海明威中的硬汉形象

CHAPTER ⅠINTRODUCTIONHemingway is a renowned American author of the Twentieth century who centers his novels on personal experiences and affections. He is one of the authors named "The Lost Generation". The First and the Second World Wars have affected Hemingway a lot, he has once joined the army and injured in Italy, and he suffered a lot that was brought about by the war deeply. In the childhood, influenced by his father, Hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the hiking. Gradually, he changed his attitude towards war and life. What he could not cope with is the post-war America, and therefore he introduced a new type of character in writing called the "code hero". The purpose of the paper is to explore the theme of the code hero created by Hemingway and analyze the main characteristics of the code hero in his three master pieces: The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bells Tolls, the Old Man and the Sea. The significance of this paper is to talk about the influences of the spirit of code hero to our modern people, and with a view to help readers get a better understanding of Ernest Hemingway’s masterpiece s.This paper can be divided into six parts. The first part is the brief introduction, the second part is the literature review, the third and fourth part talks about Hemingway and code heroes, and analyze his main works and historical background. The fifth part studies the significance of the spirit of code hero in our daily life. The last part focuses on the summary of this paper.CHAPTER Ⅱ LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Domestic Research SituationDomestic cri tics use the word “tough-guy” to describe Hemingway. Such as, Zhao JiaBi used “hard hearted” concept in his paper research on Hemingway(1935); After Dong HengXun using the concept of “code hero” in his paper a brief analysis of Hemingway(1962), from then on “code hero” is widely used, and it was regarded as the character of hero.Dong HengXun also said “code hero” means “someone is unyield ing man”. This refers to a man, who keeps striving when he faces the failure and danger even the death, maintaining the dignity of the individual’s lonely man (Dong Hengxun, 135)2.2 Overseas Research SituationStantey Cooperman considers the old Man and the Sea “a poem of reconciliation to the meaning and nature of age”, maintaining that Hemingway fails to view old age in any other terms but through the values of pride, sacrifice, and endurance and as a hardening rather than a softening of the qualities found in youth (Hemingway ,1965).The scholar Anders Hallengren writes that because Hemingway learned from Pound to "distrust adjectives," he created a style "in accordance with the esthetics and ethics of raising the emotional temperature towards the level of universal truth by shutting the door on sentiment, on the subjective." (Hallengren, Anders, 2011).CHAPTER Ⅲ HEMINGWAY AND HIS MAIN WORKS3.1 A Brief Introduction of HemingwayErnest Hemingway (1898-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. He was wounded many times and experienced at least 12 operations which took out 237 steel fragments. All these didn’t defeat Hemingway. Still he indulged himself in fishing hunting and bull-fighting from which he pursued thrilling scenes and enjoyed himself in fighting. Hemingway suffered much illness and injury and he committed suicide at last. But his suicide cannot show he was timid and pessimistic. On the contrary, he set upon image of braver becau se he regarded his illness and injury as his “e n emy” such as the nature. He used his life as a weapon in order to get rid of his “enemy” he would rather choose to die. He and his “enemy” ended in common ruin.After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. He was a novelist and short story writer who became one of the best-known American authors in his century. He was regarded as a giant both in American literature and the world literature. For the style of living as an adult and the fact that his books abound in sports terms are partly traceable to his early life that he introduced a new type of character in writing called the “Code Hero”. His variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experiences. In his novels the code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment. Moreover, Hemingway’s creation not only originated from life, true to life but superior to life. Hemingway is a realism writer consequently copied something mechanically. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Hemingway usedhis experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.In Hemingway’s nearly sixty-tw o years’ literary career, he had been trying hard to get his style of “iceberg theory”.He didn’t lay special emphasis by his inner beauty. According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without authorial comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs, seemingly simple and natural. Many people believe that the novel is about the life of Hemingway himself. Because some parts of the story do relate to what Hemingway has experienced in his life. In 1953, Ernest Hemingway receives the Pulitzer Prize for the old and the sea.3.2 The Plot of The Sun Also RiseThe protagonist of The Sun Also Rises is Jake Barnes, an expatriate American journalist living in Paris. Jake suffered a war wound that left him impotent; the nature of his injury is not explicitly described. He is in love with Lady Brett Ashley, a twice-divorced Englishwoman. Brett, with her bobbed hair and numerous love affairs, embodies the new sexual freedom of the 1920s.The Book One is set in the coffee society of Paris. In the opening scenes, Jake plays tennis with his college friend Robert Cohn, and met Brett. Later, Brett tells Jake she loves him, but they both know that they have no chance at a stable relationship.In Book Two, Jake is joined by Bill Gorton, recently arrived from New York, and Brett's fiancé Mike Campbell, who arrives from Scotland. Jake and Bill travel south and meet Robert Cohn at Bayonne for a fishing trip in the hills northeast of Pamplona. Instead of fishing, Cohn stays in Pamplona to wait for the overdue Brett and Mike. Cohn had an affair with Brett a few weeks earlier and still feels possessive of her despite her engagement to Mike. They rejoin the group in Pamplona where they beginto drink heavily. Cohn's presence is increasingly resented by the others, who taunt him with anti-semitic remarks. During the fiesta the characters drink, eat, watch the running of the bulls attend bullfights, and bicker with each other. Jake introduces Brett to the 19-year-old matador Romero at the Hotel Montoya; she is smitten with him and seduces him. The jealous tension among the men builds—Jake, Campbell, Cohn, and Romero each love Brett. Cohn, who had been a champion boxer in college, has fistfights with Jake, Mike, and Romero, whom he beats up. Despite his injuries, Romero continues to perform brilliantly in the bullring.Book Three shows the characters in the aftermath of the fiesta. Sober again, they leave Pamplona; Bill returns to Paris, Mike stays in Bayonne, and Jake goes to San Sebastián in northeastern Spain. As Jake is about to return to Paris, he receives a telegram from Brett asking for help; she had gone to Madrid with Romero. He finds her there in a cheap hotel, without money, and without Romero. She announces she has decided to go back to Mike. The novel ends with Jake and Brett in a taxi speaking of the things that might have been.3.3 The Plot of For Whom the Bell TollsThis novel is told primarily through the thoughts and experiences of the protagonist, Robert Jordan. The character was inspired by Hemingway's own experiences in the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance. Robert Jordan is an American in the International Brigades who travels to Spain to oppose the fascist forces of Francisco Franco. As an experienced dynamiter, he was ordered by a communist Russian general to travel behind enemy lines and destroy a bridge with the aid of a band of local antifascist guerrillas, in order to prevent enemy troops from being able to respond to an upcoming offensive. (The Soviet Union aided and advised the Republicans against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. Similarly, Hitler's Nazis and Mussolini's Italy provided Franco with military aid.) In their camp, Robert Jordan encounters María, a young Spanish woman whose life had been shattered by the execution of her parents and her rape at the hands of the falangis (part of the fascist coalition) at the outbreak of the war. His strong sense of duty clashes with both guerrilla leader Pablo's unwillingness tocommit to an operation that would endanger himself and his band, and his newfound lust for life which arises out of his love for María. However, when another band of antifascist guerrillas led by El Sordo are surrounded and killed, Pablo decides to betray Jordan by stealing the dynamite caps, hoping to prevent the demolition. In the end Jordan improvises a way to detonate his dynamite, and Pablo returns to assist in the operation after seeing Jordan's commitment to his course of action. Though the bridge is successfully destroyed, it may be too late for the purposes of delaying enemy troop movements rendering the mission pointless, and Jordan is maimed when his horse is shot out from under him by a tank. Knowing that he would only slow his comrades down, he bids goodbye to María and ensures that she escapes to safety with the surviving members of the guerillas. He refuses an offer from another fighter to be shot and lies in agony, hoping to kill an enemy officer and a few soldiers before being captured and executed. The narration ends right before Jordan launches his ambush. The novel graphically describes the brutality of civil war.3.4 The Plot of The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea is the story of a battle between an old, experienced Cuban fisherman and a large marlin. The novel opens with the explanation that the fisherman, who is named Santiago, has gone 84 days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered "salao", the worst form of unlucky. In fact, he is so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. Still dedicated to the old man, however, the boy visits Santiago's shack each night, hauling back his fishing gear, getting him food and discussing American baseball and his favorite player Joe DiMaggio Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream, north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end.Thus on the eighty-fifth day, Santiago sets out alone, taking his skiff far onto the Gulf Stream. He sets his lines and, by noon of the first day, a big fish that he is sure is a marlin takes his bait. Unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and two nights pass in this manner, during which theold man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother. He also determines that because of the fish's great dignity, no one will be worthy of eating the marlin. On the third day of the ordeal, the fish begins to circle the skiff, indicating his tiredness to the old man. Santiago, now completely worn out and almost in delirium, uses all the strength he has left in him to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon, ending the long battle between the old man and the tenacious fish. Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed. While Santiago continues journey back to the shore, shark are attracted to the trail of blood left by the marlin in the water. The first, a great mako shark Santiago kills with his harpoon, losing that weapon in the process. He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks; in total, five sharks are slain and many others are driven away. But the sharks kept coming, and by nightfall the sharks have almost devoured the marlin's entire carcass, leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head. Finally reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, Santiago struggles on the way to his shack, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep.A group of fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish's skeleton is still attached. One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet (5.5 m) from nose to tail. Tourists at the nearby cafémistakenly take it for a shark. Manolin, worried during the old man's endeavor, cries upon finding him safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth—of lions on an African beach. The old man feels very unwell and also coughs up blood a few times towards the end of the story.CHAPTER ⅣTHE CODE HERO IN HEMINGWAY’SMAIN WORKS4.1 Th e Analysis of Code Hero in Hemingway’s Main WorksHemingway’s experiences make him begins to know life is impossible to conquer the death and ultimate end, but he still can’t face. The word “hero” can mean both “hero” and “manhood” in English. He wants to describe a hero who devotes himself to the career he incites the evil force, which reflects the cherished desire for opposing the fascism war of the people, which is full of wide social meaning and the time’s breathe, and also want to show his theme grace under pressure- Hemingway hero. All the characters of the protagonists in his novel show his inward world that he was an unyielding man, and has the desire to be the best one in the world, all these can be improved by the protagonists that are suffering but strong-minded.T here is a set of values in the ‘code hero’, and such a set of codes is the goal of the protagonists. He deals with a limited range of character in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as ‘grace under pressure’, which is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. In the old man and the sea, Critics regard Santiago as the epitome of the “code hero”, since he never gives in and maintains his dignity as a human being when faced with the negative forces. The relationship between the old man and the sea is not only relying on the sea, but also fighting with the sea. In the Sun also Rises, what Hemingway really wants to express is not the disillusionment but how to survive from the after war’s spiritual wasteland. In for Whom the Bell Tolls, Jordan is a hero who has firm belief and sublime ideal and is willing to sacrifice himself to it. Jordan’s belief is peoples will of freedom: I believe people completely have the right to manage themselves according to their own will.4.1.1 The Analysis of Code Hero in The Sun Also RiseThe sun also rise which is representative of the lost generation works. In the novel the presence of the war is inevitable in the attitudes and conditions of the character. We see nothing of battle although Jake and Bill’s fishing expedition is aclear contrast to whatever turmoil they had experienced in the wartime. It tells us a story about a group of young American lost generation who stray in Paris they lost their way of life after experiencing World War I which wounded them either physically or emotionally. They originally cherished good and pleasant hopes and expectation of their promising future and romantic love, but the horrific war shattered their faith in traditional values such as love bravery manhood and womanhood, without these values the members of this generation found their existence aimless meaningless and filling. In appearance the conflicts and contradictions didn’t show their danger and harm and they were clam and not intensive and that is the hero should have. But at the back of the so-called calmness there was no possibilities for those who longed for love stayed with their lovers and for those who were in love could live a normal life. Jake and Brett had no way out but were suffered with mental and physical torture. Ken didn’t know what to do and led a vain life, Mike can only seeking sexual pleasures for his vanity in mind. In a word, they all were indulged in drinking, traveling, flirting and bullfighting. As a result, they all felt disillusioned.But in this novel what Hemingway really wants to express is not the disillusionment but how to survive from the after war’s spiritual wasteland. What a real man should do is to survive in the dilemma. Just because they are pondering about how to live a meaningful life they were tortured in the present situation and felt disillusion .Finally Jake found the answer in Spanish bullring. So they must face all dangers and suffering in his life courageously and honestly, and firmly live on which is widely called the grace under the pressure. He realized that the sun will rise where there is hope and courage.4.1.2 The Analysis of Code Hero in For Whom the Bell TollsFor whom the bell tolls which Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the Civil War in Spain as the background. The story opens and ends with the man in a lying position, one that suggests death, which is a primary preoccupation of the novel. On that moment they are the symbol of hero. Almost all of the main characters in the book contemplate their own death. And sacrifice in the face of death abounds throughout the novel. Robert Jordan, Anselmo and others are ready to do "as all good men should" – that is, to make the ultimate sacrifice, which is the spirit ofcode hero. The oft-repeated embracing gesture reinforces this sense of close companionship in the face of death. An incident involving the death of the character Joaquin’s family serves as an excellent ex ample of this theme. Having learned of this tragedy, Joaquin’s comrades embrace and comfort him, saying they now are his family. Surrounding this love for one's comrades is the love for the Spanish soil. A love of place, of the senses, and of life itself is represented by the pine needle forest floor—both at the beginning and, poignantly, at the end of the novel—when Robert Jordan awaits his death feeling "his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest. During 3 days of exploding the bridge Robert Jordan initially believed in the Republican cause with a near-religious faith and felt a quota absolute brotherhood quota with his comrades on the Republican side. However, Jordan is no longer a Lieutenant Henry, the solitary individual at odds with the forces dealing out nothing but defeat, doom and death to man . As the conflict dragged on he realized that he did not really believe in the Republican cause but joined their side simply because they fought against. The war he is fighting is, for him, a metaphor for a struggle for freedom .Yet his courage enables him to remain devoted to the cause even as he faces death. It is for democracy that he sacrifices himself. Jordan’s belief is people’s will of freedom: I believe people completely have the right to manage themselves according to their own will. For this belief Jordan sacrificed his precious life and just for this belief.4.1.3 The Analysis of Code Hero in The Old Man and the SeaIn the novel the old man and the sea, because Santiago went too far out for a really big fish, he faces possible death and he fights with dignity. His eagerness to prove his capability is the best evidence which could prove the old man’s perfectionism. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested and triumphant. The death complex is a part of the concept of the code of the hero. The sea destroyed his outsized dream indirectly; a side from death has been a part of the concept of code hero. There are certain images that are often connected with this view. As far as right is concerned, it’s a difficult time for the Hemingway hero or code hero. Because right itself-the darkness of right implies, suggests or symbolizes the utter darkness that man will have to face after death. Therefore, the code hero will oftenavoid nighttime. In many Hemingway's novels, the protagonist’s living environment is always surrounded by darkness, which foreshadows his death. Until he shot himself, the world was shocked into the disconcerting awareness.Many people believe that the old man and the sea, which is about the life of Hemingway himself. Because some parts of the story do relate to what Hemingway has experienced in his life. The Code Hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal but the true measure is how a person faces death.Hemingway’s view of human nature is that happiness is rare and is found within a man and not in his outside circumstance or surroundings. Hemingway illustrates this in three ways. First, the old man—Santiago is the last tragic hero that Hemingway portrays, and also is the symbol of the unyielding character. Being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being easily defeated. H emingway’s unyielding character is regarded as an embodiment of Hemingway’s iceberg principle. Second, The sea is the symbol that stands for the world and society where man must live. The sea is boundless, full of various marlins and sharks, full of raging waves and hidden reef. And the sea is cruel, savage and insidious, just like the real world where Hemingway lives. Third, it will be shown that his rare brand of happiness comes from within. In order to prove he is a “geezer”, or in order to prove that he is strong-minded, and can finish the task that no one can replace, the old man must catch a big fish, concerning dignity and honor.Hemingway stressed that he had once planned to name the article Man’s Dignity. To Hemingway he must write works that is the best in all of his life, and the dignity of a man should be so important to that man that he is willing to die for it. Most likely that is the reason Santiago went deep into that sea following the Marlin tearing the skin off his hands as he held on to that line. This is also why Santiago risked his life catching the Marlin. Finally he caught the marlin he was proud of himself that he so extremely wanted. When the sharks attack the fish it is as same as the sharks attacking his dignity. This is mostly why an elderly man armed only with crude weapons would fight many sharks. As the sharks tear apart the Marlin bit by bit it is as they are tearing apart his dignity bit by bit. That is why Santiago found the courage to fight off sharksto protect his dignity. Hemingway shows theta man will not risk his life for his dignity then what is in that life to live for. Even though the old man lost the battle with the sharks at the end “his obtunding and persistent determination makes him as a perfect Code Hero”. He had done everything a person possibly could have. Through Santiago Hemingway told us that we are wholly down on our luck and destroyed in the end. Then we should conduct ourselves just like the old fisherman not be pessimistic and disappointed but to keep on struggling until we get what we want. Among the heroes created by Hemingway, Santiago is the typical represent active of this typical image.The old fisherman's figure is tough, vivid and outstanding. This is the ideal personality charms Hemingway, human and nature is the symbol of fighting, represents a kind of health, positive spirit.Some critics regard Santiago as the finest, most developed example of these code heroes. In spite of his poorness and weakness, even to say, he had the tragic outcome in the end of the story, he still struggles with the huge, brutal and mortal marlin and shark. Besides these, he endeavors to do everything in the most perfect way and keeps the individual discipline for himself till his death. Maybe we don’t find the material value that Santiago was received, he undoubtedly deserves having the title of “code Hero”. William Faulkner as Hemingway’s strong competitor was ever said “Time will show that The Old Man and the Sea would be the most brilliant medium-length novel for our time”. As the famous saying in this novel goes, “Man is not made for defeated; one man can be destroyed but no defeated.The old man is the person who behind the death of course every people would have his own attitudes towards death, some clam the hero in the novel choose to fight with it the big fish is like the goal in our life while the shark is the time, it takes our life little by little. When we make clearly out that we can have a conclusion that we would face the death now and then we would face the danger of losing our mind. Our mind is just like a small boat in the sea and it faces the troubles. We have to fight with storm so that we can gain something from it, in the meanwhile, shark would take our life little by little and at last we can only get one skeleton which is the lifeless thing. We would die in the end but the generation would take this again, namely the small kid in the novel.Compared to other novels, the Old Man and the Sea is distinguished in many ways. The lonely, wise, old fisherman conquers a magnificent fish, endures the heartbreaking loss of it and rises courageously above his defeat. He’s a hero both in deed and spirit, a defeated but valiant man who has the courage to try again. Furthermore, this is the touching story of brotherhood and love not only for his fellowman, but also for his fellow creatures in nature.4.2 The Concept of Code Cero“Code Hero”, which is neatly summed up in a phrase “grace under pressure” used to describe the main character in many Hemingway’s novels,some critics regarded Santiago as the finest, most developed example of these code heroes. The phrase “grace under pressure” is often used to describe the conduct of the code hero. Santiago, for example, has many years of practical knowledge about fishing and the sea. He can depend on no one but himself when he’s far out battling marlin. He doesn’t fear when he has no food, he regains his strength by eating the raw tuna. Nor does he porch when his hard cramps: he curses it and uses it as best as he can. It s eems that Santiago’s cowage intensifies as he’s tested by the fish and by his old age. Hemingway defined the Code Hero as "a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful." ‘Code’ here means a set of rules of guide lines for conduct.War leads to bleeding, to hurting, to death, to destroying the love, happiness, and all things in life. In Hemingway’s code, the principal ideals are honor, courage, stric t moral rules, including honesty, and endurance in a life of stress, misfortune, and pain. Often in Hemingway’s stories, the Code Hero always exhibits some form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw and the weakness of his character. The hero’s world is violent and disorderly. Moreover, the violence and disorder seem to win. And also it dictates that the hero acts honorably in the period of what will be a losing battle. The Code Hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In doing so he finds fulfillment: he becomes a man or proves his manhood and his worth.。