 英国国民保健制度insurance 社会保险practitioner（GP）workersalvation armyschools 路透社（GM）Schools 有公费保证的学校（升学考试）murdochbritish museumThanksgiving DayIreland（爱尔兰）美国部分Vespuccitruman doctrineboomgreat lakesisland8."the great compromise" Emancipation Proclamation taxtation without representation Chinese Exclution Act servants tea party（考过） dividegettysburg addressku klux klan黑幕揭发者nationalismred scare progressive movement New Dealmarshall plansmith actcivil rights act of 1964 poverty line 32 checks and balances34. the free enterprise system35. the federal systemof powers37. private schooldistrict39. global education40. poor richard's almanac42. jazzera44. father's day's day46. congressional medal of honor48. Great Canyon49. New EnglandAmericans51. ChicanosRicansPapersFirst Continental Congress DestinyBlack ThursdayFrontierHuron StatementCorn Belt62。
英美概况 大题英英解释 打印版 1
What do you know about the Roman influence on Britain?1.The Roman Occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant highland zone.2.In the southeastern part, the Romans influenced life and culture rapidly.3.The English upper classes were thoroughly romanized and transformed into Roman landlords and officials.4.The Romans were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people.5.Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans, true slave society was introduced into England.What were the consequences of Norman Conquest?1.It increased the process of feudalism which had begun during Anglo-Saxon timed. Feudalism finally established in England.2.William the Conqueror established a strong monarchy in England. He made some reforms in Baron System and land policy. In 1806, William the Conqueror had his officials go through England and make a general survey of the land, known as the Domesday Book.3.After the conquest William retained most of the old England customs of government. Yet the introduced much that was new.4.The Norman Conquest also brought about changes in the church. The upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalized.5.Along with the Normans came the French language.In what ways did Henry 2 consolidate the monarchy?1.Henry Plantagenet, in 1154, established the House of Plantagenet as Henry2. During the reign of Henry2, he made a series of reforms.2.The Royal powers of justices were greatly expanded. All land held in feudal tenure was brought under royal jurisdiction.3.For administration, the mayor reform was the Inquest of Sheriffs in 1170.4.In 1181 he issued the “Assize of Arms”. This made it compulsory for every freeman in England to be provided with arms.5.Alongside the reforms, skilled trade, commerce, agriculture and the arts all made rapid progress.。
英语国家概况中英文对照
Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ英国的不同名称及其区域 1。
Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称，不列颠，大不列颠，英格兰，不列颠群岛，联合王国。
这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？When people refer to Britain， they often use different names such as Britain， Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K。
Do they mean the same thing ？ Or are they different?严格地讲,不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事,因此，人们就说不列颠,联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家,叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立,首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking， the British Isles， Great Britain and England are all geographical names。
Th ey are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland。
英语国家概况中英文对照
Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ英国的不同名称及其区域 1。
Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称，不列颠，大不列颠,英格兰，不列颠群岛，联合王国。
这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain， GreatBritain， England， the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U。
K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国.因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家,首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country。
打印：专有名词英汉对照
专有名词英汉对照一、院系⏹表演系Acting Department⏹艺术系Arts Department⏹会计系Department of Accounting⏹建筑工程系Department of Architectural Engineering⏹建筑学Department of Architecture⏹天文学Department of Astronomy⏹企业管理系Department of Business Administration⏹通讯工程系Department of Communication Engineering⏹计算机学系Department of Computer Science⏹舞蹈系Department of Dance⏹外交系Department of Diplomacy⏹经济管理系Department of Economic Management⏹经济（学）系Department of Economics⏹教育系Department of Education⏹国际经济系Department of International Economics⏹国际政治系Department of International Politics⏹国际关系Department of International Relations⏹国际贸易系Department of International Trade⏹英语系English Language Department⏹外语系Foreign Languages Department⏹法语系French Language Department二、学校⏹托儿所nursery/creche⏹幼儿园kindergarten⏹小学primary(elementary)school⏹中学middle(secondary)school⏹初中junior middle school⏹高中senior middle school⏹职业中学vocational middle school⏹实验中学experimental middle school⏹附属中学attached middle school⏹业余学校spare-time school⏹文科大学university of liberal arts⏹理科大学university of science⏹函授大学correspondence college⏹中等专科学校secondary technical school⏹技工学校school of technology⏹聋哑学校school of deaf-mutes⏹盲人学校school for the blind/blindmen's school⏹成人学校adult school⏹民办学校voluntary school⏹补习学校continuation school⏹夜校evening (night) school⏹职业学校vocational school⏹外语学校foreign languages school⏹卫生学校health school⏹商业学校commercial school⏹师范学校school for kindergarten teachers⏹护士学校nurses' school⏹艺术学校art school⏹舞蹈学校dancing school⏹会计学校accountant school财贸学校finance and trade school ⏹水利学校water conservancy school三、职位⏹（大学）校长President/Chancellor⏹（大学）副校长Vice President⏹（大学）代理校长Acting President⏹（中学）校长Principal⏹（小学）校长Head /Master⏹学院院长Dean of College/Head of College⏹教务长Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs⏹系主任Department Chairman /Department Head⏹教研室主任Head of the Teaching and Research Section⏹教导主任Director⏹班主任Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher⏹教授Professor⏹副教授Associate Professor⏹助教Teaching Assistant (T.A.)⏹总工程师Chief Engineerr⏹高级工程师Senior Engineer⏹技术员Technician⏹董事长Chairman of the Board /Chairman⏹董事/理事Director副董事Associate Director⏹总经理General Manager/ President⏹总经理助理General Manager Assistant⏹总经理秘书General Manager's Secretary⏹高级会计师Senior Accountant⏹Business Controller 业务主任⏹Business Manager 业务经理⏹Buyer 采购员⏹Cashier 出纳员⏹Administration Manager 行政经理⏹Administration Staff 行政人员⏹Administrative Assistant 行政助理⏹Administrative Clerk 行政办事员⏹Advertising Staff 广告工作人员四、金融机构⏹中国人民银行People's Bank of China⏹中国人民建设银行People's Construction Bank of China⏹中国工商银行Industrial and Commercial Bank of China⏹中国农业银行Agricultural Bank of China⏹中国银行Bank of China⏹交通银行Bank of Communications⏹中国投资银行China Investment Bank⏹中国人民保险公司Investment Corporation⏹中国人民保险公司People's Insurance Company of China⏹平安保险公司Ping An Insurance Company⏹中国人寿保险公司China Life Insurance Company Ltd.⏹中国邮政储蓄银行Post office savings bank of China五、节日⏹1月1日元旦New Year's Day⏹2月14日情人节Valentine's Day⏹3月8日国际妇女节International Women' Day⏹3月12日中国植树节China Arbor Day⏹3月14日白色情人节White Day⏹4月1日愚人节April Fools' Day⏹4月5日清明节Tomb-sweeping Day⏹5月1日国际劳动节International Labour Day⏹5月4日中国青年节Chinese Youth Day⏹6月1日国际儿童节International Children's Day⏹农历5月初5端午节Dragon Boat Fstival⏹9月1日教师节Teacher"s Day⏹10月1日国庆节National Day⏹11月1日万圣节Hallowmas⏹12月24日圣诞前夕Christmas Eve⏹12月25日圣诞节Christmas Day⏹农历正月初一春节The Spring Festival⏹农历正月初十五元宵节Lantern Festival⏹母亲节Mother's Day⏹父亲节Father's Day六、常见的英文名男Adam 亚当Allan 艾伦Andrew 安德鲁Anthony 安东尼Austin 奥斯汀Bill 比尔Bob 鲍步Brandon 布阑登Brian 布莱恩Charles 查而斯Chris 克里斯Christopher 克来斯多夫Daniel 丹尼而David 大卫Dennis 丹尼斯Donald 唐纳德Douglas 道格拉斯Edward 爱德华Eric 艾利克Frank 富兰克George 乔治Henry 亨利James 詹姆斯Jason 杰森Jeffrey 杰佛瑞Jeshua 约书亚Jim 吉姆John 约翰Joseph 约瑟夫Keith 凯斯Kenneth 肯尼斯Kevin 凯文Mark 马克Matthew 马修Michael 麦克尔Mike 麦克Nicholas 尼克拉斯Patrick 派翠克Paul 保罗Peter 彼得Phillip 菲力浦Reed 列得Richard 理查Robert 罗伯特Roy 罗一Ryan 里安Sam 山姆Samuel 萨谬尔Scott 斯考特Steven 斯蒂文Thomas 托马斯Tom 汤姆William 威廉女Anna 安娜Amy 艾美Andrea 安德丽亚Barbara 笆笆拉Catherine 凯瑟琳Cathy 凯西Charlotte 夏绿蒂Christina 克莉斯婷娜Christine 克莉斯婷Daisy 戴西Deborah 黛博拉Elizabeth 伊丽莎白Ellen 艾伦Emily 艾蜜丽Hannah 寒娜Helen 海伦Jacqueline 杰葵琳Jane 珍Jennifer 珍尼佛Jessica 杰西卡Joan 琼Judy 朱蒂Julia 朱丽亚Julie 朱丽Karen 凯琳Katherine 凯特琳Kelly 凯莉Laura 劳拉Linda 琳达Lisa 丽莎Maria 玛丽亚Martha 玛莎Mary 玛丽Maureen 穆琳Megan 梅瞰Melissa 蒙莉莎Michelle 蜜薛儿Nancy 南西Nicole 妮可pam 笆美Pamela 潘蜜拉Phyllis 非丽丝Rachel 瑞琪儿Rebecca 丽蓓嘉Samantha 塞漫莎Sarah 莎拉Sharon 雪伦Susan 苏珊Tina 蒂娜Tracy 翠西Wendy 温蒂七、常考的地名英国（大不列颠）U.K./the United Kingdom/Great BritainLondon 伦敦England 英格兰Liverpool 利物浦Manchester 曼彻斯特Sheffield 谢菲尔德Birmingham 伯明翰Coventry 考文垂Leeds 利兹Scotland 苏格兰Glasgow 格拉斯哥Edinburgh 爱丁堡Wales 威尔士Cardiff 加的夫North Ireland 北爱尔兰Belfast 贝尔法斯特爱尔兰IrelandDublin 都柏林澳大利亚AustraliaCanberra 堪培拉Queensland 昆士兰州Brisbane 布里斯班New South Wales 新南威尔士州Sydney 悉尼South Australia 南澳大利亚州Adelaide 阿德莱德Victoria 维多利亚州Melbourne 墨尔本Western Australia 西澳大利亚州Perth 珀斯新西兰New ZealandWellington 惠灵顿加拿大CanadaOttawa 渥太华British Columbia 不列颠哥伦比亚省Victoria 维多利亚Vancouver 温哥华Alberta 艾伯塔省Edmonton 埃德蒙顿Ontario 安大略省Toronto 多伦多Quebec 魁北克省Montreal 蒙特利尔美国The United States of AmericaWashington 华盛顿New York 纽约Boston 波士顿Chicago 芝加哥Atlanta 亚特兰大Seattle 西雅图Los Angeles/L.A. 洛杉矶。
英美概况知识点中英版本(精细整理)
英美概况知识点Part 1.英国的全称为：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，这就是英国的英文全称，有时候也可以称：The United Kingdom。
一．英国四部分是英格兰（England），首都伦敦(London)，英格兰是英国面积最大、人口最多、经济最发达的一个部分。
（England is the largest, most populous and most economically developed part of Britain.）苏格兰（Scotland），首都爱丁堡(Edingburgh)威尔士（Wales），首都卡迪夫(Cadiff)北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）、首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。
英国人凯尔特人(凯尔特人)作为英国本土人。
凯尔特部落从公元前750年左右从欧洲穿越而来。
C、凯尔特部落的盖尔人主要定居在北方（现代苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的祖先）。
凯尔特人的英国人。
部落（现代威尔士人的祖先），生活在原始社会。
Celts(凯尔特人)taken_as the nativeșin Britain. The Celtic tribes crossed from Europe from about 750B. C. the Gaels of the Celtic tribes mainly settled in the north (the modern Scottish and Irish's ancestors). the Britons of the Celtic . tribes(the modern Welsh's ancestors ),living in primitivesociety.盎格鲁撒克逊人英国人的祖先。
盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人属于日耳曼部落，大约在5世纪来到英国。
英国国家概况(五)(中英文版)
英美概况（五）中英文版第五章大英帝国的兴衰Chapter 5第五章The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。
The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。
The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
托利党是保守党的前身。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业革命During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。
《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版
《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英美概况专有名词
英美概况专有名词【中英对照】【英五雪痕】大不列颠Great Britain[ˈbrɪtn]英国全称the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern[ˈnɔ:ðən]英吉利海峡the English Channel [ˈtʃænl]爱尔兰共和国the Republic of Ireland [ˈaɪələnd]大英帝国British empire[ˈempaiə]欧盟the European Union[ˌjʊərəˈpi:ən]英联邦the Commonwealth of Nations[ˈkɔmənwelθ]泰晤士河the Thames [temz]【英】议会大厦houses of parliament[ˈpɑ:ləmənt]白金汉宫Buckingham Palace['bʌkiŋəm]七国集团Group of Seven巨石圈Giant’s Causeway['kɔ:zwei]罗马帝国the Roman Empire['ɛmpaɪə]北欧海盗Vikings['vaikiŋ]盎格鲁撒克逊人the Anglo-Saxons['æŋgləu'sæksən] 诺曼征服the Norman Conquest ['nɔ:mən]议会高于王权parliament’s dominance over the throne['pɑ:ləmənt]['dɔminəns]['θrəun]哈德良长城Hadrian’s wall1999权力下放devolution in 1999[devə'lu:ʃən]威尔士亲王Prince of Wales[prins]议会议员parliamentarian [pɑ:ləmen'tɛəriən]爱尔兰的分裂a partition of Ireland [pɑ:'tiʃn]自治法案the Third Home Rule Bill民权运动Civil Rights Movement['sivl]绝食示威hunger-strike[straik]爱尔兰共和军Irish Republic Army复活节起义the Easter Rising['i:stə]新芬党the Sinn Fein party天主教徒Catholics['kæθəlik]新教徒Protestants['prɔtistənt]拘禁政策internment policy[in'tə:nmənt]权力分享机制Power-Sharing mechanism['mekənizm]议会民主制Parliamentary Democracy[pɑ:lə'mentri] [di'mɔkrəsi]君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy [.kɔnsti'tju:ʃənl]君权神授divine right of kings[di'vain]大宪章Magna Carta['mægnə]大议事会the Great Council['kaunsil]上院the House of Lords[lɔ:d]下院the House of Commons世袭贵族hereditary peers[hə'reditəri]资产阶级革命bourgeois revolution['buəʒwɑ:]君主制复辟the restoration of the monarchy[restə'rei ʃən] ['mɔnəki]光荣革命Glorious Revolution['ɡlɔːrɪəs]内阁Cabinet['kæbinit]首相the prime minister[praim][' ministə]权利法案the Bill of Rights习惯法conventions[kən'venʃən]选区constituency[kən'stitjuənsi]不信任案Vote of No Confidence['kɔnfidəns]消极竞选/负面竞选negative campaign ['neɡətiv] 全民医疗制度National Health Service大选General Election联合国安理会the United Nation Security [si'kjuriti] Council['kaunsil]北约North Atlantic Treaty Organization[ət'læntik] ['tri:ti]核威慑nuclear deterrent['nju:kliə][dɪ'tɛrənt]南半球Southern Hemisphere['hemisfiə]奥运会吉祥物Olympic mascot['mæskət]悉尼歌剧院Sydney opera House['sɪdni:]澳洲原居民the Aborigines[æbə'ridʒini:z]土著文化Aboriginal Culture [.æbə'ridʒənl]梦创时代后人the Peoples of the Dreaming囚犯流放殖民地the penal colony['pi:nl]['kɔləni]澳洲内陆the Australian outback英美体制结合的政治制度a Washminster form of polity['minstə]怀唐伊条约the Treaty of Waitangi['tri:ti] [weitændʒi]毛利文化复兴Maori renaissance[ri ' neisns]美国部分：中世纪the Middle Ages罗马天主教the Roman Catholic Church['kæθəlik]文艺复兴the Renaissance[rɪ'neɪsns]宗教移民先驱the Pilgrim Father['pilgrim]上帝的选民God’s elect大陆会议the Continental Congress[k ɔntə'nentl] ['kɔŋgres]邦联条约the Articles of Confederation[kənfedə'reiʃən]制宪会议the Constitutional Convention[.kɔnsti'tju:ʃənl] [kən'venʃən]三权分立the three branches of the federal government['fedərəl]制约与平衡checks and balances[su:'pri:m] [kɔ:t]司法复审权judicial review[dʒu:'diʃəl] [ri'vju:]。
英美概况词汇统计英汉对照
英美概况词汇统计英汉对照21 Confucians 孔子信徒26 Roman Empire 罗马帝国（公元前27年到公元476年罗马统治下的广大地域，势力范围东达美索不达米亚，西至伊比利亚半岛，北部直到莱茵河和多瑙河流域，向南延伸到埃及和地中海沿岸地区）27 Socrates 苏格拉底，古希腊哲学家，用发问的方法寻求真理，暴露谬误，探讨哲学和伦理等方面的问题。
28 Plato 柏拉图（428—347B.C.），古希腊哲学家，创建雅典学园，其思想体系对基督教哲学和西方哲学有深远的影响。
34 Aristotle 亚里士多德（358—323B.C.）古希腊哲学家，柏拉图的学生，创建雅典逍遥学派。
39 Roman Age 罗马时代41 Jesus Christ 基督耶稣（基督教的创始人，传到时间为公元28—30年间）。
42 Renaissance 文艺复兴（14—17世纪欧洲之古希腊文学、艺术、思想的重新发现和繁荣）54 Isaac Newton 牛顿，英国数学家，物理学家，爱因斯坦之前对理论物理学最有影响的科学家。
55 Francis Bacon 培根，英国政治学家和哲学家，其激进的哲学思想在其死后的一个世纪内仍然影响巨大。
56 Thomas Hobbes 霍布斯，英国哲学家，唯物论者。
59 John Locke 洛克（1632—1704），英国哲学家，经验论和政治自由主义奠基人。
著有《政府论》（1690），反对“天赋君权”；在《人类理解论》（1690）中提出所有知识由知觉经历而来。
60 David Hume 休谟（1711—1776），苏格兰哲学家，经济学家，历史学家，不可知论代表人物。
67 Enlightenment 启蒙运动（欧洲17世纪和18世纪文化思想运动，深受笛卡儿，洛克、牛顿等人的思想影响，崇尚理性，认为理性是人类知识和进步的核心）。
75 Romanticism 浪漫主义。
18世纪开始的艺术的艺术和文化运动，抵制理性主义，遵从灵感和非理性，代表人物有作曲家舒伯特、舒曼、诗人华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等。
英美概况翻译
配合文库中的《英美概况》使用一，地理1。
地理特点1.1东部高地由阿巴拉契亚山脉形成的？1。
一个平均海拔800米以上的海拔？2。
最高峰：米切尔山（1856米）：对阿巴拉契亚山脉的最高峰？3。
东：狭窄的大西洋海岸平原1.2中原1。
阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的落基山脉和辽阔的平原？2。
排泄密西西比河及其支流？3。
通常分为两个区域：？1）在西部大平原：在东部农业区的西部和广大无树木的大草原？2）在东部中央低地：从五个大湖中央德州1.3西部山区高原和山区的国家呢？1，落基山脉：超过海拔3000米？而美国大陆分裂？2。
西落基山脉：在哥伦比亚北部高原？在南科罗拉多高原大峡谷，在大盆地之间？太平洋山系统包括三个区域：在喀斯喀特山脉，山脉，内华达州和太平洋海岸山脉？该山脉包含惠特尼山（4421米），在美国阿拉斯加以外最高的高峰？死亡谷在加州东部，低于海平面85米2，气候美国拥有庞大的规模和地域范围广的特点。
每个气候类型是在代表国家：气候是在大平原的100经络西部，在西南地区，地中海的沙漠温带大部分地区，在夏威夷和佛罗里达州南部的热带，在阿拉斯加极地，半干旱海岸加利福尼亚州，在大盆地干旱？极端天气是共同的：国家接壤的墨西哥海湾很容易发生飓风，和世界上大多数龙卷风在美国大陆的主要是在中西部地区，时有发生。
3。
河流密西西比河（大河，在印度语大河）是3770公里长：第二个最长的美国河流。
它起源进入墨西哥湾，从明尼苏达州和清空？密苏里河4090公里长。
它是最长的河流（密西西比河最长的分支）。
这是一个密西西比河的支流，流经从杰斐逊，麦迪逊和加勒廷合流，进入密西西比河排空。
而在密西西比- 密苏里- 杰弗逊组合的长度约为6262公里？阿肯色河（2364公里）是第二最长的密西西比河支流。
俄亥俄河是密西西比河的最大支流的水量计算？育空河是北美洲西北部的主要水道。
在不列颠哥伦比亚省，加拿大瑞星，它运行3700公里长，进入白令海排空。
5大湖泊二，美国历史1，在哪里做的第一个美国人和来自他们为什么迁移到美国？图书P 4-52，美国南北战争美国南北战争（1861-1865），也被称为国家间的战争，是在美国内战。
英美国家概况复习提纲
constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制theMonarch君主Parliament议会HouseofCommons平民院/下议院TheGovernmentParty执政党RoyalAssent御准（女王批准）ShadowCabinet影子内阁jurysystem陪审团制theConservativeParty保守党theLabourParty工党commonlaw习惯法CrownCourts王室法院TheCelts凯尔特人Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁萨克逊人NormanConquest诺曼征服TheGreatCharter大宪章TheHundredYears’War百年大战TheBlackDeath黑死病Renaissance文艺复兴Humanists人文主义者theGreatLakes大湖区SecretaryofState国务卿TheUSCongress国会theHouseofRepresentatives众议院TheJudicialBranch司法部门theSupremeCourt最高法院theBostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件、TheBillofRights人权法案TheStar-SpangledBanner星条旗TheMonroeDoctrine门罗主义EmancipationProclamation解放宣言/废奴宣言Frontiersman拓荒者TheCivilWar内战TheWestwardMovement西进运动英语国家概况精讲系列（一）Chapter1第一章LandandPeople英国的国土与人民I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英美概况名词解释(英文)
1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the Wiseman. It was created by theAnglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. Afte r a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the wayof the Roman conquest.5. Doomsday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Doomsday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Qu een, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom forNonconformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include suchwell-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.29. New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.30. baby boom“baby boom” refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964.31. the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.32. the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution —— the Bill of Rights.33. the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34. the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convention.35. the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.36. the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France and Italy)37. the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.38. the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced theMarshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39. the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40. checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.41.The New DealIt refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system.42.counterculture movementIt was a movement of revolt in the 1960s against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior. and the social relations of conventional society.43. Constitutional monarchyA constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.44. The Great Depression On October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out withina few hours. This led to a long economic depression.45. Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.46. Melting PotSince the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, it is also known as a “melting pot,” meaning immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.47. Black DeathBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 withoutwarning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.48. American ConstitutionThe Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.49．The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者)The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.50.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms.issez faire(放任主义)it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.52.the Red scare(红色恐惧)Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.53.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.54.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)it was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to "save American democracy" and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time. 55.Isolationism(孤立主义)it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.56. The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族）The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of Latin-American origin who live in the United States. Now there are three major Hispanic groups which have great influence on the U.S. They areMexico-American of Chicano, Puerto Ricans andCuban-American.[/size][/size][/size][U]1.The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“57. The Gunpowder Plot was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars . 58. The Puritans(1) The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England.(2) Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution , the Puritan Leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save . So in (March) 1630 , the great Puritan migration began .(3) The Puritans did not allow religious dissent. They went to America to establish what they considered the one true church. / Puritan tradition also involved a respect for learning which led to the establishment of schools and the spread of literacy.59. ThatcherismThe election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state - owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.60. Diversity of American educationDiversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. This can be seen not only in type, size and control of the institutions, but educational policies and practices. As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal govemment. As each state has the freedom to develop its own school system and delegates its power over education to local districts, many variations can be found in the educationsystem of the 50 states.61. The New DealIn order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.62. Sinn FeinSinn Fein was the Irish guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921. It spit in 1921 over the Anglo - Irish Treaty and became two parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, which remains to be the two major political parties in Ireland today.。
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The English Channel 英吉利海峡
The Dee estuary 迪河河口
The Act of Union of 1801 1801合并法案
Gaelic 盖尔语
The “backbone of England”英格兰的脊梁
Briton 不列颠人
Urbanization 城市化
Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒克逊人
The Norman 诺曼人
Celtic 凯尔特人
Iberians 伊比利亚人
Queen’s University of Belfast 贝尔法斯特大学
The Manchester Ship Canal 曼切斯特运河
The Black Country 黑区
Covert Garden Opera House 科文特加登皇家歌剧院Greater London 大伦敦
Cardiff 加的夫
Hadrian’s Wall 哈德良长城
Julius Caesar 朱利尤斯·凯撒
Alfred 阿尔弗雷德
Edmund 埃德蒙
Vikings 维京人
William, the Conqueror 征服者威廉
The Battle of Hastings 黑斯廷斯战役
Henry 二世亨利二世
The Assize of Arms 武器法令
The Greater Charter 大宪章
All Estates Parliament 各级议会
Modal Parliament 模范议会
Black Death 黑死病
The Lollards 罗拉德派
The Enclosure Movement 圈地运动
Francis Drake 弗朗西斯·德雷克
Chartered Companies 特许公司
The East India Company 东印度公司
Francis Bacon 培根
The Short and the Long Parliament 短期和长期议会Charles 1 查理一世
Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗·克伦威尔
New Model Army 新模范军队
The Diggers 掘地派
The Treaty of Utrecht 乌得勒支条约
The Seven Year’s War 英法七年战争
The Treaty of Paris 巴黎条约
The House of Hanover 汉诺威王朝
George Stephenson 乔治·史蒂芬森
James Watt 詹姆斯·瓦特
The Corn Law 谷物法
The Peterloo Massacre 彼得卢大屠杀
The Reform Bill 改革法案
Lord Viscount Melbourne 墨尔本子爵
The Anti-Corn Law League 反谷物法联盟The Chartist Movement 宪章运动
The Crime War 克里米亚战争
The Opium War 鸦片战争
Viscount Palmerton 帕尔姆斯顿子爵
The Fabian Society 费边社
Splendid isolation 光荣孤立政策
The Treaty of Versailles 凡尔赛条约
The Statute of Westminster 威斯敏斯特法案The Battle of London 伦敦之战
NATO 北约（北大西洋联合公约）Super Mac 超级麦克
Margaret Thatcher 玛格丽特·撒切尔Diana Princess of Wales 戴安娜王妃
The Dowing Street Declaration 唐宁街宣言IRA 爱尔兰共和军
Black Wednesday 黑色星期天惨败Gordon Brown 戈登·布朗Consumption expenditure 消费支出
The Times 泰晤士报
The Guardian 卫报
The Daily Telegraph 每日电讯报Financial Times 金融时报
The Independent 独立报
Daily Mail 每日邮报
Daily Express 每日快报
Daily Mirror 每日镜报
The Sun 太阳报
Morning Star 晨星报
Daily Star 每日星报
Today 今日报
The Observer 观察家报
The Sunday Times 星期日版泰晤士报
The Independent on Sunday 独立报Sunday Telegraph 星期日电讯报
News of the World 世界新闻报
The People 人民报
Sunday Express 星期日快报
Sunday Mirror 星期日镜报
The Mail on Sunday 星期日邮报。